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CPCCOM1013 Learner Guide - Module 1 Flipbook PDF
CPCCOM1013 Learner Guide - Module 1
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CPCCOM1013 – Plan and organise work| Learner guide
Version Control Unit code CPCCPOM1013
Document version 1.0
Release date 02.10.2021
Comments/actions First edition
Copyright Copyright ©2020 by CAQA Resources. Copyright protects this material. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). For permission requests, write to the publisher, addressed “Attention: Permissions Coordinator,” at the address below. Enquiries should be addressed to: CAQA Resources 2/10 Lawn Ct Craigieburn, Victoria – 3064 Australia www.caqaresources.com.au
Disclaimer Although the author and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the information in this book was correct at press time, the author and publisher do not assume and hereby disclaim any liability to any party for any direct, indirect, incidental, or consequential loss, damage, or disruption caused by errors or omissions, whether such errors or omissions result from negligence, accident, or any other cause. Data and case study examples are intended to be fictional. Any resemblance to real persons or organisations is coincidental. If you believe that information of any kind in this publication is an infringement of copyright, in the material in which you either own the copyright or are authorised to exercise the rights of a copyright owner and then please advise us by contacting CAQA Resources, 2/10 Lawn Ct, Craigieburn, Victoria - 3064 or email [email protected]. Acknowledgement This remains the property of CAQA Resources, a Career Calling initiative.
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Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1: DETERMINE AND PLAN BASIC WORK TASK ACTIVITIES ....................................... 6 1.1
Determine work task outcomes and other requirements ............................................................. 14
1.2
Break the work task into its component tasks ...................................................................................... 19
1.3
Assess the component tasks to determine what needs to be done and how it is to be done .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
1.4
Estimate the time and the number of personnel required to complete each component task ........................................................................................................................................................ 28
1.5
Identify the tools and equipment required, including personal protective equipment (PPE) for each stage of the task ....................................................................................................................... 31
1.6
Plan the sequence of the component tasks in a logical order and to maximise efficient use of resources ..................................................................................................................................... 36
1.7
Prepare a written work plan and a list of resources required to complete the overall work task .........................................................................................................................................................................41
CHAPTER 2: ORGANISE PERFORMANCE OF BASIC WORK TASK ........................................... 46 2.1
Work with team members to review the work plan, schedule the work, allocate roles and responsibilities, and review work health and safety requirements ...............................49
2.2
Confirm availability of required tools and equipment, including PPE .................................. 55
CHAPTER 3: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION......................................................................................... 59 References .................................................................................................................................................. 67
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Introduction In construction, before starting your work it is important to plan and prepare properly. In the construction, planning and preparation is the most important phase. Before initiating the work of construction, it is important to understand the excavator operations for civil construction.
Types of Construction planning Strategic planning The project owner's corporate planners frequently go over strategic planning. Because you want to please both the enduser and the owner, the strategic planner creates a master construction delivery plan that details the guidelines established in the strategic and contracting plans.
Operational planning Operational planning, which is based on strategic planning, entails the construction teams coming together with precise plans to accomplish the strategic goals. The Constructor's questions to aid in the preparation of a construction plan.
Policies and standards for planning and organising work: Following are the quality policies and standards for planning and organising work in the construction sector:
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Australian standards
internal company quality policy and standards
manufacture r specification s, where specified
workplace operations and procedures
During the planning and preparation phase, the following activities take place: •
Work requirements are obtained, interpret, and confirmed.
•
Safety plans and policies are confirmed and applies.
•
Selection of plants, tools and equipment are made according to the type of task and any faults identified are rectified.
•
Select and wear personal protective equipment required for work activities.
•
Inspect work site, locate services, assess hazards and apply risk controls, including required signage and barricades.
•
The required quantity of material is determined.
The above-stated activities are crucial for workers’ safety, and it also ensures that the work is conducted according to required specifications, standards, and legislation.
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WHAT WILL I LEARN? This learning guide will provide you the skills and knowledge required to: 1.
Determine and plan basic work task activities.
2.
Organise performance of basic work task.
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CHAPTER 1: DETERMINE AND PLAN BASIC WORK TASK ACTIVITIES
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Introduction The planning phase is an important element of the project that continues until it is completed, and it necessitates a lot of consideration from all parties involved. Construction projects are complicated, time-consuming, and come in a variety of sizes and types. Agricultural, civil, economic, environmental, and industrial sectors are all represented. PMP, or Project Management Professional, planning is critical since it specifies the project's approach and finishes in detail. The construction project plan serves as a road map to guide the team through the various stages of a project. To keep the plan aligned with the project, the project manager (PM) must always consider the client's requirements and wishes.
Basic work task activities in construction: 1.
Marking & Grading
One of the earliest building activities is marking, which entails designating the plot for reference. This allows workers to maintain a constant sense of orientation in their workspace. Grading ensures that structures are level, survive a long time, and provide optimal support. When anything is being built, there may be instances where a little inclination or dip to the base surface is required. In this scenario, the incline must be precisely the right angle. 2. Excavation Excavation is a wide phrase that encompasses many different sorts of construction activity. In general, the phrase refers to the removal of dirt or rocks from a specific region to prepare it for development. Basement excavation is when the ground is dug out to make room for a basement to be built. Muck, rock, and topsoil excavation are also included, as is the removal of the substance from the worksite. 3. Concreting Another important building task is the pouring of concrete. It's commonly utilised for building foundations, roads, bridges, pipes, and a variety of other purposes. Concrete is easy to create in big amounts and changes states, making it easy to work with and manipulate. This is one of the reasons it has become so popular in the building sector. 4. Carpentry When it comes to construction, carpentry is one of the first things that comes to mind for many individuals. This refers to the general cutting and installation of materials that will be employed in the structure's construction. Carpentry used to be a term that only applied to people who worked with wood, but now it refers to anyone who works with a variety of materials. 5. Brick masonry The bricks are laid by brick masons, who ensure that they are laid in a structurally sound manner. Laying each brick one on top of the other, for example, enables cracks to run the
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length of the wall. When the bricks are offset, as is common, the mortar is less prone to crack severely.
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6. Plumbing There are specific plumbing activities that must occur in structures that require plumbing for them to function effectively. This entails installing pipelines and fittings for both incoming and departing potable water and waste. 7. Welding Welding is the method of joining two metals together with heat. It is a critical action in construction that is used to bond metals, particularly for structural purposes. Various forms of welding can be employed on various metals and under various conditions. Welding requires a high level of skill and can be difficult to master. It is extremely risky, thus building businesses must follow strict safety requirements. 8. Electrical Individuals working as electricians on a construction project are responsible for ensuring that the structure has complete access to electricity from the transformer provided by the electrical provider, which is close to the building. The installation of electricity in a building involves multiple processes, including temporary electrical needs, a rough installation, and finally the permanent installation that will be used. 9. Roof laying Roofing is a crucial construction operation that ensures a structure's protection from the elements while also contributing to its stability. Roofing can be done in a variety of ways. Residential roofs are commonly made of shingles, but there are also metal, polycarbonate, and steel roofs, as well as a variety of others. 10. Glazing Anything to do with glass windows and doors in a construction project falls under this category. The phrase is used to refer to the installation of pretty much any glass that is utilised in the construction of a building. 11. Finishing In building, finishing refers to applying the last touches to a structure to make it ready for use. Activities such as glazing, flooring, painting, wallpapering, and plastering is examples of this. Although all finishing operations are an important aspect of a finished building product, it is most frequently about final aesthetic touches and slightly less concerning safety and function.
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Undertaking all aspects of planning and organising work tasks Follow these steps to undertake all parts of planning and organising work tasks: 1. Examine essential aspects of the work task with stakeholders. The project plan is frequently confused with the project timeline; however, it encompasses nearly the whole planning process. It's critical to keep all of the project's stakeholders informed. The project's stakeholders frequently lack a thorough understanding of the project plan. The project and its outcome have an impact on stakeholders. Explaining the plan to the stakeholders may result in commitment and bids being received for the project. Stakeholders approve and evaluate those who are associated with them, hence documentation is essential in all aspects of a project plan. 2. Assign responsibilities and positions. •
Project sponsor
•
Defined business exports
•
Project manager
•
Project team
•
End users
•
Others
3. Organize a kick-off meeting. A kick-off meeting is a practical way to gather stakeholders together to discuss the project in greater detail. Because everyone's input is on the table, this technique builds trust among team members. The following are some topics to discuss at a kick-off meeting: •
Ground rules
•
Roles and duties
•
Team commitments
•
Decision-making strategies
4. Develop scope statement One of the most significant aspects of a project plan is the scope statement. It determines the construction project's outcome. The scope of the project will change and alter over time. 5. Develop baseline management strategies The scope statement's deliverables must be turned into a work breakdown structure (WBS), which breaks down the deliverables and establishes the scope baseline. Scope baselines
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define what work needs to be done and organise deliverables into a hierarchy based on the level of detail required for activities and tasks.
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6. Develop Schedule The construction project schedule is a timeline that the project manager creates and that team members utilise as a visual blueprint for construction projects. Project schedules enable teams to break down the overall strategy into smaller, more achievable chunks. The planning and scheduling of construction projects keep the crew on schedule and organised. They also make it easier for subcontractors and workers to communicate with each other by offering extensive explanations of each team member's unique deadlines concerning the broader project timetable. It is critical to include a cost baseline in the schedule, which is the cost by period. 7. Develop staffing plan Staffing plans explain which resources come in and out of the project over a set period, frequently monthly, quarterly, or annually. Staffing plans are similar to Gantt charts, with the exception that they do not include start/end dates, tasks, estimations, or the key path of development. 8. Analyse project quality and risk plans The actions that assure the final result meets the customer's and sponsor's expectations are referred to as project quality. Project quality is all about preventing faults, not only examining the product and rectifying them at the end. Setting measurements, standards, and acceptance criteria to guarantee that quality reviews and inspections are coordinated are all part of implementing quality programmes.
WHAT WILL I LEARN? In this chapter, you will learn about the following: 1.
Determine work task outcomes and other requirements.
2.
Break the work task into its component tasks.
3.
Assess the component tasks to determine what needs to be done and how it is to be done.
4. Estimate the time and the number of personnel required to complete each component task. 5.
Identify the tools and equipment required, including personal protective equipment (PPE) for each stage of the task
6. Plan the sequence of the component tasks in a logical order and to maximise efficient use of resources. 7.
Prepare a written work plan and a list of resources required to
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1.1
Determine work task outcomes and other requirements
In this section, firstly, you must be clear about what type of work you will be doing in the given project. Everything should be written down before actual work is carried out, which includes the required procedure and equipment that will be used in construction work. Make sure you have all the details about the working area from where you will start your job, for example: •
The site –It includes access to all required equipment. Further, you also need to collect information about other structures and buildings and their types.
•
The weather – Is there wind, rain, or other bad weather? Is it too dark?
•
Traffic –In this section, you should check how many people move close to the site or any road near the working area so that there should be a setup of barrier or sign for people and equipment safety.
•
Hazards –You should be clear about potential hazards on the worksite. This includes inspecting worksites, conducting Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and understanding Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS). Further, you should assess environmental hazards.
Besides the above information, you also need to make sure you have detailed information about the type of work you will be doing: •
Communications – What are the different ways to communicate with other workers?
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•
Procedures and rules –Are any special permits or licenses required? Are there any set rules of the site that will affect the way you will work?
Work instruction sources Work specifications and strategies are the characteristics that are necessary to complete a particular job or task. You may require a manual that includes plans, specifications, quality requirements, and operational details and checks the work accurately. Work instructions may be obtained via: •
Oral or written and graphic instructions
•
Signposts
•
Work schedules/plans/specifications
•
Work-related journal/newsletter/advertisements
•
Charts and hand drawings
•
Memos
•
Materials safety data sheets
•
Technical drawings or sketches
Environmental and workplace requirements for basic work tasks in construction:
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Clean-up management •Noise and dust •Vibration •Waste management. Hand tools Pneumatic tools Personal Protective Equipment Labour Safety data sheets (SDS) Proper safety operating procedures Effective control measures Proper reporting procedures
Skill requirements for workers in construction: 1.
Physical Strength and Endurance
Construction is a physically hard career, which should come as no surprise. Many duties on a construction site necessitate considerable power and stamina. Almost half of all construction jobs will include heavy lifting and physical stamina. To execute manual labour successfully and safely, both indoors and outdoors, workers will need to have good posture and form. 2. Hand-Eye Coordination and Dexterity Construction workers must have hand-eye coordination and dexterity in addition to physical strength. Long hours of sitting, laying, and standing is required in construction tasks. In any situation, limb coordination is required to move both arms and legs rapidly and accurately. Construction work necessitates strong vision as well. To operate equipment efficiently, skilled employees must be able to read documents, scrutinise details at close and long ranges, and view gauges and dials. 3. Construction and engineering knowledge Technical understanding is just as crucial as athletic ability. A lack of proper training and experience with specific types of work account for about 36% of contractor failures. A worker's RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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skill set is enhanced by familiarity with the materials and tools required to perform a wide range of construction services. You should be able to perform the following tasks: •
Masonry
•
Surveying
•
Ironwork
•
Plumbing
•
HVAC
•
Demolition
•
Building and repair of structures, highways, and bridges
•
Renovations
•
Framing
•
Roofing
•
Knowledge of and experience with building materials
•
Power tools
•
Wallcovering
It's also crucial to understand and distinguish between the numerous types of heavy equipment required for specific operations. 4. Excellent reading and math abilities Work in the construction industry entails more than just manual labour. Calculating building supplies, keeping track of measurements, and determining necessary adjustments will require workers to have a working grasp of math, algebra, and geometry. Reading is also a valuable ability, as construction work necessitates a lot of documentation and blueprint interpretation. 5. Memory Those who need to be reminded of how to perform jobs regularly will not fare well in the sector. Employees who can work freely and self-sufficiently are sought by construction companies. Because construction work necessitates precision and accuracy, having a good memory is a must for remembering key details, processes, and procedures. 6. Communication
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One of the most important construction skills is communication. Poor communication is responsible for 48% of all construction reworks. Construction employees will need to communicate questions, directions, and decisions to their team on the job site, as well as write emails, reports, and documentation. The following are examples of communication skills: •
Reading
•
Vocabulary
•
Ability to listen to and follow directions
•
Written communication
•
Verbal communication
7. Knowledge of Technology One of the most major building developments that will affect the business in the next years is technology. According to building technology firm Knowledge, 54 per cent of construction firms have new technology research and development teams. Today's workforce must adapt to innovations in building technology to stay competitive in the market, such as: •
Augmented reality
•
BIM (building information modelling)
•
Drones
•
Virtual reality
•
Mobile apps
•
Construction management software
8. Decision-Making and Problem-Solving Capabilities On the job site, there are always issues. Whether it's faulty measurements or project delays, problems need to be handled right away to keep a project on track, especially when workers' safety is at stake. To supply solutions, every construction worker must be able to make quick decisions and think on their feet. 9. Teamwork Construction work is a team activity that necessitates regular coordination with co-workers. There is no time for conflicts and ambiguities on the job site. Workers who can work well with their coworkers and communicate effectively with them will be able to motivate their team and ensure that the project is completed on time.
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Construction workers require emotional intelligence in addition to the collaboration. According to studies, the most successful project managers devote 60 to 80 per cent of their time to project management's people skills. Outcomes of work tasks Construction projects have strict timelines; any delays can cost a lot of money, so they must be avoided. To do this, building progress should be closely monitored to ensure that deadlines and goals are reached on time. A method to track progress takes a lot of planning, and without it, the project could become unorganised. To determine the outcomes of work tasks and other requirements, perform the processes listed below: •
Examine the construction site and determine its state of completion.
•
Examine the quality of the materials and workmanship.
•
Check for compliance with the construction finance agreement's terms.
•
Examine the contractor's payment application for accuracy.
•
Track construction changes, including possible and pending change orders, and report them.
•
Identify and report the status of stored materials, as well as off-site materials if necessary.
•
Determine whether the construction timetable is being followed.
•
Consult with relevant agencies, architects and engineers, material testing laboratories, and trained building inspectors to ensure that quality control mechanisms are in place.
•
Evaluate the quality of the on-site labour and handle any potential work stumbling blocks or halts.
•
If necessary, assess the amount of money left over to finish the project and make recommendations.
•
Verify that all major contract payment invoice applications are accompanied by a current conditional and unconditional lien release.
1.2
Break the work task into its component tasks
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What is a Work Breakdown Structure in construction? In construction, a work breakdown structure (WBS) is a hierarchical method of structuring a project. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a single document that splits project deliverables into digestible portions called work packages or component tasks. The 100 per cent rule is a major principle of the WBS for a construction project. The work breakdown structure must indicate the whole project scope, including all deliverables, such as design, engineering, and project management services, according to this regulation. The goal of a WBS in a construction project In construction, the purpose of a work breakdown structure is to make the project more manageable. The WBS divides the construction project into components, defining the project scope and all deliverables in great detail. Decomposing the work task into its component elements enables project planners to do a better job of: •
calculating costs,
•
delegating tasks, and
•
ensuring that progress is being made following the timeline and budget.
The WBS also establishes the framework for effective communication among all project participants. The primary objectives of WBS in construction are as follows: •
Defining crew and subcontractor tasks and deliverables
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•
Setting up milestones and checkpoints for progress
•
Establishing quality assurance and approval requirements
•
Providing details on each deliverable's construction processes
How to use a WBS in construction? A construction work breakdown structure normally contains at least three layers. •
Place the completed product on the first level.
•
On the second, key deliverables, and
•
On the third, work packages
Who do you need to include in a construction project WBS? The work breakdown structure for a building project is a collaborative effort. Participants in the project include: •
architects,
•
engineers,
•
contractors in general,
•
accountants and financial managers
•
owners
They're all a part of the WBS. The WBS is usually owned by the project manager, who is in charge of any revisions. It's just as crucial to omit people from your building project WBS as it is to include them. When there are too many people involved, coordinating the construction of the work breakdown structure may become unworkable. Although project managers should seek feedback on the draught from site superintendents, subcontractors, and work crews, they do not normally have a hand in creating the WBS. How do you create a construction WBS? Take the project's final goal — a finished building — and break it down into smaller parts until you reach the smallest element of work to produce a construction work breakdown structure. (You can also reverse engineer a project by starting from the beginning — with the smallest parts of work — and working your way up to the greatest element, such as a finished structure.) How to break down a work task into its component tasks using a work breakdown structure? The entire procedure entails determining what tasks make up your job task, their interdependencies, and the time limitations. We can construct a robust breakdown procedure after we have all three. In a nutshell, the methods to breaking down work tasks into their component tasks are as follows: RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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1.
Identify the tasks
2.
Look at task dependencies
3.
Set milestones
Step 1: Identify the tasks Identify tasks by their completion time You can categorise tasks based on how long they take to finish. Typically, you'll want to break down a work task into smaller activities that may be completed in a reasonable amount of time. The longer they drag on, the less time they have to meet deadlines and the less productive they are. This is also a sign that the assignment is too large or complex. Identify tasks by their importance If you're having problems finding tasks, start by asking yourself, "What stages must be completed for the work task to be completed?" Breaking down a job task into its essential duties first allows you to break it into larger portions. It also recognises milestones and offers you a head start on breaking them down into manageable portions. Identify tasks with input from the team Consult your teammates if you're managing a team and don't want to make your approximate estimates for fear of making a mistake. After all, they'll have the greatest idea of which tasks are most important for the job and how much time they'll take to do them. Identify tasks by the “definition of done” Finally, you can use the so-called "definition of done" to identify jobs. Rather than attempting to do a task flawlessly, you work on it until it is complete enough to be checked off. The "definition of done" is a collection of agreed-upon criteria used by team members to determine whether a task is finished/ready. This means you can prioritise jobs based on how much effort is required to attain the greatest result without going overboard. Step 2: Look at task dependencies Finding out which tasks take precedence over others is the second phase in work task breakdowns. To do so, we must examine how the tasks are related to one another. If you're requested to paint a wall, for example, you'll know that you'll need to buy paint first. When it comes to task scheduling, the same idea applies. You must determine which tasks are contingent on the fulfilment of others. This is critical for a variety of reasons: •
Assists in identifying scheduling concerns and potential workflow challenges.
•
Makes monitoring, troubleshooting, and management easy.
•
Enables you to identify areas where the workflow can be sped up or slowed down.
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Step 3: Set milestones After you've broken down the work task into its component tasks, you'll need to put them all together in a framework. This is where the aforementioned milestones come into play. Every week, every two weeks, every month, etc., there should be a milestone based on your ultimate completion deadline. You can sort the jobs using that period to determine whether any are too huge or too tiny. Milestones provide a different viewpoint on the timetable, offering new light on how the tasks were created.
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1.3
Assess the component tasks to determine what needs to be done and how it is to be done
After breaking down the component tasks, the next step is to evaluate component tasks to determine the key steps that should be implemented to determine the key steps implemented and the procedure that should be implemented during the project. In this task, you would determine the following: •
Component tasks.
•
Explanation of each tasks.
•
Time required
•
Human resource requirements.
Following are the component tasks to plan and organise a basic work task on a construction site to construct a timber deck. Component tasks
Explanation
Component Task 1: Determine the human resource requirements by measuring the work area.
Examine the plans and specifications for any flaws. Determine the dimensions.
site
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Team time days
0.5 days
Number of personnel required 3
deck's
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Component Task 2: Make sure you have the right tools and equipment for the job.
Inspect the air compressor for lubricants, hydraulic fluid, and water.
0.5 days
3
Perform visual inspections of the tools and notify the assessor/trainer of any flaws. Conduct safety inspections on the routing of the electric tools' cables (circular-saw).
Component Task 3: Excavate the location.
Knock in pegs at the corners and check the diagonals for squareness to mark out the deck location. Remove grass and topsoil to a depth of 75mm with a shovel, chipping away at hardened spots with a mattock.
1 day
3
Component Task 4: Construct the framework
End joists between the bearers and the joists at 780mm and 1580mm, securing temporarily with galvanised flathead ails through the outside of the bearers and skewed through the top of the joist into the bearer in a level surface position.
1 day
3
Component Task 5: Place the frame in the desired location.
Place the frame against any existing landscape elements, support it with packing blocks, and level it with a spirit level. TIP The tank slab is level with the frame's base, which is 20mm below the paved surface.
0.5 days
3
Component Task 6: Ensure that the posts are secure
Dig 200 x 200 x 400mm deep post holes and set a 600mm post 20mm from the top against each joist and bearer. Drill 3.5mm pilot holes in the joists and bearers, then secure them with bugle head screws and galvanised Cuphead bolts.
0.5 days
3
Component Task 7: The posts should be concreted.
Check the level of the frame, then pour a 20-kilo bag of dry quick-set concrete into each hole, mix well, and let it set. TIP For water drainage, use a steel
0.5 days
3
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float to tilt the concrete away from the post. Component Task 8: Make sure the frame is level.
Place the last three joists in the middle of the other joists and secure them all with framing anchors. Mark high and low points using a straightedge along the bearers and across the joists, then use a power planer to remove high spots to create a level surface.
0.25 days
3
Component Task 9: Ensure the boards are secure.
Place a decking board with a 25mm overlap on the front and sides of the frame all around. To align the boards, run a stringline between the nails at the ends, then use a screw as a spacer, drilling 2mm pilot holes and attaching with decking screws.
1 days
3
Component Task 10: Complete the deck.
Place five boards at a time, marking the centre of each joist with a straightedge to drill pilot holes and fasten with decking screws. Decking screws are used to secure the fascia boards to the front bearing and outside joists.
0.25 days
3
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1.4
Estimate the time and the number of personnel required to complete each component task
In task management, being able to accurately estimate time and people is vital. You won't be able to estimate how long your task will take, how many people you'll need to finish it or acquire commitment from the individuals who need to sign it off if you don't have it. Follow these procedures to estimate the amount of time and personnel needed to execute each component task: 1.
Understand what's required
Start by listing all of the tasks that must be completed inside the task. Make time for meetings, reporting, communications, testing, and other activities that are crucial to the task's accomplishment as part of this.
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2. Order these activities Now, write down all of the activities you selected in the order that they must occur. You don't need to include how long you expect activities will take at this point. You should, however, make a note of any key deadlines. 3. Decide who you need to involve You can do the estimates yourself, have a group brainstorm, or enlist the help of others. Wherever possible, enlist the help of the people who will be doing the work, as they are more likely to have relevant experience. They'll take more ownership of the time estimates they come up with if they're involved, and they'll work harder to reach them. 4. Make your estimates Now it's time to make your estimates. Whatever method you use, keep the following guidelines in mind: •
To begin, estimate the time required for each task rather than the entire project.
•
The level of depth you need to go into is determined by the situation. For example, you may just require a basic outline of time estimates for future project phases, but thorough projections for the current phase will almost certainly be required.
•
Make a list of any important assumptions, exclusions, and limitations, as well as any data sources you rely on. This can come in handy if your estimations are called into question, and it will also allow you to spot any potential risk areas if conditions alter.
•
Assume that your resources will be useful for just 80% of the time. Allow for unforeseen circumstances like illness, supply issues, equipment failure, accidents and crises, problem resolution, and meetings.
•
If any of your team members are only working part-time on your project, keep in mind that they may lose time switching between jobs.
•
Keep in mind that people are prone to overconfidence and may considerably underestimate the time it will take them to finish activities.
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1.5
Identify the tools and equipment required, including personal protective equipment (PPE) for each stage of the task
It is important to select plants, tools and equipment according to the type of work. Before choosing the tools, it is necessary to inspect them properly to ensure safety and avoid any unnecessary risks. If you find any fault in the tools or equipment, you should use a lockout tag, discuss the Supervisor’s fault, and prepare a fault report. Basic tools and equipment Following are some of the basic tools and equipment that you may use for the construction task: Hand tools include: •
retractable tape measure
•
builders square
•
string line
•
hand saw
•
hammer
•
chisel
•
trimming knife
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•
clamps
•
spirit level
•
tin snips
•
shovel/spade
•
mattock
•
crowbar/fencing bar
Power and pneumatic tools may include: •
circular saw
•
reciprocating saw
•
angle grinder
•
drill/driver drill
•
nail gun
•
bench grinder
•
jack hammer
•
extension lead
•
portable residual current device
•
air compressor and hoses.
Selecting tools and equipment When selecting tools and equipment, you should consider the following: •
Availability of tools or equipment- are the tools or equipment available onsite?
•
Application of tools or equipment - is the tool or equipment correct and relevant to the task.
•
Suitability of tools or equipment -Is the tool or equipment suited to the site conditions:
You must follow company procedures and manuals while choosing and inspecting tools and equipment. Personal protective equipment A person shown in the image may be considered ready for work, but it cannot be assumed that he is prepared for all kinds of labour. The attire and equipment worn by this individual is a beginning point for a construction employer. Being ready for work is vital, and usually, good heavy-duty clothing, and safety shoes, and hard hats are excellent beginning points. This is often the only beginning, and selecting the right equipment depends on the task to be performed.
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Figure: Properly dressed workers Requirement of PPE – When and Where? Personal protective equipment (PPE) has been designed for safeguarding masses from injury. It’s considered the last shield against hazards. Your employer will provide PPE to you, and it’s your responsibility to use it properly. It is strongly recommended that you simply do so when it’s appropriate. The selection and use of PPE shouldn’t be taken lightly or ignored. Many hazards within the construction industry can cause serious harm. The right selection of the acceptable PPE is important. When considering buying PPE, choose items that are quality products and fit comfortably and are convenient to use. Types of protection and their description Protection location
Description
Foot protection
Safety boots
Noise protection
Earflaps or earphones
Eyes protection
Full face guards or spectacles
Head protection
Hard hats or helmets
Respiratory protection
Masks
and
filtering
respirators
for
protection against chemical, gas and tiny particles
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Hand protection
Gloves for hands
Skin protection
Sunscreen
PPE elements The following explains a range of PPE that you must be arranged to wear down. Apparel Sensible attires that works as a safeguard from the sun and is hard enough to prevent irritating scratches. Avoid loose or baggy as these kinds of attires can get easily grabbed by obstructions or in machinery. Some circulation of air is recommended; therefore, clothes should not be skin tight. Clothes that are sun-safe and have breathable heavy-duty cotton materials are recommended for general-purpose within the construction industry. Safety shoes/boots Safety boots should be of the best quality that has steel caps in the toe as it saves you from objects falling onto your feet. Shoes should be flex sufficiently when there is a requirement of climbing ladders or so on. There are different types of tasks during construction, such as working on the ground, below ground in trenches or on the roof; therefore, does not wear thongs or open foot-ware as these can lead to serious harm to your feet. At last, most construction sites have banned such types of practices. Hearing protection When there is an excessive noise that is more than 70 decibels, then hearing protection becomes essential. To cut brick, timber, tiles and other materials, circular saws are used, which creates amplitude that can damage your hearing capacity permanently. This is a long-term process that causes permanent harm after many years in the industry. Some masses take these guidelines too lightly; therefore, they lose their sense of hearing at the end. The earplugs are shown in the above figure offer excellent safeguard, and these reduce the noise level to 20 to 35 acceptable decibels. It is best to possess suitable protection that gives safe reduction. Eye protection If there is a chance to get something caught in your eyes, then protecting your eyes is a must. Therefore, masses should wear quality glasses during the construction that would also protect their eyes from sunlight. Furthermore, other forms for safeguarding eyes are also available such as face shields etc. Head protection RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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Construction employees are now expected to wear hard hats as a safety measure. This is now needed on commercial construction sites, and you will not be allowed to work without them. The construction industry is reluctant to make hard hats mandatory, but they should be taken seriously. There are basic hard hats, ventilated hard hats, and hardhat accessories such as wide brims, ear muffs, and communication devices to choose from. Hand protection There are different kinds of gloves available in the market to protect hands, such as ordinary purpose gloves, heat protection gloves, chemical protection gloves, and many others. It is recommended to wear gloves for protecting hands from cuts and chemical attacks. Mouth or breathing protection To protect the mouth from dust, fumes and chemical vapours, it is necessary to wear a mask while working. There are several types of masks available, choose according to your requirements. Below are masks for dust, mist and fume protection Safeguard for skin Some other kinds of PPE are available that are considered as the part of instrument kit. •
Sun blocker which has SPF30+
•
Extended brims for hard hats
•
Protective creams from cement etc.
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1.6
Plan the sequence of the component tasks in a logical order and to maximise efficient use of resources
Construction sequencing and scheduling entail planning construction activities while taking into account resources, space limits, and other factors. Construction scheduling and sequence analysis ensure that staging is streamlined and potential conflicts are identified. Construction sequencing frequently necessitates the use of scheduling and sequencing software to establish, maintain, and communicate the project plan to stakeholders via various reports. To visualise the sequence and scheduling challenges, a variety of representation strategies are used. The sequencing model ensures that the construction process runs as smoothly as possible. The process of listing activities and tasks with a specified start and finish date is known as sequencing and scheduling in construction. Traditional planning approaches fail to link directly to the building model, therefore construction sequencing management becomes critical. The installation of project equipment and materials, as well as the grouping of components, frameworks, or subsystems, is dependent on the plant sequence, according to a building sequence. The Construction Sequence develops approaches that are based on engineering, design, and operation. The importance of sequencing in construction projects cannot be overstated, as it is critical to the project's success. Construction sequencing should be observed throughout the project as a best practice. Before any changes in construction operations are carried out, it is also necessary to modify
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the written agreement. If the construction site inspection indicates that it is necessary, the plan can be revised. The sequence of the component tasks /Planning of component tasks to complete work tasks: The approaches listed below will assist you in creating a logical sequence for the component jobs while also maximising resource efficiency: Design & Initiation During the commencement phase, perform a high-level risk analysis at the start of the work. Identifying important risks at the start of the project will help your team prepare for any eventuality. The Concept What are the task's requirements, aims, and objectives? You'll make judgments based on the scope of the project, the construction site, and the actual design of the structure. This is a compilation of all relevant information for each room or place under consideration. The Schematic Design This is a chart that represents all of the different parts, materials, sizes, colours, textures, and so on. The floor plan, elevations, and even a site plan are all included. Design Development This necessitates investigation. You'll now be fine-tuning the original drawings from the previous stage to suit your new choices. At this point, knowing and abiding by local building codes will be critical. •
What materials should you use?
•
What will be required in terms of equipment?
•
What is the cost of the materials?
Assemble the contract documents. These are the final construction drawings and specifications. Outside contractors will utilise this to bid on the task. Preconstruction & Planning It's now time to start assigning roles and making preparations to ensure the task's success. •
Create teams and ensure that each team has the necessary skills and certifications to perform a task.
•
If you have untrained members of your team, ensure sure they are all trained.
•
Investigate the location and see if anything is required.
•
The construction site must be prepared, which may entail dealing with environmental issues such as the soil's appropriateness for construction.
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Fundamental guidelines, such as scope, cost, and timetable, should be set and fine-tuned at this stage. Risk is defined, and potential solutions are sketched out based on a variety of circumstances. There should be no ambiguity about who is responsible for what. Procurement You've got people, and you've planned out the building and supplies you'll need to finish it; now it's time to get those materials and equipment. Depending on the organisation of the construction company, this may be the duty of the general contractor or subcontractors. You'll be working with purchase orders, which operate as a contract between the buyer and the seller, as well as requests for bids (bidding/tendering) from architects and engineers to contractors, at this point. Every credible solution is weighed against the owner's priorities and the contractors' capacity to deliver. General contractors, speciality contractors, specialised equipment, furnishings and landscapers, and others fall into this category. Execution & Construction Finally, you're ready to begin construction! However, you must first hold a preconstruction meeting to discuss labour hours, material storage, quality control, and site access. Performance Control Things will certainly change or go wrong during this time. Make certain that everyone on your team is communicating and remaining flexible. Project managers who are good at what they do know how to adapt to and solve difficulties. Recognize that some things will not go as planned when you begin the endeavour. Delivery & Close This is where the task comes to a close. Make a list of everything that has to be finished and allocate it to a team member. Finally, the task's total success is determined by the owner's happiness. The final step is for the residents to move in or acquire ownership of the property after the construction is completed. You must ensure that all of their needs have been met, and you must normally provide a warranty period to formalise and cement the agreement. Benefits of sequencing component tasks in construction: •
It gives project activities dates.
•
Preliminary costs can be anticipated based on construction sequencing and timing.
•
It assists in determining whether or not the project's deadline is realistic.
•
It can also be used to create tender estimates for projects.
•
It aids in the coordination of project resources such as supplies, equipment, and labour.
•
It gives you a list of chores to complete. This aids in the identification of the next activities to be prepared for.
•
It aids the building crew in meeting their objectives within the time frame set.
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•
It aids in the concentration of safety-related actions.
•
It aids in the tracking of actual work done to see whether the building is progressing as planned.
•
It aids in the elimination of problems caused by manufacturing bottlenecks.
•
It gives detailed information about time, schedule, and resources.
•
It aids in the detection and resolution of workplace conflicts.
•
It aids in the optimization of quality control measures.
•
It assists in achieving the best degree of productivity possible.
Proper sequencing, scheduling, and planning ensure that the project is completed on time and within budget. This not only establishes the work's speed but also gives an overview of how the duties are carried out. It identifies the methods and sequences used to convey materials. Out-of-sequence work, scheduling conflicts between numerous trades, and diverse scenarios and phasing techniques are all revealed by construction sequencing management. Finally, the goal is to complete projects on schedule and budget. Construction Sequencing Management aids in the achievement of this goal.
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1.7
Prepare a written work plan and a list of resources required to complete the overall work task
When you begin a project, it's critical to have a strategy in place for completing it. A welldeveloped construction work plan, also known as a construction management plan (CMP), is vital for successful completion on schedule and within budget, whether it's new construction, remodelling, restoration, or rebuilding. What is a construction plan? A construction plan is a compilation of documents that details the activities, resources, timetable, and budget for a building project. During the construction planning process, a construction plan is prepared, which contains the following: •
A written document outlining the methodology and strategy
•
Blueprints, computer-aided designs, pictures, and other illustrations
•
A work breakdown structure that breaks down all of the project's activities.
•
A construction project schedule that lays out all of the project's actions in chronological order.
•
Contractors, sponsors, crews, and other construction project participants and stakeholders.
Given that such projects are typically huge and complex, creating a construction strategy is critical. The likelihood of a successful project is considerably increased by proper and detailed construction planning. The more detail about your project the construction plan contains, the less probable it is that complications will develop during the execution phase. Your building plan (and construction timeline) should be rock solid before the ground is broken.
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Construction project management software with online Gantt charts can ensure that all of your meticulous construction planning doesn't go to waste during the execution phase. Why do you need a construction plan? Construction plans to aid in the justification of project feasibility and the development of appropriate timetables and goals. Typically, they can assist in bridging the communication gap between cross-disciplinary teams whose participation is required before the start of a project. The strategic components of a project might alter as the project's conditions change because it is a fluid project. The initial plan may be disturbed or need to be adjusted throughout the construction process to meet changes in weather conditions, materials, work crews, or technical challenges as they develop. Construction plans can assist the project manager and other stakeholders in referring back to their initial plan to ensure that the project is on track. By holding individuals accountable and ensuring that work is performed on time and within budget, these plans keep project commitment levels high. Types of Construction Management Plans Depending on the intended audience, construction management plans (CMPs) can take many different forms. To keep stakeholders informed, each demands a detailed but easy-tounderstand roadmap. Clients, contractors, and municipalities are among these stakeholders, and each may require one of three types of construction management plans: •
A CMP is given by the client that outlines the complete project from start to finish.
•
A contractor's CMP, which concentrates on the construction job and the plan for completing it.
•
A CMP that places the project in the context of its surroundings, focusing on the rules and regulations of the municipality where it is being implemented.
Whatever form of building planning you're doing, the ideal place to begin is at the end. You must understand what you're designing and where it will fit into the area in which it will be built. What Are the 5 phases of a construction plan? The five phases of project management will be followed by the high-level framework of any building plan (initiation, planning, execution, monitor and control, and closure). Initiation: Establish the stakeholders, resources, and project budget before the start of the project. Planning: Create defined, quantifiable, attainable, realistic, and time-bound objectives. Create a timetable and define the work activities. Execution: Assign tasks to contractor teams and monitor their progress. Monitor and Control: Keep an eye on your progress and results. Control: Bring the project to a close and assess the results. RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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What makes a good construction plan? Construction plans that are thorough and precise examine the expenses and requirements of a project. An accurate and strategic plan can outline what work has to be done and in what order, allowing for the delegation of outstanding work tasks and the referencing of pending work tasks. Important aspects that should be included in the plan are: 1.
Define All Work Tasks
Break those tasks down into sub-tasks as needed to get a clear picture of all the work that has to be done to finish the project. This covers all project teams, from the design and engineering team through the general contractor and subcontractors. 2. Determine the Work Sequence & Duration The work sequence specifies the order in which tasks are completed. If work is done wrong, it can cause project delays and hours of labour to be wasted. The project manager must estimate the time it will take to finish each task. This is critical for both calculating a budget after the strategic plan is in place and ensuring that all work assignments are sequenced correctly. While certain chores may be permitted to overlap, others must be completed in the order listed. Overall, a more precise length evaluation will result in greater efficiency. 3. Resource Breakdown Accurately analysing the resources necessary for work will result in a more accurate budget and guarantee that the appropriate amount of each resource is ordered, as well as other factors such as storage of that resource until it is ready to be utilised. The goals of a construction plan usually include: •
A description of the project's work tasks for each entity participating.
•
To define the relationship between various work tasks and the individuals who carry out those activities.
•
Make judgments on which technologies will be employed to ensure that the project is completed successfully.
•
Conduct a thorough evaluation of all resources required to finish a project.
•
Use the plan to determine the project's timeline and budget.
Steps to prepare a construction plan 1.
Define the Project •
What are the construction project's goals and objectives?
•
Who are the people involved?
•
How do you intend to carry it out?
2. Identify the Business Advantages •
What is the project's return on investment?
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3. Determine the scope of the project's activities. To visualise your project scope and specify all of the tasks required to generate the deliverables and meet the milestones of your construction project, use a work breakdown structure. 4. Create a list of resource requirements. Make a resource allocation for each activity. •
What tools and supplies will be required?
•
What are the labour specifications?
5. Create a Budget Estimate expenditures based on activities and resources needed to establish a budget. 6. Create a Schedule You need to design a timeline to buy the resources and execute the activities now that you know the activities and resources required for your project. 7. Identify Construction Permissions •
What are the requirements for obtaining approval and adhering to building and municipal codes?
8. Select the Team •
Define Who is in charge of the project?
•
Who will make up the teams that will carry out the plan?
•
What are the names of the contractors?
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Self-check assessment QUESTION 1 What procedures are required in breaking a work task into its constituent tasks? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2 What considerations should be made when creating a construction plan? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3 Describe any two strategies for estimating the time it will take to perform each component task. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER 2: ORGANISE PERFORMANCE OF BASIC WORK TASK
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Introduction Whether you've worked on projects before or this is your first, there's a lot to keep track of when you're the one in charge of making sure everything comes together. You have clients and supervisors to please, a budget to stick to, a team to lead, and a finite amount of time to achieve some difficult objectives. Organising the implementation of work task planning 1.
Create a work plan
Getting organised is the first step toward staying organised. It may be tempting to move forward to organise things as you go, but excellent planning is necessary. Invest the time necessary to create a comprehensive work plan to build the framework for a successful, wellorganized work job. 2. Establish a work schedule Between a work plan and a work schedule, there is a lot of overlap. The work schedule is a key aspect of the strategy, and it includes data from the budget, goals, and deliverables, as well as the timeline. Identify all of the activities required to complete your task using the information obtained during the creation of your task plan. 3. Stick to deadlines Set deadlines for individual action items as well as high-level goals. You and your team are held accountable for the work you complete every day by the deadline. It gives you a clear image of what you'll need and when you'll need it. It will also assist your work team in remaining focused on the duties at hand rather than working on them on an as-needed basis. To keep the momentum flowing, encourage innovation, and avoid distractions, set rigorous deadlines. However, be careful not to overdo them and solicit feedback from your staff, as unreasonable deadlines are a morale killer. 4. Establish priorities A to-do list that isn't prioritised is useless. We often overlook prioritising and end up wasting a lot of time, effort, and money on unimportant things. Prioritize work assignments to establish what's vital and urgent for you, your team, and your organisation. When action items are not prioritised, the impression is created that everything is vital, and your staff will be putting out fires. 5. Communicate well Communication and organisation are inextricably linked. After all, even the best plan will be useless if your team fails to hear and comprehend it.
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In task management, it is critical to establish robust communication channels and expectations for communication. Be sure to model the type of communication you anticipate from all stakeholders as a task manager. 6. Track progress regularly. If you don't track your work progress, you'll never know if you're remaining organised and on schedule. Setting quantifiable targets and KPIs was part of your project planning process (key performance indicators). To ensure you're on track, collect data on those KPIs and run reports regularly.
What will I learn? In this chapter, you will learn about the following: 1.
Work with team members to review the work plan, schedule the work, allocate roles and responsibilities, and review work health and safety requirements.
2.
Confirm availability of required tools and equipment, including PPE.
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2.1
Work with team members to review the work plan, schedule the work, allocate roles and responsibilities, and review work health and safety requirements
Reviewing work plan Just because the construction is finished doesn't mean the planning is finished. It's critical to complete the close-out chores because the lessons learned and data gathered from this project affect how you approach the next project. This work can also be used to help plan out some of the details for your future project. You're well-equipped to execute an even more successful construction planning process the next time around, thanks to the fact that you have a well-defined construction project plan and a mechanism to track performance and hurdles. You'll know where the roadblocks are and what mistakes were made, and you'll be able to alter the next strategy to enhance your chances of success. This, however, should not be a purely mental exercise. Steps to review your work plan: •
Call a meeting with your crew to review your performance.
•
Hold a brainstorming session to come up with ideas about how you could have done things better and take copious notes. They're your eyes and ears, so take advantage of the opportunity to learn from them.
•
Create a final project budget and compare it to the initial budget to formally close out this project.
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•
Write a final project report and distribute it to relevant stakeholders.
A good construction software system should include custom reporting features that allow you to process your data and create reports that you can review after the project is completed to see where you can improve. stakeholders. What is role allocation? Role allocation in construction refers to the effective distribution of responsibilities among the appropriate workforce. This makes project management easier while maintaining maximum production and efficiency by allocating resources and labour in the most effective way possible. The allocation is based on how well-allocated resources and jobs will benefit the company. The main benefits of allocating roles and responsibilities include•
Manage many projects of various sizes at the same time with ease.
•
Cost-effective scheduling, which saves money for the company.
•
Increases production by reducing the amount of time and resources required.
•
Time management improves, and employees can record more precise shift times.
•
Employee morale is increased when they are aware that project managers are scrutinising productivity and employee skills.
•
Managing the workload of the team and making accurate project completion projections.
What to consider when allocating responsibilities? When allocating responsibilities within a team, leaders must consider five crucial aspects. It's critical to realise that ineffective staff scheduling will cost the company more money in missed productivity. Additionally, allocating tasks based on personal interests as well as individual competencies is beneficial. Below are the 5 key factors for allocating roles1.
Skills needed
Management should begin by evaluating the project's requirements in terms of the skillset necessary. This would be determined by the employee's abilities and credentials, with each work being assigned to the most qualified candidate for the job. Without a considerable system or skills training, the assigned staff person should be able to meet the requirements. 2. Task Priorities Task prioritising should be guided by the company's overarching objectives. To achieve highquality outcomes, the most timely or significant projects should be assigned first. 3. Labour Availability
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The skillset, as well as availability, will be used to narrow down the ideal person for the job. Managers must consider who has the time and bandwidth to fill the position. Transferring resources from one work to another can waste time and reduce production, putting both projects in danger of failure. Just because there is a highly qualified employee who fits the job description does not mean they are the only ones who can perform it. Only move individuals from one task to another as a last resort; otherwise, keep them focused on what they're doing now. 4. Employee Development When assigning tasks, there are development opportunities to consider. Constantly improving the skill set of the staff is beneficial to the firm. This necessitates striking a balance between assigning work to someone who possesses the necessary skills and someone who will be slightly pushed by the task, allowing them to pick up new skills. The ideal scenario would be to examine each employee's abilities and make decisions based on who can fulfil the assignment while also improving their experience and talents. 5. Personal Interest It is critical to assign work not only based on people's efficacy but also on what they enjoy doing. While this may not be practicable in many circumstances, connecting people to their areas of interest can help the company. People will be more driven to work on projects that interest them, the work will be of greater quality, and the connection formed with the team will increase employee retention. How to allocate roles and responsibilities to the required personnel? After considering the above points, the following five phases can be used to begin designing and allocating roles and duties. 1.
Set the Strategy
This specifies the project's direction, providing the team with a clear approach to follow to achieve the desired result. Involving the team in the decision-making process can be beneficial since it empowers them and motivates them to be more involved with the work. At this stage, it's also critical to establish the project's general goal and ensure that everyone engaged understands it. It's also crucial to examine several possibilities for what hurdles or problems can develop during the project so that the team can plan for them. 2. Planning phase This step entails prioritising resources while also considering the project's timeline and budget. Organizations can evaluate each task's action in terms of its impact on the overarching strategy's objectives. More funding or time might be dedicated to the projects that have the greatest impact.
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Also, keep track of which jobs will be simple to implement and require the fewest resources. To keep the team engaged, break down the work into high-level milestones and assign due dates. 3. Allocation Consider team members' experience, abilities, interests, and chances for advancement within the subject area when allocating these responsibilities to them. Give everyone on the team a rundown of what they need to do and the project's expected results. It's critical to encourage team members to ask questions and make recommendations to figure out whether there are any variations in expectations. Give deadlines and describe how the task's progress should be tracked and communicated (e.g. bi-weekly reporting). 4. Monitor Check in with the team on the project's development regularly and provide feedback that is weighted against the intended performance. Consider how you might help team members who are underperforming in terms of quality or efficiency get back on track. The manager's job is to encourage team members to stay on track with their responsibilities and finish them to a high standard. 5. Acknowledge Once the project is completed, it is critical to celebrate each team member's accomplishments and provide constructive feedback to assist fuel the team's internal motivation. Communicate what went well and what may be improved in all circumstances. Identify the source of low performance and consider measures to improve in the future. Management should keep track of the team's success rates to leverage the data for future promotions and project allocation. Companies will distribute work in a planned manner to get the most out of the team while saving expenses and increasing efficiency if responsibilities are allocated based on demand and skillset. Health and safety requirements Regardless of their occupation or sector, all employers have a responsibility to protect the health and safety of their employees. There are additional concerns to consider for construction employees who work in high-risk locations. It's up to you, as a construction project manager or site manager, to take the required safeguards and protect your workplace from avoidable dangers. At Latham, we've compiled a list of the top ten strategies to keep your construction site safe, so you can avoid unneeded stress for yourself and your staff. The following are the health and safety requirements for ensuring safety on the construction site: Start with safety training RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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Before starting work on-site, all staff must have a valid white card. Each worker should additionally receive site-specific induction training to identify any high-risk areas and provide emergency management instructions. Minimise and manage risk It is hard to eliminate all safety dangers due to the nature of building operations. Frequent safety hazards, on the other hand, can be prevented by conducting regular safety audits and putting in place mechanisms to report, assess, and resolve any risks. Site security Site access restrictions should be implemented for more than just protecting equipment from damage or theft. To safeguard pedestrians from potential construction risks, security is essential both during and outside of work hours. This includes site visitors who have been permitted to visit. Contractors will also be protected from accountability and negligence in the event of a safety incident or security breach if they follow strict security and safety measures. Safe work method assessment Before work begins on any high-risk construction project, a safe work method statement (SWMS) must be prepared. The SWMS should include information about the scope of work, any potential safety concerns, and how risks will be avoided and managed. Construction work can't start unless the SWMS standards are met, according to the legislation. Use clear signage throughout the site The site SWMS should be prominently displayed at the construction site so that all safety protocols, such as a 24-hour emergency contact number and a map or directions to the site office, are immediately available. Site utilities (such as bathrooms), entry and exit points, and first aid or emergency fire equipment should all be marked. Entry and exit points To improve pedestrian safety at high traffic areas, separate entry and departure points for heavy machinery/vehicle access should be constructed. Compliant chemical storage Chemicals must be stored with extreme caution on construction sites to avoid fires, explosions, asphyxiation, chemical damage, and pollution. To segregate chemicals and avoid spillage, use high-quality, compliant outdoor storage options like explosive storage cabinets. Environmental conditions Extreme weather conditions can put people's lives in jeopardy. In the event of a natural disaster, extreme environmental conditions, or other emergencies, your on-site emergency plan should provide clear directions for staff who need to halt working. First aid RTO 90306 | Construction Pathways | Module 1: Safe Industry Measures
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It is excellent practice in the construction business to have one first aid officer for every 25 workers. On-site first-aid kits and equipment must be kept in an immediately accessible location. Provide personal protective (PPS) equipment In many cases, an employer is required to provide PPE to construction site workers, such as high visibility vests, safety goggles, and safety harnesses. Contact Safe Work Australia to find out what PPS you need to supply for a specific project. Dropped objects It is your responsibility to keep objects secure on the premises and reduce the risk of them falling. This video highlights the dangers and how to avoid them by implementing preventative safety measures. Once the job is finished and your workers have gone home, construction safety does not end. All parties participating in the construction process have a responsibility to ensure that the proper equipment and high-quality materials are used to avoid future safety issues. Steps to review health and safety requirements: •
Determine whether the organization's current priorities, plans, and targets are reflected in the health and safety policy.
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Check to see if risk management and other health and safety systems have been reporting to the board successfully.
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Describe any health and safety issues that have arisen, as well as the impact of all applicable board and management decisions.
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Create a plan to address any flaws, as well as a mechanism to track their implementation.
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In the event of serious flaws or incidents, consider immediate evaluations.
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2.2 Confirm availability of required tools and equipment, including PPE
Some of the tools and equipment required for the construction tasks are: Hand tools include: •
retractable tape measure
•
builders square
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•
string line
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hand saw
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hammer
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chisel
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trimming knife
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clamps
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spirit level
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tin snips
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shovel/spade
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mattock
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crowbar/fencing bar
Power and pneumatic tools may include: •
circular saw
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reciprocating saw
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angle grinder
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drill/driver drill
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nail gun
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bench grinder
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jack hammer
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extension lead
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portable residual current device
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air compressor and hoses.
Follow these procedures to ensure that the essential tools and equipment are available/Estimating requirements for tools and equipment 1. Know what tool or equipment is required Before you begin the task, make sure you have a clear brief. What equipment is involved in the assignment should be clear to both you and the client? Confirm the scope with whoever needed to sign off on the job before it can begin. This is the final list of all the equipment that will be required for the project. Of course, as the project proceeds, that may alter, but you'll need a starting point to arrange your work and the people who should be engaged. 2. Plan in advance
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It is preferable to plan ahead of time for your equipment requirements. Waiting until you need a specific piece of equipment and then trying to book it carries far too much risk. That person may be completely engaged in another project, on vacation, or otherwise unavailable. Capacity planning includes the practice of scheduling tools and equipment in advance. It's critical to maintain a steady flow of work across the company. Capacity planning ensures that your resources are never overworked. No one is waiting for work to arrive, and everyone is aware of the commitments for the following quarter. Planning ahead of time for your project gives your client confidence that the project will take the time you say it will, and it helps the company manage the flow of tasks. 3. Confirm equipment availability It's a good idea to double-check what degree of approval you'll need to rent such equipment. In smaller groups, you may be able to speak directly with the individual and book them. Going through your resource manager or their team leader may be preferable in larger organisations. Before assigning someone to any assignment, make sure you understand how to access people's time. When you're sure the tool or equipment you'll need is going to be available when you need it, utilise your project management software to assign the relevant duties to that person. They will be able to see their impending tasks, deadlines, and expectations. 4. Remember to book equipment Make a list of every piece of equipment you'll need and make sure it's there when you need it. This may appear to be a lot of work. However, if you don't devote enough effort to resource management planning, your client may ask, "Why didn't you think about that earlier?" When you don't have the necessary equipment, project delays might occur, so book who you need as soon as possible to ensure a smooth procedure. .
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Self-check assessment QUESTION 1 What processes are involved in allocating roles and responsibilities to the relevant personnel? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
QUESTION 2 How to confirm the availability of required equipment on the construction site? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3 How should the work plan be reviewed? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
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CHAPTER 3: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
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Drawings and specifications What is a construction drawing? It's a design of what will be built, how it'll be laid out, the components, framework, and proportions. Every part of a construction project has its construction sketch that highlights the nuances. Construction drawingsare useful to various groups of workers who are responsible for carrying out or overseeing the tasks that make up a construction project. Common types of Construction drawings use regularly in construction industries: 1.
Block Plan
The layout of the site or nearby structures, as portrayed on a scaled map, is depicted in this drawing. •
It gives you a firsthand look at the roads, boundaries, and other key details regarding your construction site that you'll need to know.
•
It assists the person dealing with your building plan or project request in comprehending what and where you are suggesting it, as well as assisting you with it.
•
Block plans are drawn concerning Ordnance Survey maps, with scales of 1:2500, 1:1250, or 1:500 being preferred.
2. Architectural Drawings Architectural drawings are representations of a building's proportions, depth, and layout that are used in construction drawings before it is completed. Architectural drawings are used as a plan for a project, and they are created to scale to help engineers see it. Various types of Architectural Drawings commonly used are: Foundation plan – The floor or basement floor plan should not be confused with the foundation layout. The foundation plans are the blueprints that will be utilised to render any of the structure's floors while they are being constructed. They help visualise the proportions, size, shape, height, and placement of rooms/stairs/landings in relation to one another. Floor plans — a comprehensive rendering of each floor's room layout It displays the twodimensional alignment of rooms and components. Commercial and non-commercial construction projects may or may not use floor plans, but they must be produced as part of the process. Sectional Drawings - These drawings depict a sliced representation of a part or the full structure. It helps to understand the proportions of different building components in relation to one another, the materials used in their construction, the depth, height, and hollowness of those components, and so on.
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Elevation Drawings - These architectural drawings provide a visual representation of the building's numerous components, such as columns, windows, and doorframes. It also aids in understanding the surface, internal marks, and relative height of these many components with one another. 3. Production Drawings The on-site staff and engineers utilise these Construction Drawings to transmit functional information. It discusses the materials, how to assemble the various components, the tools required, the dimensions, and other information needed during the procedure. It might also include extra information or an infographic on how to meet the standards. 4. Structural Drawings They're useful for figuring out the physical elements of a structure's framework. They act as a structural design guide for staff and on-site engineers. Common types of structural drawings are: General Note - A overview of all the codes, processes, abbreviations, and other information required to provide a comprehensive guide to getting started on the construction site. This includes requirements for concrete mix, data for various structural drawings, component lengths and construction types, and so on. Excavation Drawing - Before the commencement of the actual building activity, this excavation drawing displays the size and locations of the excavation process. It contains information on tunnels, shafts, dirt removal, grid layouts, and other foundation-related aspects. Column Layouts - These structural drawings offer layouts for how columns will be placed out. It makes it simple for contractors to plan the layout of the building, starting with identifying the position and spacing between columns on each floor. Beam Layouts – All beam-like structures, such as those that support the roof and windows, as well as those that are used for reinforcement, are included in Beam Layouts. They're made to order for each level, taking into account length, height, material, and other considerations. 5. Electrical drawings On most residential and commercial construction plans, a functional sketch of the number of power outlets, light fixtures, fan fixtures, and other objects is necessary. They also include details on the wire configuration and the maximum electrical load it can handle. The following are some examples of common electrical drawing details: •
Layout for earthing
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Arrangement of light fixtures
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Generator and additional tools
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The layout of cable trays
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•
Classifications of hazardous areas
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Lighting safety system
6. Plumbing Drawings Plumbing drawings, like electrical drawings, illustrate where plumbing components must be installed in a residential or commercial facility. Once the structural component is complete, there is ample area for more pipe and sanitary ware fixtures to be placed. On plumbing designs, the following items are usually seen: •
Pipes (water, drainage, and internal pipes)
•
Pipes' materials
•
Water outlets (taps, sinks, tanks, etc.)
•
Pipes and outlets' position and location
7. HVAC Drawings They're known as mechanical construction drawings. They provide specifics and a design framework for the heating and ventilation systems of a building. Depending on the need and location, central heating/cooling, air conditioning vents, ventilators, and other amenities are all included in the building plans. As a result, these design structures are used by builders in their job. 8. Finishing Drawings After the structural and architectural framework has been established, these drawings feature finer and more comprehensive plans of the building. These are necessary for the building's aesthetic and practical value. The following items are included in these building drawings: •
Tile designs,
•
Patterns on the floor
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Ceilings that aren't true
•
Use different colours and textures when painting.
•
Plaster
•
Woodwork
•
Designs and motifs
What Are construction specifications?
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Construction specifications commonly referred to as specs describe the effort and workmanship required to accomplish a project. There's no avoiding them. They constitute part of a formal procedure as needed documentation during the design phase. Construction specifications are created as part of the contract paperwork before construction begins, during the design process. Although their structure differs from project to project, they often mirror packages that contractors will deliver to subcontractors.
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Who handles construction specifications? The specs are usually written by the architect or designers. Architects typically delegate tasks, however due to their breadth of technical knowledge, project engineers are frequently involved. To ensure that all aspects of large-scale projects are addressed, experienced and expert specification writers may be required. Specs should be established in parallel with these papers, despite the fact that they are separate from design drawings. As a result, as the design evolves, so should the specifications, with more and more information supplied as the plans become more complex. Main types of construction specifications: Each project is distinct and will necessitate its own set of specifications and, most likely, packages. Following are the main types of construction specifications commonly used on projects: 1.
Prescriptive: Specifies which materials and installations are required to execute a project. Prescriptive specifications also outline how to assess installations to ensure that they meet project quality and requirements.
2. Performance: This section describes the operational requirements. The performance specifications should effectively communicate to the contractor what is required for the final product and how it should function once completed. 3. Proprietary: 3. Proprietary: While proprietary specifications are less common than prescriptive and performance specifications, they are employed when only one specific product may be used for an installation. In the construction industry, the specification might include anything: •
Establishment of the site.
•
The sort of contract.
•
Criteria for asset performance
•
Quality of systems and products.
•
Appropriate standards and how they are implemented
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The products that will be used.
The following are the main reasons why the specification is so important in the construction process: •
The specification specifies the project's purpose, performance, and construction.
•
It can be used to refer to the quality and standards that should be followed.
•
Materials and goods from producers can be accurately identified.
•
The requirements for installation, testing, and handover can be identified.
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•
Handover and asset management might be aided by classification within the specification.
•
It reduces the amount of information on the design or model, making it easier to recognise the information.
•
Not only can a specification help with project costs, but it can also help with performance and workmanship.
•
The specification, together with the drawings, is part of the contractual documentation, reducing project risk and providing assistance in the event of legal issues.
•
It aids in the understanding of client briefs and ensures that the client's commissioned asset is delivered.
•
It's critical for the construction phase, as well as a key component of the soft-landing process, asset management, and lifecycle planning.
•
A specification gives answers to many onsite construction questions by being clear, concise, and information-rich, saving the project team, client, and contractor time and money.
•
The specification is a living document that will be used by the entire project team during construction; its value does not cease with the design phase.
•
It forms a component of the project audit trail and a critical part of the handover documentation, creating the basis for asset management, asset maintenance, and even feeding into staff training and human resources policy, along with any changes or value engineering.
Recording work task planning and organising activities Keeping track of task planning allows project managers and stakeholders to see what work has been completed, as well as the resources that were needed to complete those tasks. It also allows them to build an earned value analysis by analysing project variance and milestones. Why is it vital to keep track of work task planning? Because there are so many moving pieces in a typical construction project, task monitoring is critical. It's the only way to know if you're sticking to schedules and sticking to budgets, and it helps teams to see if they need to make changes to reach their objectives. The following are some of the benefits of keeping track of task planning: •
Decreased schedule delays
•
Increased visibility
•
Better decision-making
•
Everyone on the team is more accountable.
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The procedures for recording work task planning and organising activities are as follows:
•Start with a project outline
•Create deliverables and milestones
•Set realistic, clear and measurable goals
•Establish key performance indicators •Use a project tracking software to keep track of time, costs and tasks •Meet regularly with team and stakeholders
1.Use daily reports
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References 1.
(2021). Retrieved from construction-activities/
2.
Construction Project Planning & Scheduling | eSUB Guide. (2021). Retrieved from https://esub.com/construction-project-management-softwareblog/construction-project-planning-and-scheduling-guide/
3.
Construction Progress Monitoring. (2021). https://www.partneresi.com/services/construction-riskmanagement/construction-progress-monitoring \
https://www.psymbolic.com/11-different-types-of-
Retrieved
from
4. Stojanovic, M., & Stojanovic, M. (2021). How to Break a Project Down into Tasks. Retrieved from https://clockify.me/blog/productivity/break-project-into-tasks/ 5.
Estimating Time to Complete: Calculating Realistic Project Timelines. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newPPM_01.htm
6. (2021). Retrieved from https://excelize.com/blog/why-you-need-constructionsequencing-management7.
Construction Plan. (2021). https://www.projectmanager.com/construction-plan
Retrieved
from
8. 9 Steps to Stay Organized at Work and Manage Projects Better. (2021). Retrieved https://kissflow.com/project/how-project-managers-stay-organized-atfrom work/ 9. (2021). Retrieved allocation.html
from
https://zipforecasting.com/resource-allocation/work-
10. Australia, L. (2021). 11 Safety Measures Every Construction Site Should Have In Place. https://www.latham-australia.com/blog/safety-measuresRetrieved from construction-site 11. Top 10 Types of Construction Drawings Used in Construction Industries. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.monarch-innovation.com/types-of-constructiondrawings-used-in-building-construction/ 12. What Are Construction Specifications? - Digital Builder. (2021). Retrieved from https://constructionblog.autodesk.com/what-are-construction-specifications/
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