Cars, Trains, Ships, and Planes_ A Visual Encyclopedia of Every Vehicle ( PDFDrive ) Flipbook PDF

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This trademark is owned by the Smithsonian Institution and is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION Established in 1846, the Smithsonian Institution—the world’s largest museum and research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the National Zoological Park. The total number of artefacts, works of art, and specimens in the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated at 137 million, the bulk of which is contained in the National Museum of Natural History, which holds more than 126 million specimens and objects. The Smithsonian is a renowned research centre, dedicated to public education, national service, and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Clive Gifford is the winner of the Royal Society Young People’s Book Prize and the School Library Association Information Book Award. He has written more than 150 books including Wow! Science, Car Crazy, and Super Trucks.

s m i t h s o n i a n

A visual encyclopedia of every vehicle WRITTEN BY CLIVE GIFFORD

DK India Project Editor Sneha Sunder Benjamin Project Art Editor Vaibhav Rastogi Editor Medha Gupta Art Editor Rakesh Khundongbam Assistant Editor Isha Sharma Assistant Art Editors Anusri Saha, Riti Sodhi Jacket Designer Dhirendra Singh Jacket Managing Editor Saloni Singh DTP Designer Jaypal Chauhan Senior DTP Designers Harish Aggarwal, Neeraj Bhatia Picture Researcher Aditya Katyal Managing Editor Rohan Sinha Managing Art Editor Sudakshina Basu Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh Production Manager Pankaj Sharma

DK UK Senior Editor Francesca Baines Senior Art Editor Rachael Grady US Editor Allison Singer Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh Jacket Assistant Claire Gell Managing Editor Linda Esposito Managing Art Editor Philip Letsu Pre-production Controllers Nikoleta Parasaki, Gillian Reid Production Controller Srijana Gurung Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Art Director Karen Self Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf First American Edition, 2015 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Copyright © 2015 Dorling Kindersley Limited A Penguin Random House Company 15 16 17 18 19 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001–192634–September/2015 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4654-3805-8 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected] Printed in China

A WORLD OF IDEAS: SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW

www.dk.com

Foreword Transportation timelines Land Animal power Camel caravan Bicycle Pedal power Speed wheels Sprint finish Bike business Fun on wheels Extreme cycling Mountain bike madness Motorcycle Revving up Bikes in battle Scooting around Three-wheelers Road burners Burning rubber Jumps and flicks Off-roaders Fastest on two wheels Easy riders Car Pioneering cars Thrills and spills Early race cars Machines with style Fins and finery Faster and faster Fast and furious The ultimate test Fun in cars Crazy cars A spin across the waves Family cars Outdoor warriors

6 8 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86

Convertibles and sports cars Mini motors The Mopetta microcar Supercars Luxury rides Record breakers Dragster burnout Truck Tons of trucks Special task trucks Shuttle crawler Bus stop Tractor Total tractor

88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 106 108 110 112 114

On the farm Monster leap Construction and mining Tanks and tracks Steam train Early steam Mainstream steam Flying Scotsman Diesel train

116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132

Dawn of diesel Mainstream diesel Rail workhorses Going electric High-speed electric trains Bullet train Urban railroads Streetcars and trolleybuses Hold on tight!

Water Taking to the water World of watercraft Over the top

152 154 156 158

Sailing ship Sail power Trade and exploration War at sea Riding the wind Steamship Steam meets steel Working ships Passenger carriers

160 162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176

City on the sea World War ships Aircraft carriers Modern warships Submarine Dive, dive, dive Need for speed Fun and games A flying success

Air Airplane Taking to the skies First planes The girl of nerve Fighter planes Strike force Racers and record-breakers Jet fighters Super speed Seaplanes Light aircraft Plane spotting Coming in low Straight up and supersonic

Glossary Index Acknowledgments

134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150

178 180 182 184 186 188 190 192 194

196 198 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218 220 222 224

Eyes in the sky Helicopter Whirlybirds Working choppers Air support

226 228 230 232 234

Spacecraft Launch vehicles Space probes Out of this world Liftoff!

236 238 240 242 244

246 250 255

6.140

Peel P50

New Holland T

KTM 350 SX-F

Foreword Welcome to the world of fast cars and even faster planes, of mighty ships, awesome motorcycles, and heavy hauling trucks and trains. All these and many more machines that move people, goods, and materials can be found in this big book of transportation. I have had a fascination with transportation for as long as I can remember. My father flew gliders and worked for an early airline company that offered many people their first taste of air travel. I remember him taking me to an air show when I was eleven to see an array of amazing

DHR Class B

aircraft—from massive jet bombers to nimble aerobatic biplanes. I found them astonishing, just as I did the giant trucks and two Ferrari supercars in the air show’s parking lot. I was hooked and have remained excited by all forms of transportation ever since. This book is packed with vehicles, craft, and vessels that have enabled people to travel farther, faster, and with greater ease—from the slickest street bike to the most powerful diesel train. Many have played their part in changing people’s lives, and how and where they work and live. Before the development of modern cars, trains, ships, and planes, few people traveled outside

De D ion-Bouton Type O

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Bücker Bü133C Jungmeister

of their own neighborhood and even fewer traveled long distances overseas. Today, coastto-coast journeys that once took weeks take hours, while you can cross the planet in less than a day on a giant jet airliner. Shipping now connects all parts of the globe, enabling you to buy food grown on the other side of the world and many other goods, too. Advances in transportation have helped people explore and settle new lands, make exciting discoveries about our world, and even blast off, leaving the planet altogether to explore the marvels of space. Clive Gifford

Throughout this book you will find scale boxes that show the sizes of types of transportation compared to either a child or a school bus.

Child = 4 ft 9 in (1.45 m) tall

School bus = 36 ft (11 m) long

Unicycle Sea-Doo® Spar

k™ John Deere 650K XLT

On the road The first automobile was a steam-powered cart that set off in 1769 at a top speed of 2.5 mph (4 km/h). Over the years, many clever inventions have helped shape modern motor vehicles. Today, more than one billion travel along the world’s roads.

1769 French inventor Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot builds the first working automobile.

1868 The first traffic lights are installed in London. Not long afterward, they explode!

1927 The Napier-Campbell Blue Bird sets a land-speed record of 195 mph (314 km/h).

1885

1876 German engineer Nikolaus Otto builds the first internal combustion engine.

The Benz Motorwagen, the first wheeled vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, takes to the road.

1850

Blue Bird

1900 1894 1880

1871

Several inventors develop so-called “safety bicycles” driven by a pedal and chain mechanism.

In Germany, Hildebrand and Wolfmüller build the Motorrad, the first production motorcycle.

1908 The Ford Model T goes on sale in the USA. It becomes the first car to be mass-produced on an assembly line.

The High Wheeler, the first bicycle with big front wheels to boost speed, is designed.

1916 The first fully working armored tank, the Mark 1, goes into battle in France in World War I. 8

Ford Model T

2013 British company FlashPark invents a talking parking ticket.

1979 Bigfoot, the first monster truck, is developed in the USA by Bob Chandler for off-road adventures.

1938 The Volkswagen Type 1, or Beetle, rolls off the production line in Germany. Over the years, a further 21.5 million are built.

1997 Thrust SSC sets a world land-speed record of 763 mph (1,228 km/h), faster than the speed of sound.

1950

1980

The world’s first Formula 1 World Championship is won by Italy’s Giuseppe Farina in an Alfa Romeo 159.

The world’s longest recorded traffic jam of 105 miles (170 km) blocks roads in France.

1950

2000 1981

1946 In Italy, Vespa produces its first scooter, sparking a fashion craze from the 1950s onward.

Stumpjumper, the first massproduced mountain bicycle, goes on sale in the USA.

2005 A Bugatti Veyron sets the record for the world’s fastest production car, clocking 253 mph (407 km/h).

1940 The Jeep is first introduced as a general purpose light truck.

Jeep Bugatti Veyron 1949 Sierra Sam becomes the first fully formed crash test dummy, used to test the safety features of cars.

9

Along the tracks Steam locomotives were known as “iron horses” when they started a transportation revolution in the early 1800s, speeding up the movement of people and goods all over the world. Today, diesel and electric locomotives have taken over from steam. 1829

1830 The first intercity steam passenger service, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, begins.

The first modern steam locomotive, the Rocket, built by Robert Stephenson, sets new speed records.

1881 The first electric streetcar service begins in Germany.

1770 Scottish inventor James Watt invents the compound steam engine, versions of which will power early locomotives.

1869 The first Transcontinental Railroad across the USA is completed—a total of 1,907 miles (3,069 km) of tracks.

1800

1850

1804

1900

1863

The Pen-y-Darren locomotive is built by British inventor Richard Trevithick, for work in mines.

1914

The first underground city railroad, the Metropolitan Line, opens in London.

P

1906

e

yn-

Dar r

en loco

mo

t iv

e

10

1913 Grand Central Terminal opens in New York. The station has the most number of tracks— 67 in all.

The Simplon Tunnel, connecting Italy and Switzerland under the Alps, opens. It is the world’s longest railroad tunnel.

Throughout World War I, railroads prove invaluable for moving troops and supplies.

1984 Golden E xpr ess a gl e Tr a n s - S i b e r i a n E

The world’s first bullet train, Shinkansen, connects Tokyo to other cities of Japan.

1916 The world’s longest railroad line, the Trans-Siberian Railway across Russia, is completed. It runs for 5,772 miles (9,289 km).

1937

1964

In the UK, the first commercial maglev transportation system opens, connecting Birmingham International Airport and nearby terminals.

2012

1960

German inventor Hermann Kemper develops magnetic levitation (maglev) as a force for moving trains.

French Railways introduce the world’s first 125 mph (200 km/h) service— the Le Capitole.

1994 The high-speed Channel Tunnel Eurostar service begins from London to Paris.

1950

1955 Initial trials of the English Electric Deltic—the most powerful diesel locomotive in the world—take place.

Tokyo metro carries 3.29 billion passengers in a year, making it the busiest metro system in the world.

2000

1975 In the UK, the Inter-City HST becomes the fastest dieselpowered train in the world.

2007 An experimental French TGV sets the world record for the fastest electric train, with a speed of 357 mph (574 km/h).

2015 First passenger-carrying test run of Japan’s new maglev train system. Trains reach speeds of 373 mph (600 km/h).

1938 The Mallard sets the world record for the fastest-ever steam locomotive, at a speed of more than 125 mph (200 km/h).

1988 The world’s longest underwater railroad tunnel, the Seikan Tunnel, 33.5 miles (53.9 km) long, is built to connect two Japanese islands.

11

Across the water Humans have been traveling by water for so long that it is impossible to know exactly when the first boats were built. Some have changed little over the centuries, but today there are also hi-tech speedboats, mighty tankers, and giant cruise liners on the waters of the world.

Sa

a nt

M

ar

1768 Captain James Cook sets off from England to explore the South Pacific. His voyage takes three years and covers more than 30,000 miles (48,000 km).

ia

1492 Explorer Christopher Columbus sails west from Spain in the Santa Maria. He crosses the Atlantic Ocean and lands in the Bahamas.

1500

The first recorded yacht race takes place, between the English King Charles II and his brother James, on the Thames River in London.

1700

1600 1510

The English ship Mary Rose is one of the first to be built with gunports, holes for cannons to fire through.

1519

12

1661

Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan sets out with a fleet of five ships. Just one would make it back in 1522, having completed the first voyage around the world.

1620 The Mayflower leaves Plymouth, England, taking 102 pilgrims to settle in the New World (America).

1716

M

ay

f lo

we r

y 1700s, In the earl of the the waters were at Caribbean as pirates dangerous, their most asure ships. Spanish tre d re e d n lu p

Wat er s 1922 k by 1 iing wa 8 s in y Sam e uels ar-old vented R o pull ed a n whe alph n he cros in M s La was i on t nnesot ke Pepi a wo n woo , USA, den skis .

2014 The CSCL Globe container ship goes into service. At 1,311 ft (400 m) long, it is the longest container ship in the world.

Tû r

ano

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lan

et

So

la r

D

a re

dn

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t

2012 Tûranor PlanetSolar, the largest solarpowered boat in the world, completes its trip around the globe.

1906 1819 SS Savannah becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean.

The Dreadnought is launched by the English king, George V. At the time, it was the most powerful battleship in the world.

1800

1977 NS Arktika, a nuclearpowered icebreaker, becomes the first surface ship to reach the North Pole.

The Panama Canal, linking the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean, opens. Ships no longer have to take the long and dangerous route around South America.

1900

1775

2000 2009

1912

In the USA, the world’s first combat submarine, the Turtle, is designed.

1822 French scientist Augustin Fresnel designs a lens that makes the beam of a lighthouse five times more powerful.

Turtle

1914

On her maiden voyage, the RMS Titanic sinks after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic.

MS Allure of the Seas— the biggest passenger cruise liner ever built, launches.

1954 The world’s first nuclearpowered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched. In 1958, it crossed the North Pole underwater.

USS Nautilus

13

Up in the air Powered flight took off in 1903 when American brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright attached an engine to a glider and traveled through air for 12 seconds. This short flight blazed the trail for supersonic jets, giant airliners, and even spacecraft.

1913 Russian Pyotr Nesterov becomes the first pilot to fly a loop-the-loop.

1785 Frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries fly across the English Channel in a balloon.

1783 In Paris, France, the Montgolfier brothers’ hot-air balloon makes the world’s first manned flight, lasting 25 minutes.

1903

1900 The first rigid airship, the Zeppelin LZ1, makes its maiden voyage in Germany.

1850

The Wright brothers’ first powered flying machine, the Wright Flyer, takes off in the USA.

1900 1907 1896

1891

1852

14

Li l

Frenchman Jules Henri Giffard’s steam-powered airship makes its first flight, proving controlled flight is possible.

German “Flying man” Otto Lilienthal makes the first of more than 2,000 flights in a series of fixed-wing gliders.

ie

nth

American inventor Samuel Pierpont Langley flies his steam-powered model aircraft, the Aerodrome.

al’s Nor m a l A p p a r at u s

The first flight of a rotary-wing aircraft, forerunner of the helicopter, is piloted by French engineer Paul Cornu.

1930 A nurse by profession, Ellen Church becomes the first flight attendant.

Spa ttle ce Shu

Colum bi

a

1969 In the UK, the Hawker Siddeley Harrier becomes the first vertical-take-offand-landing (VTOL) military jet in service.

1969 1938

The US Apollo 11 spacecraft takes off for the moon. Two of its astronauts become the first humans to walk on the lunar surface.

The American Boeing 307 Stratoliner, the first airliner with a pressurized cabin, helps make flying a pleasant experience for passengers.

1981 Space Shuttle Columbia lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, for its first space mission. The Space Shuttle program continues until 2011.

1950

2000

1952 In the UK, the first commercial jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, enters service.

1927 American Charles Lindbergh makes the first nonstop flight across North Atlantic in his Ryan NYP Spirit of St Louis, a distance of more than 3,600 miles (5,800 km).

1961 Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space. He orbits the Earth for 108 minutes onboard his Vostok 1 spacecraft.

1976 The UK/French supersonic airliner the Concorde enters passenger service.

1949 A B-50 Superfo

rtress mak es the first nonstop f light aroun d the world. d in midair fo ur times! It is refuele

2014 After a 10-year journey, the European Space Agency spacecraft Rosetta reaches a comet and lands a probe on its surface.

15

LAND

Animal power Land

Handler, called musher, gives commands to dogs

Hu sk y

sle dA

riot C h a 200 BCE

Ro m

Roman chariots pulled by four horses could race at speeds of 30 mph (50 km/h).

e

Leather harness

rc

tic

Wooden, spoked wheel

ion

Canvas cover stretched over iron hoops to provide protection against weather

18

L i ve r p

ool g ig

UK 1

800s

Chuc

k wagon

Straight backrest

66

Reins are attached to the harness at the mouth

USA

re g

Conestoga wagon USA 18th and 19th century

Distinctive glass lanterns

The Glass Coach is used for the weddings of the British royal family.

The Glass Coach UK 1881

18

For thousands of years, people have harnessed the power of large animals to transport them and their goods. Oxen, dogs, horses, mules, and reindeer have all been used to pull sleds or haul wagons and, in some parts of the world, still do.

As early as 3000 BCE, animals were used to pull the first chariots into battle in the Middle East and Asia. Later, the Romans turned chariot racing into a sport, using lightweight designs in which the driver rode from a small platform over the wheel axle. Wagons got bigger when pioneers set

Coachman’s seat

Arched hood can be raised or lowered

Rubber tires

Square landau

Animal power

eton er pha S p i d UK c.1890

“Rumble” seat for servant or groom

UK c.1890 Lead dogs find the trail and set the pace Enclosed cab for passengers

Railway horse bus UK c.1900

Iron hoop forms frame for a canvas cover Chuck box—a set of drawers for storing goods

Flag with red cross indicates wagon was a medical vehicle

Wooden wheels with iron rims

off across North America in the 18th and 19th centuries. The four-wheeled, covered Conestoga wagon could carry five tons of food, tools, and belongings, and was usually pulled by oxen. Not long after, fully working kitchens on wheels, called chuck wagons, could be seen following cowboys

Ambulance wagon World War I 1914–18

as they herded cattle across the country. In the towns, small, lightweight carriages such as the Liverpool gig or the Spider phaeton carried up to two people on short journeys, while bigger carriages, such as the Square landau could transport four people in greater comfort.

19

CAMEL CARAVAN 

Out of the way, there’s a convoy coming through! It’s made up of camels carrying salt—Ethiopia’s white gold, mined from the Danakil Depression. Highly prized, both to flavor food and preserve it, salt is levered out of the giant salt flats at Danakil in slabs. These slabs are then cut into blocks and lashed onto the backs of the camels, the ultimate desert pack animal.

Caravans (convoys) of pack animals—from camels, horses, and mules, to yaks, llamas, and even elephants—have been used throughout history to transport food, materials, and goods for trade. Camels are famed for their ability to withstand heat and a lack of water, making them perfect for cargo-carrying trips across hot deserts. This route across

Ethiopia, from Danakil to the trading center of Mekele, involves a 60-mile (100-km) trek across one of the hottest places on Earth, with temperatures soaring past 122°F (50°C). Salt caravans have crossed the Sahara for more than 2,000 years. In the past, thousands of animals made up the camel trains, but today 20 to 30 are more common.

Land

Bicycle Bicycles are a fun and efficient way of getting around. A cyclist can travel around four to five times faster than a walker, using the same amount of energy. Although designs vary, most bicycles share common key parts. A chain, powered by a chainwheel and driven by pedals and cranks, transmits power to the rear wheel, which turns and drives the bicycle forward. Wheel and tire ❯ These

Saddle ❯ The bicycle’s seat can be solid or padded for comfort. It is attached to a seat post, which slides into the frame’s seat tube.

Seat post

Seat tube

Rear brake cable Rear brake

support the weight of the bicycle and the rider. Different tires have different patterns on their outer surface known as tread. This bicycle has smooth tread tires for road racing. An off-road bicycle will have chunkier tread to provide better grip.

Gear cable

Rear derailleur ❯ The derailleur gear moves the chain to different gear cogs.

Spokes ❯ Thin and

22

strong, spokes connect the wheel’s rim to its center, or hub. They allow wheels to be built that are strong but light in weight, and they let air through when the wheel faces the wind.

Chainwheel Chain

Bottom bracket

Handlebars ❯ These act as a lever

Frame ❯ This is the skeleton Stem

Bicycle

of the bicycle, to which all the other parts are attached. The frame is usually formed out of hollow tubes of steel for cheaper bikes, or aluminum combined with other metals (alloy), titanium, or carbon fiber for higher performance models.

for the rider to grip and turn the front wheel when steering. They also hold the gear controls, bicycle computers, and brake levers. This racing bicycle has dropped handlebars for a low, tucked-in riding position.

Brake lever

Cable guides Water bottle held in cage

Fork

Ca

nn

on

da

le

ra c

in

g bi

ke

Spider

Pedal Crank ❯ The crank is a shaft connecting the pedal to the toothed chainwheel through a series of arms called a spider. The spider and chainwheels turn on the bottom bracket axle.

23

Similar-sized front and rear wheels Handlebar on iron stem

Padded armrest

lo Ve

cipede

UK

18

3

9

Land

Pedal power Dandy Horse Draisienne Germany 1817 Leather saddle

Wooden crossbar

Long shaft connects pedal to rear wheel Saddle on single metal spring

ler gh

Spoon brake presses directly on solid rubber tire to slow bicycle down

wh

ee

Solid iron handlebar stem

Hi

ede Velocip x u a e 1869 ich aker Franc M esh n bo

UK

18

71

Wooden wheel

HIGH WHEELER

24

Considering the wheel has been around for more than 5,000 years, it is amazing to think that it was only 200 years ago people finally got the idea to place two wheels on a frame and create pedalpowered personal transportation.

The German Baron Karl Von Drais invented the Dandy Horse in 1817, which had a saddle and handlebars but was powered by a rider paddling his feet along the ground. It led to other humanpowered machines, including the Michaux Velocipede, which had pedals fitted directly

ng

y

bi c yc

888

UK 188

UK 1

le 5

Straight front forks

Chain links pedals and rear wheel

In 1885, the Rover bicycle won a 100 mile (160 km) race in the UK in 7 hours, 5 minutes.

Sw bi cy ift cl

Solid rubber tire, replaced by pneumatic (air-filled) tires from 1888

f et y sa UK 1887 e

Large front wheel up to 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter

Pedal power

r i c yc l e er t

R ove r s afe t

High wheeler front wheel acts as a rear wheel

Si

Curved steel tubes form a diamond shape

Simple mudguard covered the small rear wheel

Curved front forks

Facile dwarf safety bicycle

Singer safety

UK 1888

UK 1888

Saddle made of 131 ft (40 m) of woven cord weighs 31⁄2 oz (100 g)

In 1884, Thomas Stevens crossed the USA on a high wheeler.

Dursley Pedersen bicycle

to the front wheel. The experience of its iron “tires” on cobbled streets earned it the nickname boneshaker. High wheelers, or Penny Farthings, in the UK, France, and the USA had no chains or gears, but had bigger front wheels to boost speed. It perched the rider high above the ground,

UK 1898–99

resulting in many falls. Alternatives were sought, including pairing two high wheeler front wheels to form the rear wheels of the Singer tricycle, and using a chain-driven rear wheel, as in the Rover safety bicycle. This design ushered in the modern bicycle with wheels of similar size.

25

Land

Speed wheels Rear wheel with spokes and carbon fiber rim

Dedacciai Str a da A ssoluto

Seat post

I t a ly

201

1

Isaac Force Dropped handlebars

Germany 2005 Tires inflated with helium gas to save 3⁄8–9⁄16 oz (10–15 g) per tire

Molded carbon fiber frame

This revolutionary track bicycle weighed just

20 lb (9 kg). Women’s bicycles often have narrower handlebars

Single, fixed gear

Marin Ravenna A6WFG

USA 2012

If you have a need for speed, then a racing bicycle is for you. Designed for fast riding on smooth surfaces, racing bicycles are light in weight with a high seat and low, dropped handlebars. 26

Not all racing bicycles are used for racing. Many are used by cyclists to commute rapidly to work or for a workout. Frames are designed for both men and women; the Ravenna A6WFG is a women’s racing bicycle designed for endurance riding. Competition racing bikes are designed with super-

Narrow aero bars help bicycle and rider cut through air

Frame extends all the way to the saddle

Rossin Time Trial p

K 1992

This bicycle broke the 400 m world record in the 1992 Olympic games.

Three-spoke carbon fiber wheel

Gull-wing handlebars

Windche

eta

hC

Speed wheels

Lotus

Ty

Italy 1983

08 U e1

Long tri-bars to rest arms on

ar

bo

Brake and gear cables hidden inside frame to improve aerodynamics

n

Ca

nt ile

Cervelo P5

ve r

Canada 2012

UK 198

Pannier bags for storage

6 Third bottle fitted underneath down tube

lightweight frames of aluminum or titanium alloys, or carbon fiber. The Assoluto’s carbon fiber frame weighs just 2 lb 6 oz (1.1 kg), a little more than a baseball bat. Solid disk rear wheels are used on track racers, in time trials, and on triathlete’s bikes such as the Cervelo P5, because they are more

Cannondale ST1000

USA 1988

aerodynamic (cut through air more easily) than wheels with spokes. Solid-bodied track racers, such as the Windcheetah Carbon Cantilever, appeared in the 1980s with a solid carbon fiber body. They were tested in wind tunnels to ensure they were as aerodynamic as possible.

27

SPRINT FINISH 

You can feel the pain just watching these sprinters pump the pedals at the end of another grueling stage of the world’s most famous bike race, the Tour de France. This stage—the tenth of the 2011 Tour—started 98 miles (158 km) back. In a photo finish, André Greipel of Germany (right) crossed the line a fraction ahead of Mark Cavendish of the UK (left). Both are given the time of 3 hours, 31 minutes, and 21 seconds.

The Tour de France takes place over three weeks every summer. It covers more than 2,175 miles (3,500 km), broken up into 21 stages. Each year, the route across France changes, sometimes entering other European countries, but it always challenges riders over all sorts of terrain, with stages on the flat, in the hills, and in the mountains. Around 20 teams take

part, each with nine riders. The cyclists’ times for each day are added together and the rider with the overall lowest time gets to wear the prized maillot jaune (yellow jersey). But there are also prizes for the fastest sprinter (green jersey), the fastest climber (red polka dot jersey), the fastest rider under 25 (white jersey), and for the fastest team.

Bike business Pannier bag contains emergency medical equipment

Pa

Land

Wicker basket holds up to 55 lb (25 kg) of goods

l sh

ey

lib De

i ke

Res

p o n se b i c ycle

UK 2000

UK 1948

Butterfly screw can be loosened to fold frame in half

Folding stand supports the bicycle when parked Flashing side lights on rack bag

B SA Ai r b

o

rn eU K 1943

Police mountain bicycle Tool bag hung from top tube of frame

Germany 2000s

Folded-up bicycle is less than 23 in (57 cm) in height and 22 in (55 cm) in length

There are more than

1,200 parts in a Brompton Folding Bicycle.

Brompton Folding Bicycle

30

Cycling may be lots of fun, but many people ride their bicycles to and from work, or use them in order to do their jobs. Bicycles offer a cheap, quick, and convenient way to get around, and to transport people and deliver goods.

UK 1981–83

In both crowded towns and cities, and isolated countryside areas, police mountain bicycles allow officers to get to a crime scene quickly. Response bicycles, with their pannier bags filled with lifesaving medical equipment, can get through traffic or crowds to reach a patient where

Container for letters and small packages

Hooded canopy provides shade

Penan

Netherlands 2014

g

Tr

Bike business

DHL Parcycle

ish aw Mala ys i

a

19

80

Seat for up to two passengers

Canopy keeps ice cream shaded from Sun

s

Height and angle of the saddle can be adjusted for maximum comfort

Brake and gear cabling hang loose, so the bike can be folded

Tric ycle ic ec re

Cart handle acts as bicycle’s handlebars

am

ca

rt

India 1980s

Small wire basket to carry shopping

y

c le

China 2000s

Public b

ic

Luggage rack can hold large bag

Small, 16-in (40.6-cm) wheel

larger vehicles cannot go. The BSA Airborne was used by British troops during World War II— its frame folded in half when two butterfly screws were loosened. Folding bicycles, such as the Brompton Folding Bicycle, continue to be used by thousands of commuters. Delivery

bicycles are equipped with baskets or carriers to carry cargo. The DHL Parcycle fits a giant container onto a bike to carry packages. Bicycles can also be modified, and their frames attached to carts or carriages, such as the ice cream cart and the pedal-powered Penang Trishaw taxi.

31

Padded seat supports back

ar

Fran c

e 193

K

3

19

81

M

Land

Velo c

dche W in I Sp etah eed SL kV yU ar

Fun on wheels Un

icy

Backrest includes lockable trunk and rear lights

c le

Riders experience

Ki

UK 1

990s

1800s

n g c yc l e

nce Fra

“rubber legs” when they try a new style of bike and use new muscles.

Dropped handlebars with brakes for the rider at the back

Santana Triplet

32

If you think all bicycles feature just one rider sitting upright, supported by two wheels, think again! Many variations on the bicycle’s basic design have been attempted for greater speed, more comfort, or just for fun.

USA 2000s

A unicycle has a single wheel, turned by pedals, and demands great balance from the rider to stay on. Three-wheelers are easier to ride, and some, such as the Pashley Tri.1, even offer a platform to carry large loads. Tandem bicycles, such as the Dawes Galaxy Twin, have two riders pedaling,

Kin

Joystick

Brakes on front wheel

gcy

cle

Be an

Body shell and bicycle weigh 82 lb (37.2 kg)

UK

er

5 Hinged windshield acts as a door

Tw

e

itz Sw

199

Fun on wheels

ik

1984

This slick bicycle has joysticks instead of

d lan

handlebars

Electric motor, plus pedal power, gives top speed of 15 mph (24 km/h)

for steering.

Handlebars gripped under rider’s knees Twin seats

Sinclair C5

UK 1985

Platform to carry loads

Pas h

le

y

Tr i

Luggage rack

.1 UK 201

Hinged frame folds up for storage

3

D aw e s G a l a x y T w i n

UK 200

8

Timing chain links two sets of pedals and chainwheels

but only the front rider steers. The Santana Triplet has seats for three riders, with a long chain linking each rider’s chainwheel to ensure smooth pedaling. In recumbent bicycles, riders sit or lie down with their legs out in front; the bicycle is low and can slip through air at high speed.

The Windcheetah Speedy was cycled the length of the UK in just 41 hours, 4 minutes, 22 seconds. Some recumbents fit a body shell around the rider to let air flow past more smoothly. In 1990, the Kingcycle Bean set a world speed record of 47 mph (76 km/h) over one hour.

33

Land

Extreme cycling Trek 8900 Pro

USA 1990

Gear changer on the handlebar helps select between the bicycle’s 15 gears

Suspension allows front forks to telescope down into lower tubes when hitting bumps

Single gear cog on rear wheel

d

hK oo

SA 1991

Chance Yo-E

U dy

t Fa

Some mountain bicycles have up to 30 gears to speed over different conditions.

00s

R aleig

2ft-6in- (6.4-cm-) wide tire for great grip in sand, dirt, and mud

Frame made of carbon fiber tubes fitted to aluminum joints

x

20

lM

USA 1981

a

Specialized Stumpjumper

UK

Shock absorber cushions bumps

Tr e k 6 00 0 A1 US 9 91

Toe straps secure rider’s feet on pedals

34

While ordinary bicycles can be ridden off-road, their smooth tires and slender frames are not suitable for rough stuff. When bikers in the USA began redesigning bicycles for better off-road performances in the 1970s, mountain biking was born!

Hydraulic (fluidoperated) disk brakes

Stumpjumper FSR Pro

USA 2004

The first mountain bicycle made on a large scale was the Specialized Stumpjumper. Only 500 were initially produced, but they started a revolution. Soon, many manufacturers came up with their own designs. The Trek 6000 had a lightweight, all-aluminum frame, while the Trek

Rubber grips on handlebar

Derailleur gear system has 20 different gears for rider to select from

Front forks have suspension that can slide as much as 3.8 in (99 mm) to cushion bumps

Cushioned saddle with plastic covering

Large frame

Marin Nail Trail USA 2014

Rigid forks

Chain guard stops clothing from snagging on chain

Reflector fitted to wheel spokes

Saddle set low so that rider’s weight is over rear wheel

Foot peg for stepping on when performing tricks

MBM Instinct BMX stunt bicycle Italy 2000s

8900 Pro’s frame was made of carbon fiber to keep its weight down. Many mountain bikes are fitted with suspension systems. Hardtail bicycles (with rigid frames), such as the Marin Nail Trail, have front forks that lessen the impact of bumps and landings. In contrast, full-suspension bicycles,

Haro Freestyler BMX racing bike USA 2012

such as the Stumpjumper FSR Pro, have shock absorbers for both wheels. BMX bikes are strong, small-wheeled bicycles, some of which are raced over dirt tracks. Freestyle (stunt riding) BMX bikes such as the MBM Instinct, are built for doing tricks and out-of-the-saddle moves.

35

MOUNTAIN BIKE MADNESS 

MTB freerider Louis Reboul launches his mountain bike off a giant 52-ft- (16-m-) high ramp during the Red Bull Rampage 2014. He twists the bike and his riding position in midair to pull off a perfectly judged landing. One mistake and the result could be disastrous, with a huge drop onto the hard, unforgiving sandstone below.

Mountain bike (MTB) freeriding involves riders pulling moves and tricks as they take on a challenging run, full of dramatic natural features and, sometimes, man-made obstacles such as large ramps. Competitors ride bikes with full suspension on both wheels to allow for heavy impacts on landing, and their runs are judged for speed, control, and the execution

and complexity of their tricks. These can involve full 360° spins, backflips, and no-hands riding. Held on the edge of Zion National Park in Utah, the Red Bull Rampage is an annual invite-only tournament for some of the hottest freeriders in the world. Each gets to pick their own route along the almost-vertical drops of ridges and cliffs.

Land

Motorcycle Bikes were first fitted with engines in the 19th century and have never looked back! Today, millions enjoy the fast, convenient travel and the freedom of the open road or trail that motorcycles provide. This Yamaha XJR 1300 is called a “naked” bike, because its engine is not hidden behind body panels. With a top speed of 130 mph (210 km/h), it is faster than many cars. Rear seat ❯ Big motorcycles have a seat long enough for a passenger, who can grip the handle behind the seat.

Ya m

ah

aX

Chassis ❯ The frame to which other parts of the motorcycle are attached, the chassis helps keep the wheels in line for good handling. It is usually made of steel or a combination of metals (alloy).

JR 1 300

Indicator light

Shock absorber ❯ A coil-spring and oil-filled cylinder cushion the bike and rider over bumps in the road.

Rear wheel ❯

38

This is driven by power from the engine through a shaft or belt, or on this motorcycle, a metal chain similar to a bicycle chain.

Exhaust pipe ❯ The exhaust pipe channels waste gases from the engine out behind the bike.

Side mirrors ❯

Throttle ❯ Controlled by twisting the

Mounted on the handlebars, these allow the rider to see what’s going on behind the bike.

right handlebar, the throttle controls the flow of gas and air mixture into the cylinders in the engine. More air means more power and a higher speed.

Motorcycle

Windshield

Fuel tank ❯ The tank holds the gas and pumps it to the engine.

Headlight ❯ Powered by the motorcycle’s alternator, this lights up the road ahead.

Front wheel ❯ Fitted

Front forks

with an air-filled tire, this wheel is steered by the handlebars.

Brake disk

Engine ❯ Fueled by gasoline, the engine generates power, which is transmitted to the rear wheel. This engine generates around 107 horsepower, as much as a hatchback car.

39

Land

Handlebars for steering

Saddle caught fire on its first journey because it was directly above the hot ignition tube

Metal-rimmed wooden wheel

P M i c h a ux- F e ve l o c i p e d

Revving up

er

ra n

ce

rea 186

ux

7–71

This steam-powered motorcycle weighing 195 lb (88 kg) had no

brakes!

Da

im ler

Reitwagen Ger m an y

18 8

5

olfm1ü8l9ler W 4 any & erm

Hild e M o b ra to r ra

nd d G

Mudguard was also the motorcycle’s water tank

40

The first powered motorcycles used a small steam engine to drive the rear wheel, but motorcycles made a great leap forward once internal combustion engines were built small enough to attach to a bicycle-styled frame.

Cyklon

Germany 1901

With its 0.5 horsepower engine, the Daimler Reitwagen is considered to be the first “real” motorcycle, even though it was crafted out of wood. It proved to be an uncomfortable ride due to its wooden wheels and lack of suspension. The faster Motorrad and the first widely made

03

Pedal to start the engine

Pedaling backward activated the brakes

Brass tank held gas and oil

FN Fo ur Be

lgiu

Pope M

le USA 1904

Revving up

K lement Sl in Czech Repub avia lic ur l B 19 de

M La o

n

g Sin

Ind

ia

Sprung bicycle saddle

de

m 1911

o lL USA 1911

Engine gives top speed of 40 mph (64 km/h), a record at the time

Three speed gears when many motorcycles had one

W

ilk

in

Comfortable padded leather seat

n so

T MC

UK

191

2

Carl Clancy rode

17,895 miles (28,800 km) around the world on a Henderson Four in 1912. Engine is water-cooled like many cars Motorcycle gives top speed of 60 mph (97 km/h), making it a hit with police forces

Long handlebars extend back toward the seat

Henderson Four USA 1912

motorcycle, with around 2,000 built. Some early motorcycles had their engines mounted in strange places. The Cyklon’s engine sat in front of the rider; it drove the front wheel around. The Indian Single’s engine was so low, riding over a bump could knock it. Over time, engines were built with

Early record breaker—reached 71 mph (115 km/h)

Norton Old Miracle

UK 1912

more than one cylinder. The Pope Model L had two cylinders and cost as much as a Ford Model T car. The FN Four was one of the first motorcycles with four cylinders. The four-cylinder Wilkinson TMC was designed for long-distance touring with a padded leather seat, but it had no front brake.

41

Land

Bikes in battle Rikuo Type 97

Japan 1933

Sidecar wheel powered by the motorcycle’s 745 cc engine

Headlight hood to mask the Sun’s glare, which could give away the bike’s position

Zu

nd

ap

p

KS

75

0 Ge

r many

1940 Sidecar

Twin fuel tanks hold 5 gal (19 liters) of gas

ur

40

K1

8-in (20-cm) drum brake

9

Germany 1940

Nor ton B ig Sidecar U Fo

BMW R12

Steel frame for heavy panniers that could hold ammunition

Indian 841

42

USA 1941

As motorcycles became faster, sturdier, and more reliable, they were adopted by armed forces in their thousands. World War II saw heavy motorcycle use, as scouts, in convoys, and as couriers, transporting messages and people.

Many World War II motorcycles were adapted civilian models. More than 70,000 HarleyDavidson WLAs were made for the American forces, while 126,000 BSA M20s were built by the UK and its allies—making it the most produced motorcycle of the war. A prewar Harley-Davidson

Motorcycle could carry three soldiers and their weapons at speeds up to 59 mph (95 km/h)

Cannister, with the bike fitted inside, is just 13 in (33 cm) in diameter

Parachute

BSA M20

UK 194

Bikes in battle

Welbike

UK 1942

2

A

Welbike could be put together in just

11 seconds.

19

42

Rear-wheel canvas panniers

Holster to hold rifle or machine gun

UK

H

ar

Metal sheet “bash plate” to protect engine

ley-

n

WL

A

USA 19

42

y Nor ton 16H Deser t Dut

David

so

The just 130-lb (60-kg) motorcycle could be dropped by parachute or carried by a glider

Small engine used 0.26 gal (1 liter) of gas per 33 miles (53 km)

Royal Enfield WD/RE125 Flying Flea

built in Japan, the Rikuo Type 97 served Japanese forces during wartime. Its sidecar was engine-powered, improving travel over rough ground, a feature also found in the sidecar of the Norton Big Four, used as a scout by British soldiers. The 930-lb (420-kg) Zundapp KS750

UK 1948

was one of the biggest World War II sidecars. In contrast, the 71-lb (32-kg) Welbike could be folded inside a cannister, dropped from a plane, and parachuted to the ground. Another lightweight, the Flying Flea was used to carry messages when radio contact was impossible.

43

Lockable glove box

Steering column folds down when not in use Enclosed 202 cc engine mounted under the seat

Au

to

pe

d

US A

19

15

Land

Scooting around Cushman Auto-glide USA 1938 155 cc engine directly over the front wheel Large windshield Rear wheel is 10 in (25 cm) in diameter

Lambr etta LD150

I t a ly 1

Exhaust pipe

957

Padded bench saddle seats two

Vespa Rally 250 Italy 1976

Saddle that can seat two people

More than

60 million Super Cubs have been built—the most produced motor vehicle ever.

Honda Super Cub C100 Japan 1958

44

Scooters are small motorcycles with a stepthrough design and the driver’s seat above an enclosed engine. The term mopeds once meant motorized bikes that had to be pedaled to start, but now it applies to small scooters with 50 cc or lesser power engines.

Air vents help cool engine, which can propel scooter to speeds up to 70 mph (113 km/h)

The Autoped was one of the first scooters; its engine drove the front wheel using gears. The VéloSoleX 45, an early moped, had an engine that powered a ceramic roller that gripped the top of the front wheel to turn it. Lightweight and fuel-efficient, scooters and mopeds such as the

W

This scooter can go from

C

H

BM

da on

25 PCX 1

Japan

2

0 01

Hooded instrument panel

Safety cell crumples in crash to protect rider

Front wheel fitted with hydraulic brake

1

0–60mph 0 Ge

rm

Scooting around

20

(100km/h) in under 7 seconds.

01

r ma

ny 2

BMW C Ev Ge

olu

1

4

00

tio

n

y2 an

Large lithium-ion battery powers electric motors and can be recharged in 4 hours

Scooter travels 60 miles (100 km) on a single charge Carrier with storage box

Small fuel tank holds 1.3 gal (5 liters) of gas Steel luggage rack

Vélo

45 eX 9 o l e 194

Fra S nc

Motobécane Mobylette France 1986 Hinged seat with compartment underneath

Yamaha Jo g RR p Ja

Headlight fitted into the plastic fairing

an 2011

PGO PMX Naked Taiwan 2011

Honda Super Cub proved to be a cheap form of transportation in the postwar years. A craze for stylishly designed Italian scooters in the 1950s and 1960s led to the popular Lambretta LD150 with its large windshield, passenger seat, and top speed of 50mph (80km/h). Scooters

and mopeds are still in demand. The Yamaha Jog and the PGO PMX, powered by small 50 cc engines, are aimed at young riders. Future scooters may be enclosed with a roof, such as the BMW C1 200 concept, or be powered by electric motors, like the BMW C Evolution.

45

Three-wheelers Ariel Tric ycle Fuel tank

UK 18

98

Top box holds tools and spare clothing

Single-cylinder engine propelled bike to 24 mph (39 km/h)

e t te eighUK 1904 l a R r i g h T r i ca e l a R dem n Ta

Passenger seat in front of the driver

Steering wheel instead of handlebars

Rexette 5HP UK 1905

Coiled radiator tubes filled with water to cool engine

Rear light Front fender

Ho nda p Ja

Police siren

am

USA 1969

Chopper-styled wide, padded seat

Stre

Har ley-Davi d S e r v i - C a r G E so n

an

46

Not all motorcycles have two wheels. Ever since bikes were first developed, engineers have experimented with three-wheeled machines, which are easier to learn to ride, have more space for engines or loads, and come with an extra tire for better grip.

19

82

Early three-wheelers were pedal-powered tricycles fitted with an engine. The Ariel Tricycle used the space between the rear wheels for the engine. Some manufacturers preferred to power a single rear wheel, so they placed a pair of wheels in the front. Both the Rexette 5HP and Raleighette

Van

n de

in br

k C a r ve r O n e

Ne

the

r la

nd

s2

00

7

Three-wheelers

Honda Goldwing EML Trike Japan/Netherlands 1994 Short, plastic windshield deflects air up and over rider’s head

Three-wheeled car-like body tilts up to 45 degrees, with wheels staying on the road

Each Can-Am front wheel has its own

suspension to ride out bumps.

Weighs 335 lb (152 kg), a quarter of the Carver One

Can-Am Spyder Trike

Yamaha Tricity Japan 2014

Canada 2011 Twin six-spoked wheels with 13.8 in (35 cm) diameter

Tricar had rear-wheel drive and used the space above the front wheels to fit a passenger chair. The Harley-Davidson Servi-Car GE served police forces and breakdown mechanics from the 1930s to the 1970s. In contrast, the Can-Am Spyder is built for fun and has as much power as

a small hatchback car. Advances in technology have brought in new three-wheelers that can tilt their bodies as they turn. The Vandenbrink is like a three-wheeled car, with a fully enclosed cockpit and twin rear wheels, while the Yamaha Tricity resembles a motorcycle with twin wheels in front.

47

Land

Road burners

Licenseplate holder

Low-lying exhaust pipe

Seat with springs underneath

Royal Enfield 500 Twin UK 1951 Front fender shows name of motorcycle

Honda CB550 Four Japan 1976 Harley-Davidson Electra Glide USA 1965 Chrome front forks

More than

3,000 police Rear tire with 18 in (45 cm) diameter, 33⁄4 in (9.4 cm) width

units across the USA use Harley-Davidsons.

Kawasaki H2C

48

KMZ Dnepr MT11 Russia 1985

Ger many 197

6

BMW R 60/6

Japan 1975

Various types of motorcycles have been designed for road use, from standards to cruisers. Most standards offer a relatively upright riding style and have smooth tires. Cruisers are bigger, with a reclining back and relaxed riding position for long rides.

Standard motorcycles are ideal for riding around town and for short journeys. Popular midsize engine bikes in the 1970s included the BMW R60/6 and the Honda CB550, with a top speed of 102 mph (164 km/h) from its 500 cc engine. For long-distance riding, cruisers are more

Powerful headlight

M

Road burners

Ducati M9 00

Harley-Davidson FLSTF Fat Boy USA 1999

o

ns ter I t a ly 1

994

A Fat Boy starred in the

Terminator 2 movie. Long exhaust pipe from engine cylinder

Large twin 12-ft-6-in(32-cm-) diameter brake disks for high braking power

BM

W 05 any 20 erm

TG 0R 20 R1

Yamaha FZS1000 Fazer Japan 2002

5.5 gal (21 liter) fuel tank

Engine gives top speed of 135 mph (217 km/h)

Instrument panel on top of fuel tank

Tr

iu m

ph

Long bench seat is 29 in (74 cm) above ground

Bo

nn ev ille UK 201 1

Triumph Thunderbird UK 2010

popular. The Electra Glide was the first big Harley-Davidson motorcycle to have an electric engine starter. The Thunderbird, manufactured in UK, was Triumph’s first belt-driven motorcycle since the 1920s. Muscle bikes have powerful engines and are shaped to look as modern as

possible. The Ducati M900 stands out with its large, sculpted fuel tank and unusual triangular frame. Other road motorcycles have picked up design elements from classic machines, such as the Harley-Davidson Fat Boy and the Triumph Bonneville.

49

Burning rubber Oil tank fitted in front of fuel tank

Heavily sprung saddle

80 mph (129 km/h)

Scott Super Squirrel

95 mph (153 km/h)

Norton International 30

UK 1927

UK 1936

See-through windshield

Padded seat for comfort

The RC166’s engine could turn at

20,000 rpm, which is 333 turns every second! 130 mph (209 km/h)

NSU Rennmax Rider has to lean over large aluminum fuel tank

Ger many 1953

Three of the motorcycle’s six exhaust pipes

nda RC16 6 Ho

178 mph (286 km/h)

Moto Guzzi V8

50

Windshield

6 Japan 19

6

150 mph (241 km/h)

Italy 1957

Racing motorcycles are built and tuned for ultimate performance, and maximum speed, acceleration, and braking power on the track. Sports bikes also boast high performance, but are used on roads. Some mimic the style and features of racers.

Early racing motorcycles, like the Scott Super Squirrel and the Norton International 30, competed in different kinds of races, from track races to time trials. In 1934, the Nortons finished first, second, third, and fourth in the famous Isle of Man TT (time trial). Track racers compete

Low fairing with built-in windshield

K aw a s a k i D r a g s t e r

UK/Japan

1977

Burning rubber

Two Kawasaki 850 cc motorcycle engines work together

Su

B i mo t a M a n t r a It a

zu

Sculpted seat for low riding position

220 mph (354 km/h)

ly 1

996

ki RG 5

The Dragster could reach

00

149 mph

p Ja

(240 km/h) in just 7.7 seconds.

an

198 6 125 mph (201 km/h)

Wide, slick, treadless tire for racing on smooth tracks

ha

YZF R1 Japan

1998

Ya m

a

147 mph (237 km/h)

200 mph (320 km/h)

Honda CBR1000RR Fireblade

A p r i l i a R S V4

171 mph (275 km/h) 180 mph (290 km/h)

according to their type and engine size. The Honda RC166 weighed 247 lb (112 kg) and had a 250 cc engine, yet it could race at speeds up to 150 mph (241 km/h). Modern racers, such as the Aprilia RSV4, are packed with electronic wizardry. An RSV4 rider can adjust the

Japan 2009

Ital y 2011

Single racing exhaust made of titanium metal

motorcycle’s suspension, gearbox, and engine performance while riding. Manufacturers can produce street versions of their more successful racers. The Suzuki RG500 was based on the racing RG500s, which had won four 500 cc Grand Prix World Championships in seven years.

51

JUMPS AND FLICKS 

Woooah! Pedro Moreno pulls a spectacular midair move during the 2013 freestyle competition in Zurich, Switzerland—the largest freesport event in Europe. Moreno is a professional freestyle motocross (FMX) rider. This is a sport in which motocross riders perform routines, throwing stunning shapes and pulling wicked tricks in the air as their bikes leap off giant ramps.

Freestylers use modified motocross racing motorcycles with a number of adjustments. These include shaving the foam saddle down to narrow it, replacing components with lighter variations, and rerouting cables to keep from getting boots tangled up in them as they perform their tricks and moves. These can be spectacular, such as full backflips by both bike

and rider; “the cliffhanger,” where the rider hooks his or her toes under the handlebars; and “the tsunami,” where the rider performs a handstand over the handlebars while keeping the bike horizontal! Riders can also twist in the air, grab the saddle, and even let go of the bike completely, but they must nail a safe landing to get great scores from the judges.

Land

Har leyD n Hillclim avidso 30 ber USA 19

Metal chains wrapped around rear tire to grip loose ground

Raised mudguard to keep mud and water from flinging up

Hollow

B

Off-roaders SA

ld Star Scrambler Go

Rok

aluminum

wheels meant

on T

UK 1

959

Large, steel cargo rack

rail-b r e a k e r

USA 1

9 63

this motorcycle could f loat in water!

d a E n3 n r a v 7 9 Husq den 1

ur o

Swe

Chain driving front wheel Road-legal bike weighs 240.3 lb (109 kg)

Race number

2.8 gal (10.6 liters) plastic fuel tank

Knobbly, deep-tread tire for gripping soft ground

Suzuki Enduro PE250X Japan 1981 CZ 250 Motocross

54

Czech Republic 1974

Off-road motorcycles let you get away from the traffic, unless you are competing in a motocross race with 30 or 40 riders over a bumpy dirt course. Off-roaders are tough and strong, and equipped with plenty of suspension to soak up impacts.

The Rokon Trail-breaker is the only widely produced motorcycle to offer an all-wheel drive. Other off-roaders rely on rear-wheel drive and chunky tires with deep tread to grip sand or mud. The KTM 65SX is ideal for 8 to 13 year olds, but young riders may progress to a top motocross bike

Speedway bikes take under 3 seconds to accelerate from

Small tank holds enough methanol fuel for four laps of racing

0–60 mph (100 km/h).

Twin headlights

Motorcycle can travel 373 miles (600 km) on one tank of gas

Off-roaders

e Weslak K 19 8 1 Speedway U

ah Yam

Ho a n Tw da Af r ic 0 in Japan 199

Forks steeply angled to give more response when steering

aX

T

Te n er

e Japan 201 0

KTM 65SX

11 Au s t r ia 20

Long-travel front forks Aluminum exhaust silencer tucked up under seat rear

Motorcycle gives top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h)

such as the KTM 350 SX-F. KTMs won the Motocross MX2 World Championships from 2008 to 2014. Enduro bikes, such as the lightweight Suzuki Enduro PE250X, race off-road but are usually used for competing over longer courses than motocross. Adventure motorcycles are big

KTM 350 SX-F Austria 2012

off-roaders with large fuel tanks, such as the Yamaha XT Tenere, which is based on the bike that won the Dakar Rally seven times. Speedway bikes, such as the Weslake Speedway, have no brakes and just one gear. They are raced in laps on a tight, oval dirt track in competitions.

55

Land

Fastest on two wheels E xc e

lsior 20R

U SA

1 92

Engine’s two cylinders form a V-shape

A 1929 SS100 once sold for a record

£315,100 (about $460,000) at auction in the UK.

Pannier bags for storage

0 102 mph (164 km/h)

Brough Superior SS100 UK 1927

nce Vi

100 mph (160 km/h)

Wheelie bar stops front of bike flipping up as it accelerates

w nt B l a c k S h a d o

UK

19

49

Single exhaust from V-twin engine

Vi n

ce

nt

M ighty Mouse

UK 1966 122 mph (196 km/h)

160 mph (257 km/h) Body shell, made of carbon fiber, is 21-ft (6.4-m) long

Two Suzuki Hayabusa engines power the bike

367 mph (591 km/h)

56

Ever since motorcycles were built, they have been raced or tested to see just how fast they would go. Designers, engineers, and riders would push everything to the limit to squeeze every drop of speed from their magnificent machines.

The Excelsior 20R was one of the first motorcycles to reach 100 mph (160 km/h). It was overtaken by the Brough Superior SS100 and later the Vincent Mighty Mouse, which became the fastest single-cylinder motorcycle when it raced along drag strips in the 1960s. Most modern

Germany 1975

Du c

Winner of the first AMA Superbike Championship in 1976

BMW R90S

at i

916

I t a ly 1

995

160 mph (257 km/h) Hinged fuel tank lifts up for access to parts inside

Streamlined fairing channels air past bike

Giant exhaust for jet engine gases

Fastest on two wheels

125 mph (200 km/h)

250 mph (402 km/h)

186 mph (299 km/h)

MTT Turbine Superbike Suzuki GSX 1300R Hayabusa Japan 1999

Top 1 Ack Attack

Powerful disk brakes

Giant 1,441 cc engine has power of two cars

USA 2004

376 mph (606 km/h)

B U B S e ve n S t r e a m l i n e r

USA 200

USA 2001

6

187 mph (301 km/h)

Kawasaki ZZR1400

SPEED

Japan 2011

Top three record breakers Top 1 Ack Attack 376 mph (606 km/h) BUB Seven Streamliner 367 mph (591 km/h) MTT Turbine Superbike 250 mph (402 km/h)

motorcycles have engines with multiple cylinders. The Ducati 916 won four World Superbike Championships with its twin-cylinder engine, while the four-cylinder Suzuki GSX 1300R Hayabusa was the fastest production motorcycle of last century, and the Kawasaki ZZR1400 is the

fastest so far. Even faster are modern streamliners, motorcycles with low-slung aerodynamic bodies inside which riders lie flat. The BUB Seven Streamliner was the first to break 350 mph (563 km/h) in 2006, while the Top 1 Ack Attack is currently the world’s fastest motorcycle.

57

h oug Super ior Au Br

s t in

ur Fo

UK 1

1914

932 Oversized headlight Passenger seat perched over the rear wheel

m

S 7 D e L u xe

UK 1 9 4

9

Sunbe

a

Land

Easy riders

Indian Two-Si x t y

USA

Fat tires for comfortable ride Shaft from engine drives the rear wheel around

Modified engines from the R26 were used to power the

BMW R26

Windshield height can be adjusted

BMW Isetta 300 car.

Germany 1957 Raised passenger seat

Chrome luggage rack

Harley-Davidson FLHT Electra Glide Classic USA 1984

58

Large, heavy, and powerful, touring and sports-touring motorcycles are designed for comfortable long-distance riding. Some of these big beasts are the last word in luxury, with high-quality audio systems and comforts not found on other bikes.

Early big motorcycles often copied features usually found in cars. The Indian Two-Sixty was the first bike to come with electric lighting as a standard feature. The Brough Superior Austin Four used an engine and a gearbox from a car to drive two closely set rear wheels for a smoother

Cruise control allows motorcycle to travel at set speed

Easy riders

Honda Goldwing GL1500 Japan 1999 Suzuki M1800R Intruder Japan 2007

Har leyD d s o n SA Soft a i l Co avi t i ble U n ver

10

O C V 20

Carbon fiber body panels

1,078 cc engine gives top speed of 196 mph (315 km/h)

MV Agusta08 F4CC Italy 20

Cast aluminum front wheel Adaptive headlight changes brightness according to conditions

With a cost of

$300,000, this motorcycle comes with a

$20,000

Twin disk brakes, normally found on racing motorcycles

Air bag inflates in 0.1 seconds during crash

watch.

BMW K1600GT Germany 2011 Frame made of light but strong titanium metal

Ecosse Titanium USA 2011

ride. In the 1970s and 1980s, big motorcycles got even larger and heavier. The Electra Glide Classic weighed more than 738 lb (335 kg) empty. Modern luxury motorcycles continue to offer innovative features. The Honda Goldwing GL1500 comes with foot heaters and some

Honda GL180 Goldwing 0 Japan 2014

feature a built-in jukebox. The BMW K1600GT has heated seats and handlebar grips for cold weather, and an onboard computer with a color touch screen. The Honda Goldwing GL1800 has an electric reverse gear and an air bag for the rider.

59

Land

Car The car revolutionized transportation in the 20th century, and more than half a billion cars are found on the world’s roads today. While some are powered fully or partly by electric motors, most cars use an internal combustion engine in which gas and air are mixed and burned to produce power to drive the wheels. The Toyota Yaris (or the Vitz) is a popular, small family car, with more than 200,000 manufactured every year. Steering wheel

Engine ❯ Under the hood sits an internal combustion engine that generates around 90 horsepower to give a top speed of 109 mph (175 km/h).

Rearview mirror

Side mirror

Turn indicator

Headlight ❯ Protected by transparent plastic cover, headlights light up the path ahead.

Disk brakes ❯ Brakes apply pads onto discs, which are attached to the wheels. The friction between the pad and disc slows the wheel down.

60

Hatchback ❯ A full-height rear Interior ❯ Inside the car, the

Car

driver and passengers are protected by a number of air bags, which inflate when there is a severe impact, to cushion the occupants. The Yaris has front and side air bags.

lifting trunk door gives this car 71.8 gal (272 liters) of storage space. Cars with a rear door like this are known as hatchbacks.

Radio antenna

Toyota Yaris/Vitz Rear indicator and brake light

Passenger door ❯ These are fashioned out of steel panels, aluminum, or carbon fiber. This car is fitted with remote central locking. The driver presses a button on the key to open or close the locks on all four doors.

61

Land

Pioneering cars Vertical boiler generates steam to run the engine

Handle steers the front wheel to the left or right

Grenville St e Car riage UK am 18

B e n z M o to r wa

n ge

80

Ge

y 1885 r man

Da i m l e r

Wooden panels on a steel frame

Ger many 1886

Seats can fit six people sitting back-to-back

Steel spoke wheels

Gas cylinder Wooden spoked wheel Horizontal steering wheel

Arrol-Johnston Dogcart UK 1897 Tiller moves left or right to steer car

Rear-mounted engine started by turning crank handle

Contoured mudguard

Crank handle

Daimler Cannstatt Germany 1898

62

Oldsmobile Curved Dash

Early attempts to take to the road were in steam-powered vehicles, such as the Grenville Steam Carriage. It took the development of reliable internal combustion engines fueled by gasoline, to produce the first popular cars.

USA 1901

Karl Benz’s three-wheeled Benz Motorwagen was the first car with a working internal combustion engine. A year later, the Daimler, a motorized horse carriage became the first gasdriven four-wheeler. While Daimler continued to develop motorized horse carriages, more car

Hand-squeezed horn

High roof for men wearing top hats

Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost UK 1906 Wooden wheel with detachable rim

De D ion-Bouton Type O France 1902 Ford Model T USA

More than

190

15 million

8 Gas lamp

Citroën Type A

Model Ts were produced between 1907 and 1927.

France 1919

Entire car weighs just 795 lb (360 kg)

Austin Seven

Roof made of high-quality canvas

UK 1926

Hood covers 4-ft-4-in(1.3-m-) long 698 cc engine Single rear light

Duesenberg Model J

USA 1928

Side-mounted spare wheels sits on both sides of the car

makers emerged. The Oldsmobile Curved Dash was the world’s first mass-produced car, with more than 19,000 sold. Some early cars had somewhat primitive features. The engine of the Arrol-Johnston Dogcart was started by pulling on a rope, and many cars, including the

Ford Model T, had gas lamps. Built on an assembly line, the Model T made motoring affordable for the masses. The 1920s saw an explosion in car design, from the Duesenberg Model J, driven by American gangsters and movie stars, to the compact Austin Seven.

63

THRILLS AND SPILLS 

At first, this dramatic tangle of men and machines looks like a horrible accident. In fact, it’s all fun and games. A clue is the ball on the ground on the right of the picture—and, if you look closely, you can see that the two passengers in the cars are wielding mallets. Welcome to the sport of “auto polo,” and a crunch moment during a game in Florida, in 1928.

Polo is usually played by riders on horseback. In the USA in the early 1900s, the sport was spiced up a little when the horses were replaced with cars. It is said that the inventor was a Ford automobile dealer who came up with the idea as a publicity stunt, and it caught on. The game was played by two teams, each made up of two cars and four players, and

their steeds were stripped-down Ford Model Ts. The driver was held in place with a seat belt, while his malletman leaned out and tried to hit a basketball into a goal. The cars tore around the field at furious speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h), while the referee chased the action on foot. By the end of the game, most of the cars were destroyed.

Early race cars Land

Cylindrical fuel tank

Some early race cars had a

Small, round windshield known as a monocle

mechanic onboard to make repairs.

85 mph (137 km/h)

Lancia Tipo 55 Corsa Italy 1910

80 mph (129 km/h)

Mercer Type 35R Raceabout

Starting handle turns to fire up engine

USA 1910

Bucket seats

nb Duese

er g 183 US

A 1921

75 mph (121 km/h)

Stutz Bearcat

SPEED

112 mph (180 km/h)

USA 1912

Top three rapid racers

Bugatti Ty pe 35B

7 France 192

Eight-spoke cast aluminum wheels

Auto Union Type D 205 mph (330 km/h) Mercedes-Benz W125 205 mph (330 km/h) Maserati 8C 3000 149 mph (240 km/h) 127 mph (204 km/h)

66

As soon as cars were mass produced, people became eager to race them. Early racing tested speed as well as reliability, since early cars broke down a lot. But advances in technology quickly saw race cars develop into speed demons.

Some early race car drivers turned into car builders. Italy’s Vincenzo Lancia, who won the 1904 Coppa Florio race, manufactured the Lancia Tipo 55 Corsa. Across the Atlantic, the Stutz Bearcat won 25 of the 30 races it entered, while the Mercer Type 35R Raceabout won

M

r ille

a l ve S p e c i a B oy l e V l

USA

193

0

92 mph (148 km/h)

UK 1927 140 mph (225 km/h)

Maser ati 8C 3000

I t a ly 1 9 3 2

Spoked tire

Four exhaust pipes merge into one to carry away waste gases

Early race cars

Bentley 41 ⁄ 2 liter

149 mph (240 km/h)

Exhaust pipe runs below cockpit

India t h g i E n o s Hud

napolis

USA 193

3

135 mph (217 km/h)

Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza

Italy 1933

130 mph (209 km/h)

Engine mounted behind driver 205 mph (330 km/h)

Hand brake lever mounted outside

Au t o U n i o n Type Ger many D 1938

Mercedes-Benz W125 Germany 1937

205 mph (330 km/h)

five of its first six races in 1911. Race cars remained box-shaped until after World War I, when sleeker, more rounded shapes started to emerge. In 1921, the Duesenberg 183 became the first all-American car to win a Grand Prix race in Europe. Stunning speedsters, such as the

Alfa Romeo 8C 2300 Monza and the Bugatti Type 35B, were produced throughout the 1920s and 1930s. Type 35 cars won more than 1,000 races and battled it out with German cars such as the Mercedes-Benz W125, which dominated at the 1937 European Grand Prix Championship.

67

Land

Machines with style

Mercedes-Benz 500K Special Roadster Germany 1934

Electric, hard-metal, foldable roof

Vents in the hood cool the engine

Peugeot 401 Eclipse Bugatti Type 57SC Atalante France 1935

France 1934 Giant wheel fenders or “wings”

Auburn Speedster

USA 1935

Metal plate prevents damage from gravel

Spare tire fits in trunk to keep car streamlined

MG TA Midget

UK 1936

Spare wheel Gas tank can hold 18 gal (68 liters)

Low-cut sloping door hinged at the back

Lincoln-Zephyr

68

USA 1936

In the 1930s, some cars got slick and sleek as research revealed the importance of airflow around a car, especially at higher speeds. Streamlining vehicles to improve performance resulted in some stylish and eye-catching designs.

Fashionable, full whitewall tire

BMW 328

Germany 1936

The Lincoln-Zephyr created a sensation at the 1936 New York Auto Show with its teardrop shape. On the road, the Auburn Speedster roared with a 148 horsepower engine that generated a top speed of around 100 mph (160 km/h). While some European sports cars

Side-opening, folding hood

Cord 810

USA 1936

seventeen of the elegant Bugatti Type 57SCs were ever built.

A

lf a

Ro

m

8 eo

C 2 9 0 0 B C o u pé I

t a ly

1938

Long, sweeping wheel fender

Machines with style

A mere

Leather strap holds engine hood down

Delage D6-75

France 1938

Retractable windshield

A

Enclosed rear wheel

Darl’Mat won the 2-liter class

Le Mans 24 Hour race in 1938.

Peugeot 402 Darl’Mat

stayed boxy, such as the MG TA Midget, others like the Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B Coupé were designed with sweeping, rounded body shapes. The exotic Peugeot 402 Darl’Mat showcased extreme streamlining with a lightweight aluminum body and an advanced gearbox.

France 1938

The sleek Mercedes-Benz 500K Special Roadster was packed with advanced features for its time, including electric door locks, turn indicators, hydraulic brakes, and separate suspension systems for each wheel for a comfortable ride.

69

Fins and f inery Land

Rear compartment seats four people on two rows of facing seats

Mercedes-Benz 300

Germany 1951

Buick Roadmaster USA 1951 7,046 cc engine with a top speed of 110 mph (177 km/h)

Cadillac Series 62 Club Coupé USA 1952 Armstron g Siddeley Sap p

Big fins were pioneered by Cadillac

h

ire

UK 19 5

3

Large tailfin contains the gas cap of the 23-gal (87-liter) gas tank

Front doors open at the back, the opposite way of the rear doors

Chrysler New Yorker USA 1957

Large tail fin rises up from main body

Studebaker Silver Hawk

70

The 1950s saw an incredible economic boom in the USA; 30 million more cars had taken to its roads by the end of the decade. Cars went from everyday transportation to chrome-covered status symbols, packed with innovative new features.

USA 1957

Germany’s first postwar luxury car, the Mercedes-Benz 300, seated six people and was called the Adenauer after the West German chancellor who installed a writing desk inside one of his 300s. In contrast, the American Buick Roadmaster was a riot of two-tone color and

Convertible soft-top roof

Large, wraparound, chrome bumper

Aluminum trim on body panels Foldable hardtop, a feature many years ahead of its time

Fins and f inery

Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible USA 1957

Chrome hubcaps

Li

nco

ln Capri

USA 1958

Ford Fairlane

Power steering and power brakes

Radio antenna

Advanced electric windows came as standard fitting

Air-powered suspension system provides a comfortable ride

USA 1958

Cadillac Eldorado

Tail fin ends with bullet-shaped rear light

USA 1959

From 1956, some Chrysler cars came with Highway

Hi-Fi, a built-in record player.

Edse

l Co

rsair

USA

1959

Po n t

n ev i l l e Bon c ia

USA 1

95

9

6-ft-6-in(1.97-m-) wide car

chrome, including chrome engine vents. The USA had entered the jet-aircraft age and this was reflected in the design of many cars—such as the Pontiac Bonneville, with its futuristic styling and large tail fins. Some cars also grew in length. The Chrysler New Yorker was more than 18 ft

(5.5 m) long, while the Lincoln Capri was even longer at over 20 ft (5.8 m). Automatic transmission was popular in big cars such as the Chevrolet Bel Air Convertible, which also had fuel injection and luxurious styling. It remains one of the most collectable cars from the fifties.

71

Land

Faster and faster Single, two-eared wheel nut for quick replacement

cedes-Benz W196 Mer

Removable steering wheel

Ger many 1954

Large 53-gal (200-liter) gas tank carries 50 percent methanol

M

50F 2 i r e a t s a

I t a ly

1

954

gu Ja

ar D-type

Large stabilizing fin

UK 1956

Driver’s headrest

As

r tin DBR1 ton Ma

UK 1956

This Formula 1 racer won 8 Grand Prix between 1954 and 1960. Roll bar to protect driver if car turns over

Huf

72

fa

ke

fenhau r-Of

ser Special

USA 19

64

Race car design developed greatly from the 1950s onward. Engineers and designers were constantly looking for improvements to increase speed, enhance handling, and boost performance in order to be the first to cross the finish line.

Track racing began in the 1950s with mostly front-engined race cars, such as the Maserati 250F and the Mercedes-Benz W196, which won the Formula 1 (F1) Championships in 1954 and 1955. By the end of the 1950s, rear-mounted engines became all the rage in

Lotus 49

Ford GT40 MKII USA 1966

UK 1967

UK 1978

Nose fitted with low front wing

-For d Benetton

B193

Faster and faster

L o l a - C o sw o r t h T 5 0 0

Carbon fiber body

UK 1

993

Adjustable rear spoiler

Williams-Renault FW18 UK 1996

WilliamsRenault FW18 won 12 of the

16 F1 races in 1996.

Holden VR Commodore SS Windshield clipped in for easy removal

Chevrolet Monte Carlo

Australia 1993

Large, aerodynamic wing keeps the car stable at high speed

USA 2000

F1 and Indy Cars. Sports car racing also saw change. Open cockpit cars such as the Jaguar D-Type, which won the Le Mans 24-hour endurance race in 1955, 1956, and 1957, were replaced by cars with a roof. The sleek Ford GT40 MkII finished first, second, and third at

3,000 cc engine gives top speed of 220 mph (354 km/h)

Front wing ensures car grips the track

Le Mans in 1966. In some parts of the world, track racing featuring modified sedan cars gained popularity. A Holden VR Commodore SS won the 1995 Australian Touring Car Championships, while the Chevrolet Monte Carlo was driven by many NASCAR racers.

73

Land

Fast and furious Bent

ley Speed 8

UK 20

Rear wing deflects air to keep car stable

Aston

01

Le Mans 205 mph (330 km/h)

in Mar t

DBR

9

UK 2005

Le Mans 186 mph (299 km/h)

Powerful headlights for nighttime racing

Au d

i R10

Ger man y 2006

Le Mans 211 mph (339 km/h) Radio transmitter sends information about the car’s performance to race team Roll cage frame protects driver if car rolls over

BMW M3 GT2

Ger many 2008

Ferrari F2008

Italy 2008

Powerful disk brakes can stop a car at 125 mph (200 km/h) in three seconds

Le Mans 180 mph (290 km/h)

74

Modern high-speed racers packed with electronics are designed and modeled on computers, and tested in wind tunnels to ensure their design offers maximum performance. No expense is spared on these sleek speed machines.

All successful race cars must be fast, but different forms of racing place different demands on the vehicle. A power-packed rally car must be rugged and able to handle roads, tracks, and rough ground. The World Championship winning Volkswagen WRC Polo R can accelerate from

Heated, wide, rubber tires improve performance

Hinged side window acts as door

Lola Asto n

Ma

1 r tin L M P

UK 200 9

Fast and furious

Formula 1 200 mph (322 km/h)

McLaren-Mercedes MP4/23 UK 2008

C he v

Le Mans 209 mph (336 km/h)

et r ol

SS

USA/Australia 2013

Large roof flaps lift up to ground car during crash

F1 drivers

shift gears more than 3,600 times in a Grand Prix race.

NASCAR 196 mph (316 km/h)

Volkswagen WRC Polo R Germany 2014 Indycar Series 230 mph (370 km/h)

Team Penske Dallara/Chevrolet

USA 2014

Rally 125 mph (201 km/h)

SPEED

Top speeds in different races Indycar Series

Team Penske Dallara/Chevrolet 230 mph (370 km/h)

Formula 1 200 mph (322 km/h)

Formula 1

Mercedes AMG Petr onas W05 Ger m

any 2

014

Mercedes AMG Petronas W05 212 mph (341 km/h) Le Mans Audi R10 211 mph (339 km/h) NASCAR Chevrolet SS 196 mph (316 km/h) Rally Volkswagen WRC Polo R 125 mph (201 km/h)

Formula 1 212 mph (341 km/h)

0–60 mph (0–100 km/h) in 3.9 seconds. Cars built for endurance racing must be very reliable. In 2009, the Lola Aston Martin LMP1 raced 3,159 miles (5,084 km) in 24 hours at Le Mans. Its driver, Tom Kristensen, also won the race a record nine times in the Bentley Speed 8 and the Audi

R10. Danica Patrick, in a Chevrolet SS, became the first woman to win pole position for NASCAR’s Daytona 500. Lewis Hamilton won the World Championship with the McLaren-Mercedes MP4/23 in 2008, and again in 2014, with the Mercedes AMG Petronas W05.

75

THE ULTIMATE TEST 

Powering through giant sand dunes, some more than 66 ft (20 m) high, is just one of the many challenges facing this Monster Energy X-Raid Mini in the 2013 Dakar Rally. Considered the toughest test of car and driver on the planet, competitors race across more than 5,280 miles (8,500 km) of the toughest terrain imaginable, from rocky pavements to giant deserts and forest trails.

The Dakar was first held in 1979 across the unforgiving Sahara in Africa, but since 2009 it has run through South America. More than 400 cars, motorcycles, quad bikes, and trucks take part in each race, but fewer than 60 percent of these reach the finish line. This Mini is built tough and equipped with four-wheel drive, a powerful engine giving it a

111 mph (178 km/h) top speed, and tanks able to hold up to 106 gallons (400 liters) of gas. Driver Stéphane Peterhansel is a Dakar legend. He won the motorcycle class of the rally six times before switching to cars. Over two solid weeks of phenomenal off-road racing in his Mini, Peterhansel won the 2013 Dakar—his fifth victory in the car class.

Land

Fun in cars Willys MB Jeep USA 1941

Fold-down windshield with hand-operated wipers in early models

Rear spoiler

Chunky-tread tire provides grip over rough ground

Mini Moke

yU

Australia 1968

1960s

Bu

gg

Leyland Mini Moke

SA

UK 1964

Du Small 93⁄4 in- (25 cm-) diameter wheel

Steel side box holds car battery

10

Japan 19 7

Suzuki J i

LJ ny

0

m

Between 1960 and 1980, every second car on Magnetic Island, Australia was a Mini Moke.

Spare wheel in place of a fourth seat

Bucket seats with harness to keep driver and passenger secure

rm

Grille lets air into engine compartment

y an

Vo lk

w

etle Baja en Be Bu g Ge

s

Fold-down windshield

ag

ne

19

70s

r Fo

sc dE

or t RS1800

UK

19

73

Toughened body for rallying

Strong towing bar to pull car out if stuck in sand or mud

78

Driving can be enjoyable, but some cars are more fun than others! A number of cars have been modified or designed from scratch to offer a fun drive on open roads, across stretches of sand, or along trails and rally courses.

The Willys MB Jeep could be driven just about anywhere, with more than 600,000 produced during World War II. Civilian Jeeps followed until 1986 when they were replaced by the Jeep Wrangler, which allowed drivers to switch between two- or four-wheel drive. Several fun

Gas cap of 76.6-gal (290-liter) gas tank

V12 engine from a Lamborghini Countach supercar

Fun in cars

Lamborghini LM002 Italy 1986 Steel half-door

Peugeot 205 T16 Evo 2 France 1985 Spare wheel

Rear door for passengers to enter

Jeep Wrangler USA 1987 Heavy-duty suspension to withstand bumps

M C C S m a r t C r o s s bl a

de

Fr a

nc

e2 002

Cut-out sides offer open-air driving Doors are optional on this two-seater

The Crossblade has

no doors, no windshield, and no roof. Secma F16 Sport

cars started life as military prototypes, such as the Lamborghini LM002, an off-roader with four-wheel drive, air conditioning, and a roofmounted stereo. The Leyland Mini Moke, on the other hand, was a bare-bones vehicle with no frame around the driver. Dune Buggies were

France 2008

tailor-made for beaches, while some modified cars, such as the Baja Bug, had raised bodies and strong suspensions to overcome the most difficult terrains. Buggy-styled cars are still made today, such as the Secma F16 Sport, which has plastic body panels and a convertible roof for rainy days.

79

Lightweight plywood body

at H élica

France 1919

This

James Bond car can

USA 1954

ny 1958

ta

Colorful, hot-rod paint scheme Body made of brushed stainless-steel

DeLorean DMC-I2

A

o

Ger ma

Gull-wing doors

race in reverse gear at speeds above 112 mph (180 km/h).

n sto

et

or nat

BMW Is

et

34-ft- (10.4-m-) long wings

Aer ocar

D

Aluminum disc wheel

UK 1910

0T he

Ley

r ti Ma

Brooke Swan

Whitewash came out of the back to simulate bird droppings

60

Land

Crazy cars

n Vanquish

UK 2002

UK 1981

W ie

ner mobil

e

USA 2

004

Machine guns

Rockets fire from radiator grille

80

Think all cars are simple, straightforward boxes-on-wheels? Think again! Over the years, designers and engineers have let their imaginations run wild, and some outrageous and surprising designs have left the drawing board and turned into reality.

Some of these wacky machines, such as the Brooke Swan, which hissed hot water and steam out of its beak, were special one-of-a-kind models built for eccentrics, or for movies such as the Batmobile Tumbler. The Flatmobile, however, was made to break records. At just 19 in (48.2 cm)

LOWEST STREET CAR 19 in (48.2 cm) tall

USA 2005

Crazy cars

Batmobile Tumbler Four rear tires

Flatmobile

Homemade jet engine from a Volvo F10 truck turbocharger

gia Ter r afu

Tr a n s i t i o n

ap

an

20

13

USA 200

9

Electromagnets lock wings into place

The Transition can convert from a car to a plane in less than 60 seconds.

To y

ot

a

FV

2

J

Cockpit has an aircraft control stick and a car steering wheel

UK 2007

Giant BuickRover V8 engine fitted to the rear

Controlled by driver’s body movements Cab shaped like a hot dog

ola Ond a S

i a 3 Ital r e Em i l

y 2013

Small cockpit pod

Solar panels produce more than 1,200 watts of electricity to drive motors

tall, it is the lowest street-legal car in the world. Flying cars are among the craziest of all, but the Aerocar and Terrafugia Transition did work, using folding wings and a pusher-propeller at the rear to thrust the car forward. The Leyat Hélica couldn’t fly but was pushed into action by an

aircraft propeller and could reach speeds of up to 106 mph (170 km/h). Some strange-looking cars are experiments to test out new ideas, such as the solar-powered Onda Solare Emilia 3, or the Toyota FV2, whose body can change color to reflect the driver’s mood!

81

A SPIN ACROSS THE WAVES 

Is it a car? Is it a boat? The answer is it’s both! The WaterCar Panther is an American amphibious vehicle equally at home on water as it is on land. When on a lake, river, or bay, its engine powers jet thrusters that suck in water and then push it out behind the craft, propelling it forward at speeds up to 43 mph (70 km/h).

On the road, the car’s 1-gal (3.7-liter) Honda Acura engine powers the Panther’s rear wheels, giving it a top speed of around 80 mph (128 km/h). The 15-ft- (4.6-m-) long waterproof, Jeep-shaped body can carry four people and is sculpted out of fiberglass fitted to a steel frame. Parts of its body are filled with incredibly lightweight Styrofoam to help

it float. When reaching the water, the driver only has to pull a knob to engage the jet thrusters, and press a button. The Panther does the rest, using its hydraulic suspension system to retract its wheels up into its body. This all takes under 15 seconds! Once on the water, the Panther can glide with ease and can even tow a water-skier or wakeboarder.

Land

Family cars Radio antenna

Volkswagen Kombi

Germany 1950

Engine at the rear of car

Hillman Imp

UK 1963

The Cortina was the UK’s

bestselling car from 1972 to 1981.

rf i O l d s m o b i l e S ta

Fake air vents, only for show

Ford Cortina MK I GT UK 1963 re

Chrome hubcaps

96 4 A1 S U 18 ft (5.5 m) long

Au s t i n M a x i 1 7 5 0

UK

19

69

Rear seats fold flat to form cargo area

Mor

ris

ri Ma

na

UK

1971

Gas tank can hold 13.7 gal (52 liters)

84

A family car needs to be economical and have space for four to five people, as well as for plenty of storage. Many manufacturers work hard to build affordable cars that have the perfect balance of space, performance, and price.

Family cars in the 1960s, such as the Oldsmobile Starfire, were often based on a three-box design, with an engine compartment, passenger cabin, and large trunk. The Hillma n Imp changed things by putting the engine in the rear, while early hatchbacks, such as the Austin Maxi 1750,

Top speed of just 58 mph (93 km/h)

Front-wheel drive

Pe u

ge o

t 406

France

199

5

Fi

at

Tra bant

a Str

da/Ritmo

East Ger many 19

I t a ly 1 9

78

Family cars

Front wheels drive 110-horsepower engine

Volkswagen Golf GTI Germany 1975

89

Engine gives top speed of 60 mph (100 km/h)

Body panels made of recycled materials

Volvo V70 T5

Sweden 1997 Top speed of 135 mph (218 km/h)

came with a sloping rear door to offer more versatile storage space. The affordable Morris Marina was built to compete with the highly popular Ford Cortina, which was bought by more than two million customers, mostly in the UK. Sleeker family cars appeared from 1970s,

Mercedes-Benz A-C lass

MK II G

er m

any

20

04

with more hatchbacks such as the Fiat Strada/ Ritmo—and the Volkswagen Golf GTI, which launched a new class of cars, the “hot hatch.” These offered a hatchback design with a faster, sportier output than most family cars. More than 29 million Golfs have been built to date.

85

Land

Outdoor warriors Jeep Wagoneer

Low height to enable easy loading of cargo

Spyker 60HP Netherlands 1903

Subaru Leone Estate J

ap an 19 7

Wheels powered by 8-liter engine

USA 1972

Rear seats fold down to create large cargo space

2 Car switches between four- and two-wheel drive

Top speed of 154 mph (248 km/h)

d Au

p iS

or t Quattro

Ger m

any

198

3

Low rear spoiler

rtrak Daihatsu Spo

Small 7 ft 2 in (2.2 m) wheelbase

Japan 1987

Turbocharger boosts engine power to 185 horsepower

STEEP CLIMB Most 4x4s can climb at angles up to 45°

Lancia Delta Integrale Italy 1987

86

Most cars transmit power from their engine to either the front or rear wheels, but not four-wheel drives. Known as “4x4s,” these cars direct power to all four wheels, offering better grip on slippery roads and tricky off-road conditions.

In 1903, the Spyker 60HP used the first fourwheel drive on a gasoline-fueled car. However, only military and special purpose off-road 4x4s, such as Land Rovers, were built in large numbers until the 1960s and 1970s. The Subaru Leone Estate was one of the first everyday 4x4s. It was

Volvo XC90

Rubber impact bumper

Land Rover Discovery se sI r ie

I

U

K1

998

Sw e d e n 2

002

Top speed of 98 mph (158 km/h)

Outdoor warriors

Open cargo area

Ra

ng eR

Electronic suspension allows car to have better grip for twisting roads

ov e

r or t Sp UK 2005

Lincoln MK LT

Hummer H3

Out

Three rows of seats accommodate up to eight people

designed mainly for driving on roads in all conditions, with some light, off-road action. In the 1980s, rallies became dominated by fast, rugged 4x4s, such as the Lancia Delta Integrale and the Audi Sport Quattro, which won many World Rally Championship titles between them. By then,

Fold-down tailgate

Mounted rear tire takes length to 15 ft 8 in (4.8 m)

USA 2005

S at u r n

USA 2005

l oo

kU

SA 20 0

The H3 was the 6

smallest among the Hummer models, and the only one to be built by GM.

the first sports utility vehicles (SUVs) had emerged. These rugged cars, like the Daihatsu Sportrack and Volvo XC90, had high-set bodies for better ground clearance over bumpy roads. The Hummer H3 can travel through 24 in (60 cm) of deep water and drive up 60-degree slopes.

87

Land

Convertibles and sports cars Soft-top roof had to be folded by hand

M

GB

C o nv

e r t i bl e

UK 1

962

Au

stin

ale -He

MKIII y 3000

Wire-spoked wheels

Po

ra Fer

88

ri

D

911

any 19

63

65

Ford Mustang Fastback USA 1965

Small, narrow trunk wide enough to hold spare tire

ino

he r sc

Ger m

UK 19

Rear-mounted engine

24

6

GT

I t a ly

1969

Fast to accelerate and quick to brake, sports cars are built to thrill. Mostly two-seaters, they offer higher performance and sharper handling than everyday cars. Convertibles have a folding roof for opentop driving on sunny days.

Headlight with transparent plastic cover

There’s no mistaking the love for sports cars— old and new! The first generation of Chevrolet Corvettes were built in 1953 and the seventh generation came out in 2014. More than 820,000 high-performance Porsche 911s have been built, while Ford Mustang Fastbacks were

Datsun 260Z Jap

an

19

73

Pontiac Trans Am Turning indicator lights

C h e v r o l e t C o r ve t t e

US A

19

80

The 260Z series was one of the world’s

best-selling sports car in the 1970s.

Convertibles and sports cars

Large V8 engine under steel hood

USA 1975

Long, sloping hood

Mazda MX-5 (MkI) Japan 1989 Fiberglass body on top of aluminum frame

Alloy wheel fitted with disc brake

More than

940,000 MX-5s were sold by 2015.

Lotus Elise

UK 1996

Mor g

Audi TT Roadster Germany 1999

among the two million Mustangs sold in the first two years of production. Many Mustangs in the late 1960s and 1970s were fitted with large V8 engines to offer the brute force provided by fellow muscle cars such as the Pontiac Trans Am. Sports cars fitted with smaller engines, even

an Aer o 8

UK 2001

Louvers channel air over front brakes to keep them cool

if not as powerful and fast, also proved fun to drive due to their light weight. The Mazda MX-5 weighed 1,962 lb (890 kg), while the Lotus Elise tipped the scales at just 1,598 lb (725 kg). The popular British soft-top MGB Convertible sold half a million models in the UK alone.

89

5

Rear engine air-cooled via vents

a

0 30

Ger many

1955

W

Is

et

g ksw a Vol

t

Ger many 194

❷

❶

etle Be

Front of car opens out as a single door

BM

Land

en

Mini motors it hm

t KR200

Ger many

195

6

es

se

rs

c

13 ft 6in (4.1 m) long

7 ft 6in (2.3 m) long

M

The Subaru 360 took 37 an

UK 195

to do 0–60 mph (0–100 km/h).

8

58

ap

Three

19

0J

i ly

seconds

ru

Fa

m

Shallow doors open out at the front

36

❸

Su

ba

y ❹ Frisk

❺

9 ft 4 in (2.8 m) long

Space for four seats

tin

9 ft 8 in (2.9 m) long

90

P50

UK 1963

❼

s ❻ Au

l

UK 1959

Pe e

i Seven

M

in

10 ft 2 in (3.1 m) long

Small is beautiful when you need a car to dodge and weave through narrow city streets, and to squeeze into the smallest parking spaces. Light in weight and easy on the pocket, their small engines make these mini motors cheap to run.

4 ft 4 in (1.3 m) long

Car has a handle at the back for driver to pull it into parking spaces

Partly inspired by the success of the Volkswagen Beetle, a wave of tiny cars hit the roads in the 1950s and 1960s. The compact Messerschmitt KR200 could accommodate only a driver and one passenger, while the egg-shaped BMW Isetta 300 had two front wheels placed close

❽

Re

SIZE

lian

7

2

UK 1973

Sm

ar

t

ty Ci

-C

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4

11

3

Fi

a

00 t5

5

10

8

❿

Small trunk area above engine

6

1

I t a ly 2 0 0 7

Ger many/France 1998

11 ft 6 in (3.5 m) long

Ta

❾

Single front wheel

p ou

9

12

Mini motors

t Robin

10 ft 10 in (3.3 m) long

Smallest to biggest

o

ia 2

009

⓫

8 ft 3 in (2.5 m) long

ta

n Na

Ind

Fiberglass roof Gas cap underneath hood

10 ft 3 in (3.1 m) long

⓬ Renault Twizy ZE

F

n ra ce

20

12

9 ft 8 in (2.9 m) long Storage space under hood as engine in the back

together, no hood, and a motorcycle engine tucked behind the seat. Many three-wheeled cars, such as the Reliant Robin and the Frisky Family Three, could be driven on a motorcycle license. While the Frisky sold only in hundreds, the sales of the hugely popular Austin Mini

Small 1-ft-1-in(32.5-cm-) long wheels

Scissor doors open upward

7 ft 6 in (2.3 m) long

Seven reached more than four million by 1976. Today, mini cars such as the Smart City-Coupé and the Tata Nano are popular in crowded cities. However, all of them still dwarf the Peel P50, the world’s smallest car, which weighs a mere 130 lb (59 kg).

91

THE MOPETTA MICROCAR 

In 1958, the passionate German car designer Egon Brütsch decided he was going to build the world's smallest car for the International Bicycle and Motorcycle Exhibition in Frankfurt that year. His idea was to use a new material called fiberglass to make two shell-like panels, which would fit together to form an egg-shaped microcar.

Brütsch built the prototype of the Mopetta overnight, but he did not have time to sort out the mechanics before the exhibition, so the microcar was displayed up high, away from prying eyes. Success at the show meant Brütsch then had to make his design work. The result was a single-seat three-wheeler that was 5 ft 7 in (1.75 m) long, 3 ft (0.9 m)

wide, and had a 50 cc engine that took it to a top speed of 22mph (35 km/h). With its fiberglass body, Brütsch thought the car would also work as a boat. Although publicity photographs showed the Mopetta crossing a shallow stream, it could never be made fully watertight. Sadly, the Mopetta never became popular and only 14 were ever made.

Land

Supercars Engine mounted sideways just behind driver’s seat

Countach, ghini r o b 74 Lam 0 I t a ly 1 9 0 4 P L

Lambor ghini M iur I t a ly 1 9 6 6 a 170mph (274km/h)

177 mph (285 km/h)

g h i n i D i a bl o Lambor

I t a ly 1 9

Marcello Gandini

90

Rear wing keeps wheels on the ground at high speeds

designed the Miura before he turned 28. 202 mph (325 km/h)

L McLar en F1

M

U

99 K1

Driver sits in the center and slightly in front of two passenger seats

5

230 mph (370 km/h)

Five-spoke magnesium wheels fitted with tires specially made for the car

0–62 MPH (0–100 KM/H) Caparo T1 2.5 seconds

Pagani Zonda

I t a ly 1 9

99

Body panels made of light but strong carbon fiber

Porsche 918 RSR Spyder 3.0 seconds Koenigsegg CCX-R 3.1 seconds 220 mph (354 km/h)

94

Some cars are just too hot to handle. These high-performance sports cars, known as supercars, are phenomenally fast and often very expensive. Handcrafted in small numbers, they offer the last word in speed and handling.

The first supercar emerged in the 1960s. Highperformance cars such as the Lamborghini Miura had sleek lines, powerful engines, and were built low to the ground. Miura’s successor, the Countach, LP 400, was just 3 ft 7 in (1.1 m) tall. Some supercars were made of high-tech

Inset rear wing rises automatically to help car grip the road Pop-up headlights in the nose

r Fer

ari

E

n zo

I t a ly

2002

Supercars

226 mph (363 km/h)

M er ce

Scissor doors open upward and forward

de

s

Lar en -M c

SLR 722S

UK

200

3

209 mph (336 km/h) Twin exhaust pipes mounted in the middle of the car

K

igs oen

egg CCX-R

Swed e

n 200

6

205 mph (330 km/h)

Caparo T1

UK 2007

M600 N o bl e

U

00 K2

250 mph (402 km/h)

9

Wheels made of carbon fiber save 11 lb (5 kg) weight per wheel

A Venom GT reached a top speed of

270 mph

225 mph (362 km/h)

r Po

s

e ch

S R S pyd e r 918 R

Ger many 2011

(435 km/h) in a test run.

Air inlet channels air into the engine compartment

270 mph (435 km/h)

Hennessey Venom GT 211 mph (340 km/h)

material to keep their weight down, with the 1,036 lb (470 kg) Caparo T1 being the lightest. The heavier supercars compensate with incredibly powerful engines. The Hennessey Venom GT can deliver up to 1,244 horsepower, which is 10 times the power of a hatchback. The

USA 2014

Noble M600’s twin turbochargers give it a top speed of 225 mph (362 km/h), while the McLaren F1 LM can hit 230 mph (370 km/h). Some supercars feature the latest in race car technology, like the Mercedes-McLaren SLR 722S, which has fly-by-wire (electronic) brakes.

95

Land

Luxury rides Buick NA 8/90 USA 1934 External luggage rack

Spare tires on each side of the body

GAZ C haika

USSR 195

9

C

s hr y

ler New Yor ker US

A1

Power steering

Lincoln Continental Convertible USA 1961

Rear doors open out at the front

Rol

Jaguar Mark X

96

R l s-

960

Finned rear wings took the car’s length to 18 ft 4 in (5.6 m)

ilver Cloud oyc e S I

II

UK 19

62

UK 1962

The last word in comfort, luxury cars are often packed with the most advanced driving and passenger features. These grand, superexpensive cars offer a quiet, cushioned ride for the rich, the powerful, and the famous.

Celebrities and dignitaries did not have to shut the doors of the Mercedes-Benz 600. This 2.9-ton car did it for them! Owners ranged from the Pope and presidents of many countries to the rock ’n’ roll legend Elvis Presley. In the Soviet Union, the 18 ft-4 in- (5.6 m-) long, seven-seater

Ge

rm

an y1

Car accelerates from 0–60 mph (0–100 km/h) in under 7 seconds

963

Gas tank with 12 gal (45 liter) capacity fitted inside each rear wing

Bentley Conti ne nta l

R UK 1991

Da

Ro

Mer cedes-Benz 600

USA 1963

imler DS420

lls-

A rugged taxi, but stretched for style

UK 1968

R oyc e P h a n t o

m

Dr

op

he

ad

UK 20

Luxury rides

Checker Marathon

07

Fold-up roof stored in rear of car

The Phantom Drophead was available in 4,300 different colors.

Cadillac STS V8

GAZ Chaika was the choice car for politicians, while the stately Daimler DS420 was used by the British, Swedish, and Danish royal families. The car was based on the Jaguar Mark X, which came with a wood-paneled interior, plenty of legroom, and fold-down picnic tables. Some

USA

200

9

Sensors alert the driver if the car drifts out of its lane

Rolls Royce Silver Cloud IIIs had cocktail bars and televisions, while the Lincoln Continental Convertible turned heads with its convertible, four-door design. The statue on the hood of the Rolls-Royce Phantom Drophead sinks into the hood when the car is locked up.

97

Land

Record breakers Exposed engine without any bodywork

rr Da

acq 200HP

France 1905 Basket seat

This car is made up of a Fiat SB4 and parts of a

London Bus. 120 mph (193 km/h)

21.5-liter engine Engine uses 44 gal (166 liters) of gas per 60 miles (100 km)

tM

Ger many 1909

eles e phistoph

I t a ly / U K

1923

Fia

B l i t ze n - B e n z

141 mph (228 km/h)

Delage V12

France 1923 145 mph (234 km/h)

enz Mer cedez-B

143 mph (230 km/h)

SPEED

30

L 0S

Ger many 1954

Gull-wing doors open up and out from the car roof

Top three record breakers Bloodhound SSC 1,050 mph (1,690 km/h)

129 mph (208 km/h)

Thrust SSC 763 mph (1,228 km/h) Spirit of America 600 mph (966 km/h)

98

Cars have always been valued for their speed. Some people have built one-of-a-kind fast cars in an attempt to break land-speed records, while car manufacturers have competed to produce the fastest production cars.

Solid titanium wheels spin around 10,000 times per minute

The Blitzen-Benz was the first car with an internal combustion engine to break the 125 mph (200 km/h) barrier. In 1924, the Delage V12 held the land-speed record for six days before it was broken by the Fiat Mephistopheles with a bomber aircraft engine. The Bluebird CN7, also

Sculpted front for air intake

N b i r d C 7 UK 1962 e u Bl

Spirit of America Soni c

1

US

A1

965

Body fairing covers large 4ft-4in- (1.3m-) diameter wheel

Fer r

ari

37ft-8in- (11.5m-) long body

365

GTB/4 Daytona

I t a ly 1

968

Record breakers

600 mph (966 km/h)

403 mph (648 km/h)

174 mph (280 km/h) Exhaust pipes run along the side

Thrust SSC

Chain-driven rear wheel

Bugatti V S p o r t Ge e yr o n r ma

UK 1997

Rolls-Royce Spey jet engine

763 mph (1,228 km/h)

Su ny/ Fran per ce 2 012

Tailfin

268 mph (431 km/h)

Bloodhound SSC

Tire can run flat for up to 31mph (50 km/h)

UK 2015

1,050 mph (1,690 km/h)

with an aircraft engine, was the last recordbreaking car with wheels driven directly by the engine. Record breakers since then, such as the current holder Thrust SSC, are propelled by jet engines. The Bloodhound SSC team is hoping that their machine, using a Jaguar car engine, a jet

engine, and a rocket engine, will set a new record at supersonic speeds. The Mercedes-Benz 300SL set a record for fastest production car in 1955, which was broken by the Ferrari 365 GTB/4. The Bugatti Veyron Super Sport is the current fastest production car.

99

DRAGSTER BURNOUT 

Vrrrm, Vrrrm! Dave Gibbons revs up his Rough Diamond T dragster at the UK’s Santa Pod Raceway in 2014. These mean machines race along straight pieces of tarmac track, known as drag strips, in high-speed races that last as little as five or six seconds. Blink and you’ll miss the contests between these epic racers—the fastest-accelerating cars in the world.

Dragsters feature ridiculously powerful engines that burn an explosive fuel mixture. The most powerful, found in a class of dragster called Top Fuel, can generate a staggering 8,000 horsepower. That’s more than the power created by all of the first 10 NASCARs or Formula One cars on a starting grid put together. This phenomenal force carries dragsters from

0–100 mph (0–160 km/h) in less than 0.8 seconds. After two or three seconds, they’re rocketing along at more than 250 mph (400 km/h) while the fastest can cross the line at 310 mph (500 km/h). Dragsters need plenty of braking assistance, usually provided by large parachutes that open out behind the car to generate drag and slow it down.

Land

Truck

Sleeper cab ❯ This

Trucks come in many shapes and sizes. Articulated trucks come in two parts. At the front is a tractor, containing the engine and driver’s cab. It is connected to the cargo-trailer by a pivoting joint, which allows the truck to go around tight corners. The Kenworth C540 is a powerful long-distance truck that can haul a fully loaded trailer over long distances.

cab contains a bed, storage space, and, often, cooking facilities for long-distance truckers.

Kenw

or th C 540

Trailer side curtain

Semitrailer ❯ This is called a semitrailer, because it does not have a front set of wheels. It is designed to hook up to the tractor. This model is a curtain-sider, with fabric side panels that can be pulled aside for loading or unloading.

102

Side lights Wheels ❯ Two sets of tractor rear wheels support the weight of the trailer.

Gas tank

Cab light

Windshield

Truck

Exhaust stack ❯ Vertical exhaust pipes release waste gases from the engine.

Rearview mirror

Radiator grille ❯ The grille lets in air to cool the large diesel engine that powers the truck.

Steps to driver’s cab

Fender

Bumper

103

Land

Tons of trucks Thornycroft Type J

UK 1917

Stack from steam engine

Flatbed to carry sacks, boxes, or other loads

Wal Wagolis & Stee n 7 2 7 ve n s 9 UK 1912

Solid-rubber tires Two-doored cab seats only one

M Pia od g el gio D A Ita

ly

Frame for protective cover

During World War I, some Type Js were fitted with guns to shoot at enemy aircraft.

Subar u Samb ar tr uck Japan 196 Kei 9

pe

19

67

Tree logs carried in trailer from forest to lumber mill

Renau

Chevr olet C10 US A

6 19

0s

104

Driver’s cab contains sleeping bunk in roof

There are almost as many types of trucks as there are jobs they perform—from whisking packages around town to hauling farm animals, cars, or goods on trailers. The first motorized trucks ran on steam power, but today most have diesel engines.

lt TR 2 80

France 1

971

In Japan, tiny Kei trucks, such as the Subaru Sambar, carry small cargos around cities, while in Italy, the even smaller Piaggio Ape Model D runs on three wheels, with a motorcycle engine powering its rear wheels. Pickup trucks, such as the Chevrolet C10,

5 AF 8 MCD D

Nether lands 1

992

Tons of trucks

Mer ced

es-B

enz 1 838 t anke r tr u c

k Ger many 1996

F DA

XF

105

Nether la

nds 20

08

Racing DAF 85 trucks reach speeds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) on race tracks.

Rear supported by three sets of wheels Large 793-cu in (13-liter) engine situated below driver’s cab

Vertical exhaust

sem Volvo i-tr uc Bob k t

Radiator grille

ed

a il

Sw

en 11

Scania P400

20

Living quarters contain bed for driver

Sweden 2009

are often just a little larger than a sedan, and have an open cargo bed behind the driver’s cab. Many large trucks, such as the Volvo Bobtail and Scania P400, are designed to haul a range of trailers carrying very different loads. These trucks have a tractor unit with a driver’s cab and

an engine, and are articulated, which allows the truck to turn around tight corners. Trailers can be box-shaped, open, or specialized, such as the ramped car transporter hauled by the MCD DAF 85, or a tanker containing liquid pulled by the Mercedes-Benz 1838.

105

Land

Special task trucks Douglas P3

Three-seater cab can be entered from the roof

A l v i s S t a lw a r

t UK

6 196

Underside of vehicle is waterproof to travel through water

UK 1970

Walter

w Sno

fighter

USA 19

72

Water-and-foam cannon can fire hundreds of liters of liquid per minute

Glost

er Sar o Jave lin

UK 19

Large blades push snow to the sides

87

Telescopic ladder can extend upward to reach into multistory buildings

Six-wheel drive with engine powering all wheels

Am

c eri

an

L

ra aF

nce

tr Me

ost

ik

75

USA

200

0

Large hopper to collect garbage

Extended cab carries firefighters and equipment

Outrigger provides stable base when ladder is extended

106

While some trucks are designed to be versatile and carry a wide range of loads, others are designed and specially built to do one job and do it extremely well. Meet some of the more extraordinary special task trucks.

Every airport has tugs, such as the Douglas P3, which can pull a giant aircraft into position, and crash tenders such as the Gloster Saro Javelin. These high-speed firefighting vehicles often have four-, six-, or eight-wheel drive and can rush to a stricken aircraft to cover it in water and foam.

Powerful crane can lift smaller tow trucks

Flashing warning lights

it zC

aro9

en r many B s Ge de nce e r c la Membu a

200

Kenworth W900 tow truck Australia 2007 Driver’s cab windows are protected from branches and debris by metal mesh

John Deer e 843K

USA 2010

Citaro is the largest civilian ambulance, with space for 20 patients.

Au t o c

Giant tires support weight of the 27,990-lb (12,696-kg) vehicle and its load

Vertical exhaust pipe

ar E

Holder C270

Ger many 2010

3

r ef use t r uck USA 2011

Rapidly spinning brushes remove dirt

Hyundai 700S-7E

Special purpose trucks are also found every day on city streets. Street sweepers, such as the small Holder C270, can turn their cabs to sweep around tight corners, while garbage trucks, such as the Autocar E3, collect and compact garbage in their rear hoppers before taking it to

South Korea 2012

dumps or recycling centers. The Walter Snowfighter can clear roads of snow, and the Kenworth W900 lifts and recovers broken-down vehicles. Out in the countryside, tree fellers such as the John Deere 843K use powerful saws and grippers to fell and remove trees.

107

SHUTTLE  CRAWLER 

Meet the ultimate heavy hauler—NASA’s gigantic Crawler Transporter. This picture shows it inching the Space Shuttle Discovery from the Vehicle Assembly Building to Launchpad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida in 2005. Fully loaded, the Shuttle spacecraft weighs more than 2,500 tons (2 million kg), so it takes a serious machine to carry such an extreme load.

NASA’s two Crawler Transporters, nicknamed Hans and Franz, were built in the 1960s to carry Saturn V launch vehicles. The loading platform is 295 sq ft (27.4 sq m)— about the same size as a baseball diamond. Each Crawler Transporter is 131 ft (40 m) long, 115 ft (35 m) wide, and weighs 3,000 tons (2,721,000 kg). When loaded with a space

vehicle, the crawlers move along a special, heavy-duty road, known as a crawlerway, at a top speed of 1 mph (1.6 km/h). The vehicle is powered by 16 electric engines, and the electricity is supplied by an onboard generator run by two diesel engines. Burning fuel at 126 gal per mile (297 liters per km), the Crawler Transporter is a real gas-guzzler.

Bus stop Bollée L'Obeissante

Steam stack

Land

France 1873

Open cab for driver

Engine radiator

LCOG B-type U K 1911

27 ft 6 in (8.4 m) long

For emo s

t Ter r a bus

Canada 1

AEC Routemaster

Door powered by compressed air

110

Open platform to enter and exit

UK 1954

Volvo B10MA Bendy Bus

The first motorized buses were steampowered and carried people for short distances in the 19th century. The arrival of the internal combustion engine led to bigger and more powerful buses for commuters, tourists, and school runs.

986

Sweden 1996

Driven by twin steam engines, one for each rear wheel, the Bollée L’Obeissante could carry 12 passengers at speeds up to 25 mph (40 km/h). Gradually, gasoline-engine buses took over the first mass-produced bus, the LCOG B-type, had seats for 16 passengers inside and 18 on the

Volvo B12M

Underfloor-mounted engine

Sweden 2001

Joint covered by flexible rubber seals

The bendy, 92-ft- (28-m-) long B12M can seat up to 270

passengers. School bus

USA 2002

Rails for a flexible roof

High-mounted driver’s cab

49 ft 2 in (15 m) long

Roma Cristiana open bus

Italy 2003

Wi-fi onboard for using gadgets Fold-down steps

lee per bus Van Hool s

top deck. Double-decker buses proved popular, with room for many more people. The AEC Routemaster became a British icon, carrying up to 64 passengers around London, UK, while today’s open-topped buses, such as the Roma Cristiana, give tourists spectacular city views.

Belgium 2009

The rugged, single-decker Foremost Terra Bus transports tourists and workers around ice-bound regions in Canada and Antarctica. The Volvo B10MA can bend in the middle to travel around corners, while the Van Hool sleeper bus’s seats convert into 42 beds for long, overnight journeys.

111

Land

Tractor Tractors are a farm’s workhorses, used to pull plows and other tools in fields, or to carry and lift a range of loads. These machines vary in size, from tiny tractors used in gardens and parks to giant beasts with massive pulling power. The Massey Ferguson 7618 is a versatile, large tractor that can perform lots of different jobs in the field.

Engine ❯ A large engine burns diesel fuel. This tractor has a top speed of around 31 mph (50 km/h) on the road and 17 mph (28 km/h) on the field.

Engine hood

Vertical exhaust

on 7618 y Fer gus e s s a M

Radiator grille

Mudguard

Weight frame ❯ Weights can be added to the front of the tractor to balance out the weight of the tools or loads it carries behind it.

112

Fuel tank

Tire tread ❯ Deep tread on the rubber tire helps the tractor grip the soft ground and move forward or backward.

Driver’s cab

Warning light Cab light ❯ Equipped on all the four corners of the cab, these light up the area around the tractor.

Tractor

Rear wheel ❯ Huge rear wheels equipped with giant tires, 5 ft 1 in (1.8 m) in diameter and 223⁄4 in (58 cm) wide, support the tractor’s weight.

Steps to the cab 113

hy

UK

191

4

Total tractor

ot

Land

Stack funnel

or D

ew

or

th

Clay

ton & Sh ut t

l

Canopy covered driver and engine

Steering chains turn front wheels

Twin City 40-65 UK 1916

Waterloo Boy USA 1917 Steel wheels equipped with blades dig into the ground to provide more grip

Caterpillar Sixty USA 1931

114

Rubber tires with heavy tread for better grip

Powered by steam, the first farm tractors were often heavy and slow, but they could pull objects with great force. Over time, diesel and gas engines replaced steam, while solid steel wheels made way for tracks and wide rubber tires.

7

g Bi

Ferguson TE-20 UK 1946

Bud 16V 7 4

Driver’s cab sits high above ground

US

A 1978

Each tire measures 7 ft 10 in (2.4 m) in diameter

The Clayton & Shuttleworth Dorothy steam-powered tractor weighed 22,046 lb (10,000 kg) and had a top speed of 5 mph (8 km/h). In contrast, the 15,212-lb (6,900-kg) JCB Fastrac 185-65 can reach 50 mph (80 km/h). The Ferguson TE-20 became so

JC

B

Fa

Hydraulic arms raise and lower farm tools

Bar protects the driver if the tractor rolls over

st r a

Total tractor

85-65 UK 1994 c1

Storage area

A Fastrac

push-started the world’s fastest diesel car on its record run.

Wheel turned by steam engine

Massey Ferguson 1540

50

Weights balance heavy tools or loads pulled by the tractor

Ren

au l

g en

er

M

TF

76

Rear linkage hook to pull plows or other farm tools

Chal

l

an

710 R Z r es 9 t Ace 200

Fr

20

US

A

USA 2005 12

Steps to driver’s cab

h Jo

n

Xenon lights illuminate field around tractor

De

Kingpin around which both halves of the body can turn

er

New T9.50 Holland 5

e

USA

RH 50 61

2013

USA 2 01

3

popular that over half a million were built. Some tractors run on a continuous belt called a track, which spreads weight evenly over the ground, giving good stability and grip. The Caterpillar Sixty had steel tracks, while the modern Challenger MTF 7650 has rubber tracks.

Tractors today range greatly in size. The small Massey Ferguson 1540 is used in parks and gardening, while the New Holland T9.505 is so long that its body is hinged in the middle. At 27 ft (8.23 m) long, the Big Bud 16V 747 was used on large American cotton farms.

115

On the farm Land

Massey Ferguson 9240

UK 1995

This harvester can pick and wash as many as Sharp metal discs of the harrow break up soil

one million pumpkins in a week!

ar n H006 i k p K2 Pum U

ve s

Tank provides water to wash pumpkins

ter

Large, chunky tire provides grip over rough and muddy ground

Folding crop-spray boom can stretch out to a width of almost 60 ft (18 m)

John Deere 5430i

USA 2008

Forks can lift up to 7,716 lb (3,500 kg)

Catterpillar TH406

Steps to driver’s cab

USA 2010

Reel gathers in stalks of cereal crops toward cutting bar

Cutting head cuts grass and stalked crops

0 W26

e Deer2013 n h o J USA

116

Farming involves a vast amount of hard work but, fortunately, machines have come to the rescue. Farm machines automate and speed up many tasks, which previously had to be done by hand or by using animals.

Cutting bar slices the stalks off the plant

John D eer e S6 90

USA 201

Some farm tools like plows and disk harrows can be pulled or operated by multipurpose tractors such as the Massey Ferguson 9240. Growing crops are protected by crop-dusting machines, such as the John Deere 5430i, whose giant booms spray large areas of fields

3

3

d

201

USA

Ne w 740 Hol lan TL

Hydraulic-powered grippers can hold and lift hay bales

On the farm

Unloading pipe discharges 35.7 gal (135 liters) of grain per minute Driver’s cab

New Holland T6.140 USA 2013

Grain tank can hold up to 3,725 gal (14,100 liters) of grain

New Holland Braud 960L

USA 2013

Cutter head removes flowers from top of corn plant

Narrow wheels fit into gaps between rows of corn crops

Hagie 204SP Detassler

with pest-removing chemicals. Come harvest time, different machines speed up the collection of crops, such as the New Holland Braud 960L, which travels above rows of vines, harvesting grapes, or the Pumpkin Harvester, which picks, washes, and packs pumpkins. Large combine

USA 2013

harvesters, such as the John Deere S690, cut the stalks of cereal crops, separate the grain, and shoot the remaining straw out the back. This straw is packed into hay bales that can be lifted by forklifts, such as the Caterpillar TH406, or held by grippers, as on the New Holland 740TL.

117

MONSTER LEAP 

At the Monster Mania festival in the UK, Ian Batey flies high in his Lil’ Devil monster truck over a row of old cars. Fueled by high octane racing methanol in its hefty V8 engine, this powerful vehicle boasts ten times as much power as a regular family car. It weighs more than 8,800 lb (4,000 kg)—guaranteeing a crushing ending for any of the wrecked cars should it land on them.

Ever since Bob Chandler built the original Bigfoot monster truck in 1979 in the USA, these mean machines have been entertaining crowds all over the world with their antics. Events include races over dirt courses in arenas as well as stunts, jumps off ramps, and plenty of car crushing. Many monster trucks begin life as a humble pickup, a Chevrolet Silverado in

the case of Lil’ Devil. Only the body is kept, as the vehicle is tricked out with a tubular steel frame chassis and mighty 5-ft-7-in- (1.7-m-) high “terra” tires. These ride on suspension systems capable of absorbing enormous impacts on landing while the driver, held firmly in his seat in a racing harness, focuses on pulling amazing monster truck moves.

Land

Construction and mining Front roller can be moved left or right to turn the vehicle

The

hopper can hold 90 tons

Arm can move bucket to dig down to depths of more than 14 ft 10 in (4.5 m)

of rock—as heavy as 20 monster trucks.

Steel bucket

Hamm HW90/10

Germany 1987

Steel loader can lift more than 2,200 lb (1,000 kg) in a single scoop

Vertical exhaust pipe

Caterpillar 950G

Case Poclain 688B

Hopper can be tipped by hydraulic arms

Tire is 8 ft 11 in (2.7 m) tall and weighs more than 3,307 lb (1,500 kg)

USA 1998

BELAZ-75570

USA 1993

Liebh

er r LT M150 0

Ger m

any 20

00

Outriggers stabilize the crane when it is raised

31 ft 10 in (9.7 m) tall

120

Construction sites and mines have a lot of digging, leveling, and heavy lifting going on, and big, rugged machines do most of the work. They have to be strong to withstand the stresses of the tasks, and reliable to work all day long.

Excavators are digging machines usually fitted with a steel bucket that cuts into the earth. Some, such as the Case Poclain 688B, run on wheels, while others, such as the John Deere 160DL C, run on continuous tracks, which are ideal for crossing muddy ground. Front loaders, such as

Drum mixes concrete for building purposes

Joh n

Dee

re 1 60D L

C A2 US

Diesel engine turns the tracks to move digger

BelAZ-75570

z

007

en Mercedes-B

Ger many 2007

Belarus 2008

Excavator can dig up to a depth of 21 ft 4 in (6.5 m)

Backhoe bucket to dig holes or trenches for pipelines

Front loader can carry and push large amounts of soil and other materials

JCB 3CX

UK 2009

The

Dancing Diggers are a team of JCBs that perform routines to music.

Long blade levels materials for a smooth surface

Caterpillar 12M2

USA 2011

the Caterpillar 950G, feature a large front-scoop, and backhoe loaders, such as the JCB 3CX, have both a front-loader and a rear bucket-digger. The John Deere 650K XLT is a bulldozer equipped with a long, strong blade to push materials along the ground, while compactors, such as the Hamm

John Deere 650K XLT

USA 2012

HW90/10, use heavy rollers to press down and make a firm surface. Giant cranes lift materials when building tall structures and some, such as the Liebherr LTM1500, are mobile, with an arm that telescopes out and up to a distance of 276 ft (84 m)—longer than a Boeing 747 jumbo jet.

121

Land

Tanks and tracks Mar k

Gun originally used in ships and coastal forts

VU

K1

91

Stabilizer prevents tank from tipping over backward

Renault FT-17

France 1917

Turret hatch, below which tank commander sits

8

M

Continuous metal tracks around side of body

4A

1

She

r man

Panzerkampfwagen IV

US

Germany 1936

A1 941

Turret holds three of the five crew members

T-34/85 Soviet Union 1941

Large gun can fire shells more than 3 miles (5 km) Tough armor made of ceramics and metals

CHALLENGER 1 MBT

9 ft 8 in (3 m) tall

122

Tanks are heavily armored vehicles that run on tracks so they can cross muddy ground and other difficult terrain. They are usually equipped with a powerful, shell-firing artillery gun. The first tanks saw service in World War I.

The Mark V had an eight-man crew and a top speed of 5 mph (8 km/h), the same as the twoman Renault FT-17—the first tank with a rotating gun turret. The Panzerkampfwagen IV’s powerful gun could pierce the armor of other tanks. It had a top speed of 24 mph

M4 Sherman V Crab USA 1943

M-29C Weasel tank transported inside

With a top speed of 57 mph (92 km/h), this was the

Heavy, spinning chains pound the ground to set off land mines

Landing Vehicle Tracked Mk IV Buffalo USA 1943

Tanks and tracks

Amphibious landing craft

fastest tank of World War II.

8H M1

ellcat

USA 194

4

16-ft- (4.9-m-) long aluminum body holds a crew of three

Alvis FV107 Scimitar

UK 1971

Smoke-grenade launchers generate smokescreen for defense

Tracks can travel through 6-ft- (1.8-m-) deep water

Challenger 1 MBT

UK 1983

FV104 Samaritan

UK 1978

Leopar d C2

Ger many 2000

Armored skirt protects upper tracks

(39 km/h) and a range of 125 miles (200 km). The T-34/85, one of its opponents, could travel twice as far. Other military vehicles are also armored and tracked but perform different tasks. The FV104 Samaritan is a battlefield ambulance, carrying up to six patients on stretchers, while the

Sherman Crab has flailing chains to clear paths through minefields. Main battle tanks, such as the 68-ton Challenger 1 MBT, are large and equipped with powerful weapons. In contrast, the Alvis FV107 Scimitar weighs less than 9 tons and can travel at 50 mph (80 km/h).

123

Land

Steam train Steam trains have engines that burn fuel in their firebox. The heat boils water to produce steam, which is fed into cylinders where it expands to drive the pistons. The movement of the pistons turns the wheels with the help of a rod and a crank, moving the train. This American locomotive from 1863, Thatcher Perkins, weighs 45 tons and could haul several wagons or carriages at 50 mph (80 km/h).

B&O Class B No. 147 Thatcher Perkins

Steam-powered whistle

Cab

Tender ❯ On many trains, this stored both water and fuel, often in the form of coal or, on this train, wood, to power the engine.

124

Wheel brakes ❯ To slow down the train, the driver pulls a lever, which presses brake shoes directly onto the driving wheels.

Driving wheel

Stack ❯ The smoke from the

Headlamp ❯ A large lamp burned oil to light up the tracks ahead.

Steam train

burning fuel in the firebox is channeled up and out through the stack. This one is fitted with layers of mesh to stop any dangerous sparks from escaping.

Warning bell Engine number plate Boiler

Coupling rod

Engine cylinder

Wheel arrangement ❯ Steam engines are defined by the number of wheels they have. This one has four leading wheels and six driving wheels.

Leading wheel

Pilot ❯ Also known as the cowcatcher, this brushes aside obstacles, such as tree branches, from the train’s path. 125

-

da y-

r ren loco

m

ot

i ve

Stack releases exhaust smoke

Pe n

Land

Early steam UK 1804

Towing hook

Puf

fing

Vertical boiler filled with hand-pumped water

Giant flywheel measures 8 ft (2.45 m) in diameter

Steam Wagon

y Bill

UK

181

3

16-ft- (4.9-m-) tall smokestack

USA 1825

Agenoria UK Upright boiler

18

29

Roc ket

UK 1829

Top of stack is 21 ft 11 in (6.7 m) above the ground

Wire-spoked wheels

Novelty

126

The first steam engines were used in factories to run machines, or in mines to pump out water. Richard Trevithick, a mining engineer, was one of the first to use steam to power a moving locomotive, sparking a transportation revolution.

UK 1829

In Wales in 1804, Trevithick’s Pen-y-darren made the first railroad journey at less than 2 mph (4 km/h), hauling 12 tons of cargo and 70 people over 8.9 miles (14.4 km). Other steam engines, such as the Puffing Billy and Agenoria, quickly followed, ferrying coal or goods from factories.

Tubes inside boiler are made of gun barrels

Large boiler helps achieve a top speed of 20 mph (32 km/h)

Tom Thumb USA 1830

Early steam

B&O Atlantic

USA 1832

Carriages pulled by horses ran on the same lines as the Adler.

Adler

UK/Germany 1835

Water barrel Driving wheel 6 ft (1.8 m) in diameter

GJR Columbine Large funnel-styled stack with wire netting to trap fire sparks

Inclined cylinder pushes the driving wheel forward

UK 1845

Cab made of walnut wood

Cowcatcher to push obstacles from the track

In 1829, Robert Stephenson’s Rocket beat the Novelty at the Rainhill Trials in the UK, where engines competed to run on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway—the world’s first intercity line. Stephenson’s company later built the Adler, the first German commercial train. John Steven’s

ion .13 P o 1 N 5 CVR USA 18

eer

Steam Wagon was the first American train, but it ran on a small circular track. The first engine used on regular service in the USA was Tom Thumb on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (B&O). By 1840, the country had over 2,796 miles (4,500 km) of track, more than found in the whole of Europe.

127

Land

Mainstream steam

SNB Limmat Germany/Switzerland 1847

Wooden-clad cylinder

Fairy Queen was given national

Engine named after the river it traveled alongside

Headlight

treasure status by India in 1972.

em 7M 5 . No ass l C L B&O

Crown-shaped stack opening

Headlight

non

USA

1848

Hinged door to access smokebox

Driver's cab

y Fair 5 2 2 5 ia 18 No. E I R n UK/Ind e Que

128

Steam railroads boomed in the later half of the 19th century, opening up new territories and connecting towns and cities. Locomotives developed rapidly, to become faster, more reliable, and able to pull more cars or cargo wagons.

The SNB Limmat ran on the first railroad line in Switzerland, while the EIR No. 22 Fairy Queen operated in India for 54 years. The DHR Class B, also from India, had a short wheelbase, which helped it grip the track of the Darjeeling Mountain Railway that rose 6,500 ft (2,000 m) in

Me

Open cab as train operates underground

t

Cl

as

sA

No .2 3 UK

LB&SCR B1 Class

UK 1882

High-pressure boiler powers train to top speeds of 68 mph (110 km/h)

Mainstream steam

1864

Coupling rod joins driving wheels

After World War I, Germany gave 627 Class P8s to European nations as war damages.

Locomotive named after British Prime Minister William Gladstone

Saddle tank can holds 144 gal (545 liters) of water

Pr

DHR Class B

UK/India 1889

Class A4 Mallard

Double stack, a first for steam trains

us

sia

nC

las

sP

8G

er m

any

Streamlined nose to cut through air at high speeds

le D Fir e L & P P

190

ss L

8

t i ve ocomo

USA 19

39

UK 1938

altitude. In contrast, the Met Class A ran on the world’s first underground train line, the Metropolitan Railway in central London. Steam trains were built well into the 20th century. More than 3,700 Prussian Class P8 engines were built and used in Romania, Poland, France, and

elsewhere. Innovations included the PP&L D Fireless, which stored steam in its boiler so it could work in places where flammable fuel was a hazard. Steam engines were also streamlined for extra speed. The Class A4 Mallard was the fastest, with a top speed of 125 mph (202 km/h).

129

The No. 4472 Flying Scotsman powers along the tracks of the Carlisle to Settle line in the northwest of England, a service known as the “Cumbrian Mountain Express.” The 71-ft-2-in- (21.7-m-) long locomotive weighed more than 109 tons, but generated enormous pulling power. In 1934, it became the first steam locomotive officially recorded to exceed 100 mph (160 km/h).

FLYING  SCOTSMAN 

The Flying Scotsman was designed by the British engineer Sir Nigel Gresley, who had joined the railroad as a 17-yearold apprentice. The locomotive was built in 1923, and soon after was painted its famous apple-green color. During World War II, however, it was painted black. After 40 years of faithful service, the Flying Scotsman was retired by British Rail

in 1963, but the engine’s travels weren’t over. It was saved from being scrapped by enthusiast Alvin Pegler and, after restoration, underwent a five-year tour of the USA, before being taken to Australia, where she set a new world record for the longest nonstop locomotive run, traveling 422 miles (679 km) on the Alice Springs to Melbourne route.

Land

Diesel train Diesel trains contain one or more large internal combustion engines that generate hauling power. This power is transferred to the wheels by different transmission systems. Locomotives using the diesel-mechanical system, such as this BR Class 05, transfer the power directly to the wheels by means of shafts and cranks. In a diesel-electric system, the power is converted into electricity in a generator, which drives the motors that turn the locomotive’s wheels.

BR Class 05

High visibilty warning stripes

Bumper

Ventilation grille ❯ The grilles let air into the main body of the locomotive to help cool the large diesel engine.

132

Coupling rod ❯ This transmits power from the engine to all three driving wheels on each side of the locomotive.

Engine ❯ A large Gardiner eight-cylinder

Cab ❯ The 11-ft-6-in- (3.5-m-) high cab gives a good view down the long hood, while twin rear windows allow the driver to see what is going on behind. Inside, a series of dials gives the driver details of the engine’s speed, temperature, and status.

Diesel train

diesel engine gives this locomotive a lot of pulling power with the help of a four-speed gearbox. However, it has a low speed—18 mph (29 km/h).

Signaling horns

Narrow cab door

Hand rail

Driving wheel is 3 ft 4 in (1.02 m) in diameter

Counterweight ❯ This helps to balance the force of the coupling rod.

Steps to driver’s cab 133

Land

Dawn of diesel High, sloping driver's windshield

Buga

tti r a ilcar

Eight-wheel bogie (set of wheels that pivot)

Franc e

1932

122 mph (196 km/h)

GHE T1

Germany 1933

Body design tapers at rear

The first GWR completed

59,652 miles (96,000 km) in its first year.

25 mph (40 km/h) Small, sliding windows

80 mph (129 km/h)

134

re GWR st

r d r ailca e n i l m a

As engine technology developed in the early 20th century, some engineers turned away from steam in favor of locomotives that ran on diesel fuel. Diesel-engined trains entered service in numbers from 1930s onward.

Headlight

UK 1934 45 mph (72 km/h)

Diesel engines required less maintenance than steam locomotives and could be operated without extra crew to stoke the boiler. This made some, such as the VC Porter No.3 and DR Class Kö, ideal as low-speed switchers. Many early diesel trains used their engines to drive the wheels

DR Class Kö

Stainless steel car

Ge rm

any 1934 112 mph (181 km/h) 11 mph (18 km/h)

Driver's cab door

Boxley Whitcomb

yr eer Zeph n o i P Q CB&

USA 193

4

USA1941 Single vertical exhaust

20 mph (32 km/h)

VC Porter No.3

USA 1944 Driver's cab

PM R G M D EM USA 1 9 4 2 Side rods powered by engine turn wheels around

mechanically, but not the PMR GM EMD. A diesel-electric locomotive, its diesel engine powered a generator that supplied electricity to its four electric motors. Diesel engines were also used to power railcars—train passenger cars with motors fitted below. The GHE T1 railcar could

20 mph (32 km/h)

carry 34 passengers and ran on just four wheels. The GWR streamlined railcar had a top speed of 80mph (129km/h), while the Bugatti railcar was even faster. This sleek machine broke the record for high-speed trains in 1934 with a top speed of 122mph (196km/h).

135

Land

Mainstream diesel s Clas1946 n i w A Bald -660 US 4 DS-4

106 mph (171 km/h) Powerful headlight to illuminate track ahead Logo of the Norfolk and Western Railway

75 mph (125 km/h)

60 mph (96 km/h)

Stainless steel body is 85 ft (25.9 m) long

Budd RDC railcar

USA 1949

85 mph (137 km/h)

B&O F7 Class

USA 1949

Two jet

aircraft engines were fitted to the roof of a Budd to set a speed record in 1966. Ladder to driver’s cab

136

Diesel locomotives became common after World War II. Although they were often more expensive to build, many were much cheaper and easier to operate than steam locomotives, and they spent less time in repair shops as well.

50–120 mph (80–193 km/h)

Baldwin Class DS-4-4-660 switchers were used to move cars and wagons in railroad yards. With their 660-horsepower diesel engines, some 139 were built. The rugged and reliable N&W EMD GP9 Class served all over the USA and Canada as a switcher, with more than

Spacious cab provided at either end of the locomotive

English Electric DP1 Deltic

N&W

EMD

GP9

Driver’s cab mounted on the roof

UK 1955

Cl a ss A 19 US

55

DB

V

. T11

5G

Sliding double doors

57

Radiator cooling fans

100 mph (160 km/h)

UP GM EMD Class SD60

e

9 ny 1 r ma

USA 1984

65 mph (105 km/h)

Rounded fuel tanks Upper deck connected to lower by two spiral staircases

D Class 66 BR GM EM

UK/USA 19

98

60 mph (100 km/h)

DWA Class 670 railcar Germany 1996

4,000 produced. The DB VT11.5 hauled firstclass passengers at speeds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) on the famed Trans-Europ Express services, which linked 130 cities throughout Europe. Diesel-powered railcars, such as the Budd RDC, proved very versatile. On small

75 mph (121 km/h)

lines, each railcar could operate by itself to carry a limited number of passengers, or they could be linked together for greater capacity. Another option was a double-decker, such as the DWA Class 670 railcar, which could hold up to 110 people on two decks.

137

Land

Rail workhorses S&PR No.5 S

n ha

non

UK 1857

FR Prince

Steam stack

LNWR Pet

UK 1863

Tender holds coal for locomotive to burn to produce steam

UK 1865 Nose houses large electric motor

Locomotive is 7 ft 2 in (2.2 m) high and 8 ft 6 in (2.6 m) long

SB

BC

las

sC

Pantograph supplies power to locomotive's three electric motors

e6/

8S

wit

zer

lan

d1

919

PRR Class B1 USA 1934

138

While passenger trains grab all the attention, thousands of other trains are busy at work every day. These rail workhorses haul vast amounts of freight, and move other trains and cars around railroad yards.

–20

Its long nose gave the Ce6/8 the nickname

Swiss Crocodile.

Freight trains often use diesel engines, such as the DR V100, more than 1,100 of which have served across the world. The electric SBB Class Ce6/8, similar in design to the DR V100, has a central cab with a protruding nose at each end. The engine was hinged so that it could turn on

Steam dome helps to control steam pressure Stack joined to smokebox channels smoke out of train

Rail workhorses

Driver's cab

B&A GE 70-ton switcher

Sandbox contains sand, which can be rubbed on rails for better grip during bad weather

USA 1946

Driver's cab

DR V15

Central driver's cab gives excellent visibility in all directions

Front coupling

BR Class 08 Phantom

100 DR V

UK 1953

Ger many 1

966

Germany 1959

tight tracks in the Swiss mountains. Not all freight is carried cross-country. Many trains move goods and equipment on lines serving docks, mines, and factories, such as the FR Prince, which hauled slate from Welsh mines. Many small locomotives are also used to move

around cars, wagons, and larger locomotives, to assemble and disassemble train services. These switchers, such as the DR V15 and the BR Class 08, had to be robust and reliable. More than 100 Class 08s are still in service more than 50 years later.

139

Trolley pole transfers electricity from overhead cable to train’s motor

Pantograph collects power from overhead cable

Door to engineers’s cab

B&O Bo Switcher

GIPR Class W

Land

Going electric

1 CP

In UK/

dia 1

NER E Locom lectric o t i ve

USA 1895

930

UK 190

5

Each half of locomotive has two motors to drive the wheels Streamlined nose

DRE04

Germany 1933

A GG1 pulled the

funeral train of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.

PRR

140

GG1 Class

The 1880s saw electric streetcars and trolleys rattling around cities, and it was not long before electric trains appeared. They offered advantages over smokebelching steam trains, but they needed electrified railroad lines on which to run.

34 USA 19

Experimental electric trains had been built since the 1830s, but the first main line electric service was in Baltimore in the 1890s. The B&O Bo Switcher operated in Baltimore’s docklands at a top speed of 9 mph (16 km/h). Electric trains get their power supply either from overhead cables or

Penn Central/Budd Metroliner

DR Class 243

F

00

e 19

54

Going electric

S NC

Cowcatcher pushes obstructions from the track

9 s BB s a l C

nc 0 Fra

Single pantograph connects with overhead power lines of 11,000 volts

USA 1969

Ger many 1982

The BR Class 92 was built to run in the

Channel Tunnel linking England and France. Locomotive weighs 141 tons

BR Class 92

UK 1993

via a third rail running along the track. The NER used both systems. After World War I, many countries began the electrification of their lines. The GIPR Class WCP 1s were the first electric engines to run in India. The 79-ft-31⁄2-in- (24.2-m-) long PRR Class GG1 was designed to travel

around tight bends on American tracks. Electric railcars, such as the Budd Metroliner, also ran on American railroads. Electric trains proved to be reliable workhorses; more than 600 DR Class 243s were built for East German railroads to haul freight and passengers.

141

Land

High-speed electric trains ming Bir

ham

M ag l ev Air por t

UK

19

DB ICE 3

84

Germany 2000

Engineer’s cab separated from passenger seats by a glass panel

199 mph (320 km

/h)

26 mph (42 km/h)

Train is held 1⁄2 in (15 mm) above the track by magnets

Pendolino VT Class

UK 2002

rap a n s 004 r T 2 i ghaev China n a S h M ag l

249 m

ph (4

140 mph (2

id

00 km

/h)

Magnets raise the train around ⁄ in (10 mm) above the guideway

25 km/h)

38

Cabin tilts up to 8 degrees when traveling on bends

199 mph

142

(320 km/

h)

SNCF TG V PO S

France 20 0

6

The need for speed has never been greater as high-speed trains take on aircraft and road traffic to get passengers from one point to another in the quickest possible time. Meet some of the most rapid railroad vehicles of all time.

The superfast JRN700 Shinkansen train can accelerate from 0 to 168 mph (270 km/h) in three minutes and can tilt slightly to keep its speed when moving around bends. While most high-speed electric trains, such as the Hyundai Rotem KTX, have powerful wheel-turning

Long, streamlined nose cuts through the air smoothly

J

7 RN

00

in Sh

kan

sen

Japan

2007

/h)

0 km

186

(30 mph

Aluminum body

LSER Class 395 Javelin

UK 2009

Nose cone contains horn and coupler

H

y

d un

R ai

otem KTX

S o u t h Ko r e a

140 mph (225 km/h)

2010

Automatic sliding doors

Train’s wheels are powered by eight electric motors

GV Eur oduplex SNCF T Fr

190 mph

h) (305 km/

NTV AGV ET

R

57

5

Ita

ly

mph

(300

12

12

Train can seat 560 passengers

h)

ka

n nse

Ja

U pan

nde

r

op vel De

me

nt

r i es

in Sh

357 mph

20

20 km/h)

km/

Se

)

Track-side electromagnets propel train to high speeds

/h

LO

In 2007, a modified TGV set a world speed record of

ce

199 mph (3

20

Nose cone contains coupler to link train to other locomotives 186

an

ph

0 (60

km

3m

37

(575 km/h).

electric motors housed in a power unit at the front of the train, the DB ICE 3 has its motors spread out over the entire length of the train to distribute the weight. The SNCF TGV Euroduplex is a rare example of a high-speed double-decker train. Some trains use powerful

electromagnets to raise them above their track and move them along. This is called magnetic levitation (maglev). The first public passenger maglev train was the Birmingham Airport Maglev in the UK, while the fastest is the Shanghai Transrapid Maglev, in China.

143

BULLET TRAIN 

Sleek, streamlined, and super-fast, a Japanese Shinkansen high-speed “bullet train” speeds across Honshu Island past snow capped Mount Fuji. In 2014, Japan celebrated 50 years since Shinkansen trains ran for the very first time, just before the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games. Today, Japan’s high-speed rail network has carried more than 11 thousand million passengers.

The first Shinkansen trains ran at speeds of up to 130 mph (210 km/h). The latest classes of trains take their power from 25,000 volt overhead electricity lines and can reach a top speed of 200 mph (320 km/h). The trains run on their own lines, separate from slower rail traffic—a total of 1,483 miles (2,387 km) of high-speed track crosses Japan. As many as

13 bullet trains per hour fly between Japan’s two biggest urban areas, Tokyo and Osaka, providing an unrivalled high-speed service. Before the bullet trains were introduced, journey time between the two cities was around 6 hours, 40 minutes. The fastest services today complete the route in just 2 hours, 35 minutes.

Land

Urban railroads Mud Island Monorail

Single, large wiper cleans entire windshield

USA/Switzerland 1982

Suspended car can hold up to 180 passengers

Gatwick Adtranz C-100

UK/Canada 1987

ine C151 SMRT North-South L

Singapore 1987 Train travels at speeds up to 50 mph (80 km/h)

Train runs on wheels fitted with rubber tires

Trains on the Berlin U-Bahn carry over

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508 million passengers every year.

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Rail services in towns and cities ferry millions of people every day. Some travel for work or for school, others for fun and leisure. There are urban railroads that link airports with towns, while others help reduce congestion on city roads.

Articulated joints between short cars

Rapid transit systems, such as the Matra Taipei Metro, offer quick and reliable transportation between city stations separated by short distances. To avoid cluttering up the streets, many train lines run underground. The Berlin U-Bahn has 80 percent of its 90 miles

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Urban railroads

Hollow box girder contains cable along which train’s wheels run

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Driverless train has a maximum speed of 56 mph (90 km/h)

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(146 km) of lines running below the surface of the city. Monorails are trains that run on a single rail. Many, such as the Moscow Monorail, have their trains running on top of the rail, while some, such as the Mud Island Monorail, are suspended below the rails. While many urban

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trains are controlled by a human driver, some systems run automatically. The Gatwick Adtranz, the Düsseldorf H-Bahn Skytrain, and the popular Bombardier MOVIA, which runs in Singapore and China among other countries, are driverless vehicles.

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147

Land

Streetcars and trolleybuses G r e at Or m eT

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Hand-operated double doors

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Czech Republic 1907

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Pantograph connects tram with overhead electricity supply

Streetcar pulled uphill by cable moved by electric motors

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This W2 Class has been converted into a restaurant on wheels

Wheels powered by four electric motors

Several

Balloon streetcars run in Blackpool, England,

80 years English Electric Balloon UK 1934

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Streetcars run on tracks, are powered by electricity supplied by overhead cables, and share space on streets with other vehicles. They are also known as trams. Trolleybuses are also electrically powered, but they run on tires instead of tracks.

after they were built.

Hong Kong Tr amways China 1980s

Britain’s first electric tramway was built in Blackpool in 1885. The double-decker English Electric Balloon, which could hold up to 94 passengers, ran along at speeds of up to 43 mph (70 km/h). The Hong Kong Tramways is an all-double-decker service—the only one in the

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Streetcars and trolleybuses

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Seats up to 66 passengers Low floor sits 133⁄4in (35cm) above the track Trolley pole channels electricity from overhead wire to trolleybus Aluminum body panels

Solaris Trollino 15

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world—and uses narrow trams, only 6 ft 5 in (1.98 m) wide. Modern streetcars such as the Flexity Swift are found in Manchester, Istanbul, and Cologne, while the CAF Urbos 3 runs on tramways all over the world, from Australia and Brazil to Taiwan and Spain. Trolleybuses, such as

the San Francisco Trolleybus and the Solaris Trollino 15, run on regular roads and need only a series of roadside poles from which their overhead power line is suspended. The Trollino is quieter and generates much less pollution than buses powered by gasoline or diesel engines.

149

HOLD ON TIGHT! 

Followers of the Hindu religion crowd a train on its way to the northern Indian town of Govardhan, to take part in the Guru Purnima festival. Indian locomotives and train cars are not normally as crowded as this, but the country does run one of the largest and busiest railroad systems in the world, with enough track—some 71,500 miles (115,000 km) in total—to circle the Earth almost three times.

This WDM-3A class locomotive is just one of 5,345 diesel engines that runs along the tracks of Indian Railways. The company also operates 4,568 electric locomotives and 43 steam engines. These haul more than 62,000 passenger cars and 239,000 freight wagons, stopping at more than 7,200 stations throughout India. Some services also travel

over the border, into the neighboring countries of Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. In India the cost of train fares is low, and the number of car owners relatively small, so rail travel is incredibly popular. In 2014, more than 8.5 billion passengers took the train, giving Indian Railways’ 1.3 million employees plenty of work to do.

WATER

Water

Taking to the water Some Pacific sailors used the sail to

Outrigger float on each side gives narrow hull stability

Hull of boat is a dug-out log

collect rain as drinking water.

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s Curved roof for shelter in bad weather Sail made of matting and shaped like a crab’s claw

Sail made of flattened and dried reeds

Outrigger float

R e e d b o at

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Per u/Bolivia

Reeds from Lake Titicaca woven and tightly bound to form hull

Stout rope binds the hull together tightly

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Mast could be pushed upright to carry a small sail

Three long paddles act as rudders to steer boat

154

No one knows the name of the first sailor, or the craft that he or she used. They may have sat astride a log, or on bundles of reeds, lashed together. What we do know is that people have travelled or fished in boats for more than 10,000 years.

Some of the earliest boats were large tree trunks, hollowed out to form simple dugout canoes. Ancient people throughout the Pacific learned how to build outrigger canoes, with a second, smaller hull floating on the water to provide stability, while the Native American people built

Panels of birch bark, waterproofed with resin from spruce trees, sewn together

Dugout canoe

Prow (front) of boat shaped to a point to cut through water

Haiti

Taking to the water

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North Am

erica

Frame made from branches of willow

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Cur r ach

I re l a n d

Simple oar made from ash wood

Hull made from woven reeds and rope, sometimes covered in bitumen (tar)

Currachs are still used for fishing and fun races in Ireland and Scotland.

Thung-chai

Vietnam

Rim of boat is made of bamboo

Sides lashed to bottom of hull with flax fibre and decorated with bird feathers

Maori war canoe

bark canoes out of a wooden frame covered in tree bark. Reeds, which grow in abundance at the edges of many rivers and lakes, were dried, bound, and woven to form reed boats. Reeds could also be woven to form circular boats for fishing. Known as Thung-chai in Vietnam, and

Stern covered with ceremonial designs

New Zealand

coracles in UK, a similar form of boat called a Quffa existed in Iraq for at least 5,000 years. The ancient Egyptians built reed boats to sail the Nile River; around 5,500 years ago, they began to build larger, wooden seagoing boats to venture beyond the Nile into the Mediterranean Sea.

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Water

World of watercraft Square sail hanging from horizontal yardarm

Kayak outer surface made of tanned sealskin

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Compartment to store live fish

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Sail of matted palm leaves

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Pearling dhow

Flat, square-ended stern (back) of hull made of hardwood

Long, sharp harpoon for attacking a whale

Short wooden mast

Stout rope from mast to bow of ship called a forestay

Triangular lateen sails can be rigged so that boat can sail in different winds

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The Inuit used kayaks to hunt sea mammals such as seals and whales.

Seal bladder float—when a seal or large fish is caught, the float is attached so that it can be towed

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Kuwait Long oars carved from wood Simple anchor to prevent drifting when in good fishing waters

156

An amazing variety of vessels have been built to travel on water. Across the world, people have used ingenuity, and the local materials available, to build boats, rafts, canoes, and other watercraft, for fishing, transportation, war, and pleasure.

Among the simplest boats are fishing rafts, often just a bundle of tree branches lashed together to form a platform. The raft-like Jangada, however, is able to sail over reefs on the Brazilian coast to fish for hake and mackerel, often spending 2 to 3 days at sea. Throughout

Large triangular sail helped vessel travel at speeds between 12–17 mph (20–28 km/h)

Built-in tray holds harpoon rope made of leather

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World of watercraft

Open stern where outboard motor can be fitted

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Support for canopy, erected in bad weather

Arcti

Battle canoes could be more than 100 ft (30 m) long and hold up to 200 warriors.

an

Bamboo punting pole

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Woven cord rigging

Rounded roof shelter used for sleeping in

Seating for two passengers, side-by-side

Each of the two hulls was covered in gum and mulberry bark, to help make it watertight Steel bow, weighing 22–44 lb (10–20 kg), helps balance weight of gondolier at the back

Gon Single oar used for steering and propulsion by standing gondolier

Hull made of six logs from the lightweight piúva tree, lashed together

Daggerboard helps stop raft from drifting sideways

Jangad

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Southeast Asia, another flat-bottomed boat, the sampan, is used by people to fish, travel, and even live in. In the Arctic, single- and two-person Inuit kayaks were used to hunt for mammals and fish, while in Indonesia, brave hunters chased after sperm whales, often two or three

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times longer than their flimsy whaling boats. On the Pacific island of Fiji, people built larger battle canoes, featuring a platform laid over a double hull. And in Italy, slender gondolas travel the canals that crisscross the city of Venice, acting as water taxis.

157

OVER THE TOP 

A kayaker takes a terrifying plunge, hurtling over the highest of the five cascading waterfalls on the Agua Azul River in the Mexican state of Chiapas. He’s one of six top professional kayakers who tackled the river and its waterfalls for the short adventure movie Beyond The Drop. For a safe landing, the kayaker must keep inside the flow of water, and land in the cushion of air and water at the foot of the waterfall.

It is likely that the first canoes and kayaks took to the water thousands of years ago, and that most were built of wood. But the appeal of paddling your own personal watercraft still holds today, even if modern canoes and kayaks are usually built from plastics, fibreglass, or, in the case of the most advanced, Kevlar and carbon fibre. Thousands of amateur

kayakers enjoy paddling on rivers, lakes, or the sea, on weekends or on vacation. A handful of the best kayakers compete in competitions, either in speed races on flatwater, or on very technical whitewater slalom courses. Extreme kayaking is an adventure sport for the crazy few who enjoy paddling down racing rivers, including giant waterfalls!

Water

Sailing ship Sailing ships rely on the force of the wind catching their sails to propel them through water. By changing the number of sails, and their positions, an experienced crew can adjust the speed and direction of the ship. HMS Endeavour left Plymouth, UK, in 1768, skippered by Captain James Cook, and sailed around the world on a three-year, 30,000-mile (48,000-km) voyage of exploration. The former collier (coal ship) became the first European vessel to explore the east coast of Australia.

Main mast

Mizzen mast ❯ The rear mast on a three-masted ship tended to be shorter than the other two. Sails on all masts are hung from long poles called spars.

Stern rope ladder

Captain’s quarters ❯ Cook’s cabin was situated at the back of the 104-ft- (32-m-) long ship, where the rise and fall was less violent when sailing through stormy waters.

160

Rudder ❯ This large, hinged flap or panel at the stern (back) of the ship can be moved to deflect water as the ship sailed, forcing the bow (front) of the ship to turn.

Officers’ quarters on lower deck

Food stored in barrels in the hold

Foremast ❯ This is the front mast on a threemasted ship. On the Endeavour, the foremast was built of pine and fir wood, and towered some 112 ft (34 m) above the ship’s deck.

Sailing ship

Jib sail ❯ Skilled sailors were able to use jib sails to steer the ship, by altering their positions. When fully rigged, with all of its sails on all its masts, the Endeavour had more than 29,000 square ft (2,700 square m) of sail.

H M S En de ou av r Bowsprit ❯ The long pole rising from the bow of the ship to which the rigging for the bottom of the jib sails was attached.

One of 22 cannons protecting the ship

Rowboat

Hull ❯ For many centuries, the body of a sailing ship was crafted out of planks of wood. Endeavour’s hull was made mostly of white oak, and was flat-bottomed, for sailing in shallow waters. It was divided into different sections, including below-deck living quarters for 90 sailors.

161

Sail power Water

Sternpost carved into an ornate design Square sail

Animal carvings decorate the covered seats of this elegant boat, used in processions

Hull made of locally available acacia wood

Large, square sail made of woven flax (a fibrous plant)

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Ancient Eg ypt c.1

Oars used to steer the boat

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Two banks of oars on each side

Shields protect crew from enemy arrows

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Helmsman controls twin steering oars

162

Roman mer chant

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Thousands of years ago, people learned to harness the power of the wind to push their craft through the water. Sails made of cloth, reeds, or matting, and hung from a mast, caught the wind to move boats faster than people could row or paddle.

Some of the earliest-known sailing boats were found on the Nile River in Egypt, more than 5,000 years ago. They used a large, square sail made of cloth, which worked best when sailing downwind (with wind coming from behind the boat). Square sails were also invented independently in parts of

The dragon head on the prow of this dromon fired

Large single sail hung from a single spar, called a yard, or yardarm

Lookout position at the top of the main mast, for spotting approaching ships or land

Sail power

burning flames at

Hull built of overlapping wooden planks fixed to a frame

the enemy. Rigging enabled crew to climb up and unfurl sails

V iking longship Norway c.800 ce

Yardarm

Foresail

Oars for use when there is no wind Oars manned by as many as 100 crew members

Dromon

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During the Ming Dynasty, China had a navy with more than 3,000 war junks.

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South America, and also in China, where they were often equipped to the junks that sailed the Pacific and Indian oceans. Many ancient sailing ships, such as Phoenician war galleys, Roman galleys, and Viking longships, were fitted with rows of oars, for when there was no wind.

Viking longships were designed with shallow hulls so they could sail right up to the shore to attack and raid settlements. The Vikings were skilled sailors who traveled all across Europe and, around 1000 ce, crossed the Atlantic reaching Newfoundland in Canada.

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Po

l ve 0 s r a 149 C a r t u ga l

Water

Trade and exploration Main mast top castle manned by crew member searching for land

Wooden hull is approximately 58 ft (17.7 m) long

Lateen sails used when winds blew toward the side of the ship

Hull is approximately 90 ft (27.5 m) long

aria Santa M 0 Spain 14

6

When the Santa Maria was finally broken up, the wood was used to build a fort.

Short, deep wooden hull could carry plenty of cargo below decks

Mayflower

England 1600s

H M S

Mizzen mast added to ship when it was converted from a warship to a survey vessel

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164

From the 15th century onward, European sailing ships traveled the world. Many were trading vessels, carrying cargoes as varied as slaves, food, and spices. Others explored new lands, on epic voyages of discovery.

Ship carried 74 people on a five-year survey voyage

Portugal was a major sea trading nation in the 15th century, and caravels sailed along the coasts of Europe and Africa. Two accompanied the Santa Maria on Christopher Columbus’ famous 1492 voyage across the Atlantic. Many European ships would later head west for trade, or to conquer, or

Masts carried sails, but ship was also powered by a diesel engine

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Trade and exploration

Square topsail

N

Square hull to keep ship small, as ships were taxed based on their size

Fluyt Netherlands 1700s The Fram had a

windmill on board that ran a generator to power electric lights.

Bowsprit

Hull was specially strengthened against the pressure of ice freezing around it

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Skysail is the highest sail on the mast

Wooden hull 212 ft 7 in (64.8 m) long

Hull, made from iron plates riveted together, carried guano (animal dung), wheat, and coal

Wendur Scotland 1884

establish colonies, such as the Mayflower, which carried pilgrims to settle in North America. As European explorers found new lands, more merchant ships engaged in trade. The fluyt was a common Dutch design with a very narrow deck. Fast ships called clippers, such as the Cutty Sark,

sailed between Asia and Europe. One of the most epic trips of all was made by Fram, which sailed more than 60,000 miles (100,000 km) around the Arctic, before carrying Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen to Antarctica, where he became the first person to reach the South Pole.

165

Water

War at sea

Lookout post Main mast has two platforms on which lookouts watched for enemy ships Removable screen, called a blindage, protects crew from enemy archers

Large sail ribbed with wooden battens

Iron plates with sharp spikes protect the upper decks from attack

Dragon’s head has an opening for a cannon to fire through

Mary Rose

England 1510

Gunports— the ship had 80 guns in total

p Tu r t l e s h i

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1590

s

Cannons fired through portholes

Three-decked warship with a total of 90 guns

Guns in bow

Unicorn figurehead

St. Michael

166

England 1669

For almost as long as there have been ships, the sea has been a battlefield for rival nations planning invasion, or for control of shipping routes and trade. From the 16th century, warships bristled with guns and battles at sea became even more deadly.

eale9 R a L 167 c Fran

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Oars of French galleys were often manned by convicts

Before naval artillery, battles at sea were mostly close combat, with fire, rams, or arrows used in attack. The Korean turtle ship protected itself against archers, and from being boarded, with its hefty, spiked deck armor. Big guns allowed ships to fight more at a distance. The Mary Rose’s iron

Gunports— this galleon carried about 30 guns

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Main mast rose 205 ft (62.5 m) above the waterline

Rigging is made of about 26 miles (42 km) of rope

War at sea

Five school buses

Three masts support a total of 37 sails

Narrow hull cut through the water quickly Forewardfiring gun

A crew of 850 lived aboard Admiral Nelson’s 187-ft- (57-m-) long warship.

Giant bowsprit extends 100 ft (30 m) beyond ship’s bow

Fourth gundeck added later to a three-deck ship

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With

140 guns, Santissima Trinidad was the most heavily armed ship in the world.

Santissima Trinidad

England 1765

0

HMS Victory Lower gundeck housed 30 giant 32-pounder guns

Twin masts and a narrow hull makes the ship fast and maneuverable

Spain 1769

cannons fired through flaps called gunports, in the hull. To boost firepower, some ships were built with extra decks of guns. This led to three-decker warships, such as the St. Michael, which fought in the Caribbean, and the Santissima Trinidad, which later received a fourth deck of heavy guns.

This made her menacing, but slow. Flagships, such as the French navy’s La Reale, were home to a fleet’s commander. HMS Victory was the flagship under British admiral Lord Nelson at the battle of Trafalgar. With 104 guns, she was a formidable, as well as fast, fighting machine.

167

RIDING THE WIND 

The BMW Oracle Racing Team 90 (BOR90) trimaran (three-hulled boat) lifts up into the air during a training run. The 113-ft- (34.5-m-) long, 90-ft- (27.4-m-) wide giant is about the same size as two basketball courts and was built to win the America’s Cup, sailing’s most prestigious competition, which it did in 2010. The picture shows how racing sailors better not be afraid of heights!

Trimaran BOR90 (later renamed USA–17) needed more than nine months of careful construction in the state of Washington before it could be let loose on the water for testing, crew training, and modifications. Its body is made mostly of carbon fiber and weighs 18 tons. The main sail is not made of fabric, but is solid and made of carbon fiber and

Kevlar, a material found in bulletproof armor. The result was a 190-ft- (58-m-) tall monster sail. At 7,770 lb (3,524 kg), it was so heavy that powerful hydraulic systems were needed to move it, rather than regular rigging, but it boosted the trimaran’s speed to more than 30 mph (50 km/h) during parts of its triumphant America’s Cup run.

Water

Steamship Steamships burned coal or oil to heat water and create steam to power an engine. This either drove a paddle wheel or turned a screw propeller, as found on the SS Great Britain. When launched in 1843, SS Great Britain was the largest ship in the world, and the first iron-hulled steamship powered by a screw propeller. Two years later, it became the first propeller-powered steamship to cross the Atlantic Ocean, a journey that took 14 days. Main mast ❯ The tallest mast Hull ❯ The 322-ft- (98-m-) long hull is fashioned out of overlapping iron plates riveted together to form a watertight outer body.

Bowsprit

on a ship. On the SS Great Britain, this is the only mast to carry large, square sails.

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Decks ❯ The SS Great Britain has three decks. The bottom one is used for cargo, supplies, and accommodation.

170

Steerage ❯ Second-class accommodation, known as steerage, is at the bottom of the ship.

Steamship

Rigging ❯ On the SS Great Britain, the rigging is made of iron cable rather than rope. This is to reduce drag. Mast ❯ Five of the ship’s masts can be folded down on deck to reduce air resistance when the ship is solely under steam power. Spar ❯ Sails are hung from these long poles attached to masts.

Helm

Lifeboat ❯ There are seven lifeboats for 252 passengers and 130 crew.

First-class dining saloon and cabins

Propeller screw ❯ The giant propeller has six blades and measures 16 ft (4.9 m) in diameter. As it turns, the propeller pushes water back, moving the ship forward.

171

Steam meets steel Side-mounted paddle wheel

Water

Ship was often fully rigged with sails to use wind power

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Antonio Le mos UK for Brazi

l 1900

Savannah made the first

1819

USA

Sleek hull designed for speed

S av

ann

ah

USA 18

transatlantic voyage by steam power, taking 80 days.

Paddle, known as a stern-wheeler, runs width of boat

Hull contained 8 decks and held up to 2,165 passengers

Funnel could be collapsed when not in use

R M S M a u r e t a n i a UK 1906 Paddle wheel

Bridge, from where ship was steered

RMS MAURETANIA g Ar

790 ft (241 m) long

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UK

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Derrick for lifting cargo

11

22 school buses

172

The invention of the steam engine meant that ships no longer had to rely on the wind. When steam power was used to drive steel ships, the result was large, sturdy vessels that could travel greater distances faster than ever before.

Early steamships could not hold much cargo because of the vast amounts of coal they needed to carry as fuel. The SS Agamemnon, however, could run on just 22 tons of coal a day, allowing it to sail economically between Europe and the Far East. Powerful steam liners such as

Masts for carrying sails

Steam meets steel

Front raised deck, called the forecastle

SS Agamemnon

UK 1865

Capacity for more than 3,086 tons of cargo—over twice that of rival ships Raised deck area at the stern, known as the poop deck

Springwell

UK 1914

Iron plates 41⁄2 in (11.4 cm) thick, protected the hull

Fuji had a 18 in (45 cm)

belt of steel

Figurehead

around her waterline, for protection.

Hull covered with copper Hatch for refrigerated cargo

HMS Warrior

UK 1861

Gun turret contained two large 12 in (30.5 cm) guns

the RMS Mauretania, were now able to cross the Atlantic in as little as four or five days. Early steamships, such as the PS Empire, were mostly made of wood, but iron and steel hulls became more common. Steel made it possible to build refrigerated ships, such the Argyllshire, which

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transported meat from South America and Australasia to Europe. Steel and steam were also adopted by navies. HMS Warrior was among the first Royal Navy ships to come with an iron hull and steel armor. It carried a crew of 706 as well as 40 giant artillery guns.

173

Working ships Water

Powerful winch pulls fishing nets and their catch into trawler Main mast can be lowered so that trawler can sail under bridges

Small wheelhouse, where ship is steered

Nets

Steam trawler

UK 20th century

108 ft 1⁄2 in (33 m) long

78 ft 81⁄2 in (24 m) long

Sailing trawler Valerian

UK 1923

Two medical cabins below deck

Crew of six operate lifeboat

Fiberglass hull divided into 26 watertight compartments allowing boat to right itself after capsizing

Funnel for gases from the 2,000 horsepower diesel engine

Lifeboat

Tug carries a powerful electric winch for pulling, as well as pumps to empty a stricken vessel of water

52 ft (16 m) long 157 ft (48 m) long

Tug Salvonia

Fully loaded, the ship weighs 78,781 tons

174

UK 1970s–1990s

Bridge, from where ship is controlled, with crew quarters below

Giant nickel steel tanks hold natural gas turned to liquid by being cooled to -325°F (-163°C)

Gas carrier Norman Lady

Arun class lifeboat

Netherlands 1951

Norway 1973

817 ft (249 m) long

Every day, thousands of ships are at work in a variety of different ways. Many carry billions of tons of goods, fuel, and material across the waters of the world. Others save lives, assist other ships, and catch food from the seas and oceans.

965 ft (294 m) long

Tankers carry liquids, such as oil or, in the case of Norman Lady, liquefied natural gas. The Shin Aitoku Maru is an oil tanker with a difference. Its computer-controlled sails help it save fuel, which is used to power its diesel engines. The Ever Royal carries goods and

Large crane to lower and raise diving equipment in and out of the water

Wheelhouse holds navigation and communications equipment

Diving support vessel Star Arcturus UK 1975 Working ships

265 ft 8 in (81 m) long Canvas sail over steel frame, 39 ft 5 in (12 m) tall and 26 ft (8 m) wide

Funnel for gases from the ship’s large diesel engines

Sailing tanker Shin Aitoku Maru Japan 1980

Label

236 ft (72 m) long

Small bridge—automation means a crew of only six is needed to control the ship

Tall bridge to give clear view ahead

Otso’s powerful engines generate

Icebreaker Otso Finland 1985

15 million

Propeller speed is constantly adjusted by computer for changing ice and water conditions

watts of electricity! Containers stacked on deck

324 ft 91⁄2 in (99 m) long

EVER ROYAL

27 school buses

Container ship Ever Royal

Japan 1993

materials stored in up to 4,200 standard 20-ft(6-m-) long containers, designed to be easily unloaded onto trucks. Some working ships help serve others. Icebreakers, such as Otso, can plow through ice many meters thick to clear a path to let ships through. Other vessels act as tugs, such

as the oceangoing Salvonia, which can tow a stricken ship out of danger and home for repairs. Coastguards and other maritime rescue services operate boats like the Arun class lifeboat, which can travel through the stormiest of waters to rescue people at sea.

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Passenger carriers UK 1911

Water

RMS Titanic

The Titanic had a kennel for dogs of firstclass passengers, and its own daily newspaper.

883 ft (269 m) long

False funnel where pets were housed

Normandie

Funnel channels smoke from the ship’s 29 boilers

France 1932 Promenade deck

Children’s playroom and gymnasium

Cargo derrick for loading and unloading cargo from hull

Twin propellers give a speed of 26 mph (41.7 km/h)

1,029 ft (313.8 m) long Radio antenna strung between two masts

America

Bridge, from where the ship is navigated

USA 1939

Mast rises more than 164 ft (50 m) above water and holds powerful horns

723 ft (220.4 m) long

Passenger cabins with balconies overlooking the sea

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P r i n ce s s

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Every year, hundreds of millions of people travel on ships for work or pleasure. Many use ferry services, linking places separated by water. Others cruise aboard large passenger liners, traveling the seas and oceans of the world.

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Water taxis, such as Tokyo’s Himiko water bus, transport people short distances, while larger ferries like the Arcturus move people and their vehicles across lakes and seas. The MDV 1200 Class ferry has capacity for 175 cars and more than 600 passengers. The America liner held

Stern door lowers to form ramp so cars roll on and roll off (ro-ro) the ferry

Thrusters in the bow help the ferry to maneuver in port

Flat-bottom hull, 82 ft (25 m) at its widest point, gives lots of space for carrying vehicles

Finland 1982

Ferry carries a crew of 29 and has a top speed of 48 mph (77 km/h)

Curved glass panels give good views of city for up to 70 passengers

Passenger carriers

Ro-ro fer ry Arctur us

509 ft (155 m) long

328 ft (100 m) long

MDV 1200 Class ferry

Italy 1990s 109 ft (33.3 m) long Park area in the middle of the ship is planted with more than 12,000 real plants and trees

Himiko water bus Japan 2010

MS OASIS OF THE SEAS

33 school buses

Helipad, in case emergency transport by helicopter is needed

18 lifeboats, each holding 370 people

From 1969–2004, the QE2 crossed the Atlantic Ocean a record 806 times.

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1,202 passengers, but during World War II was converted into a troop ship carrying 7,678 soldiers. Over the years, even bigger passenger liners were launched, including the RMS Titanic, which sank on its maiden voyage in 1912, and the Normandie, which could carry

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1,972 passengers at a rapid 34 mph (54 km/h). With 17 decks carrying up to 3,600 passengers, the Grand Princess became the world’s largest liner, until overtaken by the gigantic MS Oasis of the Seas, which, at 248,330 tons, weighs almost five times as much as the Titanic.

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CITY ON THE SEA 

The world’s biggest cruise ship, Royal Caribbean International’s Allure of the Seas, enters her home harbor of Port Everglades, Florida, in 2010. This gigantic, 16-deck floating hotel is almost as long as four football fields, and houses up to 6,318 guests who are looked after by a crew of 2,384 people. It’s almost as if a small floating city has taken to the water.

Built in Finland between 2008 and 2010, this gigantic vessel is 1,188 ft (362 m) long. She rises to 236 ft (72 m) above the waterline, but her funnels can telescope down for passing under low bridges. The liner’s many attractions include 25 restaurants, a 1,380-seat theater, a full-size basketball court, a rock climbing wall, 21 swimming pools and jacuzzis,

and wave machines that pump out more than 58,000 gallons (220,000 liters) of water a minute, so people can surf as they cruise! There’s even a 2,230-ft- (680-m-) long running track, and a park area with thousands of real plants and trees. The 248,330-ton ship cruises the Caribbean or Mediterranean Sea at the stately speed of 26 mph (42 km/h).

Water

World War ships Gunnery spotting position high above deck

Turret contained three 15 in (38 cm) guns

778 ft (237 m) long

The Yamato’s

HM First battleship to run on steam turbine engines

535 ft (163 m) long

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Rear gun turret packs three 18 in (46 cm) guns

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Gun turret protected by 103⁄4-in (27.5-cm) thick armor at the front Deck armor up to 93⁄4 in (25 cm) thick in places

Spar fitted to mast to raise signal flags that send messages to other ships in the fleet

Three funnels released gases from the ship’s 12 boilers

P34 patrol boat

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Oversized rudder to help the vessel turn sharply

UK 1916

Lifeboats for crew of 50 to 55

915 Bow ramp opens to let tanks roll off

466 ft (142 m) long Turret carried two 15 in (38 cm) artillery guns

Single low funnel

Twin rudders

Tank deck could hold up to nine 33-ton tanks

Radar used to control and direct guns when aiming at targets

Bismar ck

Germany 1940

807 ft (246 m) long

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Shipping played a crucial part in both World War I and World War II. As well as fighting in battles, warships were used to disrupt enemy supply convoys, protect their own navies, and transport troops and equipment to invade enemy territory.

HMS Dreadnought was faster and more heavily armed than previous battleships and started an arms race between the major naval powers before World War I. Smaller ships, such as the cruiser SMS Regensburg, and the P34 patrol boat, saw active service during WWI. P34 was

YAMATO

Vittorio Veneto Italy 1940

Catapult for launching reconnaissance aircraft or fighter planes Secondary gun battery contained three 6 in (15 cm) guns

Forward-facing turrets held three 18 in (46 cm) guns each weighing 165 tons

Yamato

World War ships

Backward-sloping funnel directed smoke away from bridge

24 school buses

Japan 1941

863 ft (263 m) long Radar antenna

Catapult for launching floatplanes at spotter aircraft

Single forwardfacing gun

USS North Carolina USA 1941

243 ft (74 m) long

728 ft (222 m) long

Tank landing craft UK 1942–45

187 ft (57 m) long

Camouflagepainted hull

Life floats

Ship was run by a crew of 192

Protective belt of armor 12 in (30 cm) thick, at the waterline

Antiaircraft gun

In World War II, North Carolina took part in every

major naval attack in the Pacific.

HMS Starling UK 1942

299 ft (91 m) long

one of the first dedicated antisubmarine vessels. HMS Starling performed a similar role during World War II, sinking 14 German U-boats. The Bismarck was Germany’s biggest battleship, until it was sunk in 1941. Biggest of all was the Yamato, at over 77,161 tons. It was heavily

armed, with nine giant guns, dozens of smaller artillery weapons, and 162 antiaircraft guns. It cruised the Pacific with a range of 8,264 miles (13,300 km). Tank landing craft had a tenth of that range, but were crucial in ferrying tanks during the Normandy landings.

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Water

Aircraft carriers Elevator raises planes stored below onto flight deck

Nuclear reactors can keep USS George Washington running for 18 years, with no need to refuel!

Gases from funnel could create difficult air currents for landing aircraft

Up to 36 biplanes could be carried

1917 HMS Furious UK

786 ft 5 in (239.7 m) long Hangar for aircraft storage

Missile launcher

Akagi Japan 1927

855 ft 4 in (260.7 m) long

Four propellers move the carrier at speeds up to 35 mph (56 km/h) Hangar deck on two levels

Bulges in hull makes the ship more stable and adds protection against torpedoes

USS Saratoga USA 1927

Antiaircraft guns

Quick-firing antiaircraft guns

Twin 8 in (20 cm) guns in turret can aim shells at targets more than 17 miles (27 km) away

Ship can hold more than 2,700 personnel

Radio masts for communication between ship and aircraft

888 ft (270.7 m) long Hangers could hold more than 60 aircraft

Aircraft parked on armored flight deck

HMS Illustrious UK 1940

800 ft (243.8 m) long

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Flight deck ended in “round down” to reduce air turbulence for planes taking off

As aircraft became important military weapons, ships that could act as floating airbases were designed. These aircraft carriers are huge vessels with a large, flat flight deck, from which helicopters and planes can take off and land.

751 ft (229 m) long

Many early aircraft carriers, including the USS Saratoga, HMS Furious, and the Akagi, were initially designed as battle cruisers before being converted. The Akagi carried up to 66 aircraft, which took off from three flight decks, while the Saratoga could carry up to 78 planes. Specially

Radio antennae enables communication between ship and its flying aircraft

Aircraft launched from bow of ship using two powerful catapults

Catapult to propel aircraft along flight deck

Aircraft carriers

873 ft (266 m) long

USS Hornet USA 1942

USS George Washington USA 1990

1,093 ft (333 m) long Elevator for moving aircraft from below decks to the flight deck

Ship can carry 30 helicopters or around 12 helicopters and 12 Harrier aircraft

Ski jump ramp to assist aircraft takeoff

Biplane bombers amongst the maximum 78 aircraft onboard

Crane raised and lowered boats into and out of the water

Juan Carlos I Spain 200 3 Propellers give a speed of 35 mph (56 km/h)

757 ft (230.8 m) long

USS GEORGE WASHINGTON

30 school buses

built aircraft carriers, such as HMS Illustrious and the USS Hornet, featured catapults powered by hydraulics or steam to propel the aircraft on takeoff, as well as hangers below the flight deck to store inactive planes. Aircraft carriers have large crews—1,580 in the case of

HMS Ark Royal. However, this figure is dwarfed by the more than 6,000 who serve aboard the Nimitz Class carrier, USS George Washington. This 97,003-ton ship holds up to 90 aircraft of varying types, from reconnaissance planes and helicopters to fighters and bombers.

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Water

Modern warships HMS Diamond

Merlin helicopter Turret with two 4.5 in (113 mm) guns with a range of 11 miles (18 km)

Twin propellers

UK 1952

390 ft (119 m) long

Tracking antenna can receive data sent from satellites or rockets

Crane for deploying equipment or recovering mines

151 ft (46 m) long Ship manned by a crew of 120 as well as up to 100 technical experts

Twin propellers powered by diesel engine

HMS Kirkliston UK 1954

The ship’s Tomahawk missiles have a range of more than

800 miles (1,300 km).

USS Arleigh Burke USA 1991

Monge A601

France 1990

Tomahawk cruise missiles can launch vertically from this launch grid

738 ft (225 m) long Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk helicopter on helipad

505 ft (154 m) long

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Aircraft carriers and nuclear submarines have taken over from battleships as the biggest and most lethal craft in a navy’s fleet. Yet there remains plenty of work for smaller ships, which are built to perform a wide variety of important roles.

Frigates like HMS Lancaster and HMCS Vancouver are multipurpose—able to protect and escort other ships, perform coastal patrols, intercept suspicious ships, and engage in antisubmarine warfare. The USS Arleigh Burke destroyer also tackles submarines, as well as

Funnel

Radar and electronics mast Antiaircraft missile system—ship is also armed with antiship missiles and antisubmarine torpedoes

UK 1992

Modern warships

HMS Lancaster

Sea King helicopter carried on the stern

436 ft (133 m) long

Radar antenna

Helipad on stern can bring in doctors or evacuate injured personnel Crane for loading and unloading a maximum of 24 containers of supplies

440 ft (134 m) long

HMCS Vancouver

Canada

1993

331 ft (101 m) long

495 ft (151 m) long

Murasame class destroyers Japan 1994

Type 022 missile boat

843 ft (257 m) long

USA 2000

Twin diesel engines power four waterjets, to propel the boat forward

China 2004

Germany 1993

Landing craft well can hold 40 amphibious assault vehicles

Flight deck supports 6–8 Harrier II jet aircraft

USS Iwo Jima Camouflaged hull

Elbe class

USS IWO JIMA 23 school buses

138 ft (42 m) long

attacking other targets at sea or on land, using guided missiles. Some warships have highly specialized roles. HMS Kirkliston swept for mines laid in shallow coastal waters. The Monge A601 monitors the skies, using its 14 antennae and other electronic systems to track missiles

and space missions. The Type 022 missile boat can creep under enemy warning systems to launch attacks on shipping, while the USS Iwo Jima supports missions onshore, carrying just short of 1,900 marines, up to 30 helicopters, and large numbers of amphibious landing craft.

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Water

Nuclear reactor ❯ The submarine’s main power supply comes from a mini nuclear power station that splits atoms to generate large amounts of heat energy. The reactor produces as much energy as 100 sports car engines. Bunks

Bottom rudder

Propulsor ❯ This forces a powerful jet of water out behind the submarine to propel the vessel forward.

Engine room ❯ Water heated by energy from the nuclear reactor turns into steam, which drives the turbines in the engine room. The turbines, in turn, power the propulsor.

Living area ❯ Seen here is the dining area and, on the floor above, the bunk beds. The crew of 134 may spend three months at sea, so there is a gym and a movie theater to keep them entertained.

Submarine 186

Submarines can adjust their buoyancy (how much they can float or sink) using large ballast tanks that can be filled with air or seawater. These tanks allow submarines to dive deep below sea level, cruise stealthily underwater, or rise to the surface. The 377-ft- (115-m-) long Virginia class submarine serves in the US Navy. Packed with advanced systems, each submarine took around nine million working hours to build.

Conning tower ❯ This central tower, rising from the hull, contains navigation and communications equipment.

Submarine

Masts ❯ These carry radio and global positioning antennae, and a mast that allows the crew to see above the surface using night vision and a zoom lens.

Cruise missile ❯ Up to 16 Tomahawk cruise missiles can be fired vertically from launch tubes. Using their rocket engines, and sending back information to the submarine’s operations center, these weapons can travel over 600 miles (1,000 km) to their target.

Hull ❯ Built to withstand powerful water pressure, allowing sub to dive to depths of 788 ft (240 m). Hatch

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Operations center ❯ All the information gathered by the submarine is processed and analyzed here. It is also where the torpedoes and movement of the submarine is controlled.

Bow plane

Torpedo tube Torpedo ❯ These are the standard weapons of most military submarines. Launched from tubes, they travel to their target using built-in engines. The Virginia class uses Mk48 torpedoes, which each weigh 3,435 lb (1,558 kg) and carry 650 lb (295 kg) of explosives.

Sonar sphere ❯ This helps the submarine navigate through the water, by sending out sound waves to measure the distance of objects.

187

Dive, dive, dive

Three Aichi M6A were stored in, and launched, from this submarine

Water

Access hatch

64 ft (19.5 m) long

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Propeller gives a top speed of 9 mph (15 km/h) when submerged

UK 1901

Germany 1910

188 ft 3 in (57.4 m) long

Foot pedals used to turn the propeller 6 ft (1.8 m) tall 3⁄4 in (2 cm) cannon

220 ft (77 m) long Torpedo tubes fired the submarine’s 14 torpedoes, to sink enemy ships

Type VIIC

Germany 1940 Covered propeller reduces the sound, making the submarine harder to detect

Pressurized hull provides living and working space for crew of 60

USS Gato

Bow torpedo tubes

USA 1941

Stern torpedo tubes

311 ft 7 in (95 m) long

YURI DOLGORUKI

Top rudder helps steer the submarine

15.4 school buses

558 ft (170 m) long

188

With their ability to lurk beneath the waves for weeks at a time, submarines are a potentially deadly underwater weapon. Submersibles are much smaller vessels, used for underwater scientific research, and rescue and salvage work.

The Turtle was the first sub to see action, when it attempted to place explosives on the hulls of enemy ships during the Civil War. It was not until World War I that subs became effective in warfare. The German U-9 sank 16 ships, and the Type VIIC U-boat reached depths of 500 ft

Periscopes

Aircraft launch catapult

1-400

59 ft (18 m) long

Trieste

Italy 1960

Alvin has made over 4,440 dives, and explored the wreck of the Titanic.

Dive, dive, dive

400 ft (122 m) long

Japan 1944

Propellers turned by four diesel engines—sub carries enough fuel to travel one and a half times round the world

23 ft 31⁄2 in (7 m) long

Observation sphere with room for two people TV camera

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Cabin has capacity for two scientists and one pilot

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26 ft 2 in (8 m) long

Conning tower

L e Tr i o m p h a n t

453 ft (138 m) long Storage hatches for 16 guided ballistic missiles

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Submarine is armed with 16 nuclear missiles and antisubmarine torpedoes

Yuri Dolgor uki

(150 m). The USS Gato could travel up to 12,500 miles (20,000 km) on patrols, while 1-400 class submarines, the largest of World War II, could launch aircraft from their decks. Nuclear energy gave modern submarines like Le Triomphant and Yuri Dolgoruki limitless power,

France 19 9

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allowing them to patrol for months at a time. Small research submersibles have limited range, but can perform amazing feats. DSV Alvin can dive to 21,000 ft (6,400 m), while Trieste carried people to the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, 35,797 ft (10,911 m) below sea level.

189

Water

Need for speed Navigation and communications antennae

BHC AP1-88 Hovercraft

Large cabin can hold 190–243 passengers

UK 1990s

Rubber skirt is filled with air by fans under the body of the hovercraft

Railings for observers on the roof of the cabin

This craft is used by the Canadian Coastguard Capacity for up to 30 cars, which enter craft using a ramp at the back

Voskhod 352 Eurofoil Russia 1973

SR.N4 Mk.I Hovercraft

UK 1968

Six-bladed fan propels craft at speeds up to 43 mph (70 km/h)

Skirt, made up of 68 sections, keeps the craft on a cushion of air

Windshield of cockpit, which seats 3 to 4

Military Zubr-class hovercraft are the world’s biggest and can carry up to 500 troops.

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190

Some vessels don’t travel through water, they skim the surface, so that most of their hull, or body, rides above it. This means they can travel faster. Surfaceskimming craft, such as hovercrafts and hydrofoils, are definitely fast movers!

UK 2015

A hovercraft rides on a cushion of air generated by lift fans under their bodies, which enables it to travel over both land and water. The SR.N4 Mk.I Hovercraft could hold 254 passengers and cruise at over 60 mph (100 km/h), while the BHC AP1-88 Hovercraft was used by the

Handlebars contain levers for throttle and brake Bridge from where the craft is controlled and steered

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Perspex canopy covers cockpit

Boeing 929 Jetfoil

Smooth aluminum body fitted over a steel frame

USA 1974

The K7 set a world water speed record of

Handlebars contain sound system and speakers

276 mph (444 km/h) in 1964.

Bluebird K7

UK 1955

Rearview mirror

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Japan

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V-shaped hull allows craft to travel smoothly through choppy water

Sleek, streamlined body design fashioned out of light but strong carbon fiber

Canadian Coastguard for rescue missions. Hydrofoils, such as the Voskhod 352 Eurofoil, use wing-like foils under the hull to lift the boat out of the water as it travels forward. Jetfoils are hydrofoils that use water jets to provide their forward thrust, such as the Boeing 929 Jetfoil,

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USA

201

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Catamaran hull design with two floating hulls

which has a top speed of 50 mph (80 km/h). Personal watercraft, like the Sea-Doo® Spark™ and the Kawasaki Ultra 310LX, also use water thrusters, while the fastest boats of all, F1 Powerboats, use propellers driven by powerful engines to race at over 125 mph (200 km/h).

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Fun and games Inboard motor at the back of the boat spins propeller to move boat forward

Water

Inflatable body, 7 ft 21⁄2 in (2.2 m) long, takes less than 90 seconds to inflate

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Twin hulls make this a catamaran-style cabin cruiser

Flexible cover can be removed in good weather

inflatable dinghies paddled down the Aar River in Switzerland in 2011. Chimney stack

Cabin cruiser

USA

Old tires cushion sides of boat when moored

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192

There is nothing like having fun on the water! Plenty of different boats and watercraft of all shapes and sizes allow people to have fun on rivers, lakes, and seas, to explore wildernesses, and to take part in races and competitions.

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A wilderness raft is a type of inflatable dinghy that is small and light enough to be carried in a backpack—before it is filled with air. Rugged whitewater dinghies are larger and ride down rapids and fast-flowing water. Paddles are used in canoes and kayaks, while a rowboat has

In 2013, an airboat reached

Large sail made of cotton rigged to mast

102 mph (163.5 km/h)—a top speed!

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Airboat

192

Shallow hull for traveling through swamplands

Fun and games

SA y RN Sailing dingh

Large fan, inside a safety cage, is spun by the engine to push the boat forward

Hull made of overlapping wood panels over a wood frame Tiller

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UK 1920s

Oars fitted into oarlocks

Metal rudder is controlled by turning tiller

Boom is gripped for stability and to adjust sail angle to wind

Twin-bladed paddle allows kayaker to paddle continuously without switching sides

Kayaker sits in an enclosed seat

Kayak

Rope handles for lifting boat out of water

UK 1980s

Single-bladed paddle used to push the water backward

Mast fits into joint on the board

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oars, which pivot in fixtures called oarlocks as they are rowed back and forth. Sailing dinghies are used to teach people how to sail, while airboats offer thrilling rides, speeding along with the help of large fans spun by car or aircraft engines. Narrowboats were once used to haul

coal, cotton, and other goods along canals before there were train and road networks; today, they are equipped with beds and kitchens, and used for pleasure cruising. You can live aboard cabin cruisers, too, which travel on open water as well as canals.

193

A FLYING SUCCESS 

Guido Cappellini’s F1 Powerboat flies across the surface of Doha Bay during the Qatar F1 Powerboat Grand Prix in 2009. This racing catamaran is tearing along at over 125 mph (200 km/h) around a course marked by floating buoys. As many as 24 F1 powerboats take part in each race, battling for position, because points earned count toward the coveted World Championship title.

F1 Powerboats are the ultimate speed machines on water. Equipped with monstrous 425 horsepower engines, they weigh around 1,102 lb (500 kg) and can accelerate from a standing start to 100 mph (160 km/h) in only four seconds, quickly hitting top speeds of around 140 mph (225 km/h). Inside its sleek carbon fiber body, the driver is firmly strapped

in, and protected by a crash cabin, as he pushes his powerboat to the limit. There are no gears and no brakes. It is edge-of-your-seat racing, with boats taking tight corners at 62–93 mph (100–150 km/h). Cappellini won this and four other races in the 2009 season, earning him the worldchampionship crown for a record tenth time.

AIR

Air

Airplane Airplanes are heavier than air, so they need to overcome the force of gravity, which pulls them toward the ground. They do this with the help of curved wings, which produce an upward force, called lift, as the plane moves through the air. Most aircraft today are monoplanes, which means they have a single set of wings. This de Havilland DH60 Gipsy Moth is a biplane, with two pairs of wings and an open cockpit with two seats.

Tail ❯ Most aircraft have a tail consisting of a fixed fin, horizontal tailplanes, and hinged rudder and elevator flaps. The rudder is moved by controls in the cockpit to help the aircraft turn. Elevators control up and down movements.

Luggage locker

Fin

Control wires from cockpit to tail

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Fuselage ❯ This is the body of the aircraft Elevator Rudder

198

Tailplane

to which wings are attached, and where the pilot and passengers sit. The Gipsy Moth’s fuselage is made of a wooden frame covered in fabric. Most plane fuselages today are made of metals or materials, such as carbon fiber.

Airplane

Front cockpit for passenger or student pilot

Engine ❯ Powered aircraft have an engine that generates thrust to propel them forward. Modern airliners and military planes use jet engines, while many light aircraft, such as the Gipsy Moth, use an engine that turns a propeller to move them through the air.

Struts support upper wing

Rear cockpit for pilot

Propeller

Lower wing

Bracing wires to strengthen plane

Aileron ❯ This hinged flap at the rear of the wing can be raised or lowered, together with the aileron on the other wing, to tilt the aircraft. When used together with the rudder, the ailerons allow the pilot to perform sweeping, angled turns.

Undercarriage ❯ Also known as landing gear, these are the parts of the aircraft used for moving on the ground and for takeoff and landing. On most aircraft these are sets of wheels, but some aircraft have skids or floats so they can operate on water.

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Taking to the skies

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Balloon made of rubber-coated silk and filled with hydrogen gas

Basket to hold passengers and a fire fueled by straw to create extra-hot air

Hydrogen was made by pouring

Paddles designed to steer balloon

sulphuric acid onto half a ton of scrap iron!

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Wing made of fabric stretched over hollow canes

Cayley Glider

200

UK 1849

For thousands of years, people have dreamed of flying. However, getting off the ground successfully proved impossible until the invention of lighter-than-air craft, such as balloons and airships, and research into the principles of flight using gliders.

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In 1783, following a test flight carrying a sheep, a duck, and a rooster, the Montgolfier Hot-air Balloon took off in Paris, France, with two human passengers. Paris was the center of the new balloon age. Just 10 days later the city saw the launch of the first hydrogen-filled balloon, the

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UK 1

France 1902

Santos-Dumont No .1 Brazil/France 1898

Taking to the skies

Lebaudy No.1 le Jaune

897

40 horsepower Daimler engine turns two propellers

Zeppelin LZ 96

Germany 1917

Motorcycle engine turns propeller moving airship forward

Gondola holds crew and up to 20 passengers

17-ft-4-in(5.3-m-) long glider

Hinged rudder helps steer the craft

LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin Ger many 1928

Passengers on the Graf Zeppelin had their own beds, a main dining room, and meals made onboard.

la Charlière, and, in 1898, the first flight of the airship Santos-Dumont No.1. In Germany, large airships, such as the Zeppelin LZ 96, scouted and bombed during World War I, while postwar airships, such as the Graf Zeppelin, offered long-distance transportation to the

778-ft- (237-m-) long hull covered in cotton over a rigid frame of aluminum alloy girders

LZ 127 GRAF ZEPPELIN 22 school buses

wealthy. Other inventors believed that winged gliders were the way up. In the 1890s, German engineer Otto Lilienthal made many successful flights in gliders such as the Normal Apparatus. His work inspired other glider designs, as well as the Wright Brothers’ work on a powered aircraft.

201

First planes Air

Wings stretch to 40 ft 4 in (12.3 m) and are supported by struts

Wr ight Flyer

USA 1903

Voisin Biplane

Cradle where pilot lies across the wing

France 1907

Frame made from light bamboo poles Hinged elevator panel controls pitch (climb or dive) by pointing the aircraft's nose upward or downward

Harriet Quimby, in a Blériot XI, became the first woman to fly the English Channel in 1912.

S a n to s - D umon Type 20 F t Demoiselle rance

Tail fin

1908

Weighs 507 lb (230 kg) empty (without fuel)

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909

Bracing wires make wooden frame fuselage stiffer

202

On December 17, 1903, bicycle-maker Orville Wright lifted off into the air in a powered aircraft. This first flight lasted only 12 seconds and covered less than the length of a modern airliner, but it marked the beginning of a new age.

Built by two brothers, the Wright Flyer was a biplane, with two sets of wings, and two propellers spinning behind them. The Voisin Biplane and Shorts S27 copied this pusherpropeller design, but other aircraft, such as the Santos-Dumont Demoiselle, mounted their

Rudder turned by wires to control aircraft's direction

First planes

Shorts S27

UK 1910

Steel tube along front edge of wing

Four-cylinder engine delivers 100 horsepower

r Spin Fokke

Nether

lands 1

The wires on the Fokker gave it the name Spin—Dutch for spider.

910

Wing ribs made from bamboo

Car-like steering wheel in cockpit

De p

Ty p e A erdussin

1 France

910

Wings made of rubber-coated silk stretched over ribs of spruce wood

Cur tiss

Wings have a span of 32 ft 2 in (9.8 m)

Model

USA 19

10

D Wooden-framed aircraft weighs 650 lb (295 kg), fully fueled

Tricycle undercarriage with bicycle wheels and inflatable tires Sprung tailskid

engine and propeller at the front, or were monoplanes, with a single pair of wings. Early aircraft were built light, using wood, cloth-covered wings, and wires to brace and stiffen their structures. The Blériot XI carried French aviator Louis Blériot on the successful first flight from

ne IV Avro Tripla 10 UK 19

France to England across the English Channel in 1909. The Deperdussin Type A flew 60 miles (100 km) at a record speed of 60 mph (100 km/h) in 1911, carrying two people. This, and other record breakers, helped to prove that planes could be a practical form of transportation.

203

THE GIRL OF NERVE 

Daredevil wingwalker Lilian Boyer hangs from the wingtip of a Curtiss JN-4 Jenny biplane without a safety harness. Flying was new to the public in the 1920s and a ride in a biplane could be an unnerving experience for some, even when safely strapped into their seat. So, large crowds were thrilled by the exploits of barnstormers who performed amazing feats of daring in the sky.

In 1921, Boyer, a 20-year-old restaurant waitress, proved fearless when on her second flight in an aircraft, she stepped out of her seat and onto the wing. Later that year, she teamed up with former World War I pilot Billy Brock. The pair performed 352 shows across North America throughout the 1920s, dazzling crowds with their exploits. Boyer would

stand on the wing of the aircraft as it performed a loop-theloop, or dangle from the wing hanging by one hand, or even by a cord she gripped with her teeth! She also mastered jumping from a speeding car to a plane—a stunt she pulled on 143 occasions before bans on low flying came into place in 1929. Miraculously, Boyer lived to the grand age of 88.

Fighter planes Air

Single machine gun fires through propeller

Mor Typeane-Saul n N Franc e

Tail skid protects rear of aircraft during takeoff and landing

Small tail with rudder for sharp turns

SPAD SVII

France

ier

1915

Sop

1916

Manfred Von Richthofen’s Dr.1 was painted all red, giving him the nickname of the Red Baron.

h wit

F.1

m Ca

el

UK

191

7

Twin engines give a long range of 1,300 miles (2,100 km)

Wingspan of 30 ft (9 m) helps aircraft to climb up

r k ke

Fo er m

1 Dr. 7

Fokker D.VII

Germany 1918

191 any

G

Three sets of short wings enable sharper climbing and turning

206

Fast and maneuverable, fighter planes were an air force’s hunter-killers during World Wars I and II. Their forward-firing weapons, such as cannons and machine guns, were mounted on the nose or the wings to shoot down other aircraft.

Early World War I fighters, such as the MoraneSaulnier Type N, preyed on slow, often unarmed, bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. They were soon outpaced by faster fliers, such as the Sopwith Camel and Fokker D.VII, which engaged in furious dogfights against each other.

Eight browning machine guns mounted in wings

Powerful Daimler engine generates top speed of about 354 mph (570 km/h)

The Bf 109 was the most produced fighter plane—33,984 were built between 1936 and 1945.

Fighter planes

e Hur rican r e k w a H 36 M k 1 UK 19

hmitt Bf Messer scrmany 1938 1 0 9 E Ge

co .42 Fal R C t a i F

Twin Vickers machine guns

I t a ly 1 9 4

0

Top wing spans 31 ft 91⁄2 in (9.7 m)

Bottom wing spans 2 1ft 31⁄2 in (6.5 m)

Mits u Zer obishi A6 M5 Japa n

Wheels do not retract into the craft

1943

Twin booms extend from body to rear tail planes

Cannon mounted in the wing

Lockhead P-38 Lightning USA 1941

Front windshield made of bulletproof glass Rolls Royce Merlin 77 engine gives top speed of 417 mph (671 km/h)

Super marine Spitfir e PR MkX

UK 1944

The famous German fighter ace, Baron Manfred von Richthofen, made 19 of his 80 “kills” in his Fokker Dr.1 triplane. Fighter designs mostly moved from biplanes (with two pairs of wings) to monoplanes (with a single pair of wings) after World War I, and aircraft such as the Hawker

Wheels retract into the wing during flight

Hurricane Mk1 and the Messerschmitt Bf 109E battled in the sky. Some fighters, such as the Mitsubishi A6M5 Zero, also served as bombers, while the Supermarine Spitfire PR MkX relied on its speed to avoid other fighters as it took photos over enemy lines.

207

Air

Strike force

Wooden wing frame covered in canvas

504 Avr o

UK 19

13

Tail skid helps slow aircraft down while landing

Three-bladed propeller

ka 87 Stu u J s r Ju n k e

Ger m

any 19

35

Electronics in tail to confuse enemy radar and detect incoming missiles

Tail with rudder

Chin turret manned by bombardier who also aims the bombs

r tr ess G Flying Fo 7 -1 B g in e o B

H

USA 1935

1 He11 l e k ein 1940 Ger m

any

Top speed of 270 mph (434 km/h)

Exhausts to release gases from the Rolls Royce Merlin engine

98 lland DH de Havi ito UK 1940 Mosqu

Fuel tanks in wings and body

The B-2 Spirit is the world’s most expensive aircraft, costing $2.1

billion each!

208

Strike aircraft attack ground targets using bombs or missiles. The first bombers were regular planes from which small bombs were dropped by hand. Special bombers were developed at the end of World War I and saw major action in World War II.

Some World War II bombers, such as the Junkers Ju87 Stuka, would dive low to bomb enemy forces on the ground. Others operated from high altitude, as much as 29,528 ft (9,000 m) in the case of the Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress. The Avro Lancaster had over double the bomb-carrying

Cockpit seats four of the sevenman crew with fifth in the nose

Mid gun turret armed with twin machine guns

Avr o Lancaster

UK 1941

B-29A Superfor tr ess

Rolls Royce Merlin engines give top speed of 282 mph (454 km/h)

USA 1944

Boeing B-52H Stratofortress USA 1961 Twin turbofan engines give top speed of 1,429 mph (2,300 km/h)

Tupolev Tu-22M3

Russia 1978

Could carry up to 69,446 lb (31,500 kg) of weapons

Could carry 10 missiles or 33,069 lb (15,000 kg) of bombs

Rocket pods make this a multi-role aircraft

Nor thr op Gr u mma n B-2 Spirit

USA 1990

Nose houses radar system to detect enemy fighters from up to 60 miles (100 km) away

Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-29 Russia 1982

BOEING B-52H STRATOFORTRESS 159 ft (48.5 m) long, equivalent to four school buses

Elevons help aircraft turn, climb, and descend

capacity of the B-17G and more than 7,000 were built. Both were heavily armed, with machine gunners in turrets. Made out of wood, the de Havilland DH98 Mosquito relied on its speed and agility to evade enemies. Fifty years later, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit uses stealth

technology to strike its targets undetected. Some jet-powered bombers could travel long distances, such as the Tupolev Tu-22M3, with a range of 4,200 miles (6,800 km), and the eight-engine Boeing B-52H Stratofortress, which could fly more than 10,000 miles (16,000 km).

209

Air

Racers and record-breakers -Dumont No.6 S a n to s

Cabane struts hold wires that brace wings

France 1901

Nieup

72-ft-1in- (22-m-) long envelope filled with hydrogen gas

S MoPAD no De p coq er ue dus s F ran

ce

or t II N

France 1

910

Four-bladed propeller turned by Rolls Royce Eagle VIII engine

Wingspan of 68 ft (20.7 m)

in

191

3

Smooth, streamlined body made of wood Solid disc wheels

YP S an N y R

pir it of S

t. L

ou

is

Vickers Vimy US A1

927

Large fuel tank holds 211 gal (800 liters) of fuel

UK 1918

Cur t iss-R Ole M ob iss U in J-1 SA 1928

Steel tube fuselage

210

Getting into the air wasn’t enough for some pilots and engineers. They wanted to push their planes to the limit and fly higher, faster, longer than others. Races were held, records set and broken, as aircraft became stronger, more powerful, and reliable.

In 1901, the Santos-Dumont No.6 airship won one of the first aviation prizes—100,000 French francs in 1901 for a flight around the Eiffel Tower. In 1919, the Vickers Vimy made the first nonstop flight across the Atlantic. American aviator Charles Lindbergh completed a 331⁄2 hour

Supermarine S6B

UK 1930

M

2 i Castoldi M.C.7 acch

I t a ly 1 9 3 1

Floats designed to give off heat to cool engine fluids

Gee Be e Mod el Z S uper Spor tster

USA

1931

The fastest propeller-driven seaplane is the M.C.72, with a speed of 441 mph (709 km/h).

Streamlined wheel coverings

Smooth wings of 39 ft 4 in (12 m) span to cut through air

Hinged rudder on tail for turning

Per cival P10 Ve ga G ull U

Engine gives top speed of 137 mph (220 km/h) Aircraft only has 7.5 minutes of rocket power to climb into air

Bücker Bü133C Jungmeister

Skid for landing as wheels were discarded after take off

Germany 1936

nonstop solo flight from New York to Paris in 1927 in the Spirit of St. Louis. In 1935, a CurtissRobin J-1 called Ole Miss, aided by inflight refuelling, stayed aloft for 27 days. As aircraft design developed, speed records were frequently broken. The SPAD Deperdussin Monocoque

K1

935

Sliding glass canopy reveals seating for pilot and three passengers

Messerschmitt Me163 Komet Germany 1944

set a record of 130 mph (210 km/h), while the Supermarine S6B and the Macchi Castoldi M.C.72 broke the 373 mph (600 km/h) and the 435 mph (700 km/h) barriers. Even faster was the rocket-powered Messerschmitt Me163 Komet, which reached 624 mph (1,005 km/h) in 1941.

211

Air

Jet fighters Me

c hm s se r s

62 itt Me2

Sc hwalb

e

Ger ma

ny 1942

Wing-mounted turbojet engine gives top speed of 559 mph (900 km/h)

G l o s te r M e te o r

UK 1943 Tail plane mounted high up on the tail to be clear of engine exhausts

Wheels retract into body when aircraft is in flight

M

a i koy n - G u r e

The

MiG-15 could climb from sea level to 1,6404 ft (5,000 m) in two minutes.

212

Re p

4 F-8 c i l b u

hunder je CT t

USA 1946

Nose contains four machine guns

Exhaust channels waste gases from the turbojet engine

vic

hM

iG

-15

Ru

ssi

a1

Swept-back tail design matches swept-back wings

94

9

No r t h F - 8 6 A A m e r i ca n Sa bre U S

A 1949

Nose contains seven cameras for reconnaissance missions

a Sa

b J 3 5 E D ra k e n

Developed during World War II, jet fighters are mostly fast, nimble singleseaters that carry a wide range of weaponry, from cannons to missiles. They attack and chase off enemy fighters to establish air superiority over a region.

Sweden 1955

North American F-86A Sabres and Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s fought each other during the Korean War of 1950. The Republic F-84C Thunderjet flew 86,408 missions during the same war, and was the first mass-production jet fighter that could refuel

Dassault Mir age III

Cockpit seats two people

France 1960

Front seat where pilot sits

Jet fighters

Delta wing has maximum span of 27 ft (8.2 m)

More F-4 Phantoms were built than any other US supersonic jet—5,195 in total.

as F-4 ll Dougl e n n o 1960 McD m II USA Phanto Elec h s i gl En

Large external fuel tank

M i k oy

an-Gur

evich MiG-23

Russia 1

ng F53 tric Lightni

UK 1970

970

External fuel tank holds more than 263.9 gal (1,037 liters)

F-22 n i t r a ed MUSA 2005 e h k Loc R aptor

Nose contains six Browning M3 machine guns

Cockpit with ejection seat

Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4

Multinational 2007

midair from a tanker aircraft. The MikoyanGurevich MiG-23 and the Dassault Mirage III could operate as fighter-bombers, carrying ground attack weapons under their bodies and wings. Designed for quick operations, the Saab J35E Draken, could be re-armed in just 10

minutes. It could take off from roads as well as runways. Modern warbirds, such as the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor and the Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4, are versatile. They can attack air and ground targets, as well as perform reconnaissance missions.

213

SUPER SPEED 

An extraordinary sight greets the eyes as a United States Navy Grumman F-14 Tomcat accelerates just 500 ft (150 m) above the Pacific Ocean. A cloud of condensed water vapor forms around the aircraft, known as a shock collar, or vapor cone. The aircraft will shortly go supersonic and travel faster than the speed of sound, an event often accompanied by a loud noise, known as a sonic boom.

When a fast aircraft travels, it generates a series of pressure waves in the air. These waves travel at the speed of sound, approximately 761 mph (1,225 km/h) at sea level, and a little lower at higher altitudes. As the aircraft’s speed increases, the waves are forced together to form a single shock wave, which makes a thunder-like boom when released. Most sonic booms

last between 0.1 and 0.5 seconds. The first supersonic flight was in 1947. Today, many military jet aircraft regularly travel at supersonic speeds. The F-14 has a top speed of more than 1,500 mph (2,400 km/h) at high altitude. Only two passenger airliners have ever operated at supersonic speeds: the Russian Tupolev Tu-144 and the British/French Concorde.

Seaplanes Air

Fabric-covered wing with wooden frame

S o pw

Aircraft holds pilot and three passengers

ith B a by 91

UK 1

5

Single pusher propeller gives cruising speed of 91 mph (147 km/h)

Vickers Viking

UK 1919

Wooden tail float keeps rear of aircraft out of water Radial engine gives top speed of 186 mph (300 km/h) and range of 550 miles (900 km)

Long body holds up to 100 passengers

Dornier Do-X

Germany 1929

Na k a j i m

Twin 1,200-horsepower engines

BY d a te d P Consolina USA 1936 C ata l i

a Type 95 Willow Japan 1935 Deep fuselage contains bunks, flushing toilet, and workshop building and repairing parts

Gun turret

Blister-style gunport

216

Planes that can land and take off from water are known as seaplanes. There are two types of these versatile machines— floatplanes, which sit on water using pontoons (buoyant floats), and flying boats with a watertight body, like a boat.

Short Sunderland

UK 1938

Floatplanes saw service in both the World Wars. The Sopwith Baby patrolled coasts and spotted airships in WWI. The Nakajima Type 95 Willow flew as a light bomber during WWII, while military flying boats, such as the Short Sunderland and Consolidated PBY Catalina,

Wings with 46 ft (14 m) span could fold back for storage on a ship

Super m

arine W alr us

UK 1939

Front deck where crew stand to moor aircraft

Seaplanes

Tail rudder Cabin holds 10 passengers

Wheels retract into body while flying or cruising on water

r D H C - 3 O t te de Havilland

Canada 1953

Wingspan of 57 ft 8 in (17.6 m) enables aircraft to take off over short distances

Turboprop engine gives top speed of 330 mph (530 km/h)

Nose cone contains radar system

Beriev Be-12 Chaika

Wing

Russia 1960

This plane can scoop

1,320 gallons (5,000 liters) of water from a lake in 10 seconds.

Large float underneath wing

Pusher propeller forces air back to move aircraft forward

Lake LA-4 USA 1967

Retractable tricycle undercarriage

performed patrols, hunted submarines, and escorted ships. Other flying boats, such as the 12-engined Dornier Do-X, carried passengers across long distances. Some seaplanes are amphibious and can operate from land or water. The Supermarine Walrus would take off from a

CL-215 Canadair 1 da 967 Cana

warship and land on water, and was then returned to the ship by crane. It was used in Canada along with other seaplanes, such as the de Havilland Otter and the Canadair CL-215. The Canadair is designed to skim a lake or river scooping up large quantities of water to drop on forest fires.

217

T19

Wings made of wood and covered in fabric

40

Wing carries 38.8 gal (147 liters) of fuel

US A

an

P

Air

Light aircraft rm te a e t S g d n Boei 2S K ay N 17/

2 Cessna 17

l B e ag

p e Pu

Cabin holds eight passengers and has single door

es Seri

2

UK 196

9

USA 1964

Two-blade metal propeller driven by 150 horsepower engine

Wings have a span of 20 ft (6.1 m)

-2A Pitts Special S 421B Cessna

USA 197

USA 1973

3

Ailerons on upper and lower wings help plane perform complete 360° roll in two seconds

A S-2A set a world record in 2014, performing 81 spins in a row.

218

Light aircraft are small civilian craft with one or two engines and a fully loaded weight of less than 12,500 lb (5,670 kg). They are used for travel, learning to fly, aerobatics, and racing, and some as airmail carriers, ambulances, or cropdusters.

Some light aircraft are very light, such as the Bede BD-5J, which weighs 3581⁄2 lb (162.7 kg) empty, making it the lightest jet aircraft in the world, and the Flight Design CTSW, which weighs 702 lb (318.4 kg) empty and has a parachute system that can carry the entire

Be

de

BD

M -5J

ic

t roje

197 USA

3

Cockpit seats two side-by-side

Van s

Fiberglass body panels fitted over lightweight aluminum frame

RV6

USA

1986

Wingspan of just 16 ft 81⁄2 in (5.1 m)

ra ft Beec hc

n a n za A36 Bo

USA

198

In 2014, Matt Guthmiller, age 19, became the youngest to fly around the world in an A36.

7

Rear cabin seats can fold flat to carry large cargo items

High wing design and pusher propeller gives clear view ahead

Sky Arrow 650 TC Italy 1992

Wings, made mainly of carbon fiber, span 27 ft 91⁄2 in (8.5 m)

Three-blade propeller

ign CTSW F light Des

Wheel fairings

y 2008 Ger man

101 horsepower engine gives top speed of (143 mph (230 km/h)

aircraft to the ground in an emergency. The Beagle Pup Series 2 was used for touring and aerobatics, while the two-seater Pitts Special S-2A, which can spin, roll, and climb sharply, is just used for tricks. Early Pitts planes were offered as kits to be built at home, as was the

all-aluminum Vans RV-6. In contrast, the Beechcraft A36 Bonanza is one of more than 17,000 Bonanzas built in factories. The most manufactured light aircraft of all is the four-seater Cessna 172, of which more than 43,000 were produced.

219

Plane spotting Air

Open cockpit for pilot Closed cabin for passengers

Fokke r

Nether

5-AT Ford r USA 1928 o to Tr i m

F.II

lands 1

920 Body panels made of corrugated (ridged) aluminum

Plywood body keeps weight down to 3,219 lb (1,460 kg) when empty

F.IIs were flown by KLM, the world’s

Dou

oldest airline

glas

DC-2

19 USA

34

still flying under its original name.

de Dra Havilla gon R ap nd DH8 ide 9 U K 19

Giant wings have span of 262 ft (80 m)

Undercarriage folds up into the aircraft to cut drag when flying

34

Sud-Aviation Caravelle France 1955 Rear-mounted turbojet engine gives top speed of 500 mph (805 km/h)

de Havilland DH106 Comet 4C UK 1960

220

Early passenger planes were converted bombers and other military aircraft. Planes specially built for air travel truly arrived in the 1920s and 1930s. Today, flying has become a fast, convenient, and common form of transportation.

Tailplanes contain elevator panels to help the plane climb or descend

The Fokker F.II carried just four passengers, while the Ford 5-AT Trimotor could hold 13, plus two crew members. The Douglas DC-2 could carry one passenger more and was flown by more than 30 airlines all around the world, as was the simple but rugged de Havilland DH89

Turbojet engine, one of three, gives aircraft top speed of 559 mph (900 km/h)

Swept-back wings have span of 123 ft (37.5 m)

Upturned wingtips, called winglets

Russia 1969

Cockpit contains seats for the pilot and copilot

Dor ni

er Do2 28-10

Airbus A320-214

1

Ger many 1

Plane spotting

Large tail contains hinged rudder to aid turning

Tupolev Tu-154

985

Multinational 1995

Today, 25,000 passenger planes carry more than 3.4

billion passengers

Airbu

every year.

s A38 0-800

Multi

natio

nal 2

005

Tail rises 80 ft (24.5 m) above the ground

Powerful jet engines give top cruising speed of 587 mph (945 km/h)

AIRBUS A380-800 Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner

USA 2009

The Airbus A380-800 is as long as 6.6 school buses

238.7 ft (72.7 m) long Clear cabin windows can be tinted to filter out sunlight

Dragon Rapide. Larger airliners powered by jet engines emerged after World War II. The first short-haul jet airliner, the Sud-Aviation Caravelle, carried 80 passengers, while the Tupolev Tu-154 could carry up to 180. Today, the biggest of all is the Airbus A380-800, which

can carry up to 853 people on two passenger decks. Some modern airliners can travel long distances without landing to refuel. The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner can fly up to 8,000 miles (13,000 km) nonstop—enough to make it from the USA to China.

221

COMING IN LOW 

Vacationers sunning themselves on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin get their cameras out as an Air Caraibes Airbus A330 airliner comes in to land at Princess Juliana International Airport. The stunning sight is repeated over the sands of Maho Beach several times day, as the Caribbean island airport receives more than 58,000 aircraft movements (takeoffs or landings) every year.

The airport’s 7,545 ft- (2,300 m-) long runway is relatively short by modern standards, and it stretches close to the airport’s boundary with the beach. An Airbus A330, which can carry more than 200 passengers, needs at least 3,280 ft (1,000 m)—preferably more—to come to a halt once it has touched down. As a result, pilots make their approach over

the shimmering waters of the Caribbean as low as they can, in order to get their plane’s wheels on the tarmac as quickly as possible. Planes can be just 65 to 100 ft (20 to 30 m) above the ground by the time they fly over the beach. Maho may not be the best beach on the island, but it draws large crowds of plane-spotters, eager to get close to big airliners in flight.

Air

Straight up and supersonic Bell X-1

USA 1

946

Nose shaped like a bullet

Probe measures the distance the plane moves sideways

The Bell X-1 was nicknamed

Glamorous Glennis after

a2 Fairey Delt

UK 1954

the pilot’s wife.

McDonnell F-101 Voodoo

USA 19

57

Two-seater version used as training aircraft Tail fin contains radio antenna

Internal fuel tanks hold up to 2,053 gal (7,771 liters)

L o c k h e e d F - 1 0 4 G S t a r f i g h te r

USA 1958

Fuel tanks mounted on wing tips

224

The quest for speed led to supersonic aircraft—planes able to fly faster than the speed of sound, 767 mph (1,235 km/h) at sea level. Engineers have also created aircraft that can take off and land vertically, like a helicopter—VTOL planes.

Narrow, circular body with short wings cuts through the air

The first supersonic aircraft was the rocketpowered Bell X-1 piloted by American Charles “Chuck” Yeager. Improvements in jet engines saw startling increases in speeds. The Fairey Delta 2 was the first to fly faster than 1,000 mph (1,609 km/h), the Lockheed F-104G Starfighter

Gurevic h MiG-21 oyanMik

Russia 195

9

Bl Loc ac kh kb e ir ed d S US A

Exhaust for gases from turbojet engine

External fuel tank

R7

19

1

64

BAe/Aerospatiale Concorde Type 1 UK/France 1976

Pilot sits in ejection seat

Fuselage is 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) wide, 203 ft (62 m) long, and holds 100 passengers

Outer cockpit windshield made of quartz can heat up to 572°F (300°C) when flying fast

In 1990, an SR71 flew

coast-tocoast across the entire USA in under 68 minutes.

Yakovlev Yak-38

Nosewheel supports the front of the aircraft

Russia 1971

Ha

Nose contains laser range finder to measure distances

w ke r S i d d e l e y H a r r i e r G R 3 U K 1 9 7 3

Blades nearly 25 ft (7.6 m) in length spun by turboshaft engine Engine nozzle moves to direct thrust down or back Engines tilt upward for takeoff and forward for level flight

B 22 V 07

M 20 ng USA i e Bo re y l l p Be Os

Tail fin

Instrument boom

Bell XV-15 Tiltrotor USA 1977

the first to reach 1,242 mph (2,000 km/h), and the MiG-21 topped 1,479 mph (2,380 km/h). Then, in 1976, the Lockheed SR71 Blackbird, a jet spy plane, set a record of 2,193 mph (3,529 km/h), which has not been broken since. VTOL aircraft are used in places without long runways. Some,

Fuselage can hold 32 armed troops

such as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier GR 3 and Yakovlev Yak-38, have engine nozzles that move to direct thrust downward or behind. Tilt-rotor planes, such as the Bell XV-15, swivel their entire propeller-spinning engines upward for takeoff and forward for regular flight.

225

Eyes in the sky Air

44 ft (13.4 m) upper wing helps plane reach altitude of 14,100 ft (4,300 m)

Large, greenhousestyle canopy for good visibility

Caudron G.3

Wooden propeller 9 ft (2.8 m) in diameter

France 1914

Rear-mounted machine gun

The G.3 was an easy target for WWI fighters due to its slow speed of 66 mph (106 km/h).

LVG C.V IG

er m

any 191

7

Fuselage covered in plywood

No

r th

Ame

r i ca n O - 4 7 B

A 1944

USA 1938

Pipe

Wingspan of 46 ft 5 in (14 m)

Pilot wears space suit in the cockpit for flying at high altitudes of 70,000 ft (21,000 m) above sea level

Radar detects approaching aircraft

226

Loc kheed

U-2

rL

-4H

a Gr

US per p o ssh

Rear seat, where an observer could face forward or backward, with table for maps and radio

USA 1955

Reconnaissance planes scout the land and sea from above. Some go further, acting as spies in the sky using telephoto lenses and other tools to spot troop positions and detect enemy weapons, facilities, or other crucial activity on the ground.

The first spotter planes, such as the Caudron G.3 and the LVG C.VI, were used to detect enemy artillery and troop movements. Later observation aircraft, such as the OV-10 Bronco, could scout territory and carry weapons. It could also take off from roads or makeshift runways,

Loc kheed SR-71 Blac kbird

USA 1964

Horizontal stabilizer connects twin booms at their tails Pilot tube to determine air speed Rotating dish antenna detects other aircraft

Designed to fly at more than three times the speed of sound

10 OV-

B

o ronc

USA

1965

Boeing E-3 Sentry

USA 1975

Turbofan engine gives top speed of 357 mph (575 km/h)

Tail-mounted pilot tube helps measure speed of drone

Boeing 707 airliner converted to carry an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

In 2001, a RQ-4 flew nonstop across the Pacific Ocean— a first for an unmanned drone. Tailplanes mounted at the top of the tail

Nose cameras and infrared sensors to see at night

Advanced radar system builds 3-D picture of the ground below

Northrop Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk USA 2000

Drone can fly itself or be remote controlled from the ground

Rear-facing propellers

Each wing has three hard points to which weapons can be fitted

and fly more than 1,400 miles (2,200 km). The SR-71 Blackbird was a dedicated spy plane that operated at high speed and altitude, out of the range of enemy ground-to-air missiles. No Blackbird was ever shot down by enemy forces. Advanced fighters feature stealth technology that

tis BAE Systems Man

UK 2009

confuses enemy radars and other sensors, in order to spy undetected. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones, such as the BAE Systems Mantis, can fly long missions gathering information without risking pilots’ lives. The Mantis can fly up to 30 hours.

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Helicopter A helicopter’s long, thin rotor blades have a curved shape, similar to that of an aircraft’s wing. When these blades are spun quickly by the engine, they travel through the air and, like an aircraft wing, create lift. Their ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover midair, make helicopters incredibly useful for military and police work, and search-and-rescue missions, as performed by this Sea King. Rotor head

King HAR.3 Westland Sea

Radar dome Tail rotor blade

Foldable hinged tail boom Winch crane

Tailplane

Tail rotor ❯ This six-bladed rotor spins to balance out the effects of the main rotor blades. By varying the speeds of the tail rotor, the pilot can use it as a rudder to steer.

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Sponson ❯ This contains inflatable bags, which can be filled with air to help the helicopter float, should it land on water.

Rotor blade ❯ The rotor blades are fitted to the rotor head, which is spun by the engine to generate lift. The Sea King can rise up at speeds of 33 ft (10 m) per second. When the helicopter is stored on a ship, or in a hangar, the blades can be folded up.

Helicopter

Turbine engine ❯ The helicopter’s two Rolls Royce Gnome turboshaft engines spin the rotor head, which can be angled to change the helicopter’s direction. The Sea King has a cruising speed of 129 mph (208 km/h), and a maximum range of 764 miles (1,230 km).

Interior ❯ The pilot and the copilot fly the helicopter from the cockpit, while two crew members operate the radio and winch system, which can lift people out of the water and into the helicopter. The Sea King can hold up to 18 rescued people or 6 stretchers.

Powerful forward-facing headlight

Hull and avionics ❯ The Sea King’s hull-shaped body enables it to float on water. Stored inside its nose are radio and navigation electronics that enable the helicopter to find stricken boats and people at sea.

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In 1939, when few helicopters had taken off, an Fa61 climbed to

Body is 20 ft (6.1 m) in length

11,240 ft (2,436 m).

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Radial engine powers propeller to move autogiro forward

Drive shaft connects engine to tail rotor

One of two fuel tanks, each of which can hold 21.4 gal (81 liters)

Tail rotor guard prevents blades from striking the ground and snapping

Three-bladed main rotor with diameter of 37 ft 8 in (11.5 m) Tail rotor

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USA 1942

Landing skids could be replaced with floats for landing on water

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With long, thin, wing-shaped blades whizzing around, it is no surprise that the first autogiros and helicopters got the nickname whirlybirds. These versatile craft first came into their own in the 1930s and 1940s.

Autogiros, such as the Cierva C24, use a main rotor for lift, but also have a propeller at the front to provide thrust. This gave the C24 a top speed of 110 mph (177 km/h). The experimental Focke-Wulf Fa61 came with two sets of rotors, to increase lift, but only two were ever made.

Bubble canopy encloses two-seat cockpit

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Cockpit seats four, with pilot in front and three passengers behind

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Folding rotor blades for storage onboard ship

Body from a Focke-Wulf Fw44 biplane

Twin rotor blades with overall diameter of 35 ft (10.7 m)

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Body houses a 63.4-gal (240-liter) fuel tank

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Two sets of rotor blades spin in opposite directions Rotorless tail

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Goldfish bowl–style bubble canopy gives crew an all-around view

A Bell 47D was the first helicopter to fly over the Alps in 1950.

In contrast, more than 5,600 Bell 47 helicopters were built between 1946 and 1974. These included the Bell 47G, which became famous for medical evacuation, a task also performed by the Westland Dragonfly HR3, which flew the world’s first scheduled helicopter service from

France 1949

Cabin seats five

1950 onward. The Sikorsky R-4 was the first helicopter used by the American and the British militaries, rescuing injured air crash survivors in Asia as early as 1944. The Soviet Union’s first production helicopter was the Mil Mi-1M, of which more than 2,500 were eventually built.

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Working choppers Wallis WA-116

Cabin shell made of composite materials over a titanium frame

UK 1961

The Wallis starred in the

James Bond

Wooden body keeps weight down to 256 lb (116 kg)

film You Only Live Twice.

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Russia 1961

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Exhaust for turboshaft engine

Small, twin-bladed tail rotor

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Large rear door for cargo

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Tail fin stabilizes the rear during flight

Landing skids

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The ability to hover in midair makes helicopters ideal platforms for aerial photography, search and rescue, and reconnaissance missions. They can also operate from isolated areas and city helipads, ferrying people and supplies.

The 1960s saw the production of both tiny autogiros and giant helicopters. The single-seater Wallis WA-116 was just 11 ft 2 in (3.4 m) long, but could fly more than 125 miles (200 km), while the Mil Mi-8 was 60 ft (18.2 m) long and could carry 27 people or 6,614 lb (3,000 kg) of cargo. Biggest

Foldable rotor blades Transparent nose panel for a clear view below

Italy 1993

MD900 Explorer USA 1992

407s are in service in more than 40 countries and have completed

Working choppers

DragonFly 333

1.2 million flying hours. Weighs 622 lb (282 kg) empty

Bell 407

USA 1994

Sliding side doors made of carbon fiber Tail fin

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Twin bladed rotor has a diameter of 32 ft 91⁄2 in (10 m)

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Small cargo hold can store up to 287 lb (130 kg) Cabin can seat 12–18 passengers

of all is the 131-ft- (40-m-) long Mil Mi-26. The DragonFly 333 was developed for filmmakers and archaeologists to perform aerial surveys, while the Robinson R22 Beta was used to patrol pipelines and to get around large farms or ranches. The MD900 Explorer is used by coastguards and

the police forces, and also serves as an air ambulance, a task some Bell 407 seven-seater helicopters also perform. Other 407s transport workers to and from offshore oil rigs, while variants of the Schweizer 269C have been used to train more than 60,000 army helicopter pilots.

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Air support ra Bell AH-1 Cob

Twin-bladed tail rotor

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Movable turret holds either twin machine guns, or grenade launchers

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Short wing provides mounting points for weapons, such as cannons

Cockpit seats pilot and copilot

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Enclosed fenestron (fan in tailfin)

Mil Mi-14 BT

R ussia 1973

Sponson (storage area) Rear wheels retract up into sponson allowing helicopter to land on water

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Military helicopters serve armies, navies, and air forces all over the world. Their ability to land in small spaces, hover in midair, and drop supplies accurately make them invaluable on the battlefield, as well as behind the lines.

Rotor blades have a diameter of 70 ft (21.3 m) Radar equipment housed in fuselage fairing

Many military helicopters, such as the Sikorsky S-70i Black Hawk, are multi-purpose, able to move troops and equipment, or scout land or sea for threats. Some, such as the Bell AH-1 Cobra and the Kamov Ka-52 Alligator, are designed to attack mostly ground targets, using weapons such

BOEING CH-47D CHINOOK Including rotors, aircraft is 99 ft (30.2 m) long

Westland Sea King HC4

UK 1979

Air support

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Wide rear cargo ramp allows large items to be loaded

Kamov Ka-52 Allig ator Bottom set of rotor blades spins in the opposite direction to the top set

Russia 1996

Rotorless tail

Armored body can withstand hits from gunfire

More than 2,100 versions of the Black Hawk have been built since its first production in 1976. Set of three tailfins

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Cabin seats up to 18 passengers

Landing skids

Four-bladed tail rotor helps in flight stability Cockpit doors can be ejected in an emergency

Landing gear absorbs shocks

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as cannons, rockets, or small guided missiles. Larger choppers can deploy troops, supplies, or equipment, or evacuate the wounded or civilians out of a warzone. The Westland Sea King HC4 can carry up to 28 commandos in its cabin, while the Boeing CH-47D Chinook can seat nearly 55

Poland 2011

troops, or carry 26,455.5 lb (12,000 kg) of cargo. The Kamov Ka-25PL, with two sets of rotors, one above the other, is designed to hunt and attack enemy submarines. The same role is performed by the Mil Mi-14 BT, which can carry one torpedo or eight depth charges.

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Spacecraft Spacecraft are machines that are launched by rocket engines out into space. Many of them are unmanned probes, sent out to explore parts of the solar system. A small number have been manned, and have carried more than 500 people into space. In 1969, an American Apollo 11 spacecraft was launched by a Saturn V rocket and carried three astronauts into orbit around the moon. Two of them descended in the Lunar Module onto the moon’s surface. Apollo 11 spacecraft

Engine nozzle

Service Module ❯ This module provided life-support systems and power for the crew, and housed the spacecraft’s main engine.

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Fuel tanks ❯ Tanks

Thrusters ❯

within the Service Module supplied fuel to the main engine.

Small thrusters made fine adjustments to the spacecraft’s movements.

Command Module ❯ The 10-ft-6-in- (3.2-m-) tall Command Module was the only part of the Apollo spacecraft to return to Earth. It orbited the Moon, while the astronauts completed a return journey to its surface in the Lunar Module, then separated from the Service Module and traveled back to Earth.

Lunar Module ❯ This

Astronauts used this tunnel to move between the Command and Lunar modules.

Landing leg ❯

Spacecraft

Docking tunnel ❯

module took the astronauts to the moon, was their home while they explored it, and brought them back to the Command Module for the journey back to Earth.

Flexible and with large footpads at the base, these were designed to bend and cushion some of the impact of landing.

Thermal blanket

Descent engine

Sensing probes ❯ These devices touched the lunar surface first and sent signals to the Lunar Module to shut down its engine.

Forward hatch ❯ The approximately 32 in (81 cm) square hatch was used by astronauts to leave the Lunar Module.

Leg with ladder

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Launch vehicles

Nose cone

Air

Second stage

Cabin holds five to seven astronauts

Lunar module of the Apollo spacecraft

Third stage separates from second, nine minutes after liftoff

First stage

Payloads can weigh up to 9.5 tons

Long March 2F

Russia 1960

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Vostok-K

Single rocket engine fires when second stage separates from first stage

Launch vehicle weighs 6.2 million lb (2.8 million kg)

USA 1966

China 1999

Satur n V Saturn V’s five rocket engines burned

Shuttle’s three rocket engines propel it to speeds of more than 16,777 mph (27,000 km/h)

3,358 gal (12,710 liters) of fuel per second.

LENGTH

Short to long

Soyuz FG

162 ft (49.5 m)

Ariane 5

151–171 ft (46–52 m)

Saturn V

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Twin-bodied White Knight plane carries SpaceShipTwo to launch altitude

SpaceShipTwo is released at 49,213 ft (15,000 m)

363 ft (110.6 m)

Enormous power is needed to overcome gravity and travel into space—so satellites and spacecraft are propelled by launch vehicles, with rocket engines and their own fuel supply. While rockets can only be used once, space shuttles are reusable.

To carry heavy cargos into space multistage launch vehicles are used, such as the two-stage Long March 2F, which carried the Shenzhou spacecraft in 2003, and the Ariane 5s, which have made more than 75 successful launches. Each stage of a launch vehicle has its own

Spacecraft’s emergency crew escape system

Fairing covers payload during launch, but opens to release craft or satellite once in orbit

Nose holds Soyuz or Progress spacecraft

Launch vehicles

Atlas V

Russia 2001

Delta IV Heavy

USA 2002

Four booster rockets 64-ft(19.6-m-) tall fire at launch

Each rocket booster weighs 305 tons, when full of fuel

Multinational 2005

Soyuz FG

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Powerful boosters fall away four minutes after launch

Ariane 5

A Delta IV Heavy weighs more than 200 female

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Rocket boosters fire for under 90 seconds at launch

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Dream Chaser

Upturned wing for gliding back down to Earth

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rocket engines, and falls away after its fuel is exhausted, leaving the remaining smaller, lighter vehicle to continue. The biggest lifter among current launch vehicles is the Delta IV Heavy, which can carry 31-ton loads into Earth orbit. This is just a quarter of the load carried by the

three-stage Saturn V, used for the Apollo Moon landings. Space planes, such as the Space Shuttle Discovery and the SpaceShipTwo, are powered by rocket engines but use their wings to glide back to the Earth after their mission.

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Space probes

Lunokhod 1 Russia 1970

Radio antenna for sending and receiving information

Pi

Radio dish 8 ft 91⁄2 in (2.7 m) in diameter

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Eight wheels were remotely controlled from Earth

9-ft-9-in- (3-m-) long boom

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Power supply

Voyagers 1 and 2 carry a disc of information about Earth, in case they are discovered by aliens!

Cosmic ray detector

Weather sensors

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Landing legs contain temperature sensors

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Robot arm for examining the soil on Mars Magnetometer to sense magnetic fields

Galileo

USA 1989

Digital camera to take photos of Jupiter

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Space probes are robotic, unmanned craft that explore planets, moons, asteroids, and comets, and send information and images back to Earth using radio waves. The work of these probes has helped us to understand our solar system.

Probes can fly past, orbit, or land on their target. Viking 1 was the first long-term probe to land on Mars, sending back data until 1982. Lunokhod 1 was the first successful rover, traveling 6.5 miles (10.5 km) around the moon, while the Curiosity Rover continues to analyze

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Rosetta probe contains dust analyzers, cameras, and other instruments

2003

R ose Large solar panels convert sunlight to electricity

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Solar panel

Antenna beams information back to Earth

Thermal blanket protects body from extreme cold of outer Solar System

New Horizons Robot arm contains drills, brushes, cameras, and other instruments

USA 2006

Chemcam fires a laser to examine gases released by rock or soil Rover weighs 1,982 lb (899 kg) and is 9 ft 6 in (2.9 m) long

Generator produces electricity from nuclear materials

Titanium tubes connect wheels to the body

Each aluminum wheel is 195⁄8 in (50 cm) in diameter Radio antenna dish with a diameter of 13 ft (4 m)

Curiosity Rover Front and rear wheels can be individually steered

Mars’s rock and soil with its built-in laboratory. Pioneer 10 became the first probe to travel beyond the asteroid belt, when it flew toward Jupiter. Later, however, Galileo orbited the planet 34 times sending back many photos and measurements during its 14-year mission. Some

USA 2011

probes have traveled even farther. New Horizons reached Pluto in 2015, after a 91⁄2 year journey, while Voyager 1, launched in 1977, is now more than 11.8 billion miles (19 billion km) away from the Earth and, with Voyager 2 and Pioneers 10 and 11, has left our solar system.

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Air

Door opens to release parachute during Earth reentry

Out of this world Spacecraft measures 9 ft 91⁄2 in (3 m) in diameter and holds two astronauts

Radio antenna sends signals back to Earth

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Recovery compartment releases main and reserve parachutes to bring capsule safely back to Earth

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Spherical descent capsule holds a single cosmonaut in an ejection seat

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ISS is 336 ft (108.5 m) wide

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1 Solar panels attached to solar observatory with cameras taking pictures of the Sun

Main capsule is 6 ft 7 in (2 m) wide and 11 ft 6 in (3.5 m) tall

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Orbital module, where the cosmonauts live during the mission

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After losing one of its solar panels, astronauts erected a large

sunshade Descent module carries cosmonauts back to Earth

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to keep Skylab cool.

Fewer than 600 people have traveled into space. The first astronauts, known as cosmonauts in Russia, orbited Earth in tiny, one-person space capsules. Later astronauts traveled to the Moon, and to orbiting space stations, where they could live and work.

Orbital workshop contains crew beds, a shower, and a toilet

In 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first spaceman, with a 108-minute flight in the cramped 7-ft 6-in (2.3-m) capsule of a Vostok 1 spacecraft. A month later, the USA sent Alan Shepard into space on board Mercury. Until space stations were built, early manned missions were short.

Soyuz spacecraft docks with the space station to transfer crew and supplies

Core module contains living and working areas

Russia 1986

Solar panels cover an area the size of eight basketball courts

Progress supply vehicle brings materials to, and removed waste from, Mir

Out of this world

Mir space station

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Large thermal radiator panels carry excess heat away from the space station

The ISS orbits Earth every 90 minutes at a speed of

Habitation module houses three astronauts

Docking ring allows spacecraft to attach to space station or another spacecraft

17,212 mph (27,700 km/h).

Large solar panels generate electricity to power spacecraft’s systems

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Shenzhou

China 1999

Three crews, with three members in each, lived in the Skylab space station for a total of 1711⁄2 days, performing 300 experiments. Cosmonauts inhabited the Mir Space Station for 121⁄2 years, with Valeri Polyakov spending a record-breaking 437 days, 18 hours in a row. Mir was the first

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Unpressurized trunk carries cargo

space station to be built from modules that were put together in space. The biggest space station to date is the International Space Station (ISS), which needed more than 100 spaceflights, and 1,000 hours of space walks, to assemble. It has been manned since 2000.

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LIFTOFF!  

More than two thousand tons of spacecraft and fuel head into space as space shuttle Endeavour thunders out of the launch pad in 2009 at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. From 1982 to 2011, shuttles made more than 130 successful spaceflights.

Each of a shuttle’s two large, solid rocket boosters holds 100,000 lb (450,000 kg) of fuel, which is used up in the first two minutes. The shuttle’s main engines continue burning, using all of the 530,000 gal (two million liters) of fuel held in the 157-ft(48-m-) long orange, external fuel tank by eight minutes after launch, when the shuttle is traveling more than 16,800 mph (27,000 km/h). This mission carried seven astronauts to the International Space Station, returning to Earth 17 days later.

Glossary

GLOSSARY Accelerate To speed up and go faster. Aerobatics Acrobatics in the air, performed by aircraft for entertainment as well as in competitions. Ailerons Hinged surfaces, usually on an aircraft’s wing, that can be raised or lowered to help an aircraft roll or turn. Alloy A mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal. Alloys often have useful properties that differ from those of the elements from which they are made. Amphibious A vehicle that can travel both on land and in water. Articulated train A train with cars linked together by a single, pivoting joint. Autogiro An aircraft with both a main rotor, for lift, and a propeller, to give forward thrust.

Battery A store of chemicals in a case that, when connected to a circuit, supplies electricity.

How wings work Differences in air pressure force the wing upward, creating lift

Boiler The part of a steam engine in which steam is produced. Bow The forward part of a vessel. Bowsprit A spar (pole) that extends forward from a ship’s bow. Bridge The part of a ship from where the captain controls the vessel. Buffer A shock-absorbing pad that cushions the impact of rail vehicles as they come together. Bumper A metal, rubber, or plastic bar fitted along the front and, sometimes, the back of a vehicle to limit damage if it bumps into something. Cab The part of a train or truck

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Slower-moving air beneath wing creates higher pressure

Lift As the curved wing moves through the air, the air passing over the wing moves faster than the air passing beneath. Fast-moving air has a lower pressure. It is the slower, high-pressure air beneath the wing that forces it upward.

where the driver sits and controls the vehicle. Class A group of locomotives built to a common design. Convoy A group of ships or vehicles travelling in formation. Coupling The parts, or mechanism, that allow railroad locomotives to be joined together. Derailleur The part of a bike that moves the bicycle chain from one gear wheel to another when the rider changes gear.

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Destroyer A small, fast warship armed with guns, torpedoes, or guided missiles. Diesel A type of fuel made from oil used in many vehicle engines.

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The shape of an aircraft wing is called an airfoil

Disk brakes A type of brake that uses pads to press against a turning disk, creating friction to slow the vehicle down. Drag A force of resistance on a vehicle as it moves through air or water, slowing it down. Drone Also known as an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), a flying machine that either controls itself or is controlled remotely by a human operator. Electromagnets Magnets that are powered by electricity and can be switched on or off. Elevator A control surface on an aircraft that causes the plane to raise or lower its nose and climb or dive. Excavator A vehicle used at building sites to dig holes using a

Pitch To pitch (climb or dive), the pilot pushes or pulls the control column, raising or lowering the elevator flaps on the plane. Tail elevator controls pitch

Wing ailerons control roll

Yaw To yaw (turn) left or right, the pilot turns the upright rudder on the airplane’s fin. Tail rudder controls yaw

Exhaust A tube that channels waste gases away from a vehicle’s engine and out into the open air.

Foremast The mast nearest the front of a ship. Four-wheel drive (4WD) Where power from the engine is used to turn both the front and back wheels of a vehicle.

Firebox The section at the rear of a steam locomotive boiler where the fuel is burned to heat the water in the boiler.

Freight Goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft.

Flaps Moveable parts of the rear edge of a wing that are used to increase lift at slower air speeds.

Friction The force that slows movement between two objects that rub together. Brakes create lots of friction to slow down a vehicle.

Fly-by-wire An electronic flight control system used in aircraft instead of mechanical or machine-operated controls.

Gear Toothed wheels that are used in trucks and cars to change the amount of speed or force used to turn wheels. Generator A machine that creates electricity.

Roll To roll, the pilot moves the control column to the left or right, which raises the ailerons on one wing and lowers them on the other.

steel bucket attached to a long arm.

Galley (ship) A fighting ship propelled by oars, and sometimes sails, used in the past in the Mediterranean Sea.

Fuselage The main body of an aircraft, to which the wings and tail are attached.

GPS Short for global positioning system, this refers to a navigation system that uses signals from a group of space satellites to determine a vehicle’s position on Earth’s surface. Hatchback A small car with a rear door and window covering the trunk area. Hood A body panel, usually made of metal, that can open to reveal the vehicle’s engine. Horsepower (hp) A commonly used measure of the power of a vehicle’s engine. Hull The main body of a boat or a ship.

source of power, such as an electric motor. Hydraulics A system that uses liquid to transfer force from one place to another, to operate a vehicle’s brakes, for example.

Glossary

How aircraft climb or dive

Internal combustion engine A type of engine in which fuel and air are mixed and burned (combusted) inside cylinders to produce power. Lift The force created by air moving over a wing or rotor blade to keep an aircraft rising through the air. Locomotive A wheeled vehicle used for pulling trains. Electric locomotives rely on electricity provided by an external source, while steam and diesel locomotives generate their own power. Maglev train Short for magnetic levitation, a train that works by being raised above special tracks and moved forward by the power of electromagnets. Motocross A type of motorcycle sport where riders race around laps of a crosscountry course full of bumps and dips.

Hybrid A vehicle that has both a gas engine and a second

Ducati 916SPS

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Glossary

Inside a car

Gear transfers power to back wheels

Rear wheels turn

Gearbox between engine and wheels controls the engine’s power

Engine

NASCAR Short for National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, a popular type of car- and truck-racing competition on tracks in North America. Off-road To travel in a vehicle away from roads and over tracks, trails, or open ground. Orbit The path of one object around a larger one under the influence of its gravity, such as that of a space probe around a planet. Outboard motor A detachable engine mounted on a boat’s stern. Outriggers Bars that extend out from the side of vehicles, such as cranes or canoes, to provide support and help the vehicle balance.

damage to the environment or the health of living things. Probe An unmanned vehicle travelling into space to a planet, moon, comet, or other body in order to collect information. Propeller A set of blades spun by an engine to power a vehicle. Radar The system of bouncing radio waves off objects to measure their distance, or to reveal objects that cannot be seen. Roll bar A strong frame or tube above the head of a driver

or passenger that protects them should the vehicle roll over during an accident. Roll cage A strong frame inside a vehicle that protects the people sitting inside. Rocket engine An engine that burns fuel along with oxygen or oxidiser (oxygen-producing chemicals) to produce a stream of gases. The rocket engine carries its own supply of oxygen or oxidiser. Rotor blades Long, thin airfoils that are spun by a helicopter, or other rotorcraft, to produce lift.

Payload The load carried by an aircraft or space launch vehicle, which can include both passengers and cargo.

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Pollution Waste products that reach the air, water, or land and can do

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Engine and gearbox A car engine is an internal combustion engine. The gearbox alters the engine’s power to either help the car move slowly and with more force when climbing hills, or quickly and with less force when on a flat road.

Rudder A vertical plate or board that can be moved to steer a vessel or help turn an aircraft. Saddle The seat on a bicycle, motorcycle, or horse where the rider sits. Solar panel A device that converts energy from sunlight into electricity. Sonar A system for detecting and locating objects, particularly underwater, using sound waves.

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Trunk A space for storage in a car.

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Turbocharger A device that uses waste gases to boost an engine’s power.

Spoiler A device on a car or aircraft, often shaped like a wing, that alters the airflow around the vehicle to generate more drag or downforce. Often found on race cars, to keep them gripping the ground. Spokes The rods or bars that connect the center, or hub, of a wheel with its rim. Stern The rear part of a boat or a vessel. Streamlined A streamlined object has smooth curves so that air or water flows easily, increasing movement. Street-legal A car, motorcycle, or truck equipped with all the features

Waterline The level normally reached by the water on the side of a ship.

required to make it suitable for use on public roads. Suspension A system of springs and shock absorbers on a vehicle to help give a smooth ride over bumps and dips. Supersonic To fly faster than the speed of sound. The speed of sound is about 768mph (1,236km/h) at sea level.

Wheelhouse The part of a ship or boat that holds the ship’s wheel,

Torpedo A self-propelled underwater weapon with an explosive warhead that is launched

Yard A long pole, or spar, attached to a ship’s mast to which the top of a square sail is fixed.

Ballast tanks filled with air

Floating Air fills the tanks. The submarine weighs relatively little, so the water pressure underneath is enough to support its weight. Diving plane is horizontal

Seawater enters the tanks

Diving Water fills the tanks, and the craft gains weight. The force pushing upward is less than the weight of the vessel, so it sinks.

Thrust The force that pushes a powered aircraft through the air, usually generated by an engine.

Ton A unit of measurement equal to 2,000lb (907.2kg).

VTOL aircraft Short for vertical takeoff and landing, VTOL refers to aircraft that can use their thrust to head straight up into the air like a helicopter, and so do not require a long runway.

How a submarine dives

Switcher A small locomotive used for moving wagons or train cars around a railroad yard. Also known as a shunter.

Tiller A horizontal bar or handle attached to the rudder of a boat to allow a sailor to steer it.

which is used for steering the vessel. In larger ships, the wheelhouse is part of the structure known as the bridge.

Glossary

from a ship or submarine and travels toward a set target.

Angled diving plane pushes submarine down

Compressed air is pumped into the tanks

Rising Air is pumped back into the tanks. The submarine loses weight, so the upward force due to water pressure pushes it to the surface. Angled diving plane pushes submarine up

249

Index

Index A

amphibious vehicles 82–83, 123, 217

Bell helicopters 230–231, 233, 234

Adler (train) 127

Amundsen, Roald 165

bendy buses 110–111

Agamemnon, SS 172–173

animal power 18–21

Benz Motorwagen 8, 62

Agenoria (train) 126

Berlin U-Bahn 146–147

Bounty, HMS 164

ailerons 199

Apollo 11 spacecraft 15, 236–237

bicycles 22–37

bowsprit 161

airboats 193

Arcturus (ship) 176, 177

basic design 22–23

Boyer, Lilian 204–205

Airbus 221, 222–223

Argyllshire (ship) 172–173

early 24–25

BR Class 05 engine 132–133

aircraft 14-15, 198–235 basic airplane design 198–199

Ariane 5 launcher 238, 239

folding 30–31

brakes

Ark Royal, HMS 182, 183

fun and speed 32–33

Arleigh Burke, USS 184–185

mountain 9, 30, 34–37

Aston Martin cars 72, 74, 75, 80

racing 22–23, 26–29

early 14, 200–205 fighters and bombers 206–209, 212–215, 216–217, 227 flying cars 80, 81 helicopters 228–235 jet 15, 212–215, 218, 221, 224–225

Auburn Speedster 68 Audi Sport Quattro 86, 87 Austin Mini Seven 90, 91 autogiros 230, 232 auto polo 64–65

recumbent 33 safety 8, 25 stunts and tricks 35, 36–37 work 30–31 biplanes 198–199, 202, 204–205, 207 Bismarck, KM 180, 181

light 218–219

disk 60 wheel 124 brig 167 Brough Superior SS100 56 Budd RDC railcar 136, 137 Bugatti cars 9, 66, 67, 68–69, 99 Bugatti railcar 134, 135 buggies 79 Buick cars 70–71, 96

B

Blériot, Louis 203

B-2 Spirit 208–209

Bloodhound SSC 99

reconnaissance 226–227

B-52H Stratofortress 209

Blue Bird cars 8, 98–99

seaplanes 216–217

B&O Bo Switcher 140

Bluebird K7 watercraft 191

space planes 238–239

Balloon trams 148

BMW cars 68, 74, 90

supersonic 15, 214–215, 224–225

balloons, hot-air 14, 200–201

BMX bikes 35

VTOL 15, 224, 225

Batmobile 80–81

Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner 221

aircraft carriers 182–183

Beagle, HMS 164

cabin cruisers 192, 193

airports 11, 106, 222–223

Beagle Pup 218, 219

Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress 208

Bede BD-5J 218

Boeing E-3 Sentry 227

CAF Urbos 3 tram 1 49

airships 14, 201, 210

Beechcroft A36 Bonanza 219

bombers 208–209, 216

camels 20–21

air bags 50, 61

Bell aircraft 224–225

Bond, James 80, 232

camper van 84–85

passenger 220–223 racers and record-breakers 210–211

Gatwick monorail 146, 147

Blitzen-Benz 98

boats see ships and boats

bulldozers 121 buses 110–111 horse-drawn 19 trolleybuses 148–149 water 176, 177

C-D Cadillac cars 70, 71, 97

Akagi (ship) 182 Alfa Romeo cars 9, 67, 69 Allure of the Seas (ship) 13, 178–179 Alvin, DSV 189 ambulances 19, 107, 123, 233 response bicycles 30–31 America (ship) 176–177

250

America’s Cup 168–169

Ma

rk

V

S

Ti

ta

ni

F c

Index

RM

F-14 Tomcat 214–215 F-22 Raptor 213 F-86A Sabres 212–213 Fairy Queen (train) 128 farm machinery 112–117 Ferrari cars 74–75, 88, 95, 99

Canadair CL-215 217

coaches, horse-drawn 18–19

dragsters 100–101

ferries 176

Cannondale racing bike 22–23

Columbus, Christopher 12, 164

Dreadnought, HMS 13, 180

Fiat Mephistopheles 98

dromon 163

firefighting vehicles 106

canoes 154–155, 157, 159, 192, 193

compacters 121

drones 227

fishing boats 156–157, 174

concrete mixers 121 conning tower 187

Duesenberg cars 63, 66, 67

Flatmobile 80–81

caravans, desert 20–21 caravels 164–165

construction sites 120–121

carriages, horse-drawn 18–19

container ships 13, 174–175

cars 8–9, 60–101 amphibious 82–83 basic design 60–61 convertibles 88–89 crazy 80–81 dragsters 100–101 early 8, 62–67

Cook, Captain James 12, 160

Flexity Swift streetcars 149 Flight Design CTSW 218–219

E

floatplanes 216

cowcatcher 125

Egypt, Ancient 155, 162

flying cars 80, 81

cranes 121

electric power 140–145, 148–149

Flying Scotsman (ship) 130–131

Empire, PS 172, 173

Fluyt 165

CSCL Globe 13

Endeavour, HMS 160–161

Curiosity Rover 240–241

engines

Fokker aircraft 203, 206– 207, 220

Crawler Transporters 108–109

Ford

currachs 155

aircraft 199

4x4s 86–87

Curtiss JN-4 biplane 204–205

diesel 9, 112, 132–139, 150–151

fun 64–65, 78–79

Curtiss-Robin J-1 210, 211

four-cylinder 41

GT40 MKII 73

luxury 96–97

Cutty Sark (ship) 165

Model T 8, 63, 65

1930s 68–69

Daimler cars 62, 97

internal combustion 8, 40, 60, 62, 110, 132

1950s 70–73

Dakar Rally 76–77

family 60-61, 84–85

race 66–67, 72–77, 95 rally 74, 76–77, 78, 87

Darjeeling Mountain Railway 128

record-breaking speed 8, 9, 66, 75, 94, 98–101

Dassault Mirage III 213

small 90–93

Delta IV Heavy 239

sports 88–89

Deperdussin Type A 203

supercars 94–95

diesel-electric engines 132, 135

three-wheeled 90, 91, 92–93

Datsun 260Z 89

Caudron G.3 226

diesel trains 9, 132–139, 150–151

Cessna aircraft 218, 219

diggers 120–121

chariots 18

dinghies, inflatable 192

Chevrolet cars 71, 73, 75, 88, 89

dinghies, sailing 193

Chinook 235 Chrysler cars 70, 71, 96 clippers 165

diving support vessel 175 DragonFly 333 helicopter 233

Cortina 84, 85 Escort RS1800 78

Mustang Fastback 88–89

rear (in cars) 84

forklifts 116, 117

turbine 229

Formula One (F1) 9, 72–73, 75

see also steam power Eurofighter Typhoon FGR4 213

four-wheel drives (4x4s) 86–87

Ever Royal (ship) 174–175

Fram (ship) 165

excavators 120–121

freight

exploration 12, 160–161, 164–165

Kenw or th

C540

ships 174–175 trains 138–139, 141

251

Index

Jaguar cars 72, 73, 96, 97 Japanese trains 11, 142–143, 144–145

g lin r a w Pe dho

JCB Fastrac 115 Jeeps 9, 78, 79, 86

front loaders 120–121

High Wheelers 8, 24–25

Fuji (ship) 173

Hillman Imp 84

Furious, HMS 182

Himiko (Water bus) 176, 177

fuselage 198

Honda Super Cubs 44

G-H Gagarin, Yuri 15, 242

Hong Kong Tramways 148–149 Hornet, USS 183

Jet Skis 191

Mars probes 240–241

jetfoils 191

Mary Rose (ship) 12, 166–167

Junkers Ju87 Stuka 208

Maserati cars 67, 72

junks 163 Kamov helicopters 234, 235

Massey Ferguson tractors 112–113, 115, 116–117

Kawasaki Dragster 51

masts 160–161, 170–171

kayaks 156–157, 158–159, 192, 193

Mauretania, RMS 172–173

Kenworth C540 truck 102–103

Mazda MX-5 89

Kirkliston, HMS 184, 185

MCC Smart Crossblade 79

La Reale (ship) 166, 167 Lamborghini cars 79, 94

McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II 212–213

Lancaster, Avro 208–209

McLaren cars 74–75, 94, 95

galleon 167

hovercraft 190–191

Land Rovers 86, 87

garbage trucks 106–107

Hummer H3 87

Gato, USS 188, 189

huskies 18–19

Le Mans 24-Hour race 69, 73, 75

Lancaster, HMS 184–185

lifeboats 174, 175

George Washington, USS 183

Lil’ Devil (truck) 118–119

Gipsy Moth biplane 198–199

Lilienthal, Otto 14, 201

gliders 14, 200–201 gondolas 157 Grand Princess (ship) 176, 177 Grand Prix Championships 67, 72, 75 Great Britain, SS 170–171

I-L icebreakers 13, 175 ice-cream carts 31 Illustrious, HMS 182–183 Indian Railways 128–129, 141, 150–151

magnetic levitation (maglev) 11, 142, 143 Mallard (train) 11, 129

Galileo probe 240, 241

hydrofoils 191

Macchi Castoldi M.C.72 211

jet aircraft 15, 212–215, 218, 221, 224–225

horse-drawn vehicles 18–19, 127

gears, bicycle 22, 34

M-O

Lincoln cars 68, 70–71, 96–97

Mantis, BAE Systems 227

Mayflower (ship) 12, 164, 165

MD900 Explorer 233 Mercedes-Benz cars 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 85, 96–97, 98, 99 trucks 104–105, 107, 121 Mercedes race cars 74–75, 95 Messerschmitt aircraft 207, 211 car 90

Lindbergh, Charles 15, 210–211

MG cars 68, 69, 88, 89

liners, cruise 176–177, 180–181

Mil helicopters 231, 232, 234, 235

Lockheed aircraft 206–207, 213, 224–225, 226, 227

Mini Moke 78, 79

locking, central 61

Mir Space Station 243

MiG aircraft 212, 213, 225

mining 120–121, 126, 139

Gresley, Nigel 131

International Space Station 243

GWR streamlined railcar 134, 135

Inuit people 156, 157

lunar module 236–237

missiles 185, 187

Hamilton, Lewis 75

Iwo Jima, USS 185

Lunokhod 1 rover 240

Monge A601 184, 185

Harley Davidson motorcycles 42–43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54, 58, 59 Harrier (“Jump Jet”) 15, 225 harvesters 116–117 hatchbacks 61, 84–85 Hawker Hurricane 207 helicopters 228–235

252

Hennessey Venom GT 95

JC

B3

CX

Salvonia (ship) 174, 175

Index

St. Michael (ship) 166, 167 sampan 156–157 Santa Maria (ship) 12, 164 Santissima Trinidad (ship) 167 Saratoga, USS 182 Saturn V 238, 239 Savannah, SS 13, 172

er P i p e r L - 4 h G ra s s h o p p

SBB Class Ce6/8 138–139 record-breakers

monoplanes 198, 203, 207

Oldsmobile cars 62, 63, 84

monorails 147

Otso (ship) 175

aircraft 210–211

Monster Energy X-Raid Mini 76–77

OV-10 Bronco 226–227

fast cars 8, 9, 66, 75, 94, 98–99

monster trucks 118–119 mopeds 44–45

P-R

seaplanes 216–217 Shepard, Alan 242 Shin Aitoku Maru 174, 175

motorcycles 56–57

Shinkansen “bullet trains” 11, 142–143, 144–145

smallest car 90, 91

Morris Marina 84–85

Pen-y-darren (train) 10, 126

tank 123

Mosquito (de Havilland DH98) 208, 209

personal watercraft 191

trains 11, 130–131, 135, 136, 142–143

Peterhansel, Stéphane 77

Sea King 228–229

flattest car 80–81

P34 patrol boat 180–181

Mopetta Microcar 92–93

scooters, motor 9, 44–45

ships and boats 12–13, 154–195 aircraft carriers 182–183

reed boats 154, 155

canoes and kayaks 154– 155, 156–157, 158–159, 192, 193

Phoenicians 162, 163

Regensburg, SMS 180

early 12, 154–155

basic design 38–39

Pioneer 10 probe 240, 241

Reliant Robin 91

early 40–41

Pitts Special S-2A 218–219

fastest 56–57

police transportation 30, 233

Republic F-84C Thunderjet 212

exploration 12, 160–161, 164–165

motocross 52–53, 54–55 motorboats 192

Peugeot cars 68, 69, 79, 84–85

motorcycles 38–58

freestyle motocross 52–53

Harley Davidsons 46, 47, 48

long-distance beasts 58–59

Porsche cars 88, 95

luxury features 59

powerboats 191, 194–195

“naked” 38

propellers 170, 171, 191, 199

off-roaders 54–55

PRR Class GG1 train 140

racing 50–51

Prussian Class P8 engines 129

road burners 48–49

Puffing Billy (train) 126

scooters 9, 44–45

Queen Elizabeth II (ship) 176–177

three-wheelers 46–47 wartime 42–43 Motorrad 8, 40–41 narrowboats 192, 193 NASCAR races 73, 75 Nautile (submersible) 189 Nelson, Lord Horatio 167 New Horizons 241 Noble M600 95 Normandie (ship) 176, 177

Red Bull Rampage 36–37

Richthofen, Manfred von (“Red Baron”) 206, 207

flying boats 216–217

road-sweepers 107

leisure 192–193

Robinson helicopters 232, 233

passenger 176–177, 180–181

Rocket (train) 10, 127

racing trimaran 168–169

rockets 238–239

rowing 155, 162–163, 192–193

Rolls Royce cars 63, 96, 97 Romans 162, 163

Quimby, Harriet 202

Rough Diamond T 100–101

racing

Routemaster, AEC 110, 111

aircraft 210–211 bikes 22–23, 26–29 cars 64–67, 72–77, 95 motorcycles 50–51

rowboats 155, 162–163, 192–193 RQ-4 Global Hawk 227 rudders 160, 198

powerboats 194–195 trimaran 168–169 rafts 156–157, 192

fast 190–191, 193, 194–195

international 156–157

sailing 160–171, 174, 193 steam 13, 170–173, 174 steel 172–173 trading 164–165 warships 13, 162–163, 166-167, 173, 177, 180–181, 184–185 working 174–175 sidecars 42–43

S

Sikorsky helicopters 230, 231, 234, 235

Saab J35E Draken 212, 213

Skylab 242, 243 skytrains 147

Sleeper Bus 111SNCF TGV

North Carolina, USS 181

railcars 134–135, 136, 137, 141

nuclear power 13, 186, 189

rallies, car 74, 76–77, 78, 87

sailing ships 160–171, 174, 193

Oasis of the Seas, MS 177

reconnaissance 226–227, 232

Saint Martin (island) 222-223

sleds 18

253

Index

trains 142–143 snow plows 106, 107 solar power 13, 81 sonar 187 Sopwith Camel 206–207

Supermarine Walrus 217 supersonic flight 15, 214–215, 224–225 SUVs (sports utility vehicles) 87 switchers 136–137, 139

space shuttles Columbia 15 Discovery 108–109, 238, 239

T

Endeavour 244–245

tandems 32–33

Trans-Siberian Railway 11

Vittorio Veneto (ship)180–181

space stations 242–243

tankers 174, 175

trawlers 174

spacecraft 15, 236–245

tanks 122–123 landing craft 181

tree fellers 107

Volkswagen cars 9, 74–75, 78, 85, 90 Kombi van 84–85

Thatcher Perkins (train) 124–125

tricycles 25, 31, 33, 46–47

launch vehicles 238–239 manned 242–243 probes 15, 240–241

Waterloo Boy

Trevithick, Richard 10, 126

Voyager 1 probe 240, 241

space planes 238–239

Thrust SSC 9, 99

Trieste (submersible) 189

SPAD SVII 206

tires 22, 112, 114

trimaran 168–169

speedway 55

Titanic, RMS 13, 176, 177

triplane 203

W-Z

Tom Thumb (train) 127

trolleybuses 148–149

wagons 18–19

Spirit of St. Louis (aircraft) 15, 210–211

Top 1 Ack Attack 57

Wallis WA-116 232

Spitfire, Supermarine 207

torpedoes 187

trucks 102–109 monster 9, 118–119

spy planes 227

Tour de France 28–29

tugs 174, 175

SR71 Blackbird 225

tow trucks 107

Starling, HMS 181

Toyota Yaris 60–61

stealth technology 209, 227

tracks, caterpillar 115, 120, 122–123

unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) 227

warfare aircraft 206–209, 212–215, 216–217, 226–227 aircraft carriers 182–183 ambulance wagon 19 battle canoe 157 BSA Airborne bicycle 30, 31 cars 78–79 helicopters 234–235 motorcycles 42–43 ships 13, 162–163, 166-167, 173, 177, 180–181, 184–185 submarines 186–189 tanks 122–123 trucks 104

Vancouver, HMCS 184, 185

water taxis 157, 176

Velocipedes 24-25, 40

WaterCar Panther 82–83

steam power buses 110 cars 62–63 motorcycles 40 ships 13, 170–173, 174 tractors 114 trains 124–131, 139 trucks 104

tractors 112–117 trade 164–165

Tupolev Tu-22M3 209 Turtle (submersible) 13, 188 turtle ship 166

U-V

Warrior, HMS 173

U-boats 188–189

submarines 13, 186–189

trains 10–11, 124–151 diesel 132–139, 150–151 double-decker 137, 143 driverless 147 electric 140–145 freight 138–139, 141 high-speed 11, 130–131, 142–145 steam 10, 124–131, 139 underground 10, 11, 129, 146–147 urban 146–147

Vespa scooters 9, 44–45

Wendur (ship) 165

submersibles 188, 189

trams 148–149

Vickers Vimy 210

Westland helicopters 231, 235

supercars 94–95

Trans-Europ Express 137

Victory, HMS 167

whaling boats 156, 157

Viking 1 probe 240

Williams-Renault FW18 73

Viking longships 162–163

windsurfing 193

steerage 170 Stephenson, Robert 10, 127 streetcars 140 Stumpjumper 9, 34, 35 Subaru cars 86–87, 90–91

undercarriage 199 underground trains 10, 11, 129, 146–147 unicycles 32

wingwalking 204–205 Wright Brothers 14, 201, 202 Yakovlev Yak-38 225 Yamaha XJR 1300 38–39 Yamato (ship) 180–181

254

LSER Class 395 Javelin

Zeppelins 14, 201

THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION: Project Coordinator: Kealy Gordon Smithsonian Enterprises: Kealy Gordon, Product Development Manager Ellen Nanney, Licensing Manager Brigid Ferraro, Vice President, Consumer and Education Products Carol LeBlanc, Senior Vice President, Consumer and Education Products Chris Liedel, President Reviewer: Dr. F. Robert van der Linden, Curator of Air Transportation and Special Purpose Aircraft, National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian DK would like to thank: Devika Awasthi, Siddhartha Barik, Sanjay Chauhan, Meenal Goel, Anjali Sachar, Mahua Sharma, Neha Sharma, Sukriti Sobti for design assistance; Carron Brown for proofreading; Jackie Brind for the index; Simon Mumford for photoshop work; Nic Dean for additional picture research; Charlie Galbraith for editorial assistance; Scotford Lawrence at the National Cycle Museum, Wales. The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: (Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top) 1 Dreamstime.com: Swisshippo. 4 Dorling Kindersley: James River Equipment (br). 5 Dorling Kindersley: IFREMER, Paris (cl); Ukraine State Aviation Museum (br). 6 Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tc, br); Trevor Pope Motorcycles (tl); Adrian Shooter. New Holland Agriculture: (tr). 7 Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (tr); Mr R A Fleming, The Real Aeroplane Company (tc); James River Equipment (br). Photo used with permission of BRP: (bc). 8 Alamy Images: Trinity Mirror / Mirrorpix (cr). Dorling Kindersley: R. Florio (br); The National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (ca). 9 Alamy Images: World History Archive (cra). 10 Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, York / Science Museum Group (c). Science & Society Picture Library: National Railway Museum (bl). 10-11 Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, York (bc). 11 Alamy Images: epa european pressphoto agency b.v (br); Geoff Marshall (tl); Colin Underhill (tr). 12 Dorling Kindersley: The Mary Rose Trust, Portsmouth (clb); The National Maritime Museum, London (c, bc). 13 Dorling Kindersley: The Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport (bl); The Fleet Air Arm Museum (cla). Getty Images: Philippe Petit / Paris Match (tr). Science Photo Library: Mikkel Juul Jensen (br). 14 Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire (cra); The Shuttleworth Collection (br). 15 Alamy Images: B Christopher (bl). Dorling Kindersley: Brooklands Museum (cb); Yorkshire Air Museum (tl). ESA: ATG medialab (br). Getty Images: Education Images / UIG (tr). 16-17 Alamy Images: Sergii Kotko. 18 Corbis: John Harper (cb). Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (cl). 19 Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, York / Science Museum Group (cr). 20-21 Corbis: Christophe Boisvieux / Hemis. 24 Corbis: Hulton-Deutsch Collection (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The National Cycle Collection (cra, clb). 25 Dorling Kindersley: The National Cycle Collection (cra, c). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (tl, tr, cr). Science & Society Picture Library: (cb). 26 Dorling Kindersley: The National Cycle Collection (tr). MARIN BIKES: (clb). 27 Dorling Kindersley: The National Cycle Collection (tr). 28-29 Getty Images: AFP / Pascal Pavani. 30 Corbis: Ashley Cooper (tr). Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, York (tl); The Combined Military Services Museum (CMSM) (cl). 31 Dorling Kindersley: The National Cycle Collection (tl). Dreamstime.com: Hupeng (crb). Getty Images: Peter Adams (cr). iStockphoto.com: DNHanlon (tr). 33 Pashley Cycles: (cr). 34 Dorling Kindersley: Trek UK Ltd (clb). First Flight Bicycles: (tr). 35 Alamy Images: pzechner (clb). Gary Sansom, owner of bmxmuseum. com: (crb). MARIN BIKES: (tr). 36-37 Getty Images: Tommaso Boddi. 38-39 Dorling Kindersley: David Farnley. 40 Dorling Kindersley: The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (c). Getty Images:

Science & Society Picture Library (tr). 41 Dorling Kindersley: Phil Crosby and Peter Mather (cra); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (clb). 42 Dreamstime.com: Photo1269 (tl). 42-43 Dorling Kindersley: The National Motorcycle Museum (crb). 43 Dorling Kindersley: The National Motorcycle Museum (t, ca, cr, cb); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (cl). 44-45 Dorling Kindersley: Micheal Penn (t); Scootopia (cb). 44 Dorling Kindersley: Stuart Lanning (c); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (cla). 45 Dorling Kindersley: George and Steven Harmer (clb, cr); Neil Mort, Mott Motorcycles (cb, crb). BMW Group: (cra). Honda (UK): (tr). 46 Dorling Kindersley: (tr); National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl); Micheal Penn (crb); Tony Dowden (clb). 47 Carver Technology BV: (tr). Corbis: Transtock (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Alan Peters (tl). Dreamstime.com: Amnarj2006 (crb). 48 Dorling Kindersley: Carl M Booth (crb); The National Motorcycle Museum (tc); Charlie Owens (c); Charlie Garratt (cr, clb); Rick Sasnett (cl). 49 Dorling Kindersley: George Manning (cl, cr, crb); Harley-Davidson (tr); Ian Bull (clb). 50 Roland Brown: Riders for Health (clb). Dorling Kindersley: The Deutsches Zweiradmuseum und NSU-Museum, Neckarsulm, Germany (c). Honda (UK): (crb). 51 Dorling Kindersley: Adam Atherton (cl); The Deutsches Zweiradmuseum und NSU-Museum, Neckarsulm, Germany (t); Mark Hatfield (c); Palmers Motor Company (crb/Aprilia). Honda (UK): (crb). 52-53 Corbis: Erik Tham. 54 Dorling Kindersley: The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (tl); The National Motorcycle Museum (tr); Trevor Pope Motorcycles (crb). 55 Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (cl); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (t); Neil Mort, Mott Motorcycles (cr); Trevor Pope Motorcycles (clb, crb). 56 Dorling Kindersley: Brian Chapman and Chris Illman (c); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (tl); The National Motorcycle Museum (tr); National Motorcycle Museum, Birmingham (cra). 56-57 American Motorcyclist Association: (b). www. ackattackracing.com: (crb). 57 Dorling Kindersley: Beaulieu National Motor Museum (tr); Pegasus Motorcycles (crb). Marine Turbine Technologies, LLC(www.marineturbine.com): (cr). 58 Dorling Kindersley: The National Motorcycle Museum (tl); The Motorcycle Heritage Museum, Westerville, Ohio (tr); Tony Dowden (b). 59 Dorling Kindersley: Alan Purvis (cla); Michael Delaney (tl); Wayne MacGowan (tr); Phil Davies (clb). ECOSSE Moto Works, Inc.: (clb/Ecosse). Honda (UK): (crb). MV Agusta Motor SpA: (cr). 60-61 Giles Chapman Library. 62 Alamy Images: Werner Dieterich (cl). 63 Dorling Kindersley: Colin Laybourn / P&A Wood (tr); National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl); Haynes International Motor Museum (b). Getty Images: Print Collector (cl). 64-65 Getty Images: ullstein bild / Robert Sennecke. 66 Alamy Images: pbpgalleries (crb). Art Tech Picture Agency: (clb). Corbis: Car Culture (c). Dorling Kindersley: Ivan Dutton (br). 67 Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tl). Louwman Museum-The Hague: (crb). 68 Dorling Kindersley: Colin Spong (clb); The Titus & Co. Museum for Vintage & Classic Cars (c). Louwman Museum-The Hague: (tr). 69 Alamy Images: Tom Wood (c). Art Tech Picture Agency: (b). Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (t). 70 Alamy Images: Esa Hiltula (cl). Dorling Kindersley: The Titus & Co. Museum for Vintage & Classic Cars (cla). 70-71 Dorling Kindersley: The Titus & Co. Museum for Vintage & Classic Cars (t). 71 Corbis: Car Culture (clb). 72 Alamy Images: Phil Talbot (cl). 73 Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tr). Getty Images: Heritage Images (crb). 74-75 Alamy Images: ImageGB (t). Courtesy Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: (b). 74 Alamy Images: pbpgalleries (clb). 75 Alamy Images: Tribune Content Agency LLC (c). Dreamstime.com: Warren Rosenberg (ca). Courtesy of Volkswagen: (cr). 76-77 Corbis: Transtock. 78-79 Dreamstime.com: Len Green (c). 78 Alamy Images: Mark Scheuern (clb). Art Tech Picture Agency: (ca). Suzuki Motor Corporation: (c). 79 Art Tech Picture Agency: (cra, tr). 80 Alamy Images: Buzz Pictures (clb); ZUMA Press, Inc (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Chris Williams (c). Louwman Museum-The Hague: (tr). 80-81 Alamy Images: Mark Scheuern (c). Getty Images: Jason Kempin (crb). 81 Dreamstime.com: Ermess (crb). Getty Images: UK Press / Justin Goff (tl). Rex Features: Andy Willsheer (ca). Terrafugia/www.terrafugia.com: (c). Toyota (GB) PLC: (crb/Toyota FV2). 82-83 WATERCAR. 84-85 Art Tech Picture Agency: (c). 85 Alamy Images:

Motoring Picture Library (cr). 86-87 Alamy Images: Mark Scheuern (c). 86 Art Tech Picture Agency: (crb). LAT Photographic: (cl). Giles Chapman Library: (cla, cr). Louwman Museum-The Hague: (tr). 87 Corbis: Car Culture (ca). Volvo Car Group: (tr). 88 Alamy Images: Phil Talbot (b). 89 Alamy Images: Motoring Picture Library (ca). Dorling Kindersley: Brands Hatch Morgans (crb); Gilbert and Anna East (c). 90 Alamy Images: West Country Images (cla). Dorling Kindersley: National Motor Museum, Beaulieu (tr, crb). Louwman Museum-The Hague: (cb). 90-91 Alamy Images: Shaun Finch - Coyote-Photography.co.uk (b). 91 Giles Chapman Library: (tl). Malcolm McKay: (cra). Renault: (crb). Tata Limited: (cr). 92-93 Alamy Images: KS_Autosport. 94 Dorling Kindersley: Peter Harris (tr). www.mclaren.com: (c). 95 © 2015 Hennessey Performance: (crb). Dreamstime.com: Swisshippo (clb). 96 Dorling Kindersley: The Titus & Co. Museum for Vintage & Classic Cars (t). Dreamstime. com: Ddcoral (cla). 97 Art Tech Picture Agency: (cra). Dreamstime.com: Olga Besnard (cr). 98 Giles Chapman Library: (cr). Courtesy Mercedes-Benz Cars, Daimler AG: (cl). 98-99 Flock London: (cb). 99 Corbis: Bettmann (tr); Reuters / Kieran Doherty (c); Car Culture (clb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (tl). 100-101 Corbis: Leo Mason. 104 Alamy Images: Car Collection (clb). Corbis: Ecoscene / John Wilkinson (crb). Dorling Kindersley: Milestone Museum (tr, cla). 105 Alamy Images: Colin Underhill (t). Dorling Kindersley: DAF Trucks N.V. (c); DaimlerChrysler AG (clb). 106 Dorling Kindersley: Yorkshire Air Museum (cla); The Tank Museum (tr). 107 Daimler AG: (tr). Dorling Kindersley: James River Equipment (c). Max-Holder: (crb). 108-109 Corbis: Reuters / Rick Fowler. 110 Corbis: Demotix / pqneiman (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Newbury Bus Rally (cl, b). Rex Features: Roger Viollet (tl). 110-11 Foremost, http:// foremost.ca/: (c). 111 Alamy Images: Oliver Dixon (cb). Corbis: Reuters / Brazil / Stringer (t). 112-113 Dorling Kindersley: Chandlers Ltd. 114 Dorling Kindersley: Paul Rackham (cl, clb); Roger and Fran Desborough (cla, cr). David Peters: (crb). 114-115 Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection (t). 115 AGCO Ltd: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: David Wakefield (t); Doubleday Holbeach Depot (cl); Lister Wilder (cr). John Deere: (clb). New Holland Agriculture: (crb). 116 Dorling Kindersley: David Bowman (t); Doubleday Swineshead Depot (cl). John Deere: (clb). 116-117 Dorling Kindersley: Doubleday Swineshead Depot (b). 117 AGCO Ltd: (tl). Hagie Manufacturing Company: (crb). New Holland Agriculture: (cla, tr, cr). 118-119 Action Plus. 120-121 Getty Images: AFP / Viktor Drachev (c). 121 Dorling Kindersley: DaimlerChrysler AG (tl); James River Equipment (crb). 122 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Armouries, Leeds (cra); The Second Guards Rifles Division (cr); The Tank Museum (cla, cl, tr). 122-123 Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum (b). 123 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Armouries, Leeds (cl, cra); The Tank Museum (tl, tr, crb, crb/Leopard C2). 124-125 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum. 126 Dorling Kindersley: Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania (c); The Science Museum, London (tr, clb); The National Railway Museum, York (cb). Science & Society Picture Library: National Railway Museum (cla). 126-127 Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, York / Science Museum Group (c). 127 colour-rail.com: (cra). Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (tl, tr, br); The National Railway Museum, York (cr). 128 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (ca); The National Railway Museum, New Dehli (cb). 128-129 Dorling Kindersley: Adrian Shooter (cb); The National Railway Museum, York (ca, cb/Mallard). 129 Dorling Kindersley: Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania (br). 130-131 Corbis: Milepost 92 1 / 2 / W.A. Sharman. 132-133 Dorling Kindersley: Ribble Steam Railway / Science Museum Group. 134 Dorling Kindersley: The Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse (tl). Steam Picture Library: (bl). 134-135 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (bc); Harzer Schmalspurbahnen (c, tc). 135 Corbis: Bettmann / Philip Gendreau (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Virginia Museum of Transportation (cr, crb). 136 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (cl, cb); Virginia Museum of Transportation (cla). 136-137 Dorling Kindersley: Ribble Steam Railway / Science Museum Group (t); Virginia Museum of Transportation (ca). Keith Fender: (c). 137 colour-rail.com: (crb). Dorling Kindersley: The DB Museum, Nurnburg, Germany (tr). Keith Fender: (clb). 138 Dorling Kindersley: Didcot

Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

255

Acknowledgments 256

Railway Centre (tl); The National Railway Museum, York / Science Museum Group (cl); Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania (clb); The Verkehrshaus der Schweiz, Luzern, Switzerland (c). 138-139 Dorling Kindersley: Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways (tr). 139 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (c); Didcot Railway Centre (cr); Eisenbahnfreunde Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk Stassfurt (clb). Keith Fender: (crb). 140 Dorling Kindersley: B&O Railroad Museum (tl); Eisenbahnfreunde Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk Stassfurt (crb); Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania (clb); The National Railway Museum, York (ca). 140-141 Dorling Kindersley: The National Railway Museum, India (t). 141 Dorling Kindersley: DB Schenker (b); The Musee de Chemin de Fer, Mulhouse (tr); Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania (cra); Eisenbahnfreunde Traditionsbahnbetriebswerk Stassfurt (cb). 142 Alamy Images: Kevin Foy (cr); Colin Underhill (tl). colour-rail.com: (cl). Keith Fender: (cra). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (b). 143 Alamy Images: epa european pressphoto agency b.v (crb); Iain Masterton (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Hitachi Rail Europe (cra). Dreamstime.com: Tan Kian Yong (cl). Keith Fender: (cr, clb). 144-145 Alamy Images: Stock Connection Blue. 146 Alamy Images: Danita Delimont (ca); Alan Moore (clb). Brian Stephenson/RAS: (clb/berlin u-bahn). 146-147 Dreamstime.com: Alarico (cb). Siemens AG: (t). 147 Alamy Images: dpict (cl); Iain Masterton (tr). Bombardier Transportation, Bombardier Inc.: (cr). WSW mobil GmbH: büro+staubach (crb). 148 Alamy Images: Jon Sparks (clb). Dreamstime.com: Yulia Belousova (crb). 149 Alamy Images: RIA Novosti (br). CAF, CONSTRUCCIONES Y AUXILIAR DE FERROCARRILES, S.A.: (cra). Image supplied by Transport for Greater Manchester and taken by Lesley Chalmers.: (tl). 150-151 Corbis: Stringer / India / Reuters. 152-153 Alamy Images: Tracey Whitefoot. 154 Dorling Kindersley: Exeter Maritime Museum, The National Maritime Museum, London (cl); National Maritime Museum, London (b). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (cra). 155 Dorling Kindersley: Exeter Maritime Museum, The National Maritime Museum, London (ca, clb); National Maritime Museum, London (t). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (c, b). 156 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (cla, bl, cr, crb). 156-157 Dorling Kindersley: Exeter Maritime Museum, The National Maritime Museum, London (ca). 157 Alamy Images: Eye Ubiquitous (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Maidstone Museum and Bentliff Art Gallery (t); National Maritime Museum, London (crb). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (clb). 158-159 Lane Jacobs. 160-161 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London. 162 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (clb); The Science Museum, London (cla). Getty Images: DEA / G. Nimatalah (crb). Science & Society Picture Library: (cr). 162-163 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (t). 163 Dorling Kindersley: Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford (cb). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (crb). 164 Dorling Kindersley: The National Maritime Museum, London (cla, c); Virginia Museum of Transportation (clb). Rex Features: Ilpo Musto (crb). 164-165 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c). 165 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (cb); National Maritime Museum, London (cr). The Fram Museum, http://www.frammuseum.no/: (tr); Michael Czytko, www.modelships.de: (tl). 166-167 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (ca). 166 John Hamill: (tl). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (bl). www.modelshipmaster.com: (crb). 167 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (c). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (tl, br). www.modelshipmaster.com: (clb). 168-169 Gilles Martin-Raget / www.martin-raget.com. 170-171 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. 172 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (cla, cb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (t). 172-173 Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (c). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (cb). 173 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (t, cr, cb, crb). 174 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (clb); RNLI - Royal National Lifeboat Institution (cr). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (cla, cl). 174-175 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (cb). 175 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (c, cb). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (t). 176 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (t). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (ca, clb). 176-177 Dreamstime.com: Jhamlin (crb). 177 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (t). Used with permission of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.: (c). 178-179 Corbis: Joe Skipper / Reuters. 180 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (cb); The Fleet Air

Arm Museum (cla). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (cl). 180-181 National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (c, cb). SD Model Makers: (t, ca). 181 Dorling Kindersley: Scale Model World (cb). SD Model Makers: (cr, tr). 182 SD Model Makers: (cla, ca, clb). 182-183 Dorling Kindersley: Model Exhibition, Telford (c, crb); Fleet Air Arm Museum (t); USS George Washington and the US Navy (ca). 183 Alamy Images: David Acsota Allely (cb). 184 Alamy Images: Joel Douillet (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (ca, cl). SD Model Makers: (cb). 184-185 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (t). 185 Alamy Images: Jim Gibson (cr); Stocktrek Images, Inc. (cl). Dorling Kindersley: Scale Model World (cb). Press Association Images: (clb). SD Model Makers: (cla). 188 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (cb); The Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport (cla); Scale Model World (c). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (tr). SD Model Makers: (cra). 188-189 Dorling Kindersley: The Fleet Air Arm Museum (b). 189 Dorling Kindersley: IFREMER, Paris (cl); Scale Model World (t); The Science Museum, London (cla); Fleet Air Arm Museum (cb). TurboSquid: wdc600 (cr). 190-191 Alamy Images: Glyn Genin (t). 190 British Hovercraft Company Ltd.: (b). Dorling Kindersley: Search and Rescue Hovercraft, Richmond, British Columbia (ca). LenaTourFlot LLC.: (cl). 191 123RF. com: Suttipon Thanarakpong (crb). Getty Images: Science & Society Picture Library (cr). Kawasaki Motors Europe N.V.: (clb). Photo used with permission of BRP: (tr). 192 123RF.com: Richard Pross (cr). Alpacka Raft LLC: (tr). Chris-Craft: (tl). Dreamstime.com: Georgesixth (cb). 193 Hamant Airboats, LLC: (tl). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London: (tr, cl). 194-195 Corbis: Chen Shaojin / Xinhua Press. 196-197 Dreamstime.com: Bigknell. 198-199 Dorling Kindersley: Roy Palmer. 200 Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (cl, c, cr); The Real Aeroplane Company (clb). 200-201 Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection (b). 201 Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (cra, cl, c); The Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California (t); Nationaal Luchtvaart Themapark Aviodome (cb). 202 Dorling Kindersley: Brooklands Museum (cla); The Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire (t); Flugausstellung (cr); The Shuttleworth Collection (b). 203 Dorling Kindersley: Fleet Air Arm Museum (t); Nationaal Luchtvaart Themapark Aviodome (c); The Shuttleworth Collection (crb, crb/Avro Triplane). U.S. Air Force: (clb). 204-205 Corbis: Minnesota Historical Society. 206-207 Dorling Kindersley: Brooklands Museum (c); Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California (cb). 206 Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (cl); Flugausstellung (clb). Richard Bungay(https://www. flickr.com/photos/98961263@N00/): (tc). 207 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Airforce Museum, London (Hendon) (c); Yorkshire Air Museum (t); Planes of Fame Air Museum, Chino, California (crb); The Shuttleworth Collection (b). 208 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Airforce Museum, London (Hendon) (ca); The Real Aeroplane Company (tr); B17 Preservation (cl); RAF Museum, Cosford (clb). 208-209 Alamy Images: Anthony Kay / Flight (c). Dorling Kindersley: Gatwick Aviation Museum (cb). 209 Dorling Kindersley: Gatwick Aviation Museum (cra); Ukraine State Aviation Museum (cr, crb). Getty Images: Max Mumby / Indigo (t). 210-211 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Airforce Museum, London (Hendon) (c). 210 ©2015 National Air and Space Museum Archives, Smithsonian: (crb). Alamy Images: B Christopher (clb). Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (cla, cra, cl). 211 Alamy Images: Susan & Allan Parker (cr). Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (tl, tr); Mr R A Fleming, The Real Aeroplane Company (clb); RAF Museum, Cosford (crb). 212 Dorling Kindersley: Royal Airforce Museum, London (Hendon) (t, ca); March Field Air Museum, California (cr); Flugausstellung (crb). Dreamstime.com: Gary Blakeley (clb). 212-213 123RF. com. Dorling Kindersley: Golden Apple Operations Ltd (cb). 213 Dorling Kindersley: RAF Coningsby (clb); Yorkshire Air Museum (t); City of Norwich Aviation Museum (cr); Flugausstellung (cl); Midlands Air Museum (ca). Dreamstime.com: Eugene Berman (crb). 214-215 Alamy Images: A. T. Willett. 216 Dorling Kindersley: Flugausstellung (cl); Fleet Air Arm Museum (cla); Brooklands Museum Trust Ltd, Weybridge, Surrey (tr); Gary Wenko (cr); Gatwick Aviation Museum (crb). Dreamstime.com: I4lcocl2 (clb). 217 Alamy Images: NielsVK (c). Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (crb); Fleet Air Arm Museum (t); Ukraine State Aviation Museum (clb). 218 Dorling Kindersley: Planes of Fame Air Museum, Valle, Arizona (tl). 218-219 Alamy Images: Steven May (b). 219 Alamy Images: Susan & Allan Parker (br). Dorling Kindersley: Pima Air and Space Museum, Tuscon, Arizona (tl); The Real Aeroplane Company (tr). 220-221 Dreamstime.com: Songallery (cb). 220 AirTeamImages.com: (clb/Sud).

Dorling Kindersley: Flugausstellung (b); Nationaal Luchtvaart Themapark Aviodome (cla, cra). 221 Dorling Kindersley: Ukraine State Aviation Museum (t). 222-223 Alamy Images: Jim Kidd. 224 Dorling Kindersley: Midlands Air Museum (clb, b); RAF Museum, Cosford (c). Science Photo Library: Detlev Van Ravenswaay (cla). 224-225 NASA: (b). 225 Alamy Images: NASA Archive (tr). Dorling Kindersley: Flugausstellung (tl); Ukraine State Aviation Museum (c); Yorkshire Air Museum (cb). 226 Alamy Images: Thierry GRUN - Aero (t). Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection, Bedfordshire (c); The Shuttleworth Collection (crb). U.S. Air Force: (clb, b). 226-227 Alamy Images: aviafoto (ca); Kevin Maskell (cr). 227 NASA: Tony Landis (tr). 228-229 Dorling Kindersley: RAF Boulmer, Northumberland. 230 Dorling Kindersley: De Havilland Aircraft Heritage Centre (tl); The Museum of Army Flying (crb). 230-231 aviation-images.com: (cra). 231 aviation-images. com: (cla). Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (tr, crb); RAF Museum, Cosford (ca); Ukraine State Aviation Museum (cb, cr). 232 Dorling Kindersley: Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum (tl). 233 Dorling Kindersley: Musee Air & Space Paris, La Bourget (cla). Dreamstime.com: Patrick Allen (cra). 234 Dorling Kindersley: Ukraine State Aviation Museum (cla, cb). 234-235 Dorling Kindersley: Ukraine State Aviation Museum. 238 Corbis: Imaginechina (r). Dorling Kindersley: Bob Gathany (l). Getty Images: Bloomberg / David Paul Morris (crb). NASA: (cl, c). 239 Alamy Images: Konstantin Shaklein (l). NASA: (cl, cb); Kim Shiflett (c). Science Photo Library: Detlev Van Ravenswaay (r). 240 Corbis: Model of the nuclear powered interplanetary probe sent to Jupiter (cla). NASA: JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona (c); JPL-Caltech (cr); KSC (crb). Science Photo Library: Ria Novosti (tr). 241 Corbis: JPL-Caltech (cb). ESA: ATG medialab (tr, cra). Getty Images: AFP / Akihiro Ikeshita (tl). NASA: JPL (cla); The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC (c). 242 Corbis: Richard Cummins (c). Dorling Kindersley: Bob Gathany (cl). NASA: (crb, clb); (tr). 243 Dorling Kindersley: ESA (t). NASA: (c, crb). 244-245 NASA: Sandra Joseph, Kevin O’Connell. 246 John Deere: (bl). 247 Dorling Kindersley: Beaulieu National Motor Museum (br). 248-249 Dorling Kindersley: Adrian Shooter (b). 249 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (tl). 250 Dorling Kindersley: The Tank Museum (br). 251 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (tl). 252 Dorling Kindersley: National Maritime Museum, London (tl). 253 Dorling Kindersley: The Shuttleworth Collection (tl). 254 Dorling Kindersley: Hitachi Rail Europe (bl); Paul Rackham All other images © Dorling Kindersley For further information see: www.dkimages.com