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Computer Application Commerce Flipbook PDF
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lb¿ sk°‚dn tImgvkv
Iºyq´¿ Bπn-t°-j≥kv (tImtagvkv)
¢mkv - XI
tIc-fk - ¿°m¿
s]mXphnZym-`ym-k -h-Ip∏v kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT); tIcfw 2019
tZio-b-Km\w P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl `mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm, ]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm {ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km, hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm, D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm, Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK, Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK, Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl `mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn⁄ C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Z-coktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kv t \ln- ° p∂p; kºq¿Whpw sshhn[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`nam\w sIm≈p∂p. Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw apXn¿∂hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw. Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£aØn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n {]bXv\n°pw. Prepared by : State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in e-mail : [email protected] Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869 Typesetting and Layout : SCERT © Department of Education, Government of Kerala To be printed in quality paper - 80gsm map litho (snow-white)
Foreword
BapJw GXp hn⁄m-\hpw amXr-`m-j-bn¬ ]Tn-°m\pw {]Im-i\w sNøm\pw km[n°pw. AXn-\p≈ Ah-kcw ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v Hcp-t°-≠-Xv, GsXmcp ]T\ k{ºZm-b-Øns‚bpw A\n-hm-cy-X-bm-Wv. AXns‚ XpS°-sa-∂- \ne-bv°m-Wv lb¿sk-°‚dn Xe-Øn¬ `mtj-Xc hnj-bß - f- nse ]mT]pkvXI - ß - ƒ ae-bm-fØn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v. amXr-`m-j-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ hnZym-`ym-kw, ⁄m\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn-\p≈ kpK-a-am¿Kw F∂-Xn-t\m-sSm∏w kmwkvImcnIØ\n-ab - psS Xncn-®d- n-b¬ IqSnbm-Wv. AXpsIm-≠mWv hnI-kn-X-cm-Py-߃ amXr-`m-jsb apJy-t_m[\ am[y-a-ambn kzoIcn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn-em-Is´, tZio-b-X-e-Øn-ep≈ {][m\ ]co-£-I-sf√mw {]mtZ-inI `mj-I-fn¬°qSn \S-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m\hpw D≠mbn hcn-IbmWv. Cusbmcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬ \ΩpsS Ip´nIfpw amXr-`m-j-bpsS i‡nku-μc - y-߃ Xncn-®d- n-™v hnhn[ hnj-bß - f- n¬ ⁄m\-\n¿an-Xnbn¬ G¿s∏tS≠-Xp-≠.v AXn\v Ahsc k÷-cm-°p-Ib - mWv Cu ]mT-]p-kX v I - ß - f- psS apJy e£yw. ]cn-`m-js - ∏-Sp-Ønb ]pkvXI - ß - f- n¬ AXXv hnj-bß - f- nse kmt¶-XnI ]Z-߃ ]c-am-h[n ae-bm-fØ - n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠v. \ΩpsS `mj-bn¬ Nnc]cnNnX-amb Cw•ojv ]Z-ßsf AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-®n-´pap-≠v. hnh¿Ø-\Øn\v Xo¿Øpw hg-ßmØ ]Zßsf AtX-co-Xn-bn¬ Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂p. amXr-`m-j-bn¬ ]Tn°p-∂h¿°v Bi-b{- KlWw kpK-aa- m-°p∂ hn[-Øn-emWv ]mT]pkvXI - c - N - \ \S-Ønbn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AtXm-sSm∏w aebm-f-`m-j-bpsS hf¿®bv°pw Cu {]h¿Ø\w klm-bI - a- m-Ip-sa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p. ]mT-]p-kvXIhnh-¿-Ø\ cwKØv \ΩpsS cmPyØv \S∂ hen-sbmcp Im¬sh∏m-Wv CXv. {]Ya kwc-w`-sa∂\ne-bn¬ ]e ]cnanXnIfpw ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ h∂n´p≠mImw. ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ {]tbm-KØ - n¬ hcp-tºm-gmWv Ah-sb√mw IqSpX¬ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-I. XpS¿∂v hcp∂ L´-ß-fn¬ Ahsbms° ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂Xn-\v F√m A`yp-ZbImw£n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw hninjy A[ym-]-I¿, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw {]Xo-£n-°p-∂p.
tUm.sP. {]kmZv Ub-dI - vS¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn. tIcfw
]mT-]p-kvXI \n¿amW kanXn Iw]yq-´¿ Bπn-t°-j≥kv- ˛ tImtagvkv {io. tPmbv tPm¨ F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., sk‚v tPmk^vkv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io. hnt\m-Zv.hn F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., {]m°p-fw, sIm√w {io. tdmbv tPm¨ F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.S- n., sk‚v Atem-jykv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., F¬Xp-cpØv, XpcpØv {io. A_q-_-°¿.]n F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Kh.Pn F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Nme-∏p-dw, tImgn-t°mSv {io. apkvX^ jwkp¬ l°v sI.sI F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Pn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, IqØp-]-dºv, IÆq¿
{io. {]im¥v ]n.Fw F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., sk‚v tPmk^vkv t_mbvkv F®v.Fkv.Fkv., tImgn-t°mSv {io. Akokv hn. F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.S- n., Pn.F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., sh≈n-tbmSv, tImgnt°mSv {io. cmPv taml≥ F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.S- n., \h-ap-Ipμ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Xncp-\m-hmb, ae-∏pdw {io. jmP≥ tPmkv F≥. F®v.F - k - v.F - k - v.S- n., sk‚v. tPmk^v F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., ]h-d´n, Xriq¿ {io. kmbn-{]-Im-iv.-Fkv F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., sk‚v tXmakv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, ]q¥p-d, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
hnZ-Kv[¿ tUm. ePojv hn.F¬. A n. s{]m^. Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv , tImgn-t°m-Sv k¿h-I-em-ime tUm. a[p F v. \mb¿ A n. s{]m^. Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv , tIcf k¿h-I-em-ime a[p hn.Sn. Ub-d-IvS¿, Iºyq-´¿ sk‚¿, tImgn-t°m-Sv k¿h-I-em-ime tUm. _n\p.-]n.-Nmt°m A n. s{]m^. Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv , {]tPymXn \ntI-X≥ tImf-Pv, ]pXp-°m-Sv, Xr»q¿ tUm. kpio¬ Ipam¿ A n. s{]m^. Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Cw•ojv, Un._n.-tIm-f-Pv, imkvXmw-tIm´ tUm. hn\oXv -sI. ]mtecn s{]m^-k¿, Un]m¿´-sa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv B‚v F©n-\n-b-dnw-Kv, F≥.-sF.-Sn. tImgn-t°mSv tUm. atliz-c≥ \mb¿ hn. k_v Unhn-j-W¬ F©n-\o-b¿, doPn-b-W¬ sSentImw s{Sbn-\nwKv sk‚¿, ssIa-\w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
B¿´nÃv kp[o¿ ssh hn\oXv hn A°m-Z-anIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿ tUm. ao\ Fkv. dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
]mT-]p-kvXI ]cn-`mj kanXn (ae-bm-fw) tUm. _n\p ]n Nmt°m Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m^-k¿, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv {]tPymXn \ntI-X≥ tImtf-Pv, ]pXp-°mSv tUm. •mUvè Fkv.cmPv Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿ & slUv, Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv Kh. tImtf-Pv, s\Sp-a-ßmSv tUm. Fkv. Kncojv Ipam¿ Akn. s{]m^-k¿, ae-bmf hn`m-Kw, {io tIc-f-h¿Ω tImtfPv, Xriq¿ tUm. {]nb B¿ Akn-Âv s{]m^-k¿ & slUv Un∏m¿´vsa‚v Hm^v Iºyq-´¿ kb≥kv Kh. tImtfPv Imcy-h´w, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw BZ¿iv.hn.sI ko\n-b¿ amt\-P¿ (sSIv\n°¬), bqWn-b≥ _m¶v Hm^v C¥y {io. Aw_-cojv Pn.Fkv F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., kn.sI.Pn.-Fw.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Nnß-∏pcw, tImgn-t°mSv {ioaXn. Znhy ]n.F-kv. Kh. \f-μ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Ingp-∏n-≈n-°c- , Xriq¿ {io. aS-hq¿ iin- F. F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv. (dn´.) Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io. apl-ΩZv k¿^-dmkv F-®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Un.F-®v.Fkv.Fkv. s\√n-∏pg {io. kn.hn-\-b-N-{μ≥ F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., hn.Pn.Fkv.Fkv., Aw_n-tIm-Z-bw F®v.Fkv.Fkv., s\Sn-b-hn-f, sIm√w
{io. kPn≥.Sn F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., thfw, F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., tNcm-]pdw, tImgn-t°mSv {io. kp\n¬ Ipam¿ F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Pn.F-®v.Fkv.Fkv. tXºmw-aqSv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw {io. kp[o¿ ]n.Fkv F®v.F,v.F,v.Sn., F.sI.-F≥.-Fw.-F, satΩm-dn-b¬ F®v.Fkv.Fkv., Im´p-Ip-fw, ]me-°mSv {io. iin F. F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Pn.hn.-F®v.Fkv.Fkv thß-d, ae-∏pdw. {io. {ioPnØv ]n. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-Sn., kn.sP. F®v.Fkv.Fkv., sNΩ-\m-Sv, Imk¿tKmUv {io. lcn.sI F®v.Fkv.Fkv.Sn., Pn.hn.-F®v.Fkv.Fkv Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
A°m-Za - nIv tIm¿Un-t\-‰¿ {ioaXn dnbm\ A≥kmcn dnk¿®v Hm^o-k¿, Fkv.kn.-C.-B¿.Sn
CONTENTS
D≈-S°w
1. Iºyq´dnse ASnÿm\ LSI߃
09
2. Iºyq´¿ knÃ-Øns‚ `mK-߃
55
3. t{]m{KmanMv XXz-ßfpw {]iv\] - c - n-lc - W - hpw
101
4. C++ t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw
130
5. Um‰-bpsS C\-ßfpw Hm∏-td-‰d - p-Ifpw
145
6. t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw
163
7. \nb-{¥W {]kvXm-h\ - I - ƒ
185
8. Iºyq-´¿ irwJ-eI-ƒ
221
9. C‚¿s\‰v
263
10. hnhc kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS D]tbmKw
295
]mT-]p-kvXI - Ø - n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p∂ kqN-\I - ƒ
\ap°v sNømw
\nßfpsS ]ptcmKXn AdnbpI
C≥^¿ta-j≥ t_mIvkv
\ap°v ]cn-io-en°mw
]T-\-t\-´-߃
1
{][m\ Bib߃ $ $ $ $
Um‰bpw hnhchpw Um‰ t{]mkknwKv Iºyq´dnse ASnÿm\ {]h¿Ø\ LSI߃ Iºyq´¿ Hcp Um‰ t{]mkk¿ F∂ \nebn¬
Å $
Iºyq´dns‚ kz`mh khntijXIƒ kwJym\ k{ºZmb߃ • ZikwJym\ k{ºZmbw • ZzbkwJym\ (ss_\dn kwJym\ k{ºZmbw) • AjvSkwJym\ k{ºZmbw (HIvS¬ kwJym\ k{ºZmbw) • tjmUikwJym\ k{ºZmbw (slIvkmsUkna¬ kwJym\ k{ºZmbw)
$
kwJy ]cnh¿Ø\߃ • • •
• • •
• •
•
$
ZikwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zzb kwJybnte°v ZikwJybn¬ \n∂pw AjvS kwJybnte°v ZikwJybn¬ \n∂pw slIvkmsUkna¬ kwJybnte°v ZzbkwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zi kwJybnte°v AjvSkwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zi kwJybnte°v slIvkmsUkna¬ kwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zi kwJybnte°v AjvSkwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zzb kwJybnte°v slIvkmsUkna¬ kwJybn¬ \n∂pw Zzb kwJybnte°v AjvS kwJybn¬ \n∂pw slIvkmsUkna¬ kwJybnte°v
Um‰ {]Xn\n[m\w • • •
kwJyIfpsS {]Xn\n[m\w A£cßfpsS {]Xn\n[m\w HmUntbm, Nn{Xw, hoUntbm ChbpsS {]Xn\n[m\w
Iºyq´dnse ASnÿm\ LSI߃ Iºyq´dpIƒ \ΩpsS \nXyPohnXØns‚ `mKambn amdnbn´p≠v. hyXykvX Bh-iy߃°pw Dt±iy߃-°pambn P\߃ Iºq´dpIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p. hnZym`ymkw, hym]mcw, hnt\mZw, Bibhn\nabw, k¿°m¿ tkh\߃, KXmKXw F∂nßs\ F√m taJebnepw Iºyq´dpIƒ C∂v Hgn®pIqSm\mhmØhbmWv. hnZym¿Yn-Isf kw_‘n®nStØmfw KWnXØnse {]mY-anI {InbIƒ°p ]pdta hnhn[ßfmb hnjb߃ ^e{]Zambn ]Tn°p∂Xn\pw ]T\{]h¿Ø\߃ Imcy£aambn sNøp∂-Xn\pw Iºyq´dpIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂p. \nehn¬ Iºyq´¿ D]tbmKn°p∂ kml-Ncy߃ a\ nem°n Ah apJm¥ncw D≠mb t\´ßƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂XneqsS AhbpsS A\¥ km[yXIƒ IqSpX¬ a\ nem°m≥ Ignbpw. BbXn-\m¬ Iºyq´dpIsfbpw AXns‚ {]tbmK km[yXIsfbpw Ipdn®v IqSpX¬ Adntb-≠Xv AXymhiyamWv. Iºyq´dns‚ {]h¿-Ø\ LSI߃, Um‰ t{]mkknwKns‚ (x" ; y
(vi) cout >> \n "abc" (vii) a = b + c (viii) break = x
cin >> "\n" >> y ;
dntejW¬ Hm∏td‰dpIfpsS [¿Ωsa¥v? "=", "= =" F∂nh XmcXayw sNøpI.
D]\ymk tNmZy߃ 1.
C++ ¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ Hm∏td‰dpIƒ hniZoIcn°pI.
2.
C++ se {]tbmK߃ hniZoIcn°pI.
162
6 t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw C++ t{]m{Kmw FgpXphm\p≈ IDE \Ωƒ ]cnN-
{][m\ Bib߃ $ C++ t{]m{Kmans‚ LS\ š š š š
{]ns{]m ¿ \n¿t±iw slU¿-^-b-ep-Iƒ thcn-b-_n-fp-Iƒ C++ amXrI t{]m{Kmw
$ t{]m{Kmw FgpXp∂Xn\p≈ am¿§ \n¿t±-i߃ $ thcnb_nfn\v {]mcw` hne \¬I¬ $ const BIvkkv tamUn^bdns‚ D]tbm-Kw $ ssS∏v tamUn^bdpIƒ $ IqSpX¬ Hm∏td‰dpIƒ š Acn-Xvsa-‰nIv Assk≥sa‚v š C≥{In-sa‚v, Un{In-sa‚v š Hm∏-td-‰-dp-I-fpsS ap≥K-W-\m-{Iaw $ C\w am‰¬ (type conversion) š
š
B¥cnI C\w am‰¬ (implicit conversion) _mly C\w am‰¬ (explicit conversion)
bs∏´p Ign™p. Fßs\bmWv Hm∏tdj\p-Isf C++ ¬ {]Xn\n[m\w sNøp∂Xv F∂v Ign™ A[ym-bØn¬ N¿® sNbvXp. IqSmsX Iºyq-´dn\v \n¿t±i߃ \¬Ip∂Xn\v Bhiyamb hnhn[Xcw C++ {]kvXmh\Ifpw \mw ]Tn®p Ign-™p. CØcw {]kvXmh\Iƒ D]tbmKn®v efnXamb {]iv\]cn-lmcØn\p≈ {]tbmK߃ FgpXphm≥ \ap°n-t∏mƒ km[yamWv. F∂m¬ Hcp Iq´w {]kvXm-h\-Iƒ am{Xw Iq´nt®¿Øm¬ Hcp t{]m{Kmambn amdp-∂n√. Hcp C++ t{]m{Kman\v Hcp {]tXyI LS\bp≠v. Cu A[ymbØn¬ C++ t{]m{Kmans‚ LS\bpw, AXn\\pkcn®v t{]m{Kmw FgpXp∂ coXnbpw N¿® sNøp∂p. t{]m{KmapIƒ HXp°tØmsS FgpXn thKØn¬ {]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\mhiyamb IqSp-X¬ Hm∏td‰dpIfpw ChnsS ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂p.
6.1 C++ t{]m{Kmans‚ LS\: \mw CXp-hsc N¿® sNbvX {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v eLp-hmb {]iv\-߃ ]cn-l-cn-°mhp∂ ÿnXn-bn¬ \mw Ct∏mƒ FØn Ign™p. F∂m¬ Hcp Iq´w {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ am{Xw tN¿∂m¬ Hcp t{]m-{Km-am-Ip-I-bn-√. C++ t{]m{Kman\v Hcp khn-tij LS-\-bp-≠v. AXv Ht∂m AXne[nItam ^¶vj\pIfpsS tiJcamWv. ^Mvj - ≥ F∂m¬ Hcp t]cn¬ kzcq-]n-®ncn°p∂Xpw Hcp {]tXyI Imcyw sNøp∂Xn\mbp-ap≈ {]kvXmh\IfpsS Iq´amWv. Hcp C++ t{]m-{Kman¬ H∂ne[nIw ^¶vj\pIƒ D]tbmKn°p∂-Xn\m¬ Ah Hmtcm∂pw ^¶v j \pIfpw hyXykv X t]cpIfn¬ Bbncn°Ww Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-tS-≠Xv. F√m t{]m{Kmanepw G‰hpw AXym--h-iy-ambn D≠m-bncnt°≠ ^¶vj-\mWv main() ^Mv-j≥. Hcp C++ t{]m{Kmans‚ LS\ Xmsg sImSp-Øncn-°p∂p
6. t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw #include using namespace identifier; int main() { statements; : : : return 0; }
H∂m-asØ hcnsb {]o ˛ s{]mk- ¿ \n¿t±-iw F∂pw c≠m-asØ hcnsb s\bnw kvt]kv {]kvXm-h\ F∂pw -hn-fn-°p-∂p. aq∂masØ hcnbn¬ ^Mvj≥ slUdpw XpS¿∂p≈ hcn--I-fn¬ Hcp tPmUn {_m°-‰p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ D≈ Hcp Iq´w {]ÿm-h\-I-fpamWv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. t{]m{Km-anse Cu Hmtcm `mKßfpw \ap°v N¿® sNømw.
6.1.1 {]os{]m-k- ¿ \n¿t±i߃ (Preprocessor directive) {]o t{]mk ¿ \n¿t±-ißtfmSp IqSnbmWv Hcp C++ t{]m{Kmw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv.Ch Iwss]edn\p≈ \n¿tZi {]kvXm-h-\-I-fm-Wv. Iwssº-te-j≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv Issº-e¿ sNtø-≠p∂ Imcy-߃ CXv \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. t{]m{Kmw {]kvXm-h\-Iƒ A√m-ØXpw F∂m¬ t{]m{Km-an¬ Dƒs∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-amb hcn-I-fmWv {]os{]mk- ¿ \n¿t±-iß -- ƒ. Cu hcn-Iƒ Ft∏mgpw # Nn”tØmSp IqSn-bmWv XpS-ßp-∂Xv. t{]m{Km-an\v Bh-iy-amb kuI-cy-߃ e`y-am-°m≥ C++ sse{_-dnbnse io¿jI ^b-epIsf #include F∂p-XpS-ßp∂ {]ot{]m-k- ¿ \n¿t±-iw D]tbm-Kn®v _‘n∏n-°p-∂p. Cu hcn-I-fpsS Ahkm\w A¿≤-hn-cmaw (;) Bhiyan√. hnhn[ io¿jI ^bep-Iƒ°v th≠n hyXykvX #include {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. #define, #undef apX-embh a‰p Nne {]ot{]m-k- ¿ \n¿t±-iß -- -fm-Wv.
6.1.2 slU¿ ^bepIƒ (Header files) ^wKvj\pIƒ, H_vPŒpIƒ ap≥\n¿h-NnX ˛ cq]o-IrX Um‰C\߃ F∂nh-sb°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ Iss]-edn-t\m-sSm∏w e`y-am-bn-´p-ff io¿jIw-am-bn-´p≈ io¿jI ^bepIfn¬ ASßn-bn-cn-°p∂p. sse{_-dn-bn¬ kq£n-®n-´p≈ CØcw \nc- h [n ^b- e p- I ƒ C++ t{]m{Km- a p- I sf ]n¥p- W - b v ° p- ∂ p. CØcØnep≈ GsX¶nepw hnhc߃ Bhiyap≈ t{]m{Km-apIfn¬ Ah D]tbmKn°p∂Xn\v AXp-ambn _‘-s∏´ slU¿ ^b-¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v ap≥ \n¿hNnX H_vP-IvSp-I-fmb cin, cout F∂nh \ap°v D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-tºmƒ t{]m{Km-ans‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]kvXm-h-\- \Ωƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. #include F∂ slU¿ ^b-en¬ cin, cout F∂o H_vP-IvSp-I-fpsS hnh-c߃ AS-ßn-bn-cn°pw. slU¿ ^b-ep-Iƒ°v h FIvÃ≥-j≥ Ds≠-¶nepw GCC ¬
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6. t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw
AXp D]-tbm-Kn-°-cp-Xv. ]t£ S¿t_m C++ IDE t]mse-bp≈ a‰p Nne Iwss]-edp-Iƒ°v Cu FIvÃ≥j≥ \n¿_-‘-am-Wv.
6.1.3. s\bnw-kvt]kv F∂ Bibw (Concept of namespace) Hcp t{]m{Km-an¬ Htc hym]vXn-bn¬ Htc t]cn-ep≈ H∂n-e-[nIw sFU‚n ^b-dpIƒ (thcn-b-_n-fp-Iƒ As√-¶n¬ ^wMvj-\p-Iƒ) D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-√. DZm-l-cW-Øn\v \ΩpsS ho´n¬ ct≠m AXn-e-[n-Itam Bfp-Iƒ°v (As√-¶n¬ Poh-Pm-e߃°v) Htc t]cp-≠m-hn-√. Aß-s\-bp-s≠-¶n-¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw ho´n-\p-≈n¬ Ahsc t]cp sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-bpI F∂Xv hnj-a-I-c-am-Ipw. AXp-sIm≠v \ΩpsS ho´n¬ Hmtcm t]cpw A\\y-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS Ab¬]-°-sØ ho´n¬ kam\-amb t]cp≈ Hcmƒ (As√-¶n¬ Poh-Pm-ew) D≠m-bn-cn-°mw. AXmXv ]cn-[n-°p≈n¬ hy‡n-Isf t]cp sIm≠v Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\v CXv bmsXmcp Bi-b-°p-g-∏-hpap-≠m-°n-√. ]t£ ]pdta \ns∂mcp hy‡n°v t]cp am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn®v sIm≠v Chsc Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. AXn-\mbn ho´p-t]cp IqSn ]cm-a¿in-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. s\bnw kvt]kv F∂ Bibw ho´p-t]-cn\p kam-\-am-Wv. Hcp {]tXyI s\bnwkv t]kp-ambn hyXykvX sFU‚n-^-b-dp-Iƒ _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Hmtcm C\hpw hyXykvXa - m-bn-cn-°p∂ Hcp KW-Øns‚ t]cm-Wn-Xv. thcn-b_ - n-fp-Iƒ°pw ^wKvj\ - p-Iƒ°pambn {]tXyIw s\bnw kvt]kp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-‡m-hn\p A\p-hmZ-ap-≠v. Hcp s\bnw-kvt]-kn\p t]cp sImSp-°m≥ \ap°v Hcp sFU‚n-^-b¿ D]tbm-Kn-°mw. t{]m{Km-anw-Kn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ LS-I-ßsf GXv s\bnw kvt]kn¬ Xnc-b-W-sa∂v using F∂ Ioth¿Uv kmt¶-Xn-I-ambn Iwss]-e-dn-t\mSv ]d-bp-∂p. C++ ¬ standard F∂-Xns‚ Npcp-s°-gp-ØmWv std. cin, cout XpS-ßn a‰v ]e H_vPIvSp-Ifpw \n¿h-Nn-®n-´p-≈ Hcp s\bnw kvt]kv BWn-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Hcp t{]m{Kman¬ Ch D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ std::cin, std::cout F∂ amXrI \mw ]n¥p-Stc-≠-XmWv. using name space std F∂ {]kvXm-h\ t{]m{Km-an¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ hni-Z-amb ]cm-a¿i-߃ Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AØ-c-samcp kmlN-cy-Øn¬ Iwss]-e¿ cin, cout, endl apX-em-b-h-bv°mbn Cu s\bnw-tk-]-kn¬ Xncbp-∂p. cin, cout, endl As√-¶n¬ AXp-t]m-se-bp-ff - h Ft∏m-sgms° Hcp C++ t{]m{Kman¬ Iºyq-´¿ ImWp-∂pthm, Ahsb std::cin, std::cout, std::endl F∂nßs\ hyJym\n-°p-∂p. using name space std F∂ {]kvXm-h\ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ t{]m{Km-an-te°v Hcp ^wKvj\p-w Iq´n-t®¿°p-∂n-√, #include F∂ \n¿t±-i-amWv cin, cout, endl AXp-
t]m-se-bp-f-fh Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
6.1.4 main() ^Mv-j≥ (The main () function) F√m C++ t{]m{Kmanepw main() F∂p t]cp≈ ^Mv-j≥ Dƒs∏-´n-cn-°p∂p. t{]m{Kmans‚ {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n°p∂Xpw Ahkm\n°p∂Xpw main() ^Mvj\nemWv. a‰vGsX--¶nepw ^Mvj\pIƒ \mw t{]m{Kman¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ps≠¶n¬ Ahsb hnfn°p∂Xv main() ^Mvj\n¬ \n∂mWv. km[mcWbmbn main() ^Mvj≥ apºmbn Hcp Um‰ C\w D≠m--bn-cn-°pw. GCC -˛¬ CXv int Bbncn-°-Ww.
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6. t{]m{KmanMv ˛ Hcp BapJw main () ^Mvjs‚ slU-dns\ XpS¿∂v Hcp tPmUn {_m°-‰p-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Ht∂m
AXn-e-[n-Itam {]kvXm-h\Iƒ AS-ßnb ^Mvjs‚ N´-°qSpw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu LS\ main ^Mv-js‚ \n¿hN-\w F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hmtcm {]kvXmh\bpw Hcp A¿≤-hn-cmaØn¬ ';' Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p. {]kvXmh\Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°m-hp-∂-htbm \n¿h-ln-°m-\m-h-Ø-htbm BImw. Iºyq´¿ sNtø≠ Imcy-߃°p≈ \n¿tZ-iß-fmWv \n¿h-lW {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂-Xv. \n¿h-ln-°m-\m-hmØ {]kvXmh\Iƒ Iº-bn-e-dn-s\tbm t{]m{Km-asdtbm Dt±-in-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. Ah hnhcm-[n-jvTnX {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ BWv. main() ^wKvj\v D≈nse Ah-km-\sØ {]kvXmh\ return 0 F∂m-bn-cn-°pw. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-s√-¶nepw t{]m{Kman¬ AXv Hcp Xc-Øn-ep≈ ]niIpw hcp-Øp∂n-√. CXns‚ {]k‡n A[ymbw 10˛ ¬ N¿® sNømw. Hmtcm {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw ]pXnb hcn-I-fn¬ XpS-ß-W-sa∂v \n¿∫‘-an-√mØ-Xn-\m¬ C++ Hcp kzX{¥ cq]-Øn-ep≈ `mj-bm-Wv. AXp-t]mse Hcp {]kvXm-h\°v H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬ hcn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
6.1.5 Hcp amXrI t{]m{Kmw (A sample program) ]q¿Æ-amb Hcp t{]m{Kmw \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n®v AXns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-Zambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw. Cu t{]m{Kmw kv{Io\n¬ Hcp hmNIw {]Z¿in-∏n-°pw. #include void main() { cout