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BAMalayalamIISemComplementaryCourse Flipbook PDF

BAMalayalamIISemComplementaryCourse

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tIc-f-]-T\wþ{]mNo-\-þ-a[yIme tIcfw COMPLEMENTARY COURSE FOR

BA MALAYALAM II SEMESTER

(2011 ADMISSION)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O., MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

395

kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT SCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION BA MALAYALAM II SEMESTER COMPLEMENTARY COURSE

tIc-f-]-T\w˛{]mNo\˛a[y-Ime tIcfw

Prepared by: Dr. K.M. PRIYADARSANLAL “Swathi” Malapparamba Kozhikode

Layout by: Computer Section, SDE (c) Reserved tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

D≈-S°w samUyqƒ 1

kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ

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samUqƒ 2

tIcfw `qan-imkv{Xw

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samUyqƒ 3

kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-Ime kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

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samUypƒ 4

Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{amPyw

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tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

samUyqƒ 1

kwkv°mcw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\-ßƒ {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ kztX-bp-≈Xv {]mIr-Xw. AXns\ t`Z-s∏-SpØn IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-Ihpw ^e{]Z-hp-w D]-tbm-K{- ]-Zhpam-°p-∂Xv kwkvIr-Xw. DZm-lc - W - Ø - n\v Hcp Icn-ºn≥ X≠v {]Ir-Xnbn¬ \n∂v t\sc FSp-°p-∂X - m-Wv. AXv B´n \ocm-°n, Icn-ºm-°n, i¿°-cb - m-°n, ]©-km-cb - m°n, •qt°m-km°n am‰mw. Cu Hmtcm {]{In-bbpw kwkv°-cn-°-em-Wv. Icn-ºn≥ X≠v IØn®v Nmc-am-°p-∂Xpw Hcp-Xcw kwkv°m-ca - m-Wv. GsX-¶nepw \∂m°n sNøp-∂Xv DØ-ak - w-kv°m-cw. tami-am-°n-Øo¿°p∂Xv A[-a-kw-kv°m-cw. ^esØ B{i-bn-®mWv kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ ta∑ XmgvaI - ƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂X - v. Iƒ®¿ (Culture) F∂ Cw•ojv hm°v IƒSpc (cultura)F∂ eØo≥ hm°ns‚ cq]m-¥c - a - m-Wv. `mhm¿∞-Øn¬ CXpw krjvSn, ]p\x-krjvSn F∂n-ßs - \-bp≈ Bibw Xcp-∂p. A{Kn-Iƒ®¿ (Irjn), tlmƒ´n Iƒ®¿ (D-Zym\ \n¿Ωm-Ww), skdn-Iƒ®¿ (]´p-\q¬∏pgp hf¿Ø¬) F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ ]Z-ßƒ B Bi-b-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]Ir-Xn-sIm≠v a\p-jy≥ P¥p-°f - m-Wv. ssIhn-ce - p-If - psS {]tbm-Ke - m-Lh - hpw c≠p-Imep-If - n¬ \nh¿∂p \S-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw Xe-t®m-dns‚ hnIm-khpw Cu P¥p-h¿§sØ a‰p P¥p°-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa - m-°p-∂p. Blm-cw, \n{Z-, {]m-W`- b - w, ssaYp\w F∂o Imcy-ßf - n¬ a‰p P¥p-°fpw a\p-jycpw Hcp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. P¥p-°ƒ tXm∂p-tºmƒØs∂ AsXms° ]pd-Øp-Im´pw. a\p-jy¿ Ahsb \nb-{¥n-°pw. C{X-am-{X-amWv hyXym-kw. Zo¿L-Imew sIm≠p-≠mb imco-cnI ]cn-Wm-ahpw am\knI ]cn-Wm-a-hp-am-Wv a\p-jyXzw F∂ {]tXy-Im-h-ÿbv°p ImcWw. ⁄m\hpw hnth-Ih - p-amWv a\p-jy-Øz-Øn-\S- n-ÿm-\s - a-∂mWv `mc-Xob-aX - w. tIm]w, sshcmKyw, ]I Ch-sbms° arK-ßƒ°pw a\p-jy¿°pw {]IrXn \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Chsb hnthIw sIm≠v \nb-{¥n-°pIbpw, kXyw, [¿Ωw, im¥n, t{]aw, Alnwk Chsb hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°pIbpw sNøp-tºmƒ arKo-bX am\-hn-IX - b - mbpw AXv {ItaW ssZhn-IX - b - mbpw cq]-s∏-Spw. kaql-Øns‚ kpÿn-cX - b - v°pw, im¥n°pw A`n-hr-≤n°pw Cu at\m-`mhw IqSntb Xocq. F\n°p Pohn-°-Ww, a‰p-≈-h¿°pw Pohn-°Ww F∂ t_m[w am\-hn-I-X-bm-Wv. Ah-\-h≥ BﬂkpJØn-\m-Nc - n-°p-∂h A]-c∂p kpJ-Øn-\mbv htcWw F∂p Nn¥n-®m¬ ssZhn-IX - b - m-bn. CXmWv kwkv°m-c-Øns‚ AXyp-®m-h-ÿ. Xm≥ \∂m-Ip-Ibpw thWw A\y¿ \in-°p-Ibpw thWw F∂ Nn¥m-ssh-Ir-X-amWv Bkp-co-b-X. Xm≥ \in-®mepw A\ysc \in-∏n-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥bpw AXp \¬Ip∂ BÀm-Zh - p-amWv cm£-ko-bX - . CXmWv kwk-Im-cØ - ns‚ \oNm-hÿ . BkpcokºØns∂ [¿Ω-t_m[w sIm≠v \n{K-ln-°p-Ibpw ssZho-k-º-Øns\ Ncm-Nc t{]aw-sIm≠v t]mjn-∏n-°p-Ibpw thWw. CXmWv DØ-a-kw-kv°m-cw. {]Ir-Xy-XoX i‡n-bn¬ hniz-kn-®psIm-≠m-bmepw AXns\ \ntj-[n-®p-sIm≠v {]Ir-Xn-i‡ - n-bn¬ hniz-kn-®p-sIm-≠m-bmepw [¿Ωm[n-jvTn-X-ambn Pohn-®m¬ DØ-a-kw-kv°m-c-am-bn. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-cw, ssN\okv kwkv°m-cw, CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkv°m-cw, {Ko°v kwkv°mcw, sak-s∏-mt´-an-b≥ kwkv°m-cw, ab kwkv°m-cw, C¶ kwkv°m-cw, BkvsSIv kwkv°mcw tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

F∂n-ßs\ F{Xtbm kwkv°m-c-ßƒ `qap-J-Øp-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hn¬ Upd‚ v cNn® Z tÃmdn Hm^v knhn-en-tk-j≥ Ah-sb-°p-dn-s®ms° hnkvXn-cn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. an°Xpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ IpsØm-gp-°n¬ Hen-®p-t]m-bn. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-chpw ssN\okv kwkv°m-chpw Bbn-c-Øm≠p-If - psS ]cn-Wm-aØ - n-eqsS \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. B¥-cnI Zu¿_-eyhpw A[n-\n-th-iØ - ns‚ {IqcX-bp-amWv kwkv°m-cß - sf \in-∏n-°p-∂X - v. kzbw hna¿i-\hpw ip≤o-Ic - W - hpw ]p\¿\-ho-Ic - W-hp-amWv kwkv°m-cß - sf \ne-\n¿Øp-∂X - v. Cu Nn¥-bn¬ \mw kwkv°m-cØ - n-\p-th≠ Ahiy-LS- I - ß - ƒ I≠p-Ig- n-™p. H∂p `qan-bm-W.v ASp-ØXv Ime-hpw. Chsb LSn-∏n-®m¬ kwkv°mc-Øns‚ \n¿∆-N\w Ffp∏ambn. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb Hcp GI-I-Øn¬ Zoc-L-Imew A[n-h-kn°p∂ Hcp P\-Xb - psS _mlyhpw B¥-ch - p-amb kI-e{- In-bI - f - p-sSbpw BsI-Øp-Ib - psS t]cmWv kwkv°m-cw. kwkv°mcw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Hmtcm hy‡n-bn-ep-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hy‡n-Iƒ HØp-tN-cp-tºmƒ kaq-lhpw kaq-lØ - ns‚ kwkv°m-ch - p-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. hnhn[ kaql-ßƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿∂v Hcp `q{]-tZ-iØv A[n-h-kn-°p-tºmƒ tZihpw tZio-b-kw-kv°m-c-hp-ap≠m-Ip-∂p. hy‡nbpw kaq-lhpw tZihpw ]c-kv]c ]qc-I-ßfpw t{]c-I-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. AXn\m¬ kwkv°mcsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°epw aqey-\n¿Æbw sNøepw k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv. C\n \ap°v kwkv°m-c\ - n¿∆-N\ - sØ Iptd-°qSn hn]p-ea - m-°mw. Btcm-Ky-Ic - ß - f - mb AwKo-Ir-Xa - q-ey-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°m\pw B¿Pn-°m-\p-ap≈ hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Ign-hns\ kwkv°m-csa∂pw hnfn-°mw. _p≤nbpw `mh-\bpw kaq-ly-t_m-[-hp-amWv kwkv°m-csØ \n¿Æ-bn-°m\p≈ am\-Z-ﬁ-ßƒ. DSp-∏nepw \S-∏n-ep-ap≈ {i≤bpw s]men-abpw Pohn-X-ku-I-cy-ß-fpsS kar-≤nbpw ]cn-jv°mcw (kn-hn-en-tk-j≥) BWv. B¥-cn-Ia - mb ]cn-jv°m-ca - mWv kwkv°mcw (Iƒ®¿). ]cn-jv°mcw sIm≠v kwkv°m-csØ hn[n-°m-\m-hn-√. ]cn-jvIr-X¿ B Imc-WØ - m¬ am{Xw kwkv°m-ck - º - ∂ - c - m-IW - s - a-∂n-√. A]-cn-jvIr-X¿ kwkv°m-cc - l - n-Xc - m-hp-Ib - p-an-√. `mc-Xo-b-kw-kv°mcw F∂v ]d-bp-∂-sX-s¥-∂m-tem-Nn-®m¬ ho≠pw Nne {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ ImWmw. `qan-im-kv{X-]c - a - mb {]tXy-IX - I - fpw Ah-bv°\ - p-kc - n® hkv{Xm-lm-cc - o-Xn-Ifpw `mj-Ifp-ap≈ sshhn-[y-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp P\-X-bpsS H´m-sI-bp≈ kwkv°m-c-am-Wn-Xv. Imjvaocpw ]©m_pw \mKm-em≥Upw _wKmfpw B{‘bpw Xan-gv\mSpw tIc-fhpw a‰-t\Iw {]tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bpsS X\n-a-{]-I-S-am-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch Hmtcm∂pw kwkv°m-c-ß-fm-Wv. aXw, PmXn, `mj, D]`mj F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ LS-I-ßƒ Cu kwkv°m-c-ß-fn-tem-tcm-∂nepw hyXy-kvX-X-bp-≠m-°p∂p-≠v. `mc-Xob kwkv°m-c-Øn\v `uXn-Iambpw `mh-\m-]-c-ambpw I\-Ø kw`m-h\ \¬Ip∂ D]-kw-kv°m-ca - mWv tIc-fk - w-kv°m-cw. CXp-Xs∂ Imem-\p-krXw am‰-Øn\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip-∂p-≠v. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\pw sIm®n°pw ae-_m-dn\pw sht∆sd kwkv°m-ca - p-s≠∂v ]pd-Øp-\n-s∂-Øp-∂h¿ a\- n-em-°n-bm-ep-an-s√-¶nepw ae-bmfn a\- n-em-°p-∂p. `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambn AI-∂p-In-S°p∂ e£-Zzo-]v ae-bm-fn-bpsS kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw Nne X\n-a-I-fp-≠v. ate-jy-bnepw Ata-cn-°bnepw Bkvt{X-en-bb - nepw a‰pw sN∂p-tN¿∂v Ahn-SØ - p-Im-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw Ahcp-tS-Xmb tIc-fob kwkv°m-ca - p-≠v. ae-_m-dn¬Øs∂ tImc-∏p-gb - psS sX°pw hS°pw {]tXyI kmwkv°m-cnI taJ-eI - f - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v C∂m-tem-Nn-°p-tºmƒ A¤pXw tXm∂mw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ At\Iw kq£vak - w-kv°m-cß - ƒ (ssa-t{Im-Iƒ®¿) tN¿∂v Hcp D]-kw-kv°mcw tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

(k∫v Iƒ®¿), At\Iw D]-kw-k° v m-cß - ƒ tN¿∂v Hcp tZiob kwkv°mcw (\m-j\ - ¬ Iƒ®¿), At\Iw tZiob kwkv°m-cß - ƒ tN¿∂v am\-hk - w-kv°mcw (lyq-a≥ Iƒ®¿) F∂ t{iWo-_‘sØ Is≠-Ømw. A[o-im-[n-Im-c-ßƒ D≈-h-cpsS kwkv°mcw DXvIr-jvSw, C√m-Ø-h-cp-tSXv A]-IrjvSw F∂mWv s]mXp-k¶ - e - v]w. a’-cß - f - n¬ hnP-bn-°p-∂h - ¿ icn, ]cm-Pb - s - ∏-Sp-∂h - ¿ sX‰v F∂pw Cu at\m-`m-hsØ ]d-bmw. Zo¿L-Imew ]cm-Pn-Xc - m-bn-cp-∂h - ¿ am\-kn-Ia - mbn hnP-bn-Isf AwKoI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cmWv amXr-I-sb∂p [cn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-dp-≠v. ]e kwkv°m-c-ß-fp-sSbpw ]X\w B hgn°p kw`-hn-°p-∂p. imiz-X-aq-ey-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizmkw sIm≠p am{Xta hnP-b-]cm- P - b - ß tfm D®- \ o- N - X z- ß tfm C√mØ ka- X z- k p- µ - c - k - a q- l sØ krjv S n- ° p- I - b p- ≈ p. ]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\hpw Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-]-Ip-Xnbpw temI-amsI Bﬂ-t_m-[-ap-W¿∂ Ime-am-Wv. km{am-PzØz i‡n-Iƒ £bn-°p-Ibpw ASn-a-cm-Py-ßƒ kzmX{¥yw {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xns‚ Ncn{Xw C°m-e-Øp-≠m-bn. `mc-X-Ønepw tIc-fØnepw CXns‚ Ae-Iƒ i‡-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[hpw kmaq-ly-t_m-[hpw DW¿∂p. kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥cw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw PmXo-bhpw `mjm-]-c-hp-amb kwkv°m-c-ßƒ i‡n-{]m-]n-°pIbpw hntZz-j-hn-t{Zm-l-i-‡n-Iƒ Xe-s]m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-Xp-S-ßn-bn-´p-≠v. IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ PmXn-a-X-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ D≠m-hp-Ibpw PmXn-aX cmjv{So-b-I-£n-Iƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp∂p. D]-kw-kv°m-c-ßƒ°v kzØz-t_m[w F{X-h-sc-bm°mw F{X Bbn-°qSm F∂ Nn¥-bp≠m-tI≠ Ime-am-bn-´p-≠v. B{^n-°-bnepw bqtdm-∏nepw aX-]-chpw tKm{X-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-I-hpamb kzØz-ß-fpsS ]Ibpw c‡-s®m-cn-®nepw \S-°p-∂p-≠v. `uXn-I-h-f¿®-bpsS IpXn-®p-Nm-´Øn-t\m-sSm∏w Xs∂ am\-knI hf¿®bpw D≠m-bm¬ am{Xta am\-h-kw-kv°mcw kpc-£n-X-ambn-cn-°p-Ib - p-≈p.

Ncn{Xw ˛ \n¿∆-N-\w, km≤y-X-Iƒ, ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ Imew AJ-ﬁhpw Ahn-—∂ - h - p-am-sW-¶nepw A\p-`h - w-sIm≠v aq∂m-bn-Øo-cp∂p. `qXw, h¿Ø-am-\w, `mhn. `qXsØ A]-{K-Yn®v h¿Ø-am-\sØ {Ia-s∏-SpØn `mhnsb kpJ-Ic - a - m-°p-IbmWv hnti-j _p≤n-bp-≈-h-cpsS IS-a. B t_m[-ap-≠m-°m-\p≈ ]T-\-amWv Ncn-{Xw. Ncn{XsØ {]iw-kn®pw A]lkn®pw [mcmfw A`n-{]m-bß - f - p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ Ncn-{XsØ B{i-bn-°msX Pohn-Xa - n-√. “AhcpsS IpSpw_w \√-Xm-Wv, Ip´n-bpsS kz`m-ht- Ø°p-dn®pw \√ A`n-{]m-ba - m-Wv, C\n as‰m∂pw t\m°m-\n√” F∂p]d-bp∂ Imc-Wh - ¿ Ncn-{X-Im-c\m-Wv. “]≠v Km‘nPn Cu ssaXm-\Øv h∂v {]kw-Kn-®n-´p≠v” Fs∂m-cmƒ ]d-bp-tºmƒ Ncn-{Xam-bn. “A-kpJw XpS-ßn´v F{X \mfmbn?” “ho´n¬ B¿s°-¶nepw CXpt≠m?” F∂v tUmIvS¿ tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-am-bn. “Cu Imdphmßn-®n´v F{X Ime-am-bn, Fs¥-¶nepw Iwsπ-bn‚pt≠m” F∂v sa°m-\n°v tNmZn-°p-∂Xpw Ncn{Xw Xs∂. Npcp-°Ø - n¬ GXv A\p-`h - h - n-hc - W - hpw hkvXpXmti-Jc - W - hpw Ncn-{X-am-Wv. Hcn-°epw amdmØ `qX-Im-et- Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ {]kvXm-ha - mWv Ncn-{X-sa∂v Acn-tÃm-´n¬ ]d™-XmWv {]mNo-\-X-a-amb \n¿∆-N-\-sa∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp kw`hw H∂p am{Xw. AsXm-cntIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

°epw Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√. AXn\p kam-\-amb kw`-h-ßƒ D≠m-sb∂n-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. “tkmZm-lc - W - a - p≈ XØz-Nn¥m ]T\w” F∂mWv Utbm-\o-jy-kns‚ \n¿∆-N\ - w. kaq-lØ - n¬ ]q¿∆ kw`-hß - ƒ DZm-lc - n®v KpW-]mTw \¬Im-\p≈ tkmt±iy ]≤-Xn-bm-bn-´mWv At±lw Ncn{XsØ I≠-Xv. a\p-jy-Nn-¥-bpsS {]mNo-\-X-a-amb cq]-amWv Ncn-{X-sa∂p F√m imkv{X-ß-fpsSbpw aqe-Im-cWw Ncn-{X-t_m-[-am-sW∂pw tXma-kvIm¿sse¬ ]d-™p. Ncn{Xw Ign-™-Xntebv°pw hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂X - n-te-bv°p-ap≈ ]cy-th-jW - s - a∂pw Ch tbmPn-bv°p-tºmtg F¥n\pw A¿∞-ap-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈p-sh∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. A©p-hsc sX‰p-Iq-SmsX FÆm≥ Adn-bmØ P\-X-bv°p-t]mepw Ncn-{X-a-dn-bm-sa∂pw At±lw hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ncn-{X-sa-∂m¬ al-Øp-°f - psS Poh-Nc - n-{X-am-sW∂phsc At±lw hniz-kn-®p. alm-ﬂm-°ƒ Ncn-{XsØ krjvSn®-h-cm-sW∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒØs∂ B alm-ﬂm-°sf krjvSn-®Xv Ncn-{X-am-sW∂ ]mc-kv]cyw At±lw ad-∂-Xm-bn-tØm-∂p-∂p. Ime-tN-X-\-bpsS (zeigeist) Dev]-∂-ß-fmWv al-Øp-°-sf∂v slK¬ ]d-bp-∂X - nepw Imcy-ap-≠.v kaq-la - \ - v (social psyche) F∂mWv Imƒ emw-s]¿Nv‰v CXns\ hnfn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jy-kzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ A\m-h-c-W-amWv Ncn-{X-sa∂v temUv B‰≥ {]kvXm-hn°p-tºmƒ kzX-{¥-amb ico-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw _p≤n-bn¬ \n∂pw am{Xta k¿§m-ﬂ-I-bp-≠m-hp-Ibp≈q F∂m-W¿∞w. “Fs∂-¶nepw Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw kw`-hn-®-sX√mw Ncn-{X-amWv”˛ sl≥-dntPm¨k¨ \n¿∆-Nn-®p. tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bh - tbm A√m-Øh - tbm Bb kw`-hß - f - √ Ncn-{X-sa∂pw Ah-bpsS ]p\x-kr-jvSn-bmWv Ncn-{X-sa∂pw CXn\v FXn¿hmZw D∂-bn-°mw. FtUz¿Uv l≈¿ Im¿ hkvXpXIfpw Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw XΩn-ep≈ \nc-¥c - a - mb CS-s]-Se - p-If - mWv Ncn-{X-sa∂pw AXv `qX-h¿Ø-am\ Ime-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Hcn-°epw Ah-km-\n-°mØ kw`m-j-W-am-sW∂v hni-Zo-Icn-°p-∂p. `qX-Im-e-tØm-Sp≈ \ΩpsS kao-]\w \nc-¥cw amdn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw. Ime-Øn¬ \ap°p≈ ÿm\hpw kaq-l-Øn¬ \ap-°p≈ ÿm\hpw tN¿∂mWv ho£-W-ßsf am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂Xv. Ncn-{X-hym-Jym-\ß - sf \ΩpsS Imew t_m[-]q¿∆-ambpw At_m-[] - q¿∆-ambpw kzm[o-\n-s®∂p-h-cmw. AXn-\m¬ BXy-¥n-I-amb Ncn-{X-kXyw Fs∂m-∂n-s√∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-≠v. Ncn-{X-Øn- \v kXy-k‘ - y-Xbpw hnizm-ky-Xbpw Ipd-bp-sa∂v Im¿ ]d-bp-∂X - mbn hymJym-\n-°m≥ CS-bm-bn-´p-≠v. temIØv A\p-\n-anjw FÆn-bm¬Øo-cm-Ø{X kw`-h-ßƒ \S-°p-∂p-≠v. Bcp-sS-sb¶nepw {i≤-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ah-bn¬ F{Xtbm Ipd-hp-am-{Xw. Aßs\ {i≤-bn¬s∏-´-h-bn¬ F{Xtbm Ipd-®p-am-{Xta ]q¿Æ-ambn a\- n-em-hp-∂p-≈q. a\- n-em-bh - b - n¬ Ipd-®p-am-{Xta tcJs∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-Sp-∂p-≈p. Aßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs∏´-hb - n¬ \n∂v Ipd-®p-am-{X-amWv ]Tn--°s - ∏-Sp-∂Xpw A]-{K-Yn-°s - ∏-Sp-∂X - pw. Cßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ Ncn{Xw Atß-b‰w ]cn-an-Xn-If - p-≈X - mbn°mWmw. ÿe-Im-eß - fpsS A]m-cX - bpw Ahsb a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ a\p-jy-_p-≤n--bpsS ]cn-an-Xn-If - p-amWv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ apJy-km-[y-X. kz-]£ - sØ t\´-ßsf h√msX Db¿Øp-I, ]c-]£ - sØ t\´-ßsf tIm´-ßf - mbn hymJym\n-°p-I, kz]-£sØ ]cm-Pb - ß - sf t\´-ßf - mbn Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°pI ]c-]£ - sØ tIm´-ßsf ]¿∆Xo-I-cn-°pI ˛ CsX√mw a\p-jy-kz-`m-h-am-Wv. AsX√mw Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bn-ep-ap-≠m-Imw. C¥y≥ kzmX-{¥y-ka - c - s - Ø-°p-dn®v hnhn[ Xc-°m-sc-gp-Xnb ]pkvXI - ß - ƒ adn-®p-t\m-°n-bm¬Øs∂ CXp tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

a\- n-em-Ipw. hkvXp-XI - ƒ°pw hymJym-\ß - ƒ°p-an-Sb - n¬ Ncn{Xw \jvSa - m-sb-∂p-hc - mw. “acn-®h-cpsS t]cp-sh®v \S-Øp∂ I≈-°-fn-bmWv Ncn-{X-”sa∂v thmƒ´b¿ ]cn-l-kn-®n-´p-≠v. “kXytØmSv G‰-hp-aS- pØp \nev°p∂ Hc-`n-{]m-bsØ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X - mWv Ncn-{X-”sa∂v dqt mbpw ]d-™p. thmƒ´-bdpw dqt mbpw alm-∑m-cmb Nne Ncn{X {kjvSm-°-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv kXyw. {it≤-b-ß-fmb Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-sf-gp-Xnb {^U-dnIv Z s{Kbn‰v Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw sIm≠phcq F∂p ]d-bp-∂X - n-\p-]I - cw “B \pW-]d- ® - n¬Im-cs\ sIm≠p-hcq” F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂X - v. a\p-jysc {]_p-≤c - m-°p-∂X - n\pw i‡-amb kaqlw krjvSn-°p-∂X - n\p Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿß - f - psS ]T\w A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw thmƒ´-b¿ as‰mcp kµ¿`-Øn¬ ]d-™Xpw Cu Bt£-]ß - fpw tN¿Øphm-bn-®m¬ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-I-tf-°p-dn®pw i‡n-tb-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ Nn{Xw sXfn-™p-h-cpw. CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ°p-ap-ºn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v s\t∏m-fn-b≥ Xs‚ `S-∑msc A`n-kw-t_m[\ sNbvXXv “hoctbm-≤m-°tf, Ncn-{X-Øns‚ \mev]Xp \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \nßsf D‰p-t\m-°p-∂p”sh-∂m-Wv. Ncn{Xw F{X A]q¿Æ-XI - t- fm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX - m-sW-¶nepw F{X hf-s®m-Sn-°t- em-Sp-Iq-Sn-bXm-sW-¶nepw AXn\v A¥-cm-ﬂm-hns\ DW¿Øm-\p≈ Ign-hp-s≠-∂-XmWv Cu hnj-b-Øns‚ ]T-\Ø - n-\m-[m-cw.

Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw kw`-h-ß-fpsS Ime-K-W-\-bv°-\p-k-cn® hn\ym-k-amWv Ncn-{X-sa∂p [cn-°-cp-Xv. AXv Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Hcp-`mKw am{Xw. Hmtcm Ime-L´- Ø - n-ep-ap≈ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-XØ - ns‚ t\¿°m-gvN, kw`-hß - fpw alm-ﬂm-°f - psS {]`m-hß - fpw kaq-lsØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]T-\w, kaq-l-tN-X\ Fßs\ {]tXyI kw`-h-ßƒ°v Imc-W-am-sb∂ At\z-jWw Ch-sb-√mw-kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{X-Øns‚ aﬁ-e-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p. BNm-c-ßƒ, A\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, Pohn-X-co-XnIƒ, enwK-]-c-amb ]Z-hn-Iƒ, kmº-ØnI ÿnXn-I-fpsS A¥-c-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ kaq-lsØ _m[n-°p∂ F¥n-t\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\hpw kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{X-am-Wv. CXn¬ \mb-Iÿ - m-\Øv s]mXp-k-aqlw \n¬°p-∂p. tPm¨an¬´¨, sPbnwkv lmcn-MvS¨, tXmakv tlm_vkv, ^¿Kqk¨, BUw-kvan-Øv, tXmakv tdm_¿´v am¬Øq-kv, Kn∫¨ XpS-ßnb alm-∑m-cmb kmaq-ly-Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-⁄-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sI.-F. \oe-I-WvT-im-kv{Xn-Iƒ, k¿Zm¿ sI.Fw. ]Wn-°¿, tUm. Sn.-sF. ]pc-µ≥, sI.-hn. IrjvWø - ¿, Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈, tUm: Fw.-Pn.F- v. \mcm-b-W≥, tUm. F≥. Fw. \ºq-Xn-cn, tUm: Fw. B¿. cmL-h-hm-cy¿ XpSßn F{Xtbm t]cp-Iƒ Z£n-tW-¥y-bp-sSbpw tIc-fØ - n-s‚bpw kmwkv°m-cn-IN - c - n-{X-Øns‚ `mK-ambn hcp-∂p≠v. tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, tIc-f-kw-kv°mcw F∂o {KŸßƒ cNn® F. {io[-c-ta-t\m≥ Ncn-{X-hnZym¿∞n-If - psS apJy-kl - m-bn-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-]c - n-Wmaw k¶o¿Æ-amb {]{In-bb - m-W.v Ncn{Xw EPp-tc-Jt- ]m-se-bm-sW∂pw H∂pw Hcn-°epw Bh¿Øn-°n-s√∂pw Hcp kn≤m-¥-ap-≠v. sl¿_¿´v kvs]≥k¿, tlm_vlu-kv, Imd¬am¿Ivkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-cm-Wv. Hmkv-hmƒUv kvs]≥-•¿, B¿tWmƒUv tSmb≥_n XpS-ßn-bh - ¿ Ncn{Xw Nm{In-Ia - m-sW∂pw Htc-Xcw kw`-hß - ƒ IqsS-°qsS Bh¿Øn®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-sa∂pw kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bv°p-≈n¬Ø-s∂-bp≈ At\Iw tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

LS-I-ß-fmWv kmaq-ly-]-cn-h¿Ø-Øn\v Imc-W-sa∂v sUmtdm-In≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. ]cn-ÿn-Xnbpw _m-ly-kΩ - ¿≤-ßf - p-amWv kaq-lsØ am‰n-ad- n-°p-∂s - X∂ kn≤m¥w {]_-ea - m-Wv. tIc-fØ - n-seØnb A[n-\n-th-ii - ‡ - n-Iƒ ChnsS sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\hpw am‰-ßfpw \ap-°d- n-bm-at- √m. aXw, cmjv{So-bw, Ie, kmln-Xyw, kº-Ø,v ]cn-ÿnXn F∂n-ßs\ kaq-lsØ _m[n-°p-Ibpw kwkv°mcnI ap{Z-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]e LS-I-ß-fp-≠v.

hnhn[ Ncn{X cN\m coXn-Iƒ cmjv{SobNcn-{Xw, kmln-Xy-Nc - n-{Xw, kmaq-ly-Nc - n-{Xw, kmº-ØnI Ncn{Xw F∂n-ßs\ Ncn{X-Øn\pw hnhn[ imJ-I-fp-≠v. ]pcm-h-kvXp-°-tfm, enJnX {]am-W-ßtfm C√msX hcp-∂n-SØv sFXn-ly-ßsf kzoI-cn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. hmsam-gn-®-cn-{X-Øn¬ `mh-\mwiw IqSn-sb-∂p-h-cpw. `mcXob ]pcm-W-ß-fnse hwiw, hwim-\p-N-cn-{Xw, a\z-¥cw Ch DZm-l-cn-°mw. Ncn{X hkvXp-XIfpsS IWn-I-I-fn¬ ]Sp-Øp-b¿Ønb `mh-\m-{]-]-©-am-bn-cn°pw hmMva-b-N-cn-{Xw. Hcp P\X Fßs\ Nn¥n-®n-cn-°mw, F¥m-I-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-°p∂p XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-°m≥ Cu imJ klm-bn-°p-∂p. kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{X-Øn-\mhpw CXv IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-I. Hcp {]tXyI Ime-tØ-°p-dn-®p-am{Xw ]Tn-°p-I, At\-I-Im-e-ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I, Hcp hy‡nbpsS A\p-`h - ß - f - n-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I, CsXms° Ncn-{X-]T - \ - a - m-Wv. \√ Bﬂ-IY - I - ƒ t]mepw Ncn-{X-am-bn-am-dmw.

samUqƒ 2

tIcfw `qan-imkv{Xw DØ-c-A-£mwiw 8018” - 12045” \pw ]q¿∆-tc-Jmwiw 74052” - 77024” \pw CS-bv°p≈ `q`m-Ka - mWv tIc-fw. tIc-fk - w-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ hnkvXo¿Æw 38855 NXp-c{- i-In-tem-ao-‰d- m-Wv. Ing°p ae-\n-cI - ƒ, ]Sn-™mdv IS-temcw Ch-bv°p-at≤y CS-\mSv F∂v aq∂p hn`m-Kß - ƒ `qan-bpsS kz`mh-a\ - p-kc - n®v ImWmw. CS-\mSv Im¿jn-It- a-Je - b - m-Wv. `£y-hn-fI - ƒ \mWy-hn-fI - ƒ°v hgn-am-dp∂ ImgvN hy‡amWv. aq∆m-bncw apX¬ FÆm-bncw ASn-hsc Db-ca - p≈ ae-\n-cI - f - n¬ \n∂v ]pd-s∏Sp∂ \mev]-Øn-\mep \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS AkwJyw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw [mcmfw Pem-i-b-ßfpw sIm≠v Pe-k-ar-≤-am-b-Xn-\m¬ hnhn[ Irjn-co-Xn-Iƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. Ime-h¿jhpw Xpemh¿jhpw sIm≠v [mcmfw ag e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kky-k-ar-≤-am-Wv. Ccp-]-Xp-ssa¬ hoXn-bp≈ ]me-°m-S≥ Npcw DØ-ct- I-cf - sØ Xan-gv\m-Sp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p. sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Bcp-hmbv samgn-®pcw Ct∏mƒ Xan-gv\mSv kwÿm-\Ø - n-em-sW-¶nepw Z£n-Wt- I-cf - Ø - ns‚ kmaqly-cm-jv{Sob kz`m-hØ - n\v cq]w \¬Ip-∂X - n¬ {][m\ ]¶p-hl - n--®n-´p-≠v. ap∂q-‰-dp-]-Xp-ssa¬ \ofw hcp∂ IS-temcw `mc-X-N-cn-{XsØ Xncp-Øn-°p-dn-®-Xm-Wv. Ncn{Xm-Xo-X-Imew apX¬ hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-ambn hmWn-Py-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ Ign-™p. HSp-hn¬ I®-h-S-°-º-\n-I-fpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ sRcn-™-a-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-Øn\p ]Sn-™mdv Icbn¬\n∂v Ccp-\qdv Intem-ao-‰d- n\pw ap∂q-‰º - Xv Intem-ao-‰d- n\pw CS-bn¬ InS-°p∂ e£-Zzo-cptIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

Iƒ kmwkv°m-cnI tIc-fØ - ns‚ `mK-am-Wv. awK-em-]p-cØ - n\pw Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - p-cØ - n\pw ]Sn-™mdv GI-tZiw \m\qdv Intem-ao-‰¿ Zqc-Øn-\p-≈n¬ hS-°p-sX-°m-bn-´mWv Ch-bpsS InS-∏.v ]sØm≥]Xp Zzo]p-Ifpw ]Xn-s\´p aW¬Øn´pw tN¿∂-XmWv Cu Zzo]p-ka - q-lw.

Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Imew ]¿∆-X{- ]-tZ-iß - ƒ AXn-{]m-No-\I - mew apX¬ P\-hm-ka - p-≈h - b - m-bn-cp-∂p. `mc-X∏ - p-gb - psS D¤-hÿ - m-\Ø - n-\S- pØpw sIm√w Pn√-bpsS Ing-°≥ {]tZ-iß - f - nepw [mcm-fa - mbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂ inem-bp-Km-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CXp a\- n-em-°mw. F∂m¬ CS-\m-´n¬ \nt∂m IS-tem-c-Øp\nt∂m C{Xbpw ]gb N-cn-{Xm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ In´n-bn-´n-√. AXn-\m¬ kly]¿∆-X-Øns‚ ]Sn™m-dp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂v IS¬h-sc-bp≈ `qan ]n¬°m-eØv IS¬ ]n≥hm-ßn-bp-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂pw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]cip-cm-a-IY Cu `qan-imkv{X kcy-Øns‚ `mh-\m-]q¿Æ-amb Bhn-jv°m-cambn ImWmw. alm-in-em-bp-KØ - ns‚ _m°n-]{- X-ßf - mbn sImSpw-I√ - d- I - fpw hoc-°√ - p-Ifpw IpS°-√p-Ifpw ImWm-∂p-≠v. sN¶-√n¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ ap\n-bd- I - fpw Fgp-Ød- I - fpw ae-tbm-cß - fn¬ [mcm-fa - p-≠v. DØ-ct- I-cf - Ø - nse IS-tem-csØ sN¶¬°p-∂p-If - nepw ap\n-bd- I - f - p-≠v. inembp-KsØ tIm´-aX - n-ep-If - mb XS-ßg- n-Iƒ A]q¿∆-am-bnt´ ImWp-∂p-≈q. {_m“n-en-]n-Iƒ, Nn{Xßƒ Ch sImØnb FS-bv°¬ Kpl-bpw sXmhcn Kpl-bpw ad-bq¿ Kpl-bpw ]t≠-bp≈ P\-hmk-Øns‚ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv. B[p-\nI inem-bpKw hsc hoc-°-√p-Iƒ, amk-Xn-°-√p-Iƒ Ch \m´p∂ NS-ßp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kwL-Im-ek - m-lnXyw sXfn-hp-Xc - p-∂p.

BZn-a-\n-hm-kn-Iƒ ae-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ h\-hmkn hn`m-K-°m-cmWv tIc-f-Ønse BZn-hm-kn-Iƒ. ]Wnb¿, D≈m-S¿, apXp-hm-∑m¿ Ch-scms° s\{Knt‰m hwi-°m-cm-sW∂v Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. temI-Øn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ Kplm-a\ - p-jy-cn¬ Hcp Iq´-cmb tNme-\m-bv°∑ - m¿ \ne-ºq¿ ImSp-If - n-emWp≈Xv. Npcp≠ apSnbpw IdpØ sXmenbpw h´-ap-Jhpw ]c∂ aq°pw s\{Knt‰m h¿§-°m-cpsS \c-hwi-im-kv{X-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. as‰mcp hn`m-K-amWv t{]mt´m Bkv{X-tem-bn-Up-Iƒ. \ofap≈ inc pw Ccp≠ \nd-ap≈ sXmenbpw Cu h¿§-°m-cn¬s∏Sp-∂h - c - m-Wv. Ccp-f¿, Icn-ºm-e¿, ae-b-c¿, ae-th-S¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿. saUn-t‰-dn-b≥ hn`m-K-°m-cn¬ \n∂v ]cn-W-an-®p-≠mb {Zmhn-Uh¿§-°m-cn¬s∏-´h - c - mWv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A[n-Ia - p-≈X - v. HSp-hn-embn DØtc¥ybn¬ \n∂v BZyhn-`m-K° - m¿ hs∂-∂mWv Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂X - pw. F∂m¬ Bcy-{Zm-hnU hnth-N\w A[n-\n-th-ii - ‡nIfn-ep-≠m°nb anYym-[m-cW - b - m-sW∂ A`n-{]m-bØ - n\v kzoIm-cyX IqSnh-cp-∂p-≠v. F∂m¬ DØc-`m-cX - Ø - nse apJy-`m-jI - ƒ C≥tUm bqtdm-]y≥ tKm{X-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂h - bpw Z£n-W`- m-cX - `- m-jIƒ {Zmhn-Ut- Km-{X-Øn¬s∏-Sp-∂h - b - p-am-sW∂ Imcyw \nkvX¿°-am-Wv. `qan-im-kv{X-]c - a - mbn aetbmcw AXn-{]m-No-\hpw CS-\m-Sp-I-S-tem-chpw A{]m-No-\-ßfpw BsW-∂-Xn-\m¬ CX-c-tZ-i-ßfn¬ \n∂v hym]-I-ambn IpSn-tb-dn-b-h-cmWv C∂sØ tIc-fo-b-cpsS ]q¿∆o-I¿ F∂p-]-d-bmw. tKm{X-h¿§-°m¿, ]nt∂m-°h - n-`m-K° - m¿, a‰p ]nt∂m-°h - n-`m-K° - m¿, apt∂m-°h - n-`m-K° - m¿ F∂v tIc-fo-b¿ hn`-Pn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-XmWv C∂sØ hkvXp-X. \c-h¿§-ß-fpsS ImgvN-_w•mhv F∂ hnti-jWw tIc-fob kaq-lØ - n\v tbmPn-°pw. HuØ-cml a\- n-t\mSv A{X-sbm∂pw tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

aaX Im´mØ Hcp Zm£n-WmXy a\- p-s≠-∂Xv hkvXp-Xb - m-Wv. c≠p-tImSn Ccp-]Ø - n-c≠ - p-e£ - amWv Ct∏m-gsØ P\-kw-Jy.

Ncn-{X-c-N-\-bv°p≈ D]m-Zm-\-ßƒ inemXm{a-tc-JI - ƒ, \mW-bß - ƒ, {KŸ-hc - n-Iƒ, k©m-c° - p-dn-∏p-Iƒ, kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ kvamc-I-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw ]T-\-k-lm-bn-I-fm-Wv. enJn-X-N-cn-{X-an-√mØt∏mƒ, sFXn-ly-ßƒ, {]mtZ-inI hnizm-kß -- ƒ F∂n-ht- bbpw B{i-bn-t°-≠n-hc - pw. tIc-fN - c - n-{X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-fn-te°v tIc-tfm-ev]-Øn, tIc-f-am-lmﬂyw {_“-ﬁ-]p-cm-W-Ønse `{Z-Zo] {]XnjvT, DZ-b-h¿Ω NcnXw XpS-ßnb {KŸ-ß-fnse {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ sh®p-sIm≠v IS-∂p-sN√m≥ {ian-°m-hp-∂X - m-Wv.

imk-\ß - ƒ Xr»n-\m-∏≈ - n°p kao-]a - p≈ Ac-\m-´m¿ ae-bnse Kpl-bn¬ \n∂v sN¬h-°SpwtImhmgnbm-X≥, s]cpw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºm-ssd, Cfw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd F∂n-hc - psS t]cp-If - p≈ enJnXw I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p-≠v. {_m“n-en-]n-bn-ep≈ Cu tcJ ]Xn-‰p-∏-Ønse hkvXp-X-Isf icn-sh-°p-∂p. Ien-h¿jhpw sIm√-h¿jhpw ]pXp-shbv∏p h¿jhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb imk-\-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. atlm-Zb - ] - p-cØ - nse cmP-tc-Jc - h - ¿Ω-bpsS 9˛mw iXIw BZy-Øn-ep≈ imk-\a - mWv ae-bmf `mjbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ BZy-tc-J. hmg-∏≈n imk\w F∂m-Wn-Xns‚ t]cv. tKmZchnbpsS tNm°q¿ imk-\Ø - n-emWv tZh-Zm-kn-am-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy-]c - m-a¿iw. `mkv°c chn a\pIp-em-Zn-Xys‚ imk-\ß - ƒ ]p√q¿ sImS-he - w, Xncp-s\-√n, Xr°m-°c - , Xrs°m-Sn-Øm\w, s]cp∂ XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - n¬ \n∂v In´n-bn-´p-≠v. ÿmWp-ch - n-bpsS Xcn-km-∏≈n imk\w (F-Un. 849) tIc-f-Ønse {InkvXp-aX Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. F.-Un. 1000-˛-m-am-≠sØ PqX-im-k\w `mkv°c chn CX-ca - X - ß - ƒ°v \¬Inb t{]m’m-l\ - s - Ø-°p-dn-°p-∂p. Bbv cmPm-hmb Icp-\¥-S-°s‚ lPq¿ tNt∏Sv (F-Un. 896) {]mNo\ tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-`ymk ÿm]-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Adn-hp-X-cp-∂p. hn{I-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ ]menbw tNt∏-Sn¬ {ioaq-e-hmkw F∂ _p≤-hn-lm-csØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. thWm-´nse {ioh-√`- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏´- bw sIm√-h¿jw 149 teXm-Wv. thWm-´nse kw{Km-a-[oc chn-h¿Ω-bpsS Im©o-]p-cw, Xncp-h-Xn, {iocw-Kw, ]p\-a√n imk-\ß - ƒ At±lw tNmg-]m-ﬁy-hw-iß - ƒ°p-ta¬ hnPbw t\Sn-bX - mbn sXfn-hp-Xc - p-∂p. s]cpw]-S-∏nse hoc-cm-Lh N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS kndn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ Xm-{a-im-k\w (1225) tIc-f-cm-Pm-°∑m-cpsS aX-kl - n-jvWp-Xbv°p as‰mcp sXfn-hm-Wv. ]pXp-shbv∏v h¿jw 322 ao\w 14\v sIm®nbpw U®p-Imcpw XΩn¬ G¿s∏´ DS-º-Sn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tcJ ]men-b-Øp-\n∂pw I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p-≠v. IS-a‰w Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm\n∏≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw tIm´bw Xmg-Øß - mSn henb ]≈nbn¬ \n∂pw DZ-bw-t]-cq¿, I≠-\m-Sv, tImX-aw-K-ew, A¶-am-en, ]d-hq¿, hmgm-∏pg -]-≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ {InkvXp-aX Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. lnPd 580 (F.-Un. 1124) ¬ Fgp-Xnb amSm-bn-tcJ tIc-f-Ønse C…mw-a-X-N-cn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p. a´m-t©-cn-bnse sh≈-Pq-X-∑m-cpsS kn\-tKm-Kn¬ \n∂mWv `mkv°c chn-h¿Ω-bpsS imk\w e`n-®-Xv. F.-Un. tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

1269se lo{_p-tcJ tN∂-aw-Kew kn\-tKm-Kn-ep-≠v. Cßs\ \qdp-IW - ° - n\n tcJ-Iƒ tIc-fN - c - n{X-]T - \ klm-bn-If - m-bp-≠v. {io]-ﬂ\ - m` kzman-t£-{X-Ønse t£{X-hc - n-Iƒ, Xncp-h√m t£{XØnse sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ, ISØ\mSv temI-\m¿Imhv {KŸ-h-cn-Iƒ, kmaq-Xncn tImhn-e-IsØ tcJIƒ, XpSßn [mcmfw tcJ-Iƒ ]Tn-°m-\p-≠v. AtimIN{I-h¿Øn-bpsS (_n.-kn. 274 ˛ 237) Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\Ø - n¬ At±-lØ - ns‚ A[nIm-c] - c - n-[n-°p-]p-dØ - p≈ “tIcf]p{X”t- \-°p-dn®v (tN-cc - m-Pm-hv) ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. AUq¿ inh-t£{X-Øn¬ \n∂v kwkvIr-XØ - n-ep-≈Xpw I∂-Ue - n-]n-bn¬ Fgp-Xs - ∏-´X - p-amb tcJ In´n-bX - n¬ ]Sn™mtd Nmeq-Iy-hw-iØ - n¬s∏´ Io¿Øn-h¿Ω≥ c≠m-at- \-°pdn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. I\ym-Ip-am-cn, Xncp-\µ - n-°c - , ipNo{µw XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - n¬ \n∂mWv tNmf enJn-Xß - ƒ In´p-∂X - pw. cmtP-{µtNm-fs‚ Xncp-hm-e-ßm´p imk-\-Øn¬ hngn™w B{I-a-W-sØ-°p-dn®p ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.

\mWb-ßƒ tdam-N{- I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS Zo\m-cn-bkv F∂ kz¿Æ \mWbw tIc-fØ - n¬ hf-sc-°mcw {]Ncn-®n-cp-∂p. AK-Ãk - v, HIvtS-hn-bk - v, \otdm, HIvtS-hn-bkv F∂n-hc - psS \mW-bß - ƒ I≠p-In-´n-bn´p-≠v. Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse Føm¬, sImSp-ß-√q-cnse ]´Ww F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂mWv IqSp-X¬ \mW-b-ßƒ In´n-bn-´p-≈Xv cmP-ti-J-cs‚ hmg-∏≈n imk-\-Øn¬ ‘Xo\mcw’ ImWmw. HΩmbØv Jeo-^-am-cpsS (661-˛750 F.-Un.) \mW-b-ßƒ tImX-aw-K-e-Øp-\n∂v In´n-bn-´p-≠v. kntemWnse Cug-°mipw sh\o-knse Up°‰pw kvs]bn-\nse dnbmepw t]m¿´p-Kokv U®v \mW-bßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Xr»n-\m-∏-≈n-bnse Icp-∏q-cn¬ \n∂p hn√pw B\bpw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ønb tNc-\m-W-bßƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v. amtImssX F∂ tNc-cm-Pm-hns‚ apJw sImØnb sNºp-\m-Wb - ß - fpw Chbn-ep-≠v. kwL-Im-esØ tIm´-ºe - Øp Xp©nb amtImssX Bbn-cn°mw Cu tNc≥. Xriq¿, tIm´-bw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-Ifn¬ \n∂v {io_p-≤s‚ ImesØ ap{ZnX \mW-bß - ƒ In´n-bn-´p-≠v. tNmg-∑m-cpsS B\-b® - v, a[pc kp¬Øm-∑m-cpsS Xpep-°° - miv Ch-bmWv tIc-fØ - n\v ]pd-Øp≈ `mc-Xob `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-If - p-tS-Xmbn I≠p-In-´nb \mW-bß - ƒ. tIc-fob \mW-b-ß-fn¬ cmin-bmWv {]mNo-\-X-aw. Ien-bp-K-cm-b≥ ]Ww, s]m∂v, A®v, ]Ww, Imiv, Ag-I® - v, Xnc-aw, Xmcw XpS-ßn-bh - bv°pw ]g-°a - p-≠v. tIme-Øp-\mSpw tImgn-t°mSpw ]Ww Cd-°n-bn-cp-∂p. A\-¥-cm-b≥ ]Ww, A\-¥-h-cm-l≥, N{Iw Ch-bmWv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ cmPyØv {]N-cn-®-h. sIm®n-bnse \mWbw ]pØ≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. knZ-\q¿ \mbv°-∑m-cpsSbpw ssakq¿ cmPm-°∑ - m-cp-sSbpw kp¬Øm-∑m-cp-sSbpw \mW-bß - ƒ ]e-Im-eß - f - n-embn {]N-cn-®n-´p≠v. Cw•o-jp-Im¿ Xe-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂v 1799 epw 1805epw Cd-°nb sh≈n-\m-W-b-ßƒ ]e-Imew \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. {^©p-Im¿ amln-]Ww F∂ sh≈n-\m-Wbw Cd-°n-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y kzX-{¥-bmIp-tºmƒ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn\p am{X-amWv kz¥w \mW-bß - ƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-Xv. 1950 G{]n¬ apX¬ Ahbv°v aqey-an-√m-Xm-bn.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

sIm´m-c-ßfpw tIm´-Ifpw I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bn-ep≈ ]ﬂ-\m-`] - pcw sIm´mcw tIc-fob hmkvXp-in-ev]Ø - ns‚ DØ-aam-Xr-I-bm-Wv. 1555¬ \n¿Ωn® a´m-t©-cn-bnse U®p-sIm-´mcw `mc-X-Øn¬ bqtdm-]y-cp-≠m-°nb ]gb sI´n-Sß - f - n¬ H∂m-Wv. CXv Nph¿Nn-{X-ßf - m¬ kº-∂a - m-Wv. tIc-fØ - nse G‰hpw henb Nph¿Nn{Xw Imbw-Ip-fsØ IrjvW] - pcw sIm´m-cØ - n-emWp≈Xv. KtP-{µ-tam£-amWv {]ta-bw. tIme-Øp-\m-´nse hf-]´- Ww tIm´-bpsS Ah-in-jvSß - ƒ ImWmw \in-∏n-°s - ∏´ sIm´m-cØ - ns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ am{X-ap-≠v. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ sI´n-b-XmWv IÆq-cnse sk‚ v B≥P-tem-t°m-´. Xe-t»-cn-t°m´ 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cw•ojv CuÃv C¥ym-°º - \n sI´n-bXmWv. 1503¬ t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ ]≈n-∏p-dsØ Bb-t°m´ sI´n. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ knZ-∂q-cnse inh-∏\mbv°v sI´n-b-XmWv t_°¬t°m´. Im™-ßm´pw Ipº-f-bnepw N{µ-Kn-cn-bnepw tIm´-sI-´nbXv \mbv°-∑m-cm-Wv. [¿Ω-cm-Pmhv (1758-˛98) sI´nb s\Spw-tIm´ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ hSt° AXn¿Øn Im°m≥ th≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Nmen-bw, hS-Ic - , Gd\mSv XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - nepw tIm´I-fp-≠v. aø-gn-bn¬ {^©p-Im¿ sI´nb NqSn-t°m-´b - psS Nne `mK-ßƒ am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

k©m--c-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ {Ko°v A_m-kU - d- m-bn-cp∂ saK-kvX\ - okv (_n.-kn. 4˛mw \q‰m-≠v) At±-lØ - ns‚ Ipdn-∏pI-fn¬ tNc-cm-Py-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂- πn-\nbpw A°m-eØp-Xs∂ s]cn-πkv Hm^v Fdn-{Xn-b≥ ko F∂ {KŸ-sa-gp-Xnb A⁄m-X\pw tIc-fs - Ø-°p-dn-®p]-db - p∂ {Ko°p-Im-cm-Wv. c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tSmf-anbpw h∂p. tImkqkv C≥Un-t°m-πq-kvXkv Fgp-Xnb (6-˛mw iX-Iw) tSmt∏m-{Km-^nb C≥Un° {InkvXym-\n-bn¬ tIc-f-Ønse {InkvXp-a-Xkm-∂n≤yw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ssN\okv k©m-cn-bmb lypbm≥kmMv 7˛mw iX-IØ - n¬ tIc-fØ - n-se-Øn. 1330\pw 1349\pw CS-bv°p-h∂ hmMvX-ø-hm≥ XmthmC Nnen-bn¬ Ggn-a-e-bp-sSbpw Imbw-Ip-f-Øn-s‚bpw tImgnt°m-Sn-s‚bpw ZrIvkm£n hnh-cWw \¬Ip-∂p. ]Xn-\©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂ ssN\okv ap…oamWv alzm≥. F.-Un. 857¬ h∂ kpsse-am-t\ -Øp-S¿∂v [mcmfw Ad-_nIƒ tIcfw kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. A¬_n-dq\n (973-˛1048), C{µokn (1154) djo-Zp-±o≥ (1247˛81) F∂n-h-cmWv a‰v {]apJ Ad-_n-k-©m-cn-Iƒ. C_n≥_-ØqØ (1342-˛47) tImgn-t°m-Sn-s\ -°p-dn®pw sIm√-sØ-°p-dn®pw hfsc hnkvX-cn-s®-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. tIc-fs - Ø-°p-dn®v ka-{K-amb hnhcw e`n-°p-∂Xv sh\o-jy≥ hym]m-cn-bmb am¿t°m-t]mtfm-bn¬ \n∂m-Wv. s{^bm¿tPm¿ Um\Uv 1324¬ sIm√-Øp-h∂ {InkvXy≥ anj-W-dn-bm-Wv. Ct±lw andm-kn-enbm Unkv{In-]v‰vjy F∂ {KŸw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. acp-a-°-Øm-b-sØ-°p-dn®p e`n-°p∂ BZy-]-cm-a¿iw Cu {KŸ-Øn-em-Wv. C‰-en-b-\mb \nt°m-tfm-tIm≠n (1440-˛41), djy°m-c-\mb AØ-t\-jykv \nIn-Xn≥ (1498), t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im-c-\mb s]t{Sm UntIm-hn¬l (15-˛mw \q‰m-≠v) XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv CXc bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-Iƒ. ae-_m-dnse t]m¿´p-Kokv tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂ Uzm¿tØ _¿t_mk (1500-˛1516) tImgn-t°m´v Pohn-°p-Ibpw hne-s∏´ hnh-cß - ƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Im‚¿]n-jd- psS (1717-˛23) Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sIm®n-cm-PyN-cn-{X-cN - \ - bv°v klm-bI - a - m-Wv. 18-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ h∂ Cw•o-jp-Im-c\ - mWv lman¬´≥. Xe-t»cn-t°m-´b - nse tcJ-Ifpw _p°-\ms‚ (1800-˛1801) hnh-cß - fpw tIc-fN - c - n-{X-]T - \ - Ø - n\v hfsc klmb-Ic - a - m-Wv.

samUyqƒ 3

kwL-Imew ˛ kwL-Ime kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p-∂h - b - n¬ sh®v {]mNo-\X - a - ß - f - mb Xangv kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf kwLw IrXnIƒ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. At\-I-Im-esØ Xangv IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v DØ-a-Ir-Xn-Iƒ sXc-s™-Sp°p-Ibpw hnj-bk - z-`m-ha - \ - p-kc - n®v t{ImUo-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXXv ]mﬁy-cm-Pm-°∑ - m-cpsS D’ml-Øm-em-bn-cp-∂p-ht- {X. Xan-g¿ aq∂v kwL-ßf - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. I\ym-Ip-am-cn°p sX°p-`m-KØv ]‰p-fn-a-ebpw ]‰pfn \Znbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw B \Zo-ap-JsØ Ihm-S-]p-c-ambn-cp∂p ]mﬁy--cpsS BZy Xe-ÿm-\-sa∂pw hnizm-k-ap-≠v. BZy-sØ kwL-amb apX¿®¶w Ahn-sS-sh-®m-bn-cp-∂p. B `q`mKw IS-se-Sp-Øp-t]m-bn. {`an-Um-[n-]\ kXy-{hXs‚ ImeØv alm-{]-fb - a - p-≠mbn F∂p≈ ]pcm-WI - Y - Cu kw`-hØ - ns‚ Hm¿Ω-°p-dn-∏m-Imw. XpS¿∂v ]mﬁy¿ sshKm-Xo-cØ - p≈ a[p-cb - n-tebv°p Xe-ÿm\w am‰n. apX¿®-¶Ø - nse IrXn-Iƒ In´m-\n-√. a[pc-bn¬ h∂ tij-ap≈ CssS®-¶Ø - nse sXm¬Im]yw am{Xw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. F.-Un. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ IssS-®-¶-Ønse IrXn-I-fmWv C∂p e`n-°p-∂-Xv. a[pc ao\m£n t£{XØnse kwL-∏-eI hnizm-k-ß-tfbpw bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfbpw Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂p. hnhn[ ImeØv ]e Ihn-Iƒ Fgp-Xnb Ihn-X-Iƒ kz`mhw t\m°n kam-l-cn-®-XmWv sXmssI-Iƒ AYhm kam-lm-c-ßƒ. Ch Fs´-Æ-ap-≈-Xn-\m¬ F´p-sØmssI F∂p s]mXphmbn∏d-bp-∂p. ]Xn-‰p-∏-Øv, AI-\m-\q-dv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Ipdp-s¥mssI, \‰nssW Ch-bn¬ \n∂v {]mNo\ tIc-fN - c - n{X \n¿Ωn-Xn°m-hm-iy-amb kma-{Kn-Iƒ In´p-∂p. H‰-sbm-‰° - h - n-If - psS Zo¿LIr-Xn-I-fmWv ]m´p-Iƒ. Ch ]Øpw-tN¿∂v ]Øp-∏m´v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xncp-ap-cp-Im-‰p-∏-ssS, s]cpw-]m-Wm-‰p-∏s - sS, Nndp-∏m-Wm-‰p-∏s - sS, aXp-ssc-°m©n F∂o ]m´p-Iƒ tIc-fN - c - n{X ]T-\Ø - n\v hfsc {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-∂p. Chbv°p ]pdta ]Xn-s\¨ Iogv°W - ° - p-Is - f∂ kmtcm-]t- Z-iI - r-XnI-fp-ap-≠v. tNc-hw-i-Ønse bph-cm-Pm-hmb Cfw-tIm-h-Sn-Iƒ cNn® Nne-∏-Xn-Im-chpw a[pssc NmØ-\m¿ \n¿Ωn® aWn-ta-J-ebpw kwL-Im-e-Ir-Xn-I-fmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ah ]n¬°me IrXn-If - m-sW∂pw sXfn™p Ign-™p. ap≥Ime kw`-hß - ƒ ]n¬°m-es - Ø-gp-Xs - ∏´-Xm-Im-\mWp km[y-X. Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p In´p∂ Ncn-{XsØ kwL-Ime Ncn{Xw F∂p-hnfn-°p-∂p. tNc-∑m¿ Ah-cpsS kma-¥-sc∂p ]d-bm-hp∂ Ggn-ae hwi-°m¿, Bb-∑m¿ F∂n-hsc-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ kw{K-ln-°mw.

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

BZn-tN-c-∑m¿ h©n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn `cn® BZn-tN-c-∑m-cmWv tIcfw `cn® BZy-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿. s]cn-bmdns‚ Xoc-Øp≈ C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q-cmWv h©n-am-\-Kcw F∂ Xe-ÿm-\-sa∂v kao-]-Im-ewhsc Icp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-h-kvXp-K-th-jWw Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ Xncp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Xrin-\m-∏≈n°p kao-]-ap≈ ]pI-gp-cnem-bn-cp∂p h©n-sb∂v an°-hmdpw Xocp-am-\n®p Ign-™p. Ahn-sS\n∂v [mcmfw Ncn-{Xm-hi - n-jvSß - ƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. tNc-∑m-cpsS \mW--bß - fpw e`n-®p-Ig- n-™p. hn√v sImØn-sh-®Xpw amtImssX F∂ cmPm-hns‚ t]cpw cq]hpw sImØn-sh-®X - p-amb \mW-bß - ƒ e`n-°p-∂p. tIm´-º-eØp Xp©nb amtImssX F∂pw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep≈ tNc-cm-Pmhv Ct±l-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. ]Øp-tN-c-cm-Pm-°-∑m-tc-°p-dn®v ]Øp-I-hn-Iƒ ]Øp-]m-´p-Iƒ hoXw FgpXn kam-lc - n-®X - mWv ]Øp-∏m-´v. H‰ Hme-{KŸw am{Xta In´n-bn-´p-≈p. AXns‚ BZy-sØbpw A¥yØn-sebpw ]Øp-Iƒ \jvSs - ∏-´n-´p-≠v. F¶nepw Cu {KŸw-sh-®p-sIm≠v BZn-tNccpsS Ncn{Xw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°mw. 1. s]cpw-tNm-‰p- Zn-b≥ tNc-em-X≥ ]Xn-‰p-]Ø - nse BZy-]Ø - nse \mb-I≥ Ct±-la - m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°mw. Cfw-\o-c\ - m¿ (\m-‰nssW 113), amap-e-\m¿ (A-I-\m-\qdv 65), apc-©n-bq¿ apSn-\m-I-cm-b¿ (]p-d-\m-\q¿ 2) F∂o Ihn-Iƒ Ct±l-sØ-°p-dns®gp-Xn-bn´p≠v. A∂-Zm\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Xev]-c-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv s]cpwtNm‰v F∂ hnti-jWw D≠m-b-Xv. h\-h-c-º¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p as‰mcp hnti-j-Ww. Ct±-lØns‚ Xe-ÿm\w Ip´-\m-´nse Ipgp-aq¿ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWp-∂p. sh∂n-bp-≤Ø - n¬ Icn-Ime-tNm-gs‚ th¬ ]pd-tØ-‰X - ns‚ A]-am\w am‰m≥ hS-°n-cn-°¬ NS-ßn-eqsS Bﬂ-XymKw sNbvXp. hm\-hc - º - ≥ F∂ hnti-jW - Ø - n\v BImiw AXn¿Øn-bm-bh - ≥ F∂pw hm\-h¿°v {]nb-s∏-´h≥ F∂pw A¿∞-ap-≠v. c≠m-asØ A¿∞-a-\p-k-cn®v Atim-I-N-{I-h¿Øn-bpsS ‘tZhm-\mw{]nb’ F∂ _ncpZØns‚ Xan-gc v- q-]a - mWv DZn-b≥ kzoI-cn-®s - X-∂p-tXm-∂pw. alm-`m-cX - b - p-≤Ø - n¬ ]mﬁ-h-Iu-c-h-tk-\-Iƒ°m-h-iy-amb `£Ww \¬In-bXv DZn-b≥ tNc-em-X-\m-sW∂pw hnizkn-°p-∂h - c - p-≠v. 2. s\Spw-tN-ce - m-X≥ IÆ-\m¿ F∂ Ihn c≠mw-]-Øn¬ Ct±-l-tØ-°p-dn®v ]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cº-b-h-c-º≥ F∂mWv _ncp-Zw. lnam-ebw AXn¿Øn-bm-bn-´p-≈h - ≥ F∂pw tZh-∑m¿°v {]nb-s∏-´h - ≥ F∂pw Cu ]Z-Øn\v A¿∞-ap-≠v. DZn-b≥tN-cemXs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cns° Ggn-ae - bnse \∂≥ tXmev]n-®p. ]mcn, Hmcn, \∂≥, Imcn, F∆n, Bhn, Bbv F∂o cmPm-°-∑msc tXmev]n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Inco-S-ßƒ ame-bm°n amdn-e-Wn™v Fgp-ap-Sn-am¿h≥ F∂v Adn-bs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. IS¬s°m-≈° - m-cmb {Ko°p-Im-cpsS ssI ]n∂n¬s°´n Xe-bn¬ s\sømgn®v shbn-eØp \n¿Øn in£n-®p. amss¥ Xpd-ap-Ja - m-bn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w. tNmg cmPm-hp-ambn G‰p-ap-´n-b-t∏mƒ Ccp-hcpw acn-®p. bph-cm-Pm-hmbpw cmPm-hmbpw 58 h¿jw `cn-®p.

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

3. ]¬bmss\ sN¬sI-gp-Ip-´p-h≥ s\SpwtNc-em-Xs‚ A\p-P\ - m-Wn-t±-lw. ]msse IuXp-a\ - m¿ BWv ]mSp∂ Ihn. ]qgn-b¿ tIm≥ F∂mWp _ncp-Zw. A≠n-cs‚ sImßp-\m-Sp-]n-Sn-s®-Sp-sØ∂v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep-≠v. h©n-bmbn-cp∂p Bÿm-\w. At\Iw B\-I-fpsS _e-ap-≈-h≥ F∂mWv hnti-j-W-Øns‚ A¿∞w. `oa-tk-\\pw [rX-cm-jv{S¿°pw D≈-Xmb alm-`m-cX - Ø - n-ep≈ hnti-jWw Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv. Bÿm\-Ih - n-bmb IuXp-a\ - m¿ (Ku-Xa - ≥) [mcmfw bmK-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. 25 h¿jw bph-cm-Pmhm-bn-cp∂p sN¬sI-gp-Ip-´p-h≥. 4. Ifw-Im-bv°Æn \m¿ap-Sn-t®-c¬ s\Spw-tN-ce - m-Xs‚ aI-\mb C-t±lw 25 h¿jw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn--cp-∂p. A`n-tjI ka-bØv ]\-\m-cp-sIm-≠p--≠m°n Cu¥Wm sIm≠v `wKn-s∏-Sp-Ønb IncoSw [cn-®X - n-\m¬ Ifw-Im-bv°Æn F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-s´∂v Im∏n-bm-‰p-°m-∏n-b-\m¿ ]mSp-∂p. ]pgn-b¿tIm≥ F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p. hmssI-s]-cpw-Xp-d-bn¬sh®v Ggn-a-e-bnse \∂s\ h[n-®-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ t\´w. 5. th¬ sImgp-Ip-´p-h≥ s\Spw-tN-ce - m-Xs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw ]nXm-hn-t\-Øp-S¿∂v `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn. IS¬ ]ndtIm-´nb sN¶p-´p-h≥ F∂v ]c-W¿ {]iw-kn-°p-∂p. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Ønse tNc≥sNw-Ip-´p-h≥ Ct±-la - m-sW∂v Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. sImSp-ß√ - q-cnse IÆIn {]XnjvTm ka-bØv e¶-bnse cmPmhv KP-_mlp k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v. KP-_m-lp-hns‚ Imew (F.-Un. 173-˛195) Adn-bmw. ]g-b≥ F∂ cmPm-hns‚ Imh¬a-ca - mb th∏v apdn®v Xs‚ Xe-ÿm-\t- Ø°pw sIm≠ph∂ sNwIp-´p-h≥ \√- \ - mhnI-tk-\sb k÷o-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw IS¬ hym]mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 6. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tNc-em-X≥ s\Spw-tN-ce - m-Xs‚ aI-\mb Ct±lw 38 h¿jw bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Imss°-∏m-Sn\n-b¿ \s®-ss≈-bm¿ ]mSp-∂p. tKm{K-lWw \S-Øn-bX - p-sImt≠m BSm\pw ]mSm\pw sIm´m\pw kma¿∞y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sImt≠m Bhmw Cu t]cp-≠m-b-Xv. Ip´-\m-´nse Hcp {Kmaw {_m“W¿°p \¬In. tNc≥ sN¶p-´p-hs‚ GI ]p{X≥ k\ymkw kzoI-cn-®p. BSp-tIm-Sp-]mSp tNcem-X\v B¨Ip-´n-Iƒ C√m-bn-cp-∂p-Xm-\pw. AXn-\m¬ s]cpw-tNm-‰p-Zn-bs‚ ]c-º-c-bn¬ \n∂v tNc-hw-iØ - ns‚ as‰mcp imJ-bmb Ccp-sºm-ssd-am-hn-te°v A[n-Imcw amdn. 7. sN¬h-°Spw tImhm-gn-bm-X≥ A¥p-h≥ tNc-ens‚ aI\pw s\Spw-tN-c-em-Xs‚ `mcy-bpsS A\p-P-Øn-bpsS `¿Øm-hpamb sN¬h-°-Spw-tIm- sXm≠n tI{µ-ambn 25 h¿jw `cn-®p. tNmg-]m-Wy-∑m-cpsS kwbp-‡-tk\sb tXmev]n-®p. ]pXnb {Kma-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-°p-Ibpw bmKw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn I]n-e¿ ]mSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

8. s]cpw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd sN¬h-°-Spw-tIm-bpsS aI-\mb Ct±-l-sØ-°p-dn®v Acn-Nn¬ Ingm¿ ]m-Sp-∂p. AXn-Iam≥ {]`p-hmb Fgn-\nsb tXmev]n-®-Xn-\m¬ XI-Sq¿ Fdn™ Ccpsºmssd F∂pw _ncp-Z-ap-≠v. ]qgn-\mSpw sIm√n-a-ebpw ]pImdpw Iog-S-°n. [mcmfw bmK-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 9. Cfw-tN-c¬ Ccp-sºmssd s]cpw-tN-ce - ns‚ aI-\m-Wn-t±-lw. tNm-g] - m-ﬁy-∑msc tXmev]n-®p. h©n-bm-bn-cp∂p Xeÿm-\w. sImß¿tIm-ssh, Ip´p-h-tc-ssc, ]pgn-b¿tImssh Fs∂ms° _ncp-Z-ß-fp-≠v. ]mW∑m¿°v klmbw \¬In. Ihn s]cpw-Ip-‚q¿ Ingm¿°v 9 e£w ImWw kΩm\w \¬In. 10. bmss\-IS- vtNbv am¥cw tNc¬ aZ-bm-\t- b-s∏mse Du¿÷-kz-e\ - m-bn-cp∂ Ct±-la - m-bn-cn°mw \jvSs - ∏-´p-t]mb HSp-hn-esØ ]Ønse cmPm-hv. hnf-ßn¬ F∂ ÿe-Øp-sh®v tNmgs\ tXmev]n-®p. amss¥-\-Kcw i{Xp-°fn¬ \n∂v Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®p. sXm≠n-bm-bn-cp∂p Xe-ÿm\w. Ct±-l-Øns‚ B⁄-b-\p-k-cn®v IqS-√q¿ Ingm¿ kam-l-cn-®-XmWv sF¶p-dp-\q-dv. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse 25, 125 ]m´p-Iƒ Ct±-l-sØ-°p-dn®m-Wv. s\Spw-tN-gn-b≥ F∂ ]mﬁy-cm-Pmhv Ct±-lsØ tXmev]n®v XS-hp-Im-c\m-°n-sb-¶nepw c£-s∏´v ho≠pw knwlm-k\ - Ø - n-se-Øn. Ct±-lØ - ns‚ ac-WØ - n\v Ggp-Zn-hkw apºv sIm≈nao≥ ]Xn-®Xv P\-ßsf ]cn-{`m-¥-cm-°n. ]Xn-‰p-∏-Ønse tNc ]c-ºc 201 h¿jw `cn-®p. AXn¬ 58 h¿jw Ccp-sºmssd imJ-bmbn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°m-eØv IssW-°m¬ Ccp-sºmssd F∂ tNcs\ sN¶-Wm≥ F∂ tNmg-cm-Pmhv tXmev]n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ccp-h-cp-tSbpw kvt\ln-X-\mb s]mbvI-bm¿ F∂ Ihn CS-s]´v tNcs\ tamNn-∏n-®p. tImssX-am¿]≥ F∂ tNcs\ In≈n-hf - h - ≥ F∂ tNmg≥ tXmev]n-®p-sh∂v If-hgn-\m¿∏-Xn-ep-≠v. ]msse-]m-Snb s]cpw-I-SpwtIm F∂ Ihn-bmb tNc-cm-Pm-hn-t\-°p-dn®v \‰nssW, Ipdpw-sXmssI, AI-\m-\q-dv, Ien-sØmssI F∂o IrXn-If - n-ep-≠v. tIm´-ºe - Øp Xp©nb amt°mssX F∂ tNc≥ AI-\m-\q-dnepw (168) ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw (245) ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-tc-°pdn®v ]q¿Æ-amb Adn-hp-I-fn-√.

A\-¥-c-Imew Cu Ime-am-bt- ∏m-tgbv°pw I¿Æm-SI - ° - m-cmb I≈-≥am¿ Xan-gI - sØ B{I-an-®p-Xp-Sß - n. A®p-Xh - n-°¥ - ≥ F∂ cmPmhv dpth-¥sc XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-s®∂v \mh-e¿ NcnssX F∂ Xangv IrXn-bn¬ \n∂-dn-bmw. If-{`sc, Nmeq-Iy¿ tXmev]n-®p. ]pen-tIin H∂m-a≥, awK-te-i≥, Io¿Ønh¿Ω≥ H∂m-a≥ XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v C°m-cy-a-dn-bmw. XpS¿∂v ]√-h-∑m¿ B[n-]Xyw ]pe¿Øn. \c-knw-l-h¿Ω≥ H∂m-a≥ (731-˛736) tNcs\ tXmev]n-®p. CsX√mw tIcf-N-cn-{X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-fn¬ \n∂v In´p∂ hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw P\-ßsf ]q¿Æ-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ cmP-`-c-W-amWv A∂p-\-S-∂-Xv. tNc-∑m¿ bp≤-Ønepw tNmg-∑m¿ Ie-bnepw ]mﬁy-∑m¿ hn⁄m-\-Ønepw {i≤-sN-ep-Øn-sb-∂mWv ]n¬°me Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. h©n Xe-ÿm-\-ambn tNc-∑mcpw Imthcn]q]´Ww Xeÿm-\-am°n tNmg-∑mcpw a[pc Xe-ÿm-\-ambn ]mﬁy-∑mcpw `cn-®n-cp-∂p. apth-¥¿ F∂dnbs∏-´n-cp∂ Ch-tc-°q-SmsX kma-¥∑ - m-cmb Ipdp-\ne a∂-∑mcpw thƒ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-´n-cp∂ CS-{]-`p°-∑mcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ÿnc-amb ssk\yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v {]P-Iƒ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw Gs‰-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]cm-PnX i{Xp-°-tfmSv {Iqc-ambn s]cp-am-dn-bn-cp-∂-h¿ B{in-X-tcmSv Aan-X-hm-’eyw Im´p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a°-Ømb hgn-bmWv ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp-∂-Xv. cmP-]Xv\n s]cpw-tXhn F∂ _lp-am\y ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-®n-cp-∂p. _lp-`m-cymXzw D≈-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. ]t£ _lp-`¿XrXzw Xosc-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hn[-h-Iƒ kXn A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. Bbv A≠n-c≥ acn-®-t∏mƒ `mcy-am¿ A\p-a-cWw sNbvXp. kXn-amsc ]pe-®n-°√v AYhm amk-Xn-°√v \m´n Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. NmtÃm¿ sabva-ssd, ]qgn-b¿ sabvassd XpS-ßnb hnti-jW - ß - ƒ cmPm-°∑ - m¿ P\-ßf - psS kwc-£I - c - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬ Imh-em-fp-Iƒ F∂ kpc-£m- h - n-`mKw Np‰n-\S- ∂v {Ia-ka - m-[m\w Dd-∏p-hc - p-Øn. bp≤-Øn¬ ]pd-Øp-ap-dn-th-‰m¬ hS-°n-cp∂v acn®v A`n-am\w hos≠-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. bp≤-°f-Øn¬ kz]-£sØ t{]m’m-ln∏n-°m≥ Ihn-Ifpw Kmb-Icpw h∂n-cp-∂p. Ah¿°v Bcpw D]{Z-h-ap-≠m-°n-bn-√. bp≤-°-f-Øn¬ apdn-th‰p hogp∂ tbm≤m-°sf ip{iq--jn-°m≥ `mcy-amsc A\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p. sXmSm-°m© F∂mWv Cu BNm-c-Øn\p ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv. B´hpw ]m´pw sIm´pw hnP-b-ap-lq¿Ø-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]cm-PnX i{Xp-°-fpsS Imh¬acw apdn-°p-I, ]√p-Iƒ ]ngp-sX-SpØv tIm´-bn¬ Xd-bv°pI XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ ]Sbn¬ acn-®-hsc hoc-°-√p-Iƒ \m´n BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. a‚-ßƒ F∂ P\-Iob k`-Iƒ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw P\-ßƒ°pw klm-bI - a - m-bn. tZisØ ssaXm-\Øv hr£-®p-h-´n¬ HØp-Iq-Sp∂ P\-Io-b-k-`-bmWv a‚w. Hmtcm tZi-Øn\pw Hmtcm Imh¬acw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. tNc\v ]\, ]mﬁy\v th∏v, tNmg\v thß, Ggn-a-ebv°v hmI, Bb¿°v B¬ F∂n-ßs - \-bmWv Imh¬a-cß - ƒ. Imh¬a-cß - f - nse apc-ip-Iƒ (s]-cp-ºd- I - ƒ) apg-°n-bmWv Bfp-Is - f-°q-´n-bn-cp-∂X - v. Im¿jnI hrØn-bm-bn-cp∂p apJyw. s\√pw Xn\bpw `£y-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ {][m-\-am-bn-cp∂p. Cd-®n-tN¿Ø Du≥ tNmdv hnin-jvSh - n-`h - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. apf-bc - n°v {]tXyI ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ]\-Ifpw Icn-ºp-\ocpw tX\pw tN¿Ø ap∂o¿ Fs∂mcp ]m\obw {]Np-c-{]-Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠mbn-cp-∂p. ]cpØn hkv{X-ß-fmWv [cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hnti-jm-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ Xg-bp-S-Iƒ [cn-®-Xmbn h¿Æ-\-I-fp-≠v. iIp-\-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂p. `qkz-Øp-°fpw kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-ßfpw \¬In Iem-{]-h¿Ø-I-tcbpw ]ﬁn-X-∑m-tcbpw BZ-cn-°pI ]Xn-hmbncp-∂p. Ipc-ssh, Aa-sse, XpWss¶ F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ aq∂p-Xcw \rØ-ßƒ \S-∂n-cp-∂p. tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

XnW-Iƒ `qan-bpsS kz`m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v A©p hn`m-K-ßƒ Iev]n-°p-Ibpw Ahbv°v _mlyw (]p-dw), B¥cw (A-Iw) F∂v kt¶-Xß - ƒ Xo¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXXp as‰mcp tZi-Øns‚ kmwkv°mcnI Ncn-{X-Ønepw ImWm-\n-√. {XnW k¶-ev]-tØ-°p-dn®v sXm¬Im]yw hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip∂p. kky-ß-fpsS t]cmWv XnW-Iƒ°v. 1. Ipdn©n h≥a-eI - f - mWv Ipdn©n {]tZ-iw. Chn-sS-bp≈ P\-ßf - psS {][m\ D]-Po-h\ - a - m¿§w th´bm-Se - m-Wv. apf-bc - nbpw tX\pw a‰p h\-hn-`h - ß - fpw tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Ipd-h¿ F∂mWv Chn-SpsØ P\-ßf - psS t]cv. apcp-I\ - mWv Cu XnW-bpsS {]tXyI tZh≥. apcp-Is‚ `mcy h≈nIp-dØ - n-bm-Wv. AIw {]Y-am-\p-cm-Ka - m-Wv. 2. ]msse acp-`q-antbm hc≠p-Wß - nb {]tZ-iß - tfm ]msse-Øn-Wb - m-Wv. bp≤hpw sIm≈-bS- nbpw sXmgn-em-°nb Cu XnW-°m¿ ad-h¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. sIm‰ssh F∂ `{Z-Im-fn-bmWv apJytZ-h-X. Imfn°v `cWn \mfn¬ _en \¬Ip∂ ]Xn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip`-`-c-Wnbpw ao\-`-c-Wn-bpamWv C∂pw tZhn°p {][m-\w. ]q¿∆ hn{]-ew-`-amWv AIw. 3. apss√ Ip∂p-Ifpw Xmgvh - c - I - f - p-aS- ß - p∂ {]tZ-iß - f - mb ChnsS ]ip-]m-e\ - a - mWv apJy-hr-Øn. amb≥ AYhm alm-hn-jvWp-hmWv {][m\ tZh-X. Bb-∑m¿ F∂mWv P\-Xsb hnfn-°p-∂X - v. kam-[m\-]q¿Æ-amb IpSpw-_P - o-hn-Xa - mWv AIw. 4. acpXw s\¬h-b-ep-Iƒ \nd™ `qan-bmWv acp-Xw. \o¿a-cp-Xp-Iƒ \nd™ Cu ÿesØ P\ßsf Dg-h¿ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. th¥≥ (C-{µ≥) BWv apJy-tZ-h≥. C¥n-ch - ngm F∂ D’hw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Zmº-Xy-Ønse tN¿®-°p-dh - p-If - mWv AIw. 5. ss\X¬ s\øm-º¬ \nd™ IS-tem-c-am-Wn-Xv. a’y-_-‘\w \S-Øp-∂-hsc ]c-h-b¿, ao\-h¿ Fs∂√mw hnfn-°p-∂p. DØ-c-hn-{]-ew-`-amWv AI-Øn-W. IS-tem≥ (h-cp-W≥) BWv tZh≥. Hcmƒ Hcp Xn\-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmƒ B XnW-°m-c\ - m-bn. as‰mcp XnW-bn-se-Øn-bm¬ B XnW-°m-c-\mbn amdpw. Cßs\ hmk-ÿ-e-Øns‚bpw sXmgn-en-s‚bpw t]cn-ep≈ hn`-P\ta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Ch-bn¬ ]eXpw ]n¬°m-eØv P∑-Pm-Xn-bmbn amdn-sb∂p tXm∂p-∂p. hnhn[ sXmgn-ep-If - n¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂h - ¿ AXp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw B PmXn-°m-cmbn Adn-bs-- ∏-´p. F∂m¬ kwL-Imew Ign-bm-dm-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw A—-\-Ω-am-cpsS tPmen a°ƒ ]n≥Xp-S-cp∂ {]hWX tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

ImWmw. acw-sImƒX-®s‚ sNdn-tbm≥ Dfnbpw sIm´p-h-Snbpw sIm≠p inev]-ap-≠m-°n-°-fn°p∂ Nn{Xw ImWmw. a¨]m-{X-ap-≠m-°p∂ Iew-sN-øt- °m-hb - psS Ip´n N{I-Øn¬ asÆ-dn™p ]nSn-∏n®p ]m{Xw sa\-™p-I-fn-°p-∂Xpw ImWmw. s]m≥sIm-√-\m¿, sIm√-\m¿ F∂n-h¿°pw henb ÿm\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]mW¿ Kmb-Icpw ]mSn-\n-Iƒ Kmbn-I-amcpw BWv. G‰-hp-a-[nIw BZ-cn-°s - ∏-´h - c - m-Wh - ¿. F√m XnW-If - nepw s]´-hcpw F√m sXmgn-ep-Ifpw sNøp-∂h - cpw KmbI-cm-bn-´p-≠v. Ccp-]n-d-∏m-f¿ (Zzn-P¿) F∂mWv {_m“-Wsc hnfn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. CXpw P∑m-b-Ø-a√ I¿Ωm-bØ - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. sIm√-∏W - n-°mcpw a¨]-Wn-°mcpw alm-{_m-“W - c - mbn bmKw \S-Øn-bncp-∂p. ]pcp-j-∑m¿°p Xpey-amb ÿm\w kv{XoIƒ°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CjvS-s∏´ ]pcp-j-t\msSm∏w kzbw-t]m-Ip∂ Ifhv F∂ hnhm-l-co-Xnbpw c£n-Xm-°ƒ Btem-Nn®v \S-Øp∂ I¿∏v F∂ hnhm-l-co-Xnbpw k¿∆-{Xn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. GXp bphm-hn\pw GXp bph-Xn-tbmSpw {]W-bm`y¿∞\ \S-Øm-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ahƒ AXv \nc-kn-®m¬ D]-hm-k-a-\p-jvSn®v acn-t°-≠n-bn-cp∂p. ]\-a-S¬ sIm≠v IpXn-csb D≠m°n Imap-In-bpsS hoSns‚ apºnse s]cp-h-gn-bn¬ sh®v AXn-t∑¬ Ccp∂v acn-°p∂ NS-ßn\v aS-te-d¬ F∂mWv t]cv. bph-Xn-bpsS a\- p-amdn kzoI-cn®m¬ {hXw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°mw. acn-®m¬ hoc-°-√p-\m´n kaqlw BZ-cn-°pambn-cp∂p. Ggp-Zn-h-ksØ {hX-Øn-\p-tijw hc≥ h[p-hns‚ CS-Xp-Im-en¬ Nn-e-ºp-sI-´p-∂-XmWv hnhm-l-®-S-ßv. CXv I¿∏ns‚ `mK-am-Wv. At∏mƒ A—≥ Xm≥ sImSp-Øn-cp∂ he-Xp-Im-ense Nneºv Agn-®p-am-‰p-∂p. Nneºv Ign-t\m≥]v F∂v Cu NSßv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. If-hm-sW-¶nepw bphmhv Nneºp Nm¿Øp-tºmƒ am{Xta B _‘w km[p-hm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. awK-e-AWn F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ Xmen kwL-Im-eØ - ns‚ HSp-hm-Ip-tºm-tgbv°pw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Nneºv Ignt\m≥]v F∂ NS-ßn¬ \n∂mWv Nne-∏X - n-Imcw F∂ alm-Im-hy-Øns‚ {]ta-ba - p-≠m-Ip-∂X - v.

aXw C∂sØ lnµp-aX - Ø - ns‚ c≠m-bncw h¿jw apºp≈ cq]-amWv A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂X - v. {ZmhnU-a-Xw, {]Ir-Xym-cm-[\ Fs∂ms° bqtdm-]y¿ CXns\ hnfn®p ImWp-∂p. F∂m¬ b⁄ kwkv°m-chpw alm-`m-cX kzm[o-\hpw {]_-ea - m-sW-∂d- n-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. A∂sØ tZh-XI - ƒ Xs∂-bmWv C∂pw. C{µ\pw hcp-W-\p-apff Bcm-[\ C√m-Xm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. A°m-eØv t£{Xßƒ [mcm-fa - m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]c-ip-cm-a≥ bmKw \S-Ønb sN√q-cn-t\-°p-dn®v h¿Æn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXv s]cpw-sN√q¿ AYhm Xfn-∏-dºv cmP-cm-tP-izc t£{X-am-Wv. {io_p-≤s‚ am¿§w ]n≥Xp-S-cm≥ Blzm\w sNøp∂ Hcp-]m´v ]pd-\m-\q-dn-ep-≠v. kwL-]-Z-Øn¬ _p≤-kw-L-Øns‚ kzm[o-\-ap≠p-Xm-\pw. ]n¬°m-e-Ir-Xn-bmb aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ alm-ho-cs‚ Bcm-[-\bpw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. kº¬k-ar-≤-amb Hcp Ime-Øns‚ hy‡-amb Nn{Xw kwLw-Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-≠v. Ah¿°v Bﬂob-amb A`n-hr-≤nbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

samUypƒ 4

Ipe-ti-J-c-km-{amPyw F.-Un. aq∂mw-\q-‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn ad-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ tIc-fN - c - n{Xw F´mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a≤y-tØmsS hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. Ct∏mƒ tIc-fX - e - ÿ - m\w s]cn-bm-dns‚ Agn-ap-JØ - p≈ atlm-Zb - ] - pcw (sIm-Spß-√q¿) BWv. inem-Xm-{a-en-Jn-Xß - fpw {KŸ-hc - n-Ifpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw sIm≠v kº-∂a - mb C°mew hntZ-ik - © - m-cn-If - psS Ipdn-∏p-IƒsIm≠v Xncn-®d- n-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. BZn-tN-c∑ - m¿°pw atlmZ-b] - p-csØ c≠mw-tN-ch - w-iØ - n-\p-an-Sb - v°p≈ ImeØv ]c-tZ-in-If - mb hymg-h´- s - ∏-cp-am-°∑ - m¿ tIcfw `cn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂mWv tIc-tfm-ev]Ø - n-IY - . tNc-cm-Py-Øn\p ta¬ ]mﬁy-tNm-g∑ - m¿ t\Snb hnP-bhpw XpS¿∂p≈ B[n-]-Xyhpw BImw Cu IY-bv°-Sn-ÿm-\w. C°mcyw C\nbpw hy‡a-√. cmPy-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n-embn NnX-dn-°n-S° - p∂ inem-tc-JI - sf hmbn-°m\pw sNt∏Sp-Isf kwc-£n-°m\pw {Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-fPn Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v Bcw-`n-®Xv apX-em-Wv tIc-fN-cn-{X-]T - \w imkv{Xo-ba - m-Ip-∂X - v. {Smh≥Iq¿ B¿°n-tbm-fP - n-°¬ koco-kn-eqsS h∂ imk-\]m-Tß - ƒ sh®p-sIm≠v tIc-fN - c - n{Xw ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°m≥ km[n-®Xv s{]m^. Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈-bv°m-Wv. tNc-km-{amPyw H≥]Xpw ]Øpw \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬, P∑n k{º-Zmbw tIc-fØ - n¬, Nne tIc-f-N-cn{X {]iv\-ßƒ, Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ FSpIƒ apX-emb {KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS Bhp-∂{X hkvXp-\n-jvThpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb Ncn{Xw A\m-hcWw sNø-s∏-´p. Cfw-Ip-fØ - ns‚ A\p-{K-lm-in- p-It- fmsS s]cp-amƒkv Hm^v tIcf F∂ Kthj-W-{]-_‘w Xøm-dm-°nb tUm: Fw.-Pn.-F- v. \mcm-b-W\v BNm-cys‚ hgn-bn-eqsS hf-sc-b[nIw apt∂dm\pw [mcmfw imk-\ß - ƒ Is≠-Sp-ØX - ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ IqSp-X¬ kq£vaX \¬Im\pw Ign-™p. Cfw-Ipfw Xøm-dm-°nb cmP-]c - º - c - bpw AXn\v Fw.Pn.-F v hcp-Ønb t`ZK-Xn-Ifpw t\m°n-bm¬ CXp-a\ - - n-em-Ipw.

Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ ]´nI 1. Ipe-ti-J-c-h¿Ω (800-˛820 F.-Un.) 2. cmP-ti-J-c-h¿Ω (820-˛844 F.-Un.) 3. ÿmWp-c-hn-h¿Ω (844-˛885 F.-Un.) 4. cma-h¿Ω (885˛917 F.-Un.) 5. tKmZ-c-hn-h¿Ω (917-˛944 F.-Un.) 6. Cµp-tKm-Z-h¿Ω (944-˛962 F.-Un.) 7. `mkv°-c-c-hn-h¿Ω H∂m-a≥ (962-˛1017 F.-Un.) 8. `mkv°-c-c-hn-h¿Ω c≠m-a≥ (1017 ˛ 1021 F.-Un.) 9. hoc-tI-c-f≥ (1021 ˛ 1028 F.-Un.) 10. cmP-knw-l≥ (1028-˛1047 F.-Un.) tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

11. `mkv°c chn aq∂m-a≥ (1047-˛1082 F.-Un.) 12. chn-cm-a-h¿Ω (1082-˛1090 F.-Un.) 13. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (1090-˛1102 F.-Un.) `mkv°c - c - h - n-h¿Ω-am¿ aq∂p-t]-cp-s≠∂ Imcy-Øn¬ Cfw-Ipfw kwi-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp-∂p. hymgØns‚ \ne-t\m°n Aß-s\-sbmcp \nK-a-\-Øn¬ FØn-sb-∂p-am{Xw. F∂m¬ `mkv°c chnh¿Ω bph-cm-Pm-hm-bn-cp∂ ImeØp apX¬ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ \S-∏m-°n--Øp-S-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. C°mcyw Xncp-h√m sNt∏-Sn-ep-≠v. “a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy-tZ-h≥ Cfw-tIm-Im-eØv Assa®” F∂mWv hmN-Iw. ]p√q¿ sImS-hew imk-\Ø - n¬ tIm∏m-°c \nc-hn-bm-In\ a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy≥ F∂p-≠v. C°mcyw Cfw-Ipfw a\- n-em-°n-sb-¶nepw Xs‚ ap≥\n-K-a-\-ßƒ Xncp-Øm≥ Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn-√. X©mhq-cnse Xncp-he - © - pgn t£{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw In´nb tcJ-bn¬ “tNc-a∂ - m¿ Ccm-a¿s°mcp Xpssº ame” F∂p-≠v. cma-Ip-e-ti-J-cs‚ Bbp¿tZmjw ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ 1022 ¬ sNbvX hgn-]m-Sm-Wn-Xv. AXn-\m¬ A°mew hsc atlm-Z-b-]pc tNc-∑m-cpsS `cWw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kwi-bn-°m-\n√. tim`-chn hnP-b-cm-K-tZ-h≥ tKmZc-hn-bpsS aIƒ \oen-bpsS `¿Øm-hm-Wv. cma-h¿Ω-bpsS A`n-tjI \ma-amWv Ipe-ti-J-c≥. Ch-bmWv Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ßƒ°p-tijw e`n® {][m\ sXfn-hp-Iƒ. CXns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ Ipe-ti-J-c≥am¿ F∂ t]cn\pw A\u-Nn-Xy-ap-≠v. Fw.-Pn.-F - v. \mcm-bW - s‚ ]´nI 1. cma-cm-P-ti-J-c≥ (kn. 800-˛844) 2. ÿmWp-chn Ipe-ti-J-c≥ (kn 844-˛883) 3. tImX-chn hnP-b-cm-K-tZ-h≥ (883-˛913) 4. tImX-tIm-X-tI-c-f-tI-kcn (913-˛943) 5. Cµp-t°mX (943-˛962) 6. `mkv°-c-chn a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy≥ (962-˛1021) 7. chn-tImX cmP-knw-l≥ 8. cmP-cm-P≥ 9. chn-cma cmPm-Zn-Xy≥ 10. BZn-Xy≥ tImX cWm-Zn-Xy≥ 11. cma-Ip-e-ti-J-c≥ (1089-˛1122) C\nbpw sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´p-∂X - p-hsc Cu ]´n-Ib - mWv ]cn-KW - n-t°-≠X - v. c≠mw-tNc hwiØns‚ hmgvN° - m-eØ - mWv tIc-fØ - n\p am{X-ap≈ sIm√-h¿jw Bcw-`n-®X - v.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

sIm√-h¿jw tem-I-Ønse G‰hpw ]g-°-ta-dnb h¿j-K-W\ Ien-h¿j-am-Wv. Ien-bpKw Bcw-`n® Znhkw apX¬°p≈ Cu h¿jK-W\ - b - mWv imk-\ß - f - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≈X - v. taSw H∂n-\m-cw`n-°p∂ Cu h¿j-Øns‚ cq]-t`-Zß - f - mWv iI-h¿jhpw Xan-gvh - ¿j-hpw. F∂m¬ tIc-fo-bc - psS kz¥w Ime-K-W-\-bmb sIm√-h¿jw hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p. {InkvXp-h¿jw 2012 P\p-hcn H∂v Ien-h¿jw 5113 ]ujw 11Dw sIm√-h¿jw 1187 [\p 16Dw BWv. tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\o-fhpw sX°≥ X-angv\mSnepw {ioe-¶-bpsS hS-°≥ `mK-ß-fnepw sIm√h¿jw \S-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. Nnßw H∂n-\mWv h¿jm-cw-`w. F∂m¬ `mc-X-∏p-g-bpsS hS°v I∂n H∂mWv Bcw-`w. AhnsS Nnßw ]{¥-≠m-asØ amk-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ t]m°p-Nnßw F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. hS°p≈h¿ sX°p≈h-cpsS h¿jm-cw-`-amb NnßsØ ]p°p-Nnßw F∂pw hnfn-®p-h∂ - p. sX°pw hS-°p-ap≈hcpsS PmX-Iß - ƒ KWn-°p-tºmƒ Hcp hb v IqSmt\m Ipd-bmt\m km≤y-Xb - p-≈X - n-\m¬ sXs‰m-gn-hm-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-bm-bn-´mWv t]m°p-Nn-ßhpw ]p°pNn-ßhpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. k¿°m¿ ]©mw-K-Øn¬ 1970 P\p-hcn H∂p-hsc c≠p Ime-K-W-\Ifpw tN¿Øn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ HutZym-Kn-Ia - mbn Nnßw H∂mWv h¿jmcw`w. ae-_m¿ ]©mwKw ]n≥Xp-Sc - p∂ t£{X-ßf - n¬ am{Xw ]gb coXn XpS-cp-∂p. sIm√-h¿jw F.-Un. 825 ¬ Bcw-`n-®p. thWm-´nse {ioh-√`- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏´- b - Ø - nemWv (149 sIm.-h., 973 F.-Un.) BZyw ImWp∂-X.v

hnhn[ kn≤m-¥-ßƒ sIm√-h¿jm-cw-`t- Ø-°p-dn®v bp‡n-bp-‡a - mb Hc-`n-{]mbw Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-´n-√. Xosc _meni-ßf - mb A`n-{]m-bß - sf Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v Ig-ºp-≈h - s - b∂p tXm∂n-∏n-°p∂hsb am{Xw {]Xn]m-Zn-°mw. 1. DZ-ba - m¿Øm-ﬁ≥ IY thWm-´nse DZb am¿Øm-ﬁ-h¿Ω sIm√w \K-c-Øn¬sh®v hnfn-®p-Iq-´nb tPymXn-imkv{X-k-tΩ-f\w ]pXnb Ime-K-W\ \S-∏m-°n. eoem-Xn-e-I-Ønse Hcp t«mIhpw sXfn-hn\v D≤cn-°p-∂p. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS {]m_-ey-Im-eØp Hcp kma-¥≥ ]pXnb h¿jw Bcw`n-®p-sh∂v Icp-Xm≥ \ymb-an-√. 2. temKs‚ ]£w sX°v sIm√w Nnßw H∂n\pw hS°v tIme-Øp-\mSv I∂n H∂n\pw s]cp-amƒ hmgvNb - n¬ \n∂v kzX-{¥-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]pXnb h¿j-ap-≠m-bn. c≠v h¿jm-cw-`-ß-fp-ap-≠m-bn. A∂sØ cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øn\v CXp tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. 3. i¶-cm-Nm-cycpw A\m-Nm-cß - fpw i¶cmNmcy¿ 64 A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xns‚ kvamc-I-amWv sIm√-h¿j-sa∂v tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

i¶-c-kvar-Xnsb ap≥\n¿Øn Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. 820¬ kam-[n-bmb i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ A©p-h¿jw Ign™v Fßs\ h¿j-KW - \ XpSßpw? AssZz-Xn-bmb BNm-cy≥ Hcp £p{Z-]p-kvXIw Fgp-XpI-bn-√. sFXn-ly-a-\p-k-cn-®m-sW-¶n¬ PmXym-Nmcw ]men-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v kzP-\-ßƒ At±-lØn\v {`jvSv Iev]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. BNm-cys‚ t]cn¬ Btcm Fgp-Xn-sh® ZpjvSIr-XnbmWv i¶-ck - var-Xn. 4. sIm√w tXm‚n tIc-fØ - n¬ Ipc-t°-Wn-s°m√w (sX-°≥sIm-√w) ]¥-em-b\ - n-s°m√w (h-S° - ≥ sIm√w) F∂v c≠p-sIm-√ß - f - p-≠v. c≠pw ]t≠ Xpd-ap-Jß - f - p-am-Wv. {ioh-√`- ≥ tImX-bpsS amº-≈n-∏´- b-Øn¬ ‘sIm√wtXm‚n’ F∂p-≠v. CXn\v sIm√-h¿jw Bcw--`n-®n´v F∂pw sIm√w-Xp-d-apJw Bwcw-`n-®n´v F∂pw A¿∞w ]d-bmw. tNmf-∑m-cpsS ipNo-{µw-tc-Jb - n¬ “sIm√w A{K¥bmWv” F∂pw ImWmw. sIm√w Xpd-apJw \in-∏n® h¿jw F∂m-W¿∞w. CXp-c≠pw tN¿Øp-sh-®psIm≠v sIm√w Xpd-apJw ÿm]n-®X - ns‚ kvamc-Ia - mWv sIm√-h¿j-sa∂v kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ F.-Un. Bdmw iX-IØ - n¬ sX°≥ sIm√Øv Xpd-ap-Jap≠v. hS-°≥ sIm√sØ Xpd-apJw kwL°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ {]kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp \mSp-hm-gn-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ Xpd-ap-J-Øns‚ ÿm]\w Hcp henb `q{]-tZiw apgp-h≥ hym]n-°m\pw hgn ImWp-∂n-√. 5. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ IY Ah-km-\sØ s]cp-am-fmb tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ a°ƒ°pw acp-a-°ƒ°p-ambn cmPyw ]¶n-´p-sIm-SpØv a°-Øp-t]mbn F∂ IY h¿jm-cw-`Ø - n\p Imc-Wa - mbn ]d-bs - ∏-Sp-∂p. F.-Un. 825¬ kpi-‡-amb `c-W-amWv tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. F.-Un. 851¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ Ad-_n-bmb kpsse-am≥ ae-_m-dn¬ C…mw aX-an-s√∂v ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp `c-Wm-[n-Imcn aXw amdnsb-¶n¬ kpsse-am≥ Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°n-√. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ssjIv ssk\p-±o≥ Fgp-Xnb Xplv^Øv D¬ apPm-ln-Zn≥ F∂ ]pkvXI - Ø - n-emWv Cu IY-bp-≈X - v. {KŸ-Im-c≥ Cu IYsb hnizm-kØ - n-se-Sp-Øn-´n-√. 6. ]cn-jv°-cn® k]vX¿jn h¿jw _n.-kn. 76 ¬ Bcw-`n® k]vX¿jn h¿jw \qds‚ Bh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-bn-´mWv ImesØ ImWp-∂X - .v sXmÆq-s‰m-ºXp Ign-™m¬ \qdv Fs∂-Æp-∂X - n-\p-]I - cw BhrØn (iq-\yw) F∂mWv ]d-bp-I. 101s\ Hcm-hrØn H∂v F∂p-hn-fn-°pw. 925 H≥]Xv BhrØn Ign™v ]Øm-asØ Bhr-Øn-bnse H∂m-Wv. AXp sX‰mbn \qs‰m∂v F∂v FÆn-bX - p-sIm-≠mWv sIm√-h¿jw D≠mb-Xt- {X. BZy \qdp-h¿jw AXpw ]pXnb h¿j-KW - \ - b - mbn [cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. A_≤w a\- n-em-Iptºm-tgbv°pw Dd-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm√-h¿jw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb 149-˛m am≠p-≠m-bX - ns‚ hni-Zo-Ic - W - hpw CXn-ep-≠v. s{]m^. Sn. kpµ-c] - n-≈b - psS Cu A`n-{]mbw bp‡n-bp-‡a - m-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. c≠v Bcw-`a - p-≠m-bX - ns‚ hni-Zo-Ic - Ww C\nbpw hy‡-a√ - X - m-\pw. tPymXn-im-kv{X]-ca - mb A`n-{]m-bh - y-Xym-ka - mImw Imc-Ww. s{]m^. Sn. kpµ-cw-]n-≈b - psS Cu \nK-a\w bp‡nbp-‡-am-sW∂v sI.-]n. ]ﬂ-\m-`-ta-t\m\pw Cfw-Ip-fhpw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

IqSp-X¬ \nK-a-\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xp-hsc CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q.

P∑n-k-{º-Zmbw s{]m^. Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ B\p-jw-Kn-I-amb Hcp ]cm-a¿isØ Be-¶m-cn-I-ambn hnI-kn∏n-s®-SpØv AXn-t∑-ep-≠m-°nb kn≤m-¥ß - f - mWv tIc-fØ - nse P∑n-k{- º-Zm-bt- Øbpw PmXn-hyh-ÿ-tbbpw kzØ-h-Im-i-tØbpw kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. `mkv°c chn-h¿Ω H∂mas‚ ImeØv (F.-Un. 999) cmP-cm-Pt- N-fs‚ tIc-fm-{I-aWw D≠mbn F∂pw CXv cma-h¿Ω IpetiJcs‚ ImeØv (F.-Un. 1102) Ah-km-\n-®p-sh∂pw Cfw-Ipfw Icp-Xn. thW-sa-¶n¬ CXns\ Cw•≠nse \q‰m≠v bp≤-tØmSv Xmc-X-ay-s∏-Sp-Øm-sa∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. XpS¿∂v Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-b-h-sc√mw ]n∂o-Sp≈ tIc-fob kaqlw \q‰m-≠p-bp-≤-Øns‚ ^e-ambn ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂v kn≤m-¥n®p If-™p. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ tNc-tNm-g-bp-≤-ap≠mbn F∂pw CXv tIc-fsØ Iptd-sbms° _m[n-®p-sh∂pw Adn-bm-sa-¶nepw F√mw \q‰m-≠pbp-≤-Øn-sem-Xp-°n-b-h¿ bYm¿∞ Imc-W-ß-fn-tebv°p {i≤ sNep-Øm-Xn-cp-∂-Xns‚ XI-cm-dpIƒ ]T-\-ßsf _m[n-®n-´p-≠v. Xev°mew Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ \nK-a-\-ßsf t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-Itb \nhr-Øn-bp-≈q. Pao≥, Pao≥Zm¿ F∂o ]Z-ßƒ°v P∑w, P∑n F∂o ]Z-ßt- fmSv kmay-ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah XΩn-ep≈ _‘-tØ-°p-dn®v hy‡-Xb - n-√. kmt¶-Xn-Ia - mbn `qan `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. BfpIƒ \nIpXn sImSp-°p-∂-Xns‚ _-e-Øn¬ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xw. kwL-Ime cmPm-°∑m¿ Ihn-Iƒ°pw b⁄m-Nm-cy-∑m¿°pw {Kma-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. H≥]Xmw \q‰mt≠m-Sp-IqSn tIc-f-Øn¬ [mcmfw t£{X-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. ap°m¬h´w F∂v imk-\-ßfn¬∏d-bp∂ t£{X-ßƒs°√mw cmPm-°∑ - mcpw {]`p-°∑ - mcpw am{X-a√ km[m-cW - ° - mcpw Zm\w sImSp-°p-∂p-≠v. inem-Xm{a imk-\-ß-fn¬ `qan-bn-S-]m-Sns‚ hnh-c-ß-fm-W-[n-I-hpw. s\√pw kz¿Æ \mW-b-ßfpw \nIp-Xn-bmbn t£{X-`qan A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h¿ sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. aqgn-°pfw t£{X-Øn¬sh®v cq]o-Ic - n® hyh-ÿI - ƒ tIc-fØ - n-ep-S\ - ofw AwKo-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´X - m-bn-tØm-∂p∂p. aqgn-°fw I®-tØ-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]cm-a¿i-ßf - p-≠v. GsX-¶nepw Imc-Wh - i - m¬ ssIh-i°m-c\v ]m´w Af°m≥ Ign-bmsX h∂m¬ t£{X-`m-ch - m-ln-Iƒ Abmsf klm-bn-°W - s - a∂pw Abm-fpsS `mcy°pw a°ƒ°pw Zmcn-{Zy-ap-≠m-ImsX kq£n-°-W-sa-∂p-ap≈ hyhÿ s]cp∂ imk-\-Øn-ep-≠v. ‘FXn-c≥ Ihn-c\pw Ah≥ s]Æp-]n-≈bpw c°n-°-°-S-hn-b¿ s]mXp-hmfpw IW-Ømcpw’ F∂mWv imk-\-Ønse hmN-Iw. tIm´p-hm-bn-c-th-en-°-®w, ]´m-gn-Hm-e-°-c-Ww, Ifw-Im-´p-I®w XpS-ßnb hyh-ÿ-Ifpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t£{X-ßƒ kº-∂-ß-fmbtXmSp-IqSn {_m“-W¿ Ah-bpsS ssIIm-cy-I¿Øm-°f - mbn, tZh-kzw, tZh-kz-am-\{- _-“k - zw, {_“kzw F∂nßs\ {ItaW `qhpSa-ÿX amdn-amdn h∂p. CS-∏≈n cmPmhv F∂ ÿm\-sØ-Ønb {_m“-WIp-Spw_w Xr°m-°c t£{X-Ønse im¥n-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cß-s\-sbm-∂p-as - √-¶n¬t∏mepw t£{Xkz-Øp-°-fpsS B[n-]Xyw Iptd {]_e \ºq-Xncn IpSpw-_-ßsf P∑n-am-cm-°n-sb∂ hkvXpX AwKo-Ic - nt® Xocq. Aßs\ [\m-Vy-cmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ kaq-lØ - n¬ D∂-Xÿ m\w ]pe¿Ønsb∂pw cmPm-°∑ - m-tc-°qSn hcp-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Øn-sb∂pw Cfw-Ipfw kn≤m-¥n-°p-∂p. cma-Ip-et- itIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

J-c\v \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ ]ng-bn-Sp∂ Imcyw sIm√w cmta-izcw imk-\Ø - n-ep-≠v. CXn¬ AXn-it- bm‡n h√msX Ie¿Ønb \nK-a\ - a - m-Wn-Xv. ImcWw {_m“-Wt- c-°mƒ F{Xtbm IqSp-X¬ A{_m-“W P∑n-am¿ tIc-fØ - n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ Fßs\ P∑n-am-cmbn F∂-Xns‚ hni-Zo-Ic - Ww Bcpw \¬Ip-∂n-√. Sn∏p-hns‚ ae-_m¿ B{I-aWw hsc P∑n-k{- º-Zmbw A\yq-\a - mbnØpS¿∂p. Xncphn-Xmw-Iq¿ sIm®n {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ acp-a° - Ø - m-bØ - ns‚ A]-Nb - a - mWv P∑n-k{- º-Zm-bØ - n\v tIm´w X´n-®-Xv. kzmX-{¥y-k-a-c-Øns‚ `mK-ambn h∂ kmaq-ly-k-aXz Nn¥-Ifpw {]t£m-`-ßfpw P∑nk-{º-Zm-bsØ D∑q-e\w sNbvXp. `q]-cn-jvIc - W hyh-ÿI - ƒ P∑n-am-cpsS `qan IpSn-bm-\n-tebv°v am‰n.

aX-N-cn{Xw `mc-Xob Pohn-X-co-Xn-bpsS {]mtZ-inI cq]-amWv BZy-Im-esØ P\X ]n≥Xp-S¿∂n-cp-∂sX∂v kwL-Ir-Xn-If - psS kq£va] - T - \w sIm≠v a\- n-em-°mw. C∂sØ A¿∞-Øn-ep-≈ aXw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. [¿Ωw, kwkv°m-cw F∂nßs\-bp≈ ImgvN∏ - m-SmWv kaqlw kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂-Xv. [¿Ωw, A¿∞w, Imaw F∂nh Fßs\ A\p-kc - n-°W - s - a-∂mWv Xncp-°p-dƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. Cßs\ Pohn-®m¬ tam£w A\p-‡-kn-≤-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v ]pcp-jm¿∞ NXp-jvS-bØnse aq∂n-t\-°p-dn®p am{Xw ]d-™p-sh-t∂-bp-≈q. Btcm-Ky-]q¿Æ-amb `uXn-IP - ohnX-Øn-\mWv ]ctemI hm©-tb-°mƒ {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂X - .v _u≤-k{- º-Zm-b° - m¿ kpL-Sn-Xc - m-bn-Øo¿∂Xp apX¬ C°m-esØ aX-k-¶-ev]-Øn\p kam-\-amb Nn¥-Iƒ D≠m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AtX-ImeØp Xs∂ ssP\-aX - hpw Chn-sS-sb-Øn.

_p≤-aXw {io_p-≤≥ aq∂p-{]m-hiyw e¶ kµ¿in-®n-´p-s≠∂v Zzo]-hw-iw, alm-hwiw F∂o _u≤Ir-Xn-If - n-ep-≠v. B bm{X-Iƒ°n-Sb - n¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ h∂n-cn-°mw. ]t£ AØ-cØ - n-ep≈ ]cma¿i-ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. _n.-kn. aq∂mw iX-I-Øn¬ Atim-Is‚ aI≥ atl-{µ\pw aIƒ kwL-an{Xbpw tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂n-´p-≠v. s]mXn-bw-a-e-bn¬ atl-{µ≥ Fgp-Xnb inem-tcJ G.-Un. Ggmw \q‰m≠v hsc-sb-¶nepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Atim-Is‚ Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\-Øn¬ tIc-f-]p-{X≥ Xs‚ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Kn¿Wm¿ imk-\-Øns‚ ]I¿∏p-Iƒ s]j-hm-dn-\S- p-Øp≈ jmlkv _m¿Kn-bn-ep-≠v. Sn_-‰nse Zsse-em-ab - psS sIm´m-cØ - n\v s]mXme F∂mWv t]cv. CXv Z£n-WZ- n-°nse I]m-Xme hnlm-cØ - n¬ \n∂p-≠m-bX - m-sW∂v Ah¿ Icp-Xp∂p. Bbv cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\a - m-bn-cp∂p s]mXn-bw-ae - . AK-kvXy-Iq-SØ - n\v atl-{µ-Kncn F∂p-t]-cp-h∂ - Xpw Cß-s\-bm-Wv. kwL-Imew F∂ {]tbm-K-Ønse kwLw _p≤-kw-L-ßsf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. DZnb≥ tNc-emX≥, s\Spw-tN-c-em-X≥ F∂o t]cp-I-fnse BX≥ F∂ hm°v B¿l-X≥ (_p-≤-`n£p) F∂-Xns‚ cq]m-¥c - a - m-bn-°q-Sm-bvIb - n-√. \mKm¿÷p-\s - Im-≠b - nse tcJ-If - n¬ \n∂v tIcf-Øn¬ _p≤-a-X-Øn\v hym]-I-amb kzoIm-cyX e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. hm\-h-c-º≥, Ca-b-h-c-º≥ F∂nh Atim-Is‚ tZhm\mw{]nb-≥ F∂ _ncp-Z-Øns‚ A¿∞-apƒs°m-≈ptIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

∂p. kwL-Im-esØ kw`-h-tØ-°p-dn®v ]n¬°m-e-sØ-gp-X-s∏´ IrXn-I-fmWv Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, aWn-ta-J-e-bp-sa∂v Gsd-°psd sXfn-™n-´p-≠v. ]pIm¿ Imﬁ-Ønepw a[p-cm-Im-ﬁ-Ønepw _p≤-aX - t- Ø-°p-dn®pw hnlm-cß - t- f-°p-dn®pw kqN-\I - f - p-≠v. Ima-tZ-hs‚ A©p-_m-Wß - t- fbpw hen-s®-dn™v alm-t_m[n hr£-®p-h-´n¬s®∂p X]- p-sNbvX _p≤≥ F∂mWv ]cm-a¿iw. knwlf cmPm-hmb KP-_mlp h©n-bnse ]Øn-\n-°-S-hp-ƒ {]Xn-jvT°v k∂n-ln-X-\m-hp-Ibpw Xs‚ \m´n¬ Hcp ]Øn-\n-t£{Xw D≠m-°p-Ibpw sNbvsX∂pw Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂-dn-bmw. A®pXhn-°¥≥ F∂ If` cmPm-hns‚ hmgvN° - m-eØv Pohn-®n-cp∂ _p≤-ZØ - ≥ cNn® K‘-hwi F∂ IrXn-bn¬ h©n-]-´Ww _u≤-tI-{µ-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. F.-Un. 630¬ lypbm≥kmMv F∂ ssN\okv k©mcn `mc-XØ - n-se-Øn. At±-lØ - ns‚ hnh-cW - ß - ƒ tIc-fØnse _u≤-km-∂n-≤y-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp-∂p. H≥]Xmw iX-I-tØmsS _p≤-a-X-Øn\v A]Nbw kw`-hn-®n-cn-°mw. NmIym-∑m¿ IqØn-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p∂ aØ-hn-em-kw, `K-hZ- R - vPqIw F∂o {]lk-\ß - f - n¬ \n∂v CXv hy‡-am-Wv. HSp-hn-esØ s]cp-amƒ _q≤-\mbn \oewt]-cq-cn-se-Ønsb∂pw Infn-cq-cn¬ sh®p kam-[n-bm-sb∂pw Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. Infn-cq-cnse Im¿Øym-b\o t£{XØn¬ C∂p ]qPn-°p∂ hn{Klw _u≤-cpsS Xmcm-tZ-hn-bm-sW∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. Infn-cq¿ Ip∂n≥ta¬ t£{X-Øns‚ Nph-cn¬ ]≈n-hm-W¿ F∂v sImØn-sh-®n-´p-≠v. AhnsS alm-hnjvWp-hmbn ]qPn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ hn{Klw _p≤-t‚-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw _p≤-hn-{K-l-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. sIm√w Pn√-bpsS hS-°p-`mKØpw Be-∏pg Pn√-bpsS sX°p `mK-Øp-ambn hcp∂ Icp-\m-K-∏-≈n, Im¿Øn-I-∏-≈n, Ip∂Øq¿, amth-en-°c - , Aº-e∏ - pg {]tZ-iß - f - n¬ \n∂mWh In´n-bn-´p-≈X - v. acp-Xq¿°p-fß - c - b - nse ]≈n-°-en¬ \n∂p-In-´nb hn{K-lsØ ‘]p{X-®≥’ F∂p-hn-fn-°p-∂p. Be-∏p-g-bnse Icp-am-Sn-bnep≈ Ip´≥ F∂ _p≤-hn-{K-l-Øn\p apºn¬ hf¿Øp-ar-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ]£n-I-fp-sSbpw \∑bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞\Iƒ \S-°p-∂p. ASq¿ \K-cØ - n-\S- p-Øp≈ ]≈n-°e - n¬ \n∂p In´nb ]p{X-®\pw I∂p-Im-en-If - psS c£-I\ - m-Wv. A^vKm-\n-ÿm-\n¬ \n∂v {^©v ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-I-\mb ^ptjbv°p In´nb Hcp hn{K-l-Øns‚ ]oT-Øn¬ Z£n-Wm-]tY aqe-hmk temI-\mY Fs∂-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. aqj-I-hwiw Imhy-Ønepw Bbv cmPm-hmb hn{I-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ ]menbw imk-\-Ønepw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ {ioaq-eh - m-ka - m-Wn-Xn-ep≈ aqe-hm-kw. IS-tem-cØ - p≈ B hnlmcw ]n∂oSv IS-se-Sp-Øp-t]m-bncn-°mw. AXn-\m¬ ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc tIc-f-Ønse _u≤-{]-Xm]w tIm´w-Iq-SmsX XpS¿s∂∂v A\p-am-\n-°mw. tIc-fØ - n¬ ]≈n F∂m-cw-`n-°p-Itbm Ah-km-\n-°p-Itbm sNøp∂ Ht´sd ÿe-\m-aß - f - p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw _p≤-hn-lm-cß - ƒ \ne-\n∂hbm-bn-cn-°mw. aRvPp {io-aq-eI - e - v]s - a∂ _u≤-Xm-{XnI {KŸ-Øns‚ GI-{]Xn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iqdn¬ \n∂mWv In´n-bX - v. tIc-f-Ønse [¿Ω-imkvXm t£{X-ß-fn¬ ]eXpw _u≤-k-{º-Zm-b-ß-tfmSv _‘ap≈XmWv. hn{Klw apX¬ kmayw Bcw-`n-°p-∂p. ic-W-a-{¥hpw _u≤-am-Wv. sN´n-Ip-f-ßc tZho-t£-{X-Ønse `c-Wn-°p≈ sI´p-Im-gvNI - ƒ _u≤ ]mc-ºc - y-Øn¬ \n∂v h∂-hb - m-bn-cn-°mw. _u≤-Ir-Xn-bmb kn≤-cq-]hpw Aa-c-tIm-ihpw G‰hpw {]N-cn-®Xv tIc-f-Øn-em-Wv. t£{X-ßtIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

Page: 28

kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

fnse NnIn-’m-]≤ - Xn _p≤-hn-lm-cß - f - n¬ \n∂v ISw-sIm-≠X - m-Imw. XIgn imkvXm-t£-{X-Ønse hmX-Nn-In’ DZm-lc - W - w. imkvXmhv F∂ ]Zw-t]mepw _p≤s‚ ]cym-ba - m-bX - p-sIm≠v Cu \nKa\w tbmPn-°p-∂p.

ssP\-aXw N{µ-Kp-]vXa - u-cy≥ (_n.-kn. 321 ˛ 297) Ccp-]Ø - ©mw `c-Wh - ¿j-Øn¬ cmPy-ap-t]-£n®v `{Z_m-lp-hn-t\m-sSm∏w {ih-W-_-f-sKm-f-bn-se-Øn. Z£n-W-I¿Æm-S-I-Ønse Cu ÿew tIc-fØn\v hf-sc-bS- pØv kly-]¿∆X {]tZ-iØ - m-Wv. A°mew apX¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ ssP\-hn-izmkw {]N-cn-®n-cn-°mw. Xangv alm-Im-hy-ß-fmb Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw aWn-ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂pw h©n-bnepw Xr°-Wm-aX - n-eI - Ø - p-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ ssP\ _kvXn-It- f-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. I\ym-Ip-amcn Pn√-bnse \mK¿tIm-hn¬ \mK-cmPm t£{Xw Xncp-®mcWØp-a-e-bnse NnX-dm¬ Kplm-t£{Xw F∂nh Hcp ImeØv ssP\ _kvXn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p tXm∂p-∂p. NnX-dm-en¬ ]ﬂm-h-Xo-tZ-hn, alm-hoc Xo¿∞-¶-c≥, ]m¿iz-\mY Xo¿∞-¶-c≥ F∂n-h-cpsS hn{K-l-ß-fp-≠v. t£{X-Ønse inem-en-Jn-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hc-Kp-Ws‚ t]c-°p-´n-bmb KpW-¥m-¶n-Kp-cp-]-Øn-Iƒ tZhn°v kz¿Æm-`-c-W-ßƒ \S-°p-sh-®-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. s]cp-ºm-hq-cnse I®n¬ `K-h-Xot£{Xw sNdp-Xp-cp-Øn-°-SpØ Ccp-\n-ew-tImSv inh-t£{Xw Ch-bn¬ ssP\-kzm-[o\w {]I-S-amWv. ]me-°mSv ssP\-ta-´n¬ N{µ-\m-Y-kzm-an, hnP-b-b-£n, Pzmem-am-en\n b£n, Ej-`-Xo¿∞¶-c≥, ]m¿iz-\mY Xo¿∞-¶-c≥ F∂n-h-cpsS {]Xn-jvT-I-fp-≠v. ap≠q¿ sX∂n-em-]pcw t£{Xw, ]cp-hm-t»cn t£{Xw Chbpw ssP\-tI-{µ-ßf - m-bn-cp-∂p. _wK-ca - t- ©-iz-cØv Bcm-[\ \S-°p∂ c≠p ssP\ _kvXn-I-fp≠v. hb-\m-´n-emWv C∂v ssP\-cp-≈-Xv. ssakq-cn¬ \n∂v Im¿jn-I-hrØn-bp-ambn h∂ Ch¿ ]pfn-bm¿ ae, ta∏m-Sn, am\-¥h - mSn, _tØcn XpS-ßnb ÿe-ßf - n¬ Xmakn-°p-∂p.

blq-Z-aXw F.-Un. 68¬ tdmam-°m¿ Pdp-kt- e-anse tZhm-ebw \in-∏n-®t- Xm-Sp-IqSn A`-bm¿∞n-If - mbn Ae-™ blq-Z¿ tIc-fØ - nepsaØn. {]mNo\ tIc-fØ - n\v a≤y-[c - W - ymgn {]tZ-iß - f - p-ambp≠mb hmWn-Py-_‘ - a - mWv CXn\v \nanØ-am-bX - v. A∂sØ {][m\ Xpd-ap-Ja - mb apkn-cn-bn¬ FØnb Ah¿ ]e kwL-ß-fmbn Xncn-™p. AXn¬ Hcp Iq´¿ IÆq¿ Pn√-bnse amSm-bn-bnepw FØnsb-¶nepw Hcp PqX-°p-f-a-√msX as‰mchin-jvShpw Ct∏m-gn-√. ]d-hq¿, amf, a´m-t©cn F∂o {]tZ-i-ßƒ Ch-cpsS Xmh-f-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. F.-Un. 1000¬ `mkv°c chn-h¿Ω PqX-{]-am-Wn-bmb tPmk^v dºn\v \¬Inb A[n-Im-cm-hI - m-iß - f - psS hnhcw PqX-im-k\ - Ø - n-ep-≠v. t]m¿´p-Ko-kpIm¿ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ sNbvX AXn-{I-a-ß-tf-Øp-S¿∂v 1565-emWv sIm®nbntebv°v IpSn-tb-‰-ap≠m-bX - v. C{km-tb¬ cmPyw cq]o-Ic - n-°s - ∏-´t- ∏mƒ tIc-fØ - nse PqX-∑m-cn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]£ - hpw Ahn-tSbv°p t]mbn. Ct∏mƒ \qdn¬Ømsg blq-Z¿ am{Xta tIc-f-Øn-ep-≈q.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

{InkvXp-aXw {InkvXp-hns‚ ]{¥≠p injy-cn¬ Hcm-fmb am¿tXma F.-Un. 52¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-sb∂mWv hnizm-kw. sk‚ vtXm-a-kns‚ Ncn-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ {]N-cn-®p-t]m-cp∂ BIvSm-tXmam F∂ {KŸsØ tdmw AwKo-Ic - n-°p-∂n-s√-¶nepw tIc-fØ - nse tdma≥ ItØm-en-°¿ AwKo-Ic - n°p-∂p-≠v. am¿tXma Nmh-°m-Sn\p kao-]-ap≈ ]me-bq-cn¬sh®v ]I-tem-a-‰w, i¶-c-]pcn XpSßnb {_m“W IpSpw-_-ßsf aXw-am-‰n-sb-∂p-amWv IY. tIc-f-Ønse A`n-PmX kaq-l-ß-fnsem-∂m-bn-´mWv BZy-Ime {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Pohn®p t]m∂-Xv. hnhm-lw, Ncaw XpS-ßnb thf-Ifn¬ {_m“-Wk - w-kv°mcw C∂pw {]I-Sa - m-Wv. At¥ym-Jy-bnse ]m¿{Xn-bm-°o-kns‚ Iogn-emWv tIc-f-k` {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc AXv am‰-an-√msX XpS¿∂p. a≤y-]uckvXy tZiØp \n∂m-bn-cp∂p sa{Xm-∑m¿ h∂-Xv. Ah¿ aX-Im-cy-ßf - n¬ am{Xw HXpßn \n∂p. tIc-fob cmPm-°∑ - m¿ Ahsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F.-Un. 345¬ Im\mbnsØmΩs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Iptd IrkvXym-\n-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p. ÿmWp-c-hn-h¿Ω-bpsS 5˛mw `c-W-h¿j-amb F.-Un. 849¬ thWm-´nse Aø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xncp-h-Sn-Iƒ sIm√sØ Xcn-km-∏-≈n°v Zm\w \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-knw-ls‚ Xmg-°mSp imk\w Ccn-ßm-e-°p-S-bv°-SpØ Xmg-°ms´ ]≈n°v \¬Inb Zm\-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-am-Wv. CXn¬ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v aWn-{Km-a-∏´w \¬Ip∂Xp ]d-bp-∂p. sIm®n-bnse hoc-cm-Lh N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS sNºp-]´- bw 1225 F.-Un.-bn-te-Xm-Wv. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ Cchn tIm¿Ø-\\v aWn-{Km-aÿ - m\w sImSp-°p∂ Imcyw Cu ]´-bØ - n-ep-≠v. F.-Un. ]Xn-\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ (1324)- sIm√w _nj-∏mbn h∂ s{^b¿ tPm¿Um-\kv sIm√w _nj-∏m-bn-Øo¿∂p. acp-a-°-Øm-b-tØ-°p-dn®p ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ andm _nenb Unkv{In]v‰vjysS I¿Øm-hmWv tPm¿Um-\-kv. t]m¿´p-Ko-kp-Im¿ h∂v kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Isf D]-{Z-hn-°pIbpw aX-]-c-amb Ahn-th-Ihpw Ak-ln-jvWp-Xbpw D≠m°n kmap-Zm-bnI ssa{Xn XI¿°pIbpw sNbvXp. tIc-fo-bk - `- sb \n¿_-‘] - q¿∆w eØo≥doØm-°mƒ \S-Ønb {iaw k`-bpsS ]nf¿∏n\p Imc-W-am-°n. thjw, B`-c-Ww, kwt_m-[\m coXn-Iƒ CsX√mw \m´p-Im-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXa - m-°p-∂X - m-bn-cp∂p DZbwt]cq¿ kq\-lt- Z-mkv.

C…mw-aXw apl-ΩZv \_n-bpsS Ime-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ tIc-fhpw Ad-_n-\m-Sp-Ifpw hmWn-Py-_-‘Øn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p. \_n-bpsS Imew apX¬ ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠p-hs - c-bp≈ Ime-Øn-\n-Sb - n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ ap…o-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. ]{¥≠p apX¬ ]Xn-\-©p-h-sc-bp≈ \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬ tImgn-t°mSp kmaq-Xn-cn-bpsS t{]m’m-l\w \n o-aa - m-bn-cp-∂p. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ Ipe-ti-Jc `c-W-Im-e-Øn\p tij-am-Wn-sX√mw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv. sImSp-ß-√q-cnse tNc-am≥ ]≈nbpw amSm-bn-∏≈ - nbpw {]mNo-\X - a - ß - f - m-Wv.

i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ (F.-Un. 788-˛820) ImeSn-bnse ssI∏≈n C√Øv inh-Kp-cp-hn-s‚bpw Bcymw-_-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn∏nd∂ i¶c≥ F´mw hb- n¬ Kpcp-hn-t\-tØSn \¿ΩZm Xoc-sØ-Øn. tKmhn-µm-Nm-cy-\n¬ \n∂v hnZy tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

t\Sn-bn´v {io\-Kc - Ø - n-se-Øn. k¿∆-⁄] - oTw Ib-dn. {]ÿm-\{- Xbn F∂-dn-bs - ∏-Sp∂ D]-\n-jXv `mjyw, `K-h-XvKoXm `mjyw, {_“kq{X-`mjyw F∂n-h-sIm≠v AssZz-X-kn-≤m-¥sØ Dd-∏n-®p. kuµ-cy-e-lcn F∂ Xm{¥nI {KŸ-apƒs∏sS \qtdmfw IrXn-Iƒ BNm-cy-cp-tS-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p. ]ﬂ-]m-Z≥, kptc-iz-c≥, lkvXm-ae - I - ≥, tXmS-I≥ (B-\µ - K - n-cn) F∂n-hc - mWv {][m\ injy∑m¿. hS°v _Z-co-\m-Yw, sX°v irwtK-cn, Ing°v ]pcn, ]Sn™mdv ZzmcI F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Bav\mb aT-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. Im©o-]pcw t]mse a‰p-]e aT-ßfpw i¶-c] - c - º - c - b - n-ep-≠v. BNmcy-cpsS alm-\n¿∆m-W-Øn-\p-tijw injy-∑m¿ Xr»n-h-t]-cq-cn¬ hSt° aTw, sXt° aTw, CSbn¬ aTw, \Sp-hn¬ aTw F∂v \mep aT-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p.

acp-a-°-Ømbw temI-Øn-se-hn-sSbpw acp-a° - Ø - m-bØ - n¬ \n∂v a°-Øm-bØ - n-te-bv°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\amWv \S-∂n-´p-≈X - v. F∂m¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ am{Xw a°-Øm-bØ - n¬ \n∂v acp-a° - Ø - m-bØ - n-tebv°v Hcp aS°w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. kwL-Ime Ncn-{X-Øn¬ cmPm-[n-Imcw a°-Øm-bØ - n-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]Xn-‰p-∏Øp sIm≠-dn-bmw. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS ImeØpw a°-Øm-ba - m-bn-cp∂p sh∂v s]cp-∂i - m-k\ - w, Xncp-∏m¿°-S¬ imk\w XpS-ßnb tcJ-If - n¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. aqj-Ih - wi-Øn¬ a°-Øm-b-a-\p-k-cn®v ]e \q‰m-≠p-Imew \n∂ {Iaw, ]Xn-∂memw iX-I-Øn¬ he-`≥ apX¬ acp-a° - Ø - m-ba - m-Ip-∂p. ]Xn-∂memw \q‰m-≠n¬ {^bm¿ tPm¿Um-\kv acp-a° - Ø - m-bt- Ø°p-dn-®p-]-d-bp-∂p-ap-≠v. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Xpfp-\m-´n¬ Afn-b-k-¥m\w F∂ t]cn¬ acp-a-°-Ømbw h∂-Xmbn F.-_n. kme-Øq¿ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. \nc-¥c - a - mb tNc-bp≤w aqew ae-bm-fn-If - mb \mb¿ ]pcp-j∑ - m¿ acn-®p. At∏mƒ \ºq-Xncn-am¿ \mb¿ kv{XoIsf kw_‘w sNbvXp XpS-ßn. A—s‚ kzØn\v a°ƒt°m a°-fpsS kzØn\v A—t\m Ah-Im-i-an-√mØ k{º-Zm-b-am-bn-cp∂p kw_-‘w. \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cn¬ aqØ-aI≥ am{Xw kzPm-Xn-bn¬ \n∂v thfn-I-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ kzØp-hn-`-Pn-°-s∏-SmsXbncn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXpw \ºq-Xncn P∑n-amsc krjvSn®p. CXmWv Cfw-Ip-f-Øns‚ kn≤m-¥w. \mb-∑m¿°pw Aº-e-hm-kn-Iƒ°p-amWv acp-a-°-Ømbw. ]ø-∂q¿ {Kma-Ønse Xncp-apºp-am-cmb \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿°pw acp-a° - Ø - m-ba - m-Wv. `mc-X∏ - pg apX¬ awK-em-]pcw hsc-bp≈ ap…oßƒ°p sX°≥Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse Nne {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-ßƒ°pw acp-a-°-Øm-b-amWv.

PmXn-k-{º-Zmbw kwL-Im-eØv P∑-PmXn C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw atlm-Z-b-]p-c-Øns‚ A`yp-Z-b-tØm-S-SpØv P∑PmXn D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Xcn-km-∏≈n imk-\-Øn¬ Cug-h-PmXn {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. \mb-∑m¿ F∂ PmXn-tb-°p-dn®v ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠nse Kucn-Nc - nXw Nºp apXte Adn-bp-∂p-≈q. t£{XtØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-ßƒ D≠m-bn. kaq-l-Øns‚ Xe-∏Øv {_m“-W¿ hcp∂ Hcp PmXn k{º-Zmbw cq]-s∏-´p. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-Jc - s‚ sIm√w cmta-izcw imk-\Ø - n¬ \n∂v cmPm-hn\p ]ng-bn-Sm≥ am{Xw i‡-cm-bn-cp∂p {_m“-Ws - c∂v sXfn-bp-∂p. tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

Iem-N-cn{Xw IqØn\v t{]m’m-l\w In´nb Ime-amWv atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ Ipe-ti-Jc - ∑ - m-cp-tS-Xv. Nne-∏Xn-Im-cI - m-eØp Xs∂-bp≈ IqØns\ Ipe-ti-Jc - h - ¿Ωbpw \¿Ω kNn-h\ - mb tXme\pw tN¿∂v ]cn-jv°-cn-®p. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ kp`-{Zm-[-\-P-bw, X]-Xo-kw-h-cWw Cu \mS-I-ßƒ NmIym-∑m¿ IqØn-\p-]t- bm-Kn-°p-∂p. A`n-\b - n-°m≥ klm-bI - a - mb B´-{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zn-]n-Ibpw tXmes‚ IrXn-If - m-sW∂v Icp-Xs - ∏-Sp-∂p. H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ t£{X-\n¿ΩmWw XpSßn-bX - n-\m¬ Cu Ie km¿∆-{Xn-Ia - mbn ]{¥≠mw \q‰m-≠m-Ip-tºm-tg°pw ae-bm-fØ - n¬ ]m´p-{]ÿm-\hpw aWn-{]-hmf {]ÿm-\hpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tNmZy-ßƒ eLq]-\ym-k-ßƒ Fgp-XpI 1. Ggn-ae tIcf-Øns‚ cmjv{Sob kmwkv°m-cnI Ncn-{X-Øn¬ hln-°p∂ ÿm\w. 2. \Zn-Iƒ°v tIc-fob a\- n-ep≈ ÿm\w 3. ]c-ip-cma IY-bnse `qan-imkv{X kXy-ßƒ 4. `q{]-Ir-Xnbpw tIcfw F∂ t]cpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w 5. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-]-T-\-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂ kwkvIrX kmlnXy IrXn-Iƒ. 6. {Ko°v k©m-cn-If-- psS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp∂ tIc-fw. 7. Ad_n k©m-cn-I-fpsS bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ Ncn-{X-c-N-\bv°v Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-∂p. 8. lypbm≥kmMv, amlzm≥ F∂n-h-cpsS tIc-f kw_-‘n-I-fmb Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ kw{K-ln-°p-I. 9. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂p In´nb hntZ-iob \mW-b-ß-tf°p-dn®v eLp-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. 10. Nne-∏X - n-Im-cØ - ns‚ Ncn-{X-{]m-[m-\yw. 11. Bbv hwi-tØ-°p-dn®v kwLw-Ir-Xn-If - psS shfn-®Ø - n¬ hnh-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-I. 12. ÿmWp-c-hn-bpsS imk-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hy‡-am-Ip∂ kaq-lw. 13. tIc-fhpw blq-Za - X - hpw 14. BZn-tN-c∑ - m-cpsS Xe-ÿm\w Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 15. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Ønse Ccp-f-S™ GSp-I-tf-°p-dn®v e`y-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-I. 16. tIc-f-Øn¬ ssP\-aXw F{X-am{Xw {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. 17. ap°m¬h´w F∂ kt¶-Xs - a-¥v. 18. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ IYsb Ncn-{X-ZrjvSym ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 19. ‘sIm√w tXm‚n’ F∂m-se-¥v. 20. \q‰m-≠p-bp≤w F∂ Bibw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ {]k-‡-amtWm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 21. hn{I-am-Zn-Xy-hc - K - p-Ws‚ {]m[m-\y-sa¥v? tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

22. Xncp-hn-√m-im-e-tb-°p-dn®v e`y-amb hkvXp-X-Iƒ Fgp-Xp-I. 23. {ioaq-e-hm-k-tØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Gh? 24. tImhn-e-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v c≠mw tNc km{am-Py-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w. 25. A©p-h-Æhpw aWn-°n-cm-ahpw F¥v? 26. atlm-Zb - ] - p-chpw hmWn-Pym-`n-hr-≤nbpw 27. t£{X-Ie - I - f - psS Bhn¿`m-hw.

Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°pI 1. tIc-tfm-ev]Øn 2. hmg-∏≈n imk\w 3. \∂≥ 4. s]cp-amƒ Xncp-samgn 5. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m¿ 6. aqgn-°pfw I®w 7. tImgn-t°m-S≥ {KŸ-hcn 8. s]cn-πkv 9. ln∏m-ekv 10. amlzm≥ 11. A¬_n-dq\n 12. Xcn-km-∏≈n imk\w 13. ]Øn-\n-°-S-hpƒ 14. hoc-°-√p-Iƒ 15. U®v ]mekv 16. t_°¬tIm´ 17. s\Spw-tIm´ 18. ]menbw imk\w 19. DZb am¿Øm-ﬁ≥ IY 20. ÿmWp-chn h¿Ω 21. i¶-c\ - m-cm-bW - obw 22. Xncp-h√m sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ 23. NßmXw 24. sIm√w cmta-izcw imk\w 25. ap\n-b-d-Iƒ 26. sXm≠n-Xp-da - pJw 27. Zo\mcw tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

28. am¿t°m-t]mtfm 29. ]yp´n≥ tKdn-b≥ tS_nƒkv 30. hS-Xn-cn-°¬ 31. Nne-ºp-ISn t\mºv 32. aS-te-c¬ 33. Ifapw I¿∏pw

Zo¿tLm-]-\ym-k-ßƒ 1. a-lm-inemkwkv°mc bpK-Øns‚ kvac-Wb - p-W¿Øp∂ ]pcm-hk - vXp-°ƒ tIc-fk - w-kv° - mc ]T-\sØ Fßs\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. 2. {]mNo\ kwkvIrX kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂v tIc-f-N-cn-{XsØ Fßs\ Is≠-Sp-°mw. 3. kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ F∂m-se¥v? Ahbv°v tIc-fN - c - n{X ]T-\Ø - n-ep≈ ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I. 4. \mW-b-ßƒ kwkv°m-c-N-cn-{X-]T\sØ Fßs\ klm-bn-°p∂p? tIc-f-kw-kv°mc ]cnt{]-£y-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. 5. `qan-im-kv{X-]c - a - mb {]tXy-IX - I - ƒ tIc-fob kwkv°mcw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂X - n\v Fßs\ klm-bI-am-bn. 6. Ad-_n-\m-Sp-If - pw tIc-fh - p-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_‘ - Ø - ns‚ kz`mhw F¥m-bn-cp-∂p. 7. bqtdm-]y≥ k©m-cn-Iƒ tIc-fsØ Fßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI. 8. ]Xn-‰p-∏Ø - n¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°s - ∏-Sp∂ tNc-∑m¿ Bsc-√mw. cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-Øn-eqsS kmaq-lyL-S\ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 9. sF¥nssW F∂m-se¥v? hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-I. 10. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xw inem-Xm-{a-im-k-\-ß-fn-eqsS Fßs\ ]p\¿\n¿Ωn°mw. 11. kv{XoI-fpsS kmaq-ly-]Z- hn kwL-Im-eØv GXp hn[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 12. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p∂ tIc-f-N-cn{Xw kw{K-ln-°p-I. 13. kpZo¿L-amb tNc-tNmg kwL¿jw tIc-fØ - ns‚ kmaq-ly-LS- \ - sb Fßs\ _m[n-®p-sh∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. 14. tIc-fob cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS aX-kl - n-jvWp-Xbpw t{]m’m-l\ - hpw imk-\ß - f - n¬ \n∂v hy‡am-Ip-∂s - X-ßs\? 15. acp-a° - Ø - mbw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-Sb - m-°nb kml-Nc - y-ßƒ Gh? 16. tIc-f-Ønse PmXn-k-{º-Zmbw cq]-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-°n-b-Xn-t\-°p-dn®v s{]m^. Cfw-Ipfw D∂-bn°p∂ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-I.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

17. tIc-fØ - nse PmXn-If - psS Bhn¿`mhw GXp-hn-[a - m-sW∂v hnNn-¥\w sNøp-I. 18. i¶-cm-Nm-cy¿ `mc-Xob kwkv°m-cØ - n\p \¬Inb kw`m-h\ - I - ƒ Fs¥√mw? 19. kwLImesØ Bcm-[\m k{º-Zm-bß - t- fbpw ]nev°m-esØ Bcm-[\ - m-co-Xn-It- fbpw Xmc-Xay-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. 20. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ tNc-∑m¿ Iebv°pw kmln-Xy-Øn\pw \¬Inb tkh-\ß - ƒ Fs¥ms°? 21. tIc-fØ - nse {InkvXp-aX - Ø - ns‚ Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xp-I. 22. C…mw-aX - hpw tIc-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘sØ kw{K-ln-°p-I. 23. tIc-fØ - n¬ _p≤-aXw F{X-am{Xw kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 24. ssP\-aXw tIc-fØ - n¬ Hcp {]_-ei - ‡ - n-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm? ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 25. Ggn-a-e, Bbv F∂o Ipdp-\ne a∂-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Is≠--Sp-°p-I. 26. F.-Un. H≥]-Xp-ap-X¬ ]Xn-aq-∂p-h-sc-bp≈ ImesØ tIc-fob \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw kw{K-ln-°p-I. 27. sIm√-h¿j-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-ht- Ø-°p-dn-®p≈ hnhn[ kn≤m-¥ß - ƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. 28. atlm-Zb - ] - p-csØ tNc-∑m-cpsS ImeØv `‡n-{]-ÿm-\Ø - n-\p≈ ÿm\w hne-bn-cp-Øp-I. 29. kwkv°mcw F∂m-se¥v? tIcf Ncn-{X-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ At\z-jn-°p-I. 30. Ncn-{X-c-N-\m-]-≤-Xn-Iƒ GsX√mw? Ah tIc-f-N-cn-{X-c-N-\bv°v Fß-s\-sb√mw klm-b-IamIpw? hni-Zo-Ic - n-°p-I.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

Hcp hm°n¬ DØ-c-sa-gp-XpI 1. tIc-f-]-cm-a¿i-ap≈ G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb kwkvIrX {KŸw. 2. tNc-cm-Pm-I-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ Hcp CXn-lm-kw. 3. Nq¿Æn \Zn-bnse apØp-I-tf-°p-dn®v hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp {]mNo\ kwkvIr-X-{K-Ÿw. 4. tIc-f-]-Z-ap≈ Hcp Imfn-Zmk IrXn. 5. Ipe-ti-J-c-h¿Ω-bpsS Hcp kwkvIrX \mS-Iw. 6. atlm-Zb - ] - p-cØ - p-sh-s®-gp-Xs - ∏´ Hcp tPymXn-im-kv{X-{KŸw 7. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ kZ-ky-\mb bh-\-I-hn. 8. BZn-tN-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Xangv IrXn. 9. HmWm-tLm-j-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ BZy ]cm-a¿iw GXv IrXn-bn¬. 10. h©n-bn¬ shs®-gp-X-s∏´ Hcp Xangv alm-Im-hyw. 11. Ihn-bm-bn-cp∂ Hcp kwL-Ime tNc cmPm-hv. 12. Ipe-ti-Jc Bgv-hm-cpsS Xangv IrXn 13. s]cnb ]pcm-WØ - ns‚ I¿Øm-hv. 14. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m-cpsS Xangv IrXn. 15. tNmg tNc kwL¿j-tØ-°p-dn®v {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ Hcp Xangv IrXn. 16. Im¥-fq¿ Ie-a-dp∏v ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ Hcp Xangv IrXn 17. tNc-am≥ s]cp-amƒ \mb-\m-cpsS Xan-gvIrXn 18. F.-Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIcfw kµ¿in-® Hcp {Ko°v k©m-cn. 19. tNc-X-e-ÿm-\-amb Icu-c-tb-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ BZy {Ko°v k©m-cn. 20. {]oanbw Fwt]m-dnbw C≥Untb GXp \K-cw. 21. tImUqkv C≥Un-t°m-πq-kvXkv Fgp-Xnb {KŸw. 22. sIm√w \K-c-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ BZy IrXn. 23. 7˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ ssN\okv k©m-cn. 24. Xmthmf Nnen Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-cv. 25. kpsse-am≥ F∂ k©mcn tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂ h¿jw. 26. sIm√-sØ-°p-d®v Fgp-Xn-bn-c-°p∂ Hcp kv]m\njv blqZ k©m-cn. 27. am¿t°m-t]mtfm h¿Æn-°p∂ tIc-f-Ønse ae. 28. {^bm¿ tPm¿Um-\-kns‚ {KŸw. 29. acp-a° - Ø - m-bs - Ø-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ BZy bqtdm-]y≥ {KŸw. 30. Xncp-°m-°pSn inem-t£-{X-Ønse inev]-Øns‚ {]ta-bw. 31. \µn-tI-is‚ hm\-c-cq]w sImØn-bn-´p≈ Hcp Kplm-t£-{Xw. 32. ssP\-hn-lm-c-am-bn-cp∂ Hcp t£{Xw. 33. ]p{X-®s‚ hn{Klw GXv ÿe-Øm-Wp-≈-Xv. 34. {ZmhnU inev]-co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Hcp alm-t£{Xw GXv. tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

35. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ BZysØ tcJ GXv. 36. ]c-ip-cma {]Xn-jvT-bp≈ Hcp alm-t£-{Xw. 37. sk‚ vtXm-akv \n¿Ωn-®-sX∂p hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ BZysØ ]≈n. 38. a´m-t©-cn-bnse U®p-sIm-´mcw \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-cv. 39. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw henb Nph¿ Nn{X-ap-≈-sX-hn-sS. 40. tIc-f-Øn¬ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂ tdma≥ \mW-b-Øns‚ t]cv. 41. GXp `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpsS \mW-ba - mWv B\-b®v 42. Ien-bp-K-cm-b≥ ]Ww Cd-°nb `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn. 43. tZh-Zm-kn-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]mc--a¿i-ap≈ {]mNo-\-X-a-amb imk-\w. 44. Aø-\-Sn-Iƒ Xncp-h-Sn-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ imk-\-ta-Xv. 45. kndn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ X{a-im-k\w GXv `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-tS-Xv. 46. aqgn-°fw I®p ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp imk-\w. 47. amSm-bn-∏-≈n-bpsS ÿm]\ h¿jw. 48. PqX-im-k-\-Øns‚ Imew. 49. {]mNo\ Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fp≈ Hcp ÿew. 50. atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ tNc-∑m-tc-°p-dn®v ]Tn-°m≥ th≠n J\\w \S-°p∂ Hcp ÿew. 51. tIc-f-Ønse BZna \nhm-kn-I-fpsS \c-hw-i-im-kv{X-amb tKm{Xw. 52. s\{Knt‰m tKm{X-Øn¬s∏Sp∂ Hcp tIc-fob kap-Zm-bw. 53. tIc-f-Ønse tX°p-XSn sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® Hcp temIm-¤p-Xw. 54. tIc-fh - p-ambn hmWn-Py-_‘ - Ø - n-te¿s∏-´n-cp∂ Hcp {]kn≤ PqX-N{- I--h¿Øn. 55. {]mNo\ tIc-f-Øns‚ {][m\ Ib‰paXn Dev]-∂w. 56. \mhn-Isc tIcf Xoc-Ø-Sp-°m≥ klm-bn® Im‰v. 57. tIc-fh - p-am-bp≈ hmWn-Py-_‘ - s - Ø-°p-dn-s®-gp-Xnb {Ko°v Nn{X-Im-c≥. 58. saPo-cnb saUn-°-bpsS I¿Øm-hv. 59. L\-\-Øn¬ ssN\okv hym]mc _‘-Øn-\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ Fhn-sS-\n∂p In´n. 60. kwL-Im-eØv Ggn-a-e-bpsS Xe-ÿm\w GXm-bn-cp-∂p. 61. Ggn-a-e-bnse \µ≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏´ bp≤w. 62. ]mgn bp≤-Øn¬ h[n-°-s∏´ Bbv tbm≤m-hv. 63. \µ-t\-°p-dn®v [mcmfw ]mSn-bn-´p≈ Ihn. 64. hm\-h-c-k≥ F∂v _ncp-Z-ap≈ cmPm-hv. 65. DZn-b≥ tNc-ens‚ ka-Im-en-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tNmg-cm-Pm-hv. 66. IS¬ ]nd-tIm-´nb F∂ hnti-j-W-ap≈ tNc-cm-Pm-hv. 67. BSp-tIm-Sp]mSp-tNm-em-Xs - \-°p-dn®v ]Xn-‰p-]Ø - n-ep≈ ]m´p-Iƒ Bsc-gp-Xn. 68. Ccp-sºmssd imJ-bnse BZy tNc cmPm-hv. 69. BZn-tN-c-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Kplm-en-JnXw e`n® ÿe-ta-Xv. 70. BZn-tN-c-∑m-cpsS Xe-ÿm-\-amb h©n C∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv GXv t]cn¬. tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

71. kwL-Im-esØ P\-Iob k`. 72. kwL-Im-esØ {]nb-s∏´ ]m\o-bw. 73. Ipdn©n \ne-Øns‚ {]tXyI tZh≥ Bcv. 74. ]msse \ne-Ønse tZh-X-bpsS t]cv. 75. acpXw \ne-Ønse {][m\ D’-hw. 76. kwL-Im-eØv Kmb-I¿°v ]d-™n-cp∂ t]cv. 77. If-{`-Ønse {]K-¤\ - mb cmPm-hv. 78. Io¿Øn-h¿Ω≥ c≠m-as‚ imk\w tIc-f-Øn¬ Fhn-sS-bp-≠v. 79. ssP\-a-X-sØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ Hcp Xangv alm-Im-hyw. 80. IpW-hm-bn¬t°m´w BcpsS Bcm-[\ - m-eb - a - m-bn-cp-∂p. 81. tIc-f-Øn¬ G‰-hp-a-[nIw ssP\-cp≈ {]tZ-iw. 82. Xncp-®m-c-W-Øp-ae GXp aX-hp-ambn _‘-s∏--´n-cn-°p-∂p. 83. {ioaq-e-hm-k-tØ-°p-dn®v ]cm-a¿i-ap≈ Hcp kwkvIr-X-Im-hyw. 84. hn{I-am-ZnXy hc-Kp-Ws‚ imk-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ _p≤-hn-lm-cw. 85. _p≤-a-X-Øns‚ A]-N-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp {]l-k-\w. 86. ]p{X-®≥ F∂Xv B-cpsS hn{K-l-am-Wv. 87. Ipe-ti-J-cs‚ bYm¿∞ \ma-t[-bw. 88. Bbv cmPm-°-∑m¿ ÿm]n® Hcp hnZym-im-e. 89. a\p-Ip-em-Zn-Xy-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-°m≥ D]-I-cn® Ncn-{X-tc-J. 90. cma-h¿Ω Ipe-ti-J-c≥ cq]o-I-cn-®-Xmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ tk\m hn`m-Kw. 91. Im¥-fq¿ imsse Ie-a-dpØ tNmg cmPm-hv. 92. Ien-¶-Ø-®p-c-≠n-bn¬ {]iw-kn-°-s∏-Sp∂ cmPm-hv. 93. atlm-Z-b-]p-tc-izc NcnXw Fgp-Xnb Ihn. 94. B´-{]-Im-chpw {Ia-Zo-]n-Ibpw GXp-Ie - t- bmSv _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. 95. Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂ Hcp A`n-\b Ie.

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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kv°qƒ Hm^v UnÃ≥kv FPyp-t°-j≥

tIcf ]T\w ˛ {]mNo-\-˛-a-[y-Ime tIcfw

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