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19th Century European Imperialism Flipbook PDF
3/7/2015 1 19th Century European Imperialism Out with the Old and in with the New… The British Empire •The British Empir
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3/7/2015
The British Empire
19th Century European Imperialism Out with the Old and in with the New…
The British Empire • Africa – The British had captured the Cape Colony during the Napoleonic Wars and trading stations along the coast. – In the 1820s, British settlers moved in, causing friction with the Boers (descendants of Dutch colonists who settled there in the 17th century.) – In the Great Trek of 1835-1837, Boers moved north and established the state of Transvaal and the Orange Free State.
The British Empire • China – The British established a trade system of importing opium from India to China in return for tea during the 19th century. – When the Chinese government attempted to stop this, Britain went to war with China in 1842 (the Opium War). – China was quickly defeated, resuming the import of opium and Britain annexed Hong Kong in 1842. – As a result of further conflict, namely the Taiping Rebellion, China gave away more of its sovereignty.
• The British Empire was the largest overseas empire in the early 19th century, but there was little interest in further expansion. • The American War of Independence still loomed over British colonial policy. • In the Western Hemisphere, British control in Canada expanded westward, but discontent was growing. • The British North America Act of 1867 established the Dominion of Canada (extensive autonomy in domestic policy. • British continued to control much of the Caribbean.
The British Empire • India – In India, most of the British administration was controlled by the East India Company. – In 1857, Indian troops rebelled against British rule in the Great Mutiny (aka the Sepoy Rebellion). – This occurred as a result of BEIC abuses, cultural frictions, and rumors of pig and cow fat used in powder charges (insult to Hindus and Muslims) – As a result, the British government took direct rule of India in 1858 (British Raj)
The British Empire • The British also continued to control several key outposts. – Gibraltar and Malta in the Mediterranean – Aden in the Red Sea – Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the Indian Ocean. – Singapore in the Pacific Ocean. – Australia and New Zealand were growing colonies for British and Irish settlers.
Gibraltar
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The British Empire
The French Empire • Through the Seven Years War, and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, France had lost most of its overseas territories. • All of French North America was lost to the British, Spanish and Americans. • French influence in India was lost after the Seven Years War.
The French Empire
The Dutch Colonies
• The French continued to have island colonies in the Caribbean on Guadeloupe and Martinique, as well as French Guiana in South America. • In Africa, the French operated several coastal trading stations and exerted some influence in Egypt and the Middle East. • In 1830, the French slowly began acquiring territorial rights in Algeria and in Indochina.
• The Dutch, now a second rate power due to its small size and domination by surrounding powers protected what it had. • They continued to exploit what they could through trade and their island empire in the East Indies. • A revolt on Java between 1825 and 1830 was crushed, bring harsher rule by the Dutch.
Russian Expansion
The Russian Empire
• Russia was the only European power to aggressively continue its expansionist policies throughout the 19th century. • In contrast, however, Russian expansion was over land and contiguous with its territory. • Russian expansion came at the cost of the crumbling Ottoman Empire along the Black Sea, a power vacuum in Central Asia, and Chinese weakness along the North Pacific Coast.
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Austria, Prussia, and Italy
The New Imperialism
• During the first half of the 19th century, overseas imperial expansion was not an option for Prussia, Austria, and the states of Italy. • Prussia and the Italian states were primarily concerned with domestic affairs (Rev. of 1848) and their unification movements. • Austria as well was concerned with internal affairs and any expansion came at the price of the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans.
• In the late 1860s and 1870s, European powers began to reverse their disdain for obtaining formal colonies. • In the period from 1870 to 1914, European nations (as well as the U.S. and Japan) would go on a colonization drive like never before. • In just a couple of decades, nearly all of Africa and large areas of Asia and the Middle East would come under European domination.
Motivations for New Imperialism
Imperialism and European Society
• Nationalism and competition among states for additional territory was a major political and psychological factor. • The influence of Social Darwinism pushed the “strongest to survive” and to dominate the weak. • Humanitarian and religious considerations led to military interventions, missionary zeal, and the “civilizing” mission. • European industrial development caused the need for natural resources and new markets to sell in and invest.
• Policies in colonial possessions were often used as test beds for social policy at home; hospitals, schools, law enforcement, and infrastructure was often tested in colonies. • Imperialistic ventures were used as nationalistic propaganda at home and was a way of forming national unity in the face of class tensions. • Liberals often opposed imperial ventures where conservatives favored them.
The British Empire • Asia – Consolidation of the British Raj continued as the British government expanded its formal rule over greater territories in northern and western India. – In 1877, Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India. – British control expanded eastward into Burma, and Malaya and northward to the border with Afghanistan (created as a buffer against the Russians)
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The British Empire
The British Empire
• Egypt
• South Africa
– In 1875, the British bought a 44 percent share in the previously French controlled Suez Canal (1869). – The British took a greater role in Egyptian affairs until it was made a British Protectorate in 1882.
• East and West Africa – In East and West Africa, Britain expanded its old trading posts into full colonies, leading to conflict with the natives (example: AngloZulu War of 1879) – These included Gambia, Sierra Leone, The Gold Coast, Nigeria, Kenya, Uganda, and Somalia.
Battle of Rouke’s Drift in the Anglo-Zulu War.
The Boer War (1899-1902)
– Led by the efforts of imperialist and capitalist Cecil Rhodes. – Rhodes made fortune in diamonds, discovered in Cape Colony in 1869. – He pressed for British expansion in Southern Africa. – Tensions mounted in the 1880s with the discovery of gold in Transvaal, British prospectors moved in with the blessing of Rhodes, the PM of Cape Colony.
The British Empire
• President Paul Kruger of Transvaal was convinced the British were going to annex their state, Kruger then tried to ally with Germany. • Tensions led to war in 1899. The Boers led a determined guerilla war that lasted four years (first post-modern war?). The Boers were often placed in concentration camps. • With the end of the war in 1902 and the creation of the Union of South Africa in 1910, the Boers were integrated into the British Dominion and came to dominate it.
The British Empire, 1914
The French Empire • In the 1870s, the French extended their colonial control over North and Western Africa. • Algeria was made a full colony, with large numbers of French settlers moving in to farm. • Control was then extended to Tunisia and Morocco and large amounts of territory in French West Africa, Senegal, Guinea and the Ivory Coast, as well as Madagascar • In Asia, French Indochina was colonized.
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Anglo-French Conflict in Sudan
Africa
• An uprising in the Sudan under the leadership of the infamous Mahdi threatened British interests. • General Charles Gordon reached Khartoum in 1884 to evacuate the garrison but was besieged by the Madhi, the British troops were massacred. • In 1897, Lord Kitchener retook Khartoum. He then set off down the Nile with a flotilla of gunboats to confront French General Marchand at Fashoda. This precipitated the Fashoda Crisis when, ultimately unable to face a naval war with Britain, the French backed down.
Commodore Matthew Perry Opens Up Japan: 1853
The Japanese View of Commodore Perry
Treaty of Kanagawa: 1854
Imperialism in China • By the end of the 19th century, every major European power had established spheres of influence in China. • The weakening of the Manchu dynasty made the situation worse. • The newly industrial and imperialistic Japanese defeated the Chinese in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-95, seceding further control of China’s territory.
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European interests in Southwest Asia Britain: interested in securing overland trade routes for spice trade and oil. Germany: interested in building and securing the Berlin to Baghdad railroad (which extended from Baghdad to the Persian Gulf). Russia: interested in controlling a warm water port and wanted access to economic opportunities developed by British and Dutch.
Major reasons for European interest in the region European powers in Mesopotamia European powers in Afghanistan
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The Ottoman Empire was well-established in what was known as Mesopotamia and Babylonia by the 1500s. This region was critically important because it connected Europe to the eastern spice trade.
Mesopotamia
Arabic Ascendancy, under Caliph Walid I, 709-715
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Crimean War: March 1853-April 1856 Russia wanted to sell grain in the Mediterranean but the region was controlled by the Ottoman Empire When the war broke out, Britain and France joined with the Ottoman Empire to stop Russian expansion Florence Nightingale established modern nursing techniques in the battlefield First war covered by journalists
Florence Nightingale
Russia was defeated Exposed weakness of the Ottoman Empire
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The British established a presence in Mesopotamia through the British East India company. Mesopotamia (known today as Iraq) lay on one of the trade and communication routes between India and Britain. Because of this, Mesopotamia (Iraq) was important to the company. Between 1835 and 1837, the British government supported the surveying of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
Map of Baghdad and settlements to the south on the Tigris River, 1849.
Mapping operation by the British, 190136
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Anglo-Persian Oil
British economic and political interests in Mesopotamia (Iraq) centered around securing land route to China for trade purposes and protecting British oil interests in southwest Asia from possible takeover by Russia.
Britain
Russia
Mesopotamia Asia
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Germany developed close relations with the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. Under Kaiser Wilhelm II, Germany supplied the Ottoman Empire with weapons and military training.
Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II in Istanbul, Turkey, 1880
In 1909 a wealthy Englishman, William Knox D'Arcy, founded the AngloPersian Oil company in southwest Persia. The company promised Winston Churchill, the First Lord of the Admiralty, that they would supply Britain with oil. In exchange the British government gave Anglo-Persian Oil monetary support. The British government acquired controlling interest and became the hidden power behind the oil company.
The German Empire worked with the Ottoman Empire in Mesopotamia. Germany began construction on a railroad to link Berlin to the Persian Gulf. The railroad would help Germany with its East African colonies due to its close proximity to East Africa.
Members of the Anglo-Persian oil company's staff being entertained at luncheon by the Kashguli khans at their winter camp.
Transporting pipes to construct an oil pipe line, 1910
Digging oil wells, 1910
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A German narrow gauge somewhere along the Baghdad line, 1915
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Timeline: Imperialist Powers in Iraq (Mesopotamia) -1763 English East India company establishes a factory in Basra -1798 British agents appointed to Baghdad -1802 British open consulate in Baghdad -1836 British steamboats appear on Iraqi rivers -1861 British lay Telegraphic wire -1899 Germans build Konya to Baghdad railway -1902 Germans extend railway to Basra -1909 Anglo-Persian Oil established in southwest Asia -1912 Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) established -1914 Anglo Persian oil buys 50% of TPC 41
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Britain entered Afghanistan to secure it as part of a land trade route into the “Yellow Kingdom” (China) and as a show of force to the Russians. The British feared Russia would expand south toward a warm water port and threaten to overtake its (Britain’s) interests in southwest Asia. Russia Great Britain
Afghanistan
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Afghan Foot Soldiers
The First Afghan War 1839-42
Afghanistan’s location in Central Asia made it a buffer between the Russian Empire and British India. British and Indian authorities were anxious to ensure that a pro-British Emir was on the throne at Kabul.
In spring 1839 British-Indian forces entered Afghanistan. Kandahar was taken without a fight and Dost Mohammed fled from Kabul. The British installed Shah Shuja as Emir, who was cooperative with British but not well-liked by the Afghan people. In 1841 British troops prepared to withdraw from Afghanistan. However, popular opposition to Shah Shuja grew into an insurrection. British diplomats were murdered and the British lost its grip on the area.
The British took the threat of a Russian invasion of India seriously. A British military envoy was sent to Kabul to gain support of the Emir, Dost Mohammed in 1837.
Afghan Emir, Dost Mohammed 43
In January 1842, the British garrison marched out of Kabul and came under immediate attack in the mountainous terrain. Only a few survivors escaped. A national uprising ensued with Afghans fighting the British. The war was a complete failure for the Brits. Shah Shuja was murdered and Dost Mohammed returned to the throne.
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British & Afghan War 1878-1880 Emir of Afghanistan, Sher Ali, was visited by a Russian mission but he refused to accept a British envoy. The British decided to replace him.
British officer in Afghanistan, 1880
In November 1878 the British invaded at three points: Kandahar, Khyber Pass, and along the Kurram Valley towards Kabul. Sher Ali fled from Kabul and was replaced as Emir by his son, Yakub Khan, who signed the Treaty of Gandamak with Britain and accepted a British envoy.
Dost Mohammed
In September 1879, following a mutiny in the Afghan Army, the British envoy and his escort were murdered. Abdur Rahman, a nephew of Sher Ali, took power and agreed to abide by the terms of the Treaty of Gandamak.
Kabul’s natural defenses 45
In 1880, the British left Afghanistan in the hands of Abdur Rahman who agreed to conduct his foreign policy through the Government of India.
Bolan Pass in Afghanistan
British map of the City of Kabul, Afghanistan, 1840
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Russia turned to Asia for a warm water port Russia was effectively a landlocked country because its ports were frozen for a majority of the year. The desire to have accessible ports yearround led Russia to expand to a warm water port.
Imperial Guard under Peter the Great
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The British believed the Russians were interested in extending their territory south into India for raw materials, and to gain access to established trade networks.
By 1914, Russia’s extensive empire consisted of 81 provinces (guberniyas) and 20 regions (olblasts). Its territory reached east-west from Europe to the Pacific coast and from the Kara Sea in the north to the edge of the Ottoman Empire in the south.
Imperial Horse Guard officers camped while on maneuvers in Krasnoe Selo, Finland, in 1912
Alexander II Nikolaevich (1818-1881) Emperor from 1855
Alexander III Alexandrovich, Emperor from 1881-1894
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At the turn of the 20th century, Russia had gained room to maneuver in Asia. Russia's uncoordinated and aggressive moves under Tzar Nicholas in the region ultimately led to the RussoJapanese War (1904-1905).
Grenadier of the Imperial Guard, St. Petersburg, Russia
Possible routes of Russians to India and to the Persian Gulf/Arabian Sea
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British colonies: Burma, Singapore
French colonies: Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia Tzar Nicholas II Alexandrovich (18681918) - last Russian emperor, ruled from 1894 to 1917.
Siam China 51
Singapore, 1850
Burma
Singapore Burma, 1880
Burma, on the eastern border of India, was naturally of importance to Britain. By 1886, all of Burma was under British control. British cannon in Burma, 1880
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The island of Singapore guards the entrance to the Strait of Malacca, one of the world’s most vital trade routes. The British East India Company set up a factory in Singapore in 1819. Singapore became an important trade center and naval base for the British Empire in the 19th century.54
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As the need for tires grew in the new auto industry, rubber from Indochina became even more valuable.
France took over the countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in mid-1800s, known as Indochina. Indochina was a source of rubber and spices. Scenes from Indochina, 1890
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Like the British in India, the French developed the transportation and communication structure in Indochina. Because of the mountainous terrain of central Vietnam, the south and north never established strong connections.
French train running through Annam province, 1900
Harvesting rubber in Vietnam, 1900
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The French dealt harshly with Vietnamese pirates and insurgents. By the late 1800s, it was not uncommon to see prisoners in “tiger cages” or to have public beheadings of those who defied French authority.
French overseer at pepper plantation, 1900 57
A strong French military presence helped keep the insurgents under control.
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The Kingdom of Siam was threatened by the British in Burma and the French in Indochina.
Today Siam is known as Thailand. French troops in Vietnam, 1896
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King Mongkut (reigned 1851-1868) and his son Chulalongkorn (reigned 1868-1910) ruled Siam (today Thailand) during the period British and French forces took over neighboring nations.
King Mongkut and his son Chualongkorn, 1851
In the 1880s Chualongkorn implemented the reforms vital for the kingdom to survive the threats and demands of Western nations: gradual abolition of slavery creation of a modern army overhaul of the revenue system reorganization of the provincial administration development of a modern education system 61
Chualongkorn also improved transportation within the nation. The Burma-SiamChina Railway helped Siam become a partner for European powers in southeast Asia. Siam gained sufficient Western support to retain its independence during an era where hostile European nations were carving up the world.
Burma-Siam-China Railway 62
British trade with China centered around opium. The British imported opium from India to China in exchange for silk. Chinese silver was used to buy opium, and the Chinese government was fearful of a trade imbalance. China demanded that opium sales stop, but the British did not comply. This led to the Opium Wars.
China proved to be a formidable opponent to European imperialism.
Opium dens, 1850
Chinese receiving opium from Patna, British India 63
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Empress Dowager Ci Xi
Treaty of Nanjing
Empress Dowager Ci Xi worked with her government officials to fight against the British in the First Opium War, from 1839-1842.
The treaty ended the First Opium War in 1842. It opened the ports of Guangzhou, Jinmen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, and Shanghai to British trade and residence; in addition Hong Kong was ceded to the British.
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The Second Opium War, 1856-1860 Began in 1856 when the Chinese allegedly conducted an illegal search of the British ship, the Arrow, at Guangzhou British and French troops took Guangzhou and Tianjin in 1858
The Opium Wars brought an end to the isolation of the ancient Chinese civilization and introduced far-reaching social, economic and cultural ideas to the Chinese.
China was forced to open 11 more ports, allow foreign commerce in Beijing, sanction Christian missionary work, and legalize British importation of opium in the Treaty of Tianjin However, China attempted to block the entry of diplomats into Beijing in 1859 to prevent enforcement of the new treaty terms In response, the British and French occupied Beijing and burned the imperial summer palace After the war China was forced to accept the Treaty of 67 Tianjin
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On June 21, 1900, the Chinese Empress declared war on all foreign powers. This led to a two-month assault on the legations in Beijing led by a group known as the Boxers.
Asia was carved up after the Opium Wars
England annexed Hong Kong and Kowloon France took over Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) Russia moved into Chinese Turkistan and Manchuria Japan grabbed Taiwan and won dominance over Korea
Empress Tsu Hsi
This cartoon depicts England, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan at the table, ready to cut up China after the Opium Wars. It is reminiscent of the Berlin Conference when the African continent was divided between the European powers. 69
“The present situation is becoming daily more difficult. The various Powers cast upon us looks of tiger-like voracity, hustling each other to be first to seize our innermost territories. . . . Should the strong enemies become aggressive and press us to consent to things we can never accept, we have no alternative but to rely upon the justice of our cause. . . . If our . . . hundreds of millions of inhabitants . . . would prove their loyalty to their emperor and love of their country, what is there to fear from any invader? Let us not think about making peace.” Empress Dowager Tsu Hsi
Boxer Rebels
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In response, eight nations sent troops: Japan, Russia, Germany, the United States, Great Britain, Italy and Austria-Hungary
The Boxer Rebellion challenged Western commercial and political influence in China. The Chinese, though great in number, could not stop the imperial forces.
The alliance eventually numbered 54,000: Japanese (20,840) U. S. (3,420) Austro-Hungarian(75) British (12,020) French (3,520) German (900) Italian (80) Russian (13,150) and anti-Boxer Chinese troops
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At the end of the two month struggle, the international troops put down the uprising on August 14, 1900.
This political cartoon shows the winners celebrating the fall of Peking, 1900 at the end of the Boxer Rebellion. What countries are represented? Which country lies on the ground?
Chinese general Li Hongzhang with Lord Salisbury and Lord Curzon, the year following the Boxer Rebellion, 1901.
The Heroic Defense of the English Legation in Beijing by Fritz Neumann 73
Imperialism in China
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Migration • At the same time Europeans were colonizing for nationalism, riches and religion, massed of people were migrating from Europe to other areas of the world. • Estimates say that over 25 million people migrated from Europe between 1875 to 1914. • Nearly half migrated to the Americas, others went to Australia, Africa, and Asia.
Effects of Imperialism • European imperialism had dramatic impact on Europe and the wider world. • European society was altered due to its predominate position, economic benefits and costs, external influences, and competition among states. • The colonized world was drastically changed, with European cultural, economic, and political ideas becoming the global norm. • The positives and negatives for both sides are still very much debated today and still affect today’s world.
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