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Volume 1
MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN RADIO SYSTEMS
Michael Steer
Third Edition
Microwave and RF Design Radio Systems Volume 1 Third Edition Michael Steer
Microwave and RF Design Radio Systems Volume 1 Third Edition Michael Steer c 2019 by M.B. Steer Copyright
Citation: Steer, Michael. Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems. Volume 1. (Third Edition), NC State University, 2019. doi: https://doi.org/10.5149/9781469656915_Steer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC 4.0). To view a copy of the license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses.
ISBN 978-1-4696-5690-8 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-4696-5691-5 (open access ebook)
Published by NC State University
Distributed by the University of North Carolina Press www.uncpress.org
Printing: 1
To Ross Lampe, in honor of his dedication to our profession
Preface The book series Microwave and RF Design is a comprehensive treatment of radio frequency (RF) and microwave design with a modern “systemsfirst” approach. A strong emphasis on design permeates the series with extensive case studies and design examples. Design is oriented towards cellular communications and microstrip design so that lessons learned can be applied to real-world design tasks. The books in the Microwave and RF Design series are: • • • • •
Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems, Volume 1 Microwave and RF Design: Transmission Lines, Volume 2 Microwave and RF Design: Networks, Volume 3 Microwave and RF Design: Modules, Volume 4 Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators, Volume 5
The length and format of each is suitable for automatic printing and binding. Rationale The central philosophy behind this series’s popular approach is that the student or practicing engineer will develop a full appreciation for RF and microwave engineering and gain the practical skills to perform systemlevel design decisions. Now more than ever companies need engineers with an ingrained appreciation of systems and armed with the skills to make system decisions. One of the greatest challenges facing RF and microwave engineering is the increasing level of abstraction needed to create innovative microwave and RF systems. This book series is organized in such a way that the reader comes to understand the impact that system-level decisions have on component and subsystem design. At the same time, the capabilities of technologies, components, and subsystems impact system design. The book series is meticulously crafted to intertwine these themes. Audience The book series was originally developed for three courses at North Carolina State University. One is a final-year undergraduate class, another an introductory graduate class, and the third an advanced graduate class. Books in the series are used as supplementary texts in two other classes. There are extensive case studies, examples, and end of chapter problems ranging from straight-forward to in-depth problems requiring hours to solve. A companion book, Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design, is more suitable for an undergraduate class yet there is a direct linkage between the material in this book and the series which can then be used as a career-long reference text. I believe it is completely understandable for senior-level students where a microwave/RF engineering course is offered. The book series is a comprehensive RF and microwave text and reference, with detailed index, appendices, and cross-references throughout. Practicing engineers will find the book series a valuable systems primer, a refresher as needed, and a
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reference tool in the field. Additionally, it can serve as a valuable, accessible resource for those outside RF circuit engineering who need to understand how they can work with RF hardware engineers. Organization This book is a volume in a five volume series on RF and microwave design. The first volume in the series, Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems, addresses radio systems mainly following the evolution of cellular radio. A central aspect of microwave engineering is distributed effects considered in the second volume of this book series, Microwave and RF Design: Transmission Lines. Here transmission lines are treated as supporting forward- and backward-traveling voltage and current waves and these are related to electromagnetic effects. The third volume, Microwave and RF Design: Networks, covers microwave network theory which is the theory that describes power flow and can be used with transmission line effects. Topics covered in Microwave and RF Design: Modules, focus on designing microwave circuits and systems using modules introducing a large number of different modules. Modules is just another term for a network but the implication is that is is packaged and often available off-the-shelf. Other topics that are important in system design using modules are considered including noise, distortion, and dynamic range. Most microwave and RF designers construct systems using modules developed by other engineers who specialize in developing the modules. Examples are filter and amplifier modules which once designed can be used in many different systems. Much of microwave design is about maximizing dynamic range, minimizing noise, and minimizing DC power consumption. The fifth volume in this series, Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators, considers amplifier and oscillator design and develops the skills required to develop modules. Volume 1: Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems The first book of the series covers RF systems. It describes system concepts and provides comprehensive knowledge of RF and microwave systems. The emphasis is on understanding how systems are crafted from many different technologies and concepts. The reader gains valuable insight into how different technologies can be traded off in meeting system requirements. I do not believe this systems presentation is available anywhere else in such a compact form. Volume 2: Microwave and RF Design: Transmission Lines This book begins with a chapter on transmission line theory and introduces the concepts of forward- and backward-traveling waves. Many examples are included of advanced techniques for analyzing and designing transmission line networks. This is followed by a chapter on planar transmission lines with microstrip lines primarily used in design examples. Design examples illustrate some of the less quantifiable design decisions that must be made. The next chapter describes frequency-dependent transmission line effects and describes the design choices that must be taken to avoid multimoding. The final chapter in this volume addresses coupled-lines. It is shown how to design coupled-line networks that exploit this distributed effect to realize novel circuit functionality and how to design networks that minimize negative effects. The modern treatment of transmission lines in this volume emphasizes planar circuit design and the practical aspects of designing
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around unwanted effects. Detailed design of a directional coupler is used to illustrate the use of coupled lines. Network equivalents of coupled lines are introduced as fundamental building blocks that are used later in the synthesis of coupled-line filters. The text, examples, and problems introduce the often hidden design requirements of designing to mitigate parasitic effects and unwanted modes of operation. Volume 3: Microwave and RF Design: Networks Volume 3 focuses on microwave networks with descriptions based on S parameters and ABCD matrices, and the representation of reflection and transmission information on polar plots called Smith charts. Microwave measurement and calibration technology are examined. A sampling of the wide variety of microwave elements based on transmission lines is presented. It is shown how many of these have lumped-element equivalents and how lumped elements and transmission lines can be combined as a compromise between the high performance of transmission line structures and the compactness of lumped elements. This volume concludes with an in-depth treatment of matching for maximum power transfer. Both lumpedelement and distributed-element matching are presented. Volume 4: Microwave and RF Design: Modules Volume 4 focuses on the design of systems based on microwave modules. The book considers the wide variety of RF modules including amplifiers, local oscillators, switches, circulators, isolators, phase detectors, frequency multipliers and dividers, phase-locked loops, and direct digital synthesizers. The use of modules has become increasingly important in RF and microwave engineering. A wide variety of passive and active modules are available and high-performance systems can be realized cost effectively and with stellar performance by using off-the-shelf modules interconnected using planar transmission lines. Module vendors are encouraged by the market to develop competitive modules that can be used in a wide variety of applications. The great majority of RF and microwave engineers either develop modules or use modules to realize RF systems. Systems must also be concerned with noise and distortion, including distortion that originates in supposedly linear elements. Something as simple as a termination can produce distortion called passive intermodulation distortion. Design techniques are presented for designing cascaded systems while managing noise and distortion. Filters are also modules and general filter theory is covered and the design of parallel coupled line filters is presented in detail. Filter design is presented as a mixture of art and science. This mix, and the thought processes involved, are emphasized through the design of a filter integrated throughout this chapter. Volume 5: Microwave and RF Design: Amplifiers and Oscillators The fifth volume presents the design of amplifiers and oscillators in a way that enables state-of-the-art designs to be developed. Detailed strategies for amplifiers and voltage-controlled oscillators are presented. Design of competitive microwave amplifiers and oscillators are particularly challenging as many trade-offs are required in design, and the design decisions cannot be reduced to a formulaic flow. Very detailed case studies are presented and while some may seem quite complicated, they parallel the level of sophistication required to develop competitive designs.
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Case Studies A key feature of this book series is the use of real world case studies of leading edge designs. Some of the case studies are designs done in my research group to demonstrate design techniques resulting in leading performance. The case studies and the persons responsible for helping to develop them are as follows. 1. Software defined radio transmitter. 2. High dynamic range down converter design. This case study was developed with Alan Victor. 3. Design of a third-order Chebyshev combline filter. This case study was developed with Wael Fathelbab. 4. Design of a bandstop filter. This case study was developed with Wael Fathelbab. 5. Tunable Resonator with a varactor diode stack. This case study was developed with Alan Victor. 6. Analysis of a 15 GHz Receiver. This case study was developed with Alan Victor. 7. Transceiver Architecture. This case study was developed with Alan Victor. 8. Narrowband linear amplifier design. This case study was developed with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation. 9. Wideband Amplifier Design. This case study was developed with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation. 10. Distributed biasing of differential amplifiers. This case study was developed with Wael Fathelbab. 11. Analysis of a distributed amplifier. This case study was developed with Ratan Bhatia, Jason Gerber, Tony Kwan, and Rowan Gilmore. 12. Design of a WiMAX power amplifier. This case study was developed with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation. 13. Reflection oscillator. This case study was developed with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation. 14. Design of a C-Band VCO. This case study was developed with Alan Victor. 15. Oscillator phase noise analysis. This case study was developed with Dane Collins and National Instruments Corporation. Many of these case studies are available as captioned YouTube videos and qualified instructors can request higher resolution videos from the author. Course Structures Based on the adoption of the first and second editions at universities, several different university courses have been developed using various parts of what was originally one very large book. The book supports teaching two or three classes with courses varying by the selection of volumes and chapters. A standard microwave class following the format of earlier microwave texts can be taught using the second and third volumes. Such a course will benefit from the strong practical design flavor and modern treatment of measurement technology, Smith charts, and matching networks. Transmission line propagation and design is presented in the context of microstrip technology providing an immediately useful skill. The subtleties of multimoding are also presented in the context of microstrip lines. In such
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a class the first volume on microwave systems can be assigned for selflearning. Another approach is to teach a course that focuses on transmission line effects including parallel coupled-line filters and module design. Such a class would focus on Volumes 2, 3 and 4. A filter design course would focus on using Volume 4 on module design. A course on amplifier and oscillator design would use Volume 5. This course is supported by a large number of case studies that present design concepts that would otherwise be difficult to put into the flow of the textbook. Another option suited to an undergraduate or introductory graduate class is to teach a class that enables engineers to develop RF and microwave systems. This class uses portions of Volumes 2, 3 and 4. This class then omits detailed filter, amplifier, and oscillator design. The fundamental philosophy behind the book series is that the broader impact of the material should be presented first. Systems should be discussed up front and not left as an afterthought for the final chapter of a textbook, the last lecture of the semester, or the last course of a curriculum. The book series is written so that all electrical engineers can gain an appreciation of RF and microwave hardware engineering. The body of the text can be covered without strong reliance on this electromagnetic theory, but it is there for those who desire it for teaching or reader review. The book is rich with detailed information and also serves as a technical reference. The Systems Engineer Systems are developed beginning with fuzzy requirements for components and subsystems. Just as system requirements provide impetus to develop new base technologies, the development of new technologies provides new capabilities that drive innovation and new systems. The new capabilities may arise from developments made in support of other systems. Sometimes serendipity leads to the new capabilities. Creating innovative microwave and RF systems that address market needs or provide for new opportunities is the most exciting challenge in RF design. The engineers who can conceptualize and architect new RF systems are in great demand. This book began as an effort to train RF systems engineers and as an RF systems resource for practicing engineers. Many RF systems engineers began their careers when systems were simple. Today, appreciating a system requires higher levels of abstraction than in the past, but it also requires detailed knowledge or the ability to access detailed knowledge and expertise. So what makes a systems engineer? There is not a simple answer, but many partial answers. We know that system engineers have great technical confidence and broad appreciation for technologies. They are both broad in their knowledge of a large swath of technologies and also deep in knowledge of a few areas, sometimes called the “T” model. One book or course will not make a systems engineer. It is clear that there must be a diverse set of experiences. This book series fulfills the role of fostering both high-level abstraction of RF engineering and also detailed design skills to realize effective RF and microwave modules. My hope is that this book will provide the necessary background for the next generation of RF systems engineers by stressing system principles immediately, followed by core RF technologies. Core technologies are thereby covered within the context of the systems in which they are used.
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Supplementary Materials Supplementary materials available to qualified instructors adopting the book include PowerPoint slides and solutions to the end-of-chapter problems. Requests should be directed to the author. Access to downloads of the books, additional material and YouTube videos of many case studies are available at https://www.lib.ncsu.edu/do/open-education Acknowledgments Writing this book has been a large task and I am indebted to the many people who helped along the way. First I want to thank the more than 1200 electrical engineering graduate students who used drafts and the first two editions at NC State. I thank the many instructors and students who have provided feedback. I particularly thank Dr. Wael Fathelbab, a filter expert, who co-wrote an early version of the filter chapter. Professor Andreas Cangellaris helped in developing the early structure of the book. Many people have reviewed the book and provided suggestions. I thank input on the structure of the manuscript: Professors Mark Wharton and Nuno Carvalho of Universidade de Aveiro, Professors Ed Delp and Saul Gelfand of Purdue University, Professor Lynn Carpenter of Pennsylvania State University, Professor Grant Ellis of the Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Professor Islam Eshrah of Cairo University, Professor Mohammad Essaaidi and Dr. Otman Aghzout of Abdelmalek Essaadi Univeristy, Professor Jianguo Ma of Guangdong University of Technology, Dr. Jayesh Nath of Apple, Mr. Sony Rowland of the U.S. Navy, and Dr. Jonathan Wilkerson of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratories, Dr. Josh Wetherington of Vadum, Dr. Glen Garner of Vadum, and Mr. Justin Lowry who graduated from North Carolina State University. Many people helped in producing this book. In the first edition I was assisted by Ms. Claire Sideri, Ms. Susan Manning, and Mr. Robert Lawless who assisted in layout and production. The publisher, task master, and chief coordinator, Mr. Dudley Kay, provided focus and tremendous assistance in developing the first and second editions of the book, collecting feedback from many instructors and reviewers. I thank the Institution of Engineering and Technology, who acquired the original publisher, for returning the copyright to me. This open access book was facilitated by John McLeod and Samuel Dalzell of the University of North Carolina Press, and by Micah Vandergrift and William Cross of NC State University Libraries. The open access ebooks are host by NC State University Libraries. The book was produced using LaTeX and open access fonts, line art was drawn using xfig and inkscape, and images were edited in gimp. So thanks to the many volunteers who developed these packages. My family, Mary, Cormac, Fiona, and Killian, gracefully put up with my absence for innumerable nights and weekends, many more than I could have ever imagined. I truly thank them. I also thank my academic sponsor, Dr. Ross Lampe, Jr., whose support of the university and its mission enabled me to pursue high risk and high reward endeavors including this book. Michael Steer North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina [email protected]
List of Trademarks R 3GPP is a registered trademark of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute. R 802 is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers . R APC-7 is a registered trademark of Amphenol Corporation. R AT&T is a registered trademark of AT&T Intellectual Property II, L.P. R AWR is a registered trademark of National Instruments Corporation. R AWRDE is a trademark of National Instruments Corporation. R Bluetooth is a registered trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group. R GSM is a registered trademark of the GSM MOU Association. R Mathcad is a registered trademark of Parametric Technology Corporation. R MATLAB is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. R NEC is a registered trademark of NEC Corporation. R OFDMA is a registered trademark of Runcom Technologies Ltd. Qualcomm R is a registered trademark of Qualcomm Inc. R Teflon is a registered trademark of E. I. du Pont de Nemours. R RFMD is a registered trademark of RF Micro Devices, Inc. R SONNET is a trademark of Sonnet Corporation. Smith is a registered trademark of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. R Touchstone is a registered trademark of Agilent Corporation. R WiFi is a registered trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance. R WiMAX is a registered trademark of the WiMAX Forum.
All other trademarks are the properties of their respective owners.
Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction to RF and Microwave Systems . 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 RF and Microwave Engineering . . . . . 1.3 Communication Over Distance . . . . . . 1.3.1 Electromagnetic Fields . . . . . . . 1.3.2 Biot-Savart Law . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.3 Faraday’s Law of Induction . . . . 1.3.4 Ampere’s Circuital Law . . . . . . 1.3.5 Gauss’s Law . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.6 Gauss’s Law of Magnetism . . . . 1.3.7 Telegraph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.8 The Origins of Radio . . . . . . . . 1.3.9 Maxwell’s Equations . . . . . . . . 1.3.10 Transmission of Radio Signals . . 1.3.11 Early Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 Radio Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Conventional Wireless Communications 1.6 RF Power Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.1 RF Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.2 Logarithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.3 Decibels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6.4 Decibels and Voltage Gain . . . . 1.7 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves . . . 1.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10.1 Exercises By Section . . . . . . . . 1.10.2 Answers to Selected Exercises . .
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1 1 2 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 10 10 12 13 14 15 17 17 18 18 20 21 22 24 24 26 26
2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Radio Signal Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Crest Factor and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 2.2.2 Peak-to-Mean Envelope Power Ratio . . . . . . 2.2.3 Two-Tone Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Modulation Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 Analog Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.1 Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.2 Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.3 Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4.4 Analog Modulation Summary . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2.6
2.7 2.8
2.9 2.10 2.11
2.12 2.13 2.14
2.5.1 Modulation Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Shift Keying, FSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.1 Essentials of FSK Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.2 Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.3 Doppler Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Carrier Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phase Shift Keying Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.1 Essentials of PSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.3 Quadra-Phase Shift Keying, QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.4 π/4 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . . . . . . . . . . 2.8.5 Differential Quadra Phase Shift Keying, DQPSK . . . 2.8.6 Offset Quadra Phase Shift Keying, OQPSK . . . . . . 2.8.7 3π/8-8PSK, Rotating Eight-State Phase Shift Keying 2.8.8 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Quadrature Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Digital Modulation Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interference and Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.1 Cochannel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.2 Adjacent Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.11.3 Noise, Distortion, and Constellation Diagrams . . . . 2.11.4 Comparison of GMSK and π/4DQPSK Modulation . 2.11.5 Error Vector Magnitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.1 Exercises By Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.14.2 Answers to Selected Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 Transmitters and Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Single-Sideband and Double-Sideband Modulation 3.3 Early Modulation and Demodulation Technology . 3.3.1 Heterodyne Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.2 Homodyne Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.3 FM Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.4 FM Demodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.5 Superheterodyne Receiver . . . . . . . . . . 3.3.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Receiver and Transmitter Architectures . . . . . . . 3.4.1 Radio as a Cascade of Two-Ports . . . . . . . 3.4.2 Heterodyne Transmitter and Receiver . . . . 3.4.3 Superheterodyne Receiver Architecture . . . 3.4.4 Single Heterodyne Receiver . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.5 Transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.6 Hartley Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4.7 The Hartley Modulator in Modern Radios . 3.5 Carrier Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6 Modern Transmitter Architectures . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.1 Quadrature Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3.6.2 Quadrature Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.3 Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.6.4 Polar Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Modern Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.1 Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.2 Homodyne Frequency Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.3 Heterodyne Frequency Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.4 Direct Conversion Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.5 Low-IF Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.6 Subsampling Analog-to-Digital Conversion . . . . . . 3.7.7 First IF-to-Baseband Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7.8 Bilateral Double-Conversion Receiver . . . . . . . . . . Introduction to Software Defined Radio . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDR Quadrature Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.1 Analog Quadrature Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9.2 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Case Study: SDR Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.1 Analog Quadrature Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.2 Single-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier (SSB-SC) Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.3 Digital Quadrature Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.4 QAM Digital Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.10.5 SDR Transmitter Using QAM Digital Modulation . . . SDR Quadrature Demodulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SDR Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12.1 Demodulation of the I component . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.12.2 Demodulation of the Q component . . . . . . . . . . . SDR Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Antennas and the RF Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 RF Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3 Resonant Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.3.1 Radiation from a Current Filament . . . . 4.3.2 Finite-Length Wire Antennas . . . . . . . . 4.4 Traveling-Wave Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5 Antenna Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.1 Radiation Density and Radiation Intensity 4.5.2 Directivity and Antenna Gain . . . . . . . 4.5.3 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power . . . . 4.5.4 Effective Aperture Size . . . . . . . . . . . 4.5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 The RF Link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.1 Propagation Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.2 Resonant Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.3 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.4 Link Loss and Path Loss . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6.5 Fresnel Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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MICROWAVE AND RF DESIGN: RADIO SYSTEMS
Third Edition
Microwave and RF Design: Radio Systems is a circuits- and systems-oriented approach to modern microwave and RF systems. Sufficient details at the circuits and sub-system levels are provided to understand how modern radios are implemented. Design is emphasized throughout. The evolution of radio from what is now known as 0G, for early radio, through to 6G, for sixth generation cellular radio, is used to present modern microwave and RF engineering concepts. Two key themes unify the text: 1) how system-level decisions affect component, circuit and subsystem design; and 2) how the capabilities of technologies, components, and subsystems impact system design. This book is suitable as both an undergraduate and graduate textbook, as well as a career-long reference book.
KEY FEATURES • The first volume of a comprehensive series on microwave and RF design • Open access ebook editions are hosted by NC State University Libraries at: https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/handle/1840.20/36776 • 31 worked examples • An average of 38 exercises per chapter • Answers to selected exercises • Coverage of cellular radio from 1G through 6G • Case study of a software defined radio illustrating how modern radios partition functionality between analog and digital domains • A companion book, Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design, is suitable as a comprehensive undergraduate textbook on microwave engineering
OTHER VOLUMES Microwave and RF Design Transmission Lines Volume 2 ISBN 978-1-4696-5692-2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR Michael Steer is the Lampe Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at North Carolina State University. He received his B.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the University of Queensland. He is a Fellow of the IEEE and is a former editor-in-chief of IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. He has authored more than 500 publications including twelve books. In 2009 he received a US Army Medal, “The Commander’s Award for Public Service.” He received the 2010 Microwave Prize and the 2011 Distinguished Educator Award, both from the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society.
Microwave and RF Design Amplfiers and Oscillators Volume 5 ISBN 978-1-4696-5698-4
Published by NC State University
Microwave and RF Design Networks Volume 3 ISBN 978-1-4696-5694-6 Microwave and RF Design Modules Volume 4 ISBN 978-1-4696-5696-0
ALSO BY THE AUTHOR Fundamentals of Microwave and RF Design ISBN 978-1-4696-5688-5
Distributed by UNC Press