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CSS G11 MODULE CORE 1 - LO1 part 2 Flipbook PDF
CSS G11 MODULE CORE 1 - LO1 part 2
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Module 1 INSTALLING AND CONFIGURING COMPUTER SYSTEMS (ICCS) LO 1. Assemble computer hardware TLE_IACSS9- 12ICCS-Ia-e-28 (Part 2) Content Standards Performance Standards The learners demonstrate and understanding of concepts and The learners shall be able to perform computer operations based on a given underlying principles in performing computer operations tasks Time Allotment: 2 hours
The following topics familiarize you with the tasks involved in planning and preparing for configuration of computer systems and networks. Computers have become a useful part of our everyday lives. The types of computers we use at home or at work are referred to by varied names such as PCs, microcomputers, workstations, laptops and desktops. These computers are most popularly referred to as “personal computers" or PCs, the most common type of computer in the world. Today, an average person uses computer based assistance several times each day and it becomes an integral part of our lives. So it is very important to be aware of and understand them. All you need to do is to carefully read all the topics and apply the skills you have gained through the distinct activities provided in this module..
Objectives This lesson is intended to develop your skills in planning and preparing for configuration of computer system and networks. At the end of this lesson you are expected to: •
Determine requirements of task in accordance with the required output
•
Familiarize with computer peripheral/ devices/systems in accordance with established procedures correct operation and safety.
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Define the primary components that make up a computer .
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Introduction to Computer Systems What is Computer?
Uses of Supercomputer:
A computer is an electronic device that helps people perform different task. It accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.
Space Exploration
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Earthquake studies
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Weather Forecasting
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Nuclear weapons testing
2. Mainframe computer Although Mainframes are not as powerful as supercomputers, but certainly they are quite expensive nonetheless, and many large firms & government organizations uses Mainframes to run their business operations. The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size. Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity.
FOUR (4) TYPES OF COMPUTER: Since the advent of the first computer different types and sizes of computers are offering different services. Computers can be as big as occupying a large building and as small as a laptop or a microcontroller in systems. The four basic types of computers are:
1. 2. 3. 4.
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3. Minicomputer
Super computer Mainframe computer Minicomputer Microcomputer
IBM System z9
mainframe
Minicomputers are used by small businesses & firms. Minicomputers are also called as “Midrange Computers”. These are small machines and canbe accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as super- computers & Mainframes.
1. Supercomputer The most powerful computers in terms of performance and data processing are the supercomputers. These are specialized and task specific computers used by large organizations. These computers are used for research and exploration purposes, like NASA uses supercomputers for launching space shuttles, controlling them and for space exploration purpose.
4. Microcomputer Desktop computers, laptops, personal digital assistant (PDA), tablets & smartphones are all types of microcomputers. The micro-computers are widely used & the fastest growing computers. These computers are the cheapest among the other three types of computers. The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and
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work purposes. Well known manufacturers of Micro- computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony & Toshiba.
As an aspiring computer technician, it is very important to know the different components of a computer system. These are the hardware, software and peopleware. Each component plays an important role, without each other computer systems will not work properly. Hardware- the physical, touchable, electronic and mechanical parts of a computer system. As you might expect, the components of a computer reflect the function of the machine—specifically, the three stages of computing. Let's examine the components.
THE 3 FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF THE COMPUTER 1. System Unit - acts like the center or core, processing the data and information it receives from input devices.
Input Devices
2. Input Devices -An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control the computer. 3. Output Devices -these are the devices like printers. It receives the system unit's processed information.
The following table lists some examples of devices that are used to put information into a computer:
Device Keyboard
Description The primary input device for a computer, allowing users to type information just as they once did on a typewriter.
Mouse
Used with graphical interface environments to point to and select objects on the system's monitor. Can be purchased in a variety of sizes, shapes, and configurations. Converts printed or photographic information to digital information that can be used by the computer. Works similar to the scanning process of a photocopy machine.
Scanner
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Microphone
Works like the microphone on a tape recorder. Allows input of voice or music to be converted to digital information and saved to a file.
Chip Set
A group of computer chips or integrated circuits (ICs) that, when working together, manage and control the computer system. This set includes the CPU and other chips that control the flow of data throughout the system.
CD-ROM/DVD drive
Compact disc–read only memory: stores large amounts of data on a CD that can be read by a computer.
Data Bus
A group of parallel conductors (circuit traces) found on the motherboard and used by the CPU to send and receive data from all the devices in the computer.
Address Bus System Unit (CPU) The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart and brain of the computer. This one component, or "chip," is responsible for all primary number crunching and data management. It is truly the centrepiece of any computer. It is so important that whole generations of computer technology are based and measured on each "new and improved" version of the CPU. When we refer to the CPU, we are usually speaking of the processor. However, the CPU requires several other components that support it with the management of data to operate. These components, when working in harmony, make up the primary elements of the PC we know today. The following table lists these fundamental support components. Component Motherboard
Expansion Slots
Clock
Description The main circuit board of the computer. The large circuit board found inside the computer. Without it, a computer is just a metal box. The motherboard contains all the remaining items in this table; for all practical purposes, it is the computer.
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A group of parallel conductors (circuit traces) found on the motherboard and used by the CPU to "address" memory locations. Determines which information is sent to, or received from, the data bus. An address bus is a computer bus (a series of lines connecting two or more devices) that is used to specify a physical address. When a processor or DMA-enabled device needs to read or write to a memory location, it specifies that memory location on the address bus (the value to be read or written is sent on the data bus). Specialized sockets that allow additional devices called expansion cards or, less commonly, circuit boards, to be attached to the motherboard. Used to expand or customize a computer, they are extensions of the computer's bus system. Establishes the maximum speed at which the processor can execute commands. Not to be confused with the clock that keeps the date and time.
Battery
Memory
Protects unique information about the setup of the computer against loss when electrical power fails or is turned off. Also maintains the external date and time (not to be confused with the CPU's clock).
Storage Devices Device Floppy Disk Drive
Stores temporary information (in the form of data bits) that the CPU and software need to keep running
Description Mechanism for reading and writing to lowcapacity, removable, magnetic disks. Used to store and easily transport information.
Hard Disk Drive (HHD)
High-capacity internal (and sometimes external) magnetic disks for storing data and program files. Also called fixed disks.
Solid State Drive SSD
An SSD (solid-state drive) is a type of nonvolatile storage media that stores persistent data on solid-state flash memory. Two key components make up an SSD: a flash controller and NAND flash memory chips. The architectural configuration of the SSD controller is optimized to deliver high read and write performance for both sequential and random data requests. SSDs are sometimes referred to as flash drives or solid-state disks
Output Devices The following table lists some common devices, known as peripherals, used exclusively for output. Device Printer
Description
Monitor
The primary output device. Visually displays text and graphics.
Plotter
Speakers
Generates a "hard copy" of information. Includes dot matrix, ink jet, and laser varieties.
Modem
Similar to a printer, but uses pens to draw an image. Most often used with graphics or drawing programs for very large drawings.
Network Card
Reproduce sound. Optional high-quality speakers can be added to provide improved output from games and multimedia software.
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Converts computer data to information that can be transmitted over telephone wires and cable lines. Allows communication between computers over long and short distances. An expansion card that allows several computers to connect to each other and share information and programs. Also called network interface card (NIC).
CD Recorder
Tape Drive
External HDD
USB flash drive
Cable/Cord IDE (ATA/PATA Cable)
Also called CD-R. You can copy data to a CD with this device, but you can only write to a section of the disc once. Variations on this type of device include compact disc–rewritable (CD-RW) drives. These drives allow you to read, write, and overwrite a special CD-ROMtype disc. Large-capacity, magnetic, data storage devices. Ideal for backup and retrieval of large amounts of data. Works like a tape recorder and saves information in a linear format.
SATA/ATA
An external drive is just a hard drive (HDD) or solid state drive (SSD) that is connected to a computer on the outside rather than on the inside. ... External hard drives come in varying storage capacities, but they all connect to a computer either by USB, FireWire, eSATA, or wirelessly
Description IDE is also known as ATA or PATA (Parallel ATA) and is a way of handling a parallel data bus from a disk drive (well, usually a disk drive) to a computer mother board where the disk controller is mostly embedded in the disk drive. SATA (Serial ATA) is an advance on this where the signals are sent over a serial bus not a parallel bus. The cable is much smaller and it will run at higher speed and will support more than 2 drives on a bus. Note: They are both ways to connect a disk drive to a computer. You use the one that matches your computer mother board (old ones support IDE only, newer ones will support SATA and may support both SATA and IDE) and your disk drive (disk drives are either IDE or SATA, never seen one with both available).
A USB flash drive is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface. It is typically removable, rewritable and much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30
Other external storage devices include Iomega Zip drives, which allow users to store 100 MB or 250 MB of data on a single Zip disk.
USB Cable
USB cable is a cable that is used to connect a device to a computer or laptop or Printer, Video cameras, Mp3, mp4 even cell phone.
A/V Cable
A/V cable is to use for connect a device to tv and it has the video and audio cable.
Heat Sink
An environment capable of absorbing heat from an object with which it is in thermal contact without a phase change or an appreciable change in temperature. A protective device that absorbs and dissipates the excess heat generated by a system.
Other Computer Parts and Accessories The following table lists some examples of cable that are used to communicate to a system.
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USB HUB
Power Cord
protection from input power interruptions by means of one or more attached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power users, and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power users. The on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources is relatively short—5–15 minutes being typical for smaller units—but sufficient to allow time to bring an auxiliary power source on line, or to properly shut down the protected equipment
A device that increases the number of USB ports on a PC. However, since the hub plugs into one of the USB ports on the computer, the total number of additional ports is minus one. For example, a fourport hub adds three new ports. USB hubs are typically used to extend USB sockets to the top of the desk for conveniently connecting external peripherals. A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cord or cable that temporarily connects an electrical appliance to the distribution circuits of an electrical power source via a wall socket or extension cord.
Computer Fan
Laptop/Notebook cooler AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator)
A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or passive or active electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)
An uninterruptible power supply, also uninterruptible power source, UPS or battery/flywheel backup, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input power source, typically the utility mains, fails. A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power system or standby generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous
TV Tuner or TV Video Capture
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A computer fan is any fan inside a computer case used for cooling purposes, and may refer to fans that draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside, or move air across a heatsink to cool a particular component. The use of fans to cool a computer is an example of active cooling. A laptop/notebook cooler, cooler pad or chill mat is an accessory for laptop computers that helps reduce their operating temperature. Normally used when the laptop's fan device is unable to sufficiently cool the laptop, a cooling pad may house active or passive cooling methods and rests beneath the laptop. Active coolers move air or liquid to direct heat away from the laptop quickly, while passive methods may rely on thermally conductive materials or increasing passive airflow. A TV tuner card is a computer component that allows television signals to be received by a computer. Most TV tuners also function as video capture cards, allowing them to record television programs onto a hard disk.
SUPPORT HARDWARE
Case
Lesson covered the basic hardware that makes up a computer. There are, however, additional components needed to support safe computer operation. In this lesson, we look at several devices that protect and enhance the value of a compute
Two Types of System Case
In addition to the devices that support a computer's data-processing functions, there are others that enhance its operation and performance. The following table lists some of these devices. Device Power supply
Description Converts a local power source (typically 110 volts AC in the United States) to 3.3, 5, or 12 volts DC. Most power supplies also perform some basic line conditioning and surge-protection functions.
1.Tower (Full, Mid, Mini) – designed to sit vertically 2.Desktop (Standard, Slimline) – designed to sit horizontally
Don't let the term support hardware lead you to underestimate the importance of these components. How important are roads to commerce, or water to a city? Without a reliable power source, modern PCs would not exist. The internal power supply keeps a clean current running to the system.
Surge suppressor Used to prevent large power spikes (for instance, lightning) from damaging a computer.
UPS
A computer case also known as a computer chassis, tower, system unit, cabinet, base unit or simply case and sometimes incorrectly referred to as the "CPU" or "hard drive", is the enclosure that contains most of the components of a computer.
Uninterruptible power supply. Acts as both a surge suppresser (to prevent highpower spikes) and a power leveler to provide the computer with a constant source of power. Can even provide power during a power failure or interruption (although the duration depends on the UPS and the computer's power consumption) so that the user can safely save data before shutting down. Page 8
Job Sheet # 1.3 DEMONSTRATION: Configure the parts of computer hardware below, give the exact location in its components (you can draw or label its components/ peripherals, and equipment)
1
2
3
INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Trainer would assign a workstation for this lab. 2. Prepare the following materials and equipment: Computer Table / chair, Monitor, System Unit, Keyboard, Mouse, Printer, Web camera, Speaker/Headset, 2 pcs. Power Cord, AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator), and extension wire. 3. Connect all the computer parts/peripherals in their proper places or location. 4. Let the trainer check your work for evaluation.
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NOTE: Safety first! Observed 5s in all time. 6
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5
9
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Self Check Activity # 1.4 Unit of competency:
Perform Computer Operations
Competency standards
COMPUTER HARDWARE SERVICING NC II
Answer the following computer hardware’s you know
Satisfactory response YES NO
The trainee’s underpinning knowledge was: Satisfactory Not Satisfactory
Score : ________
Feedback to candidate:
The trainee’s overall performance was: Satisfactory
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Not Satisfactory
Trainees signature:
Date:
Trainee’s signature:
Date:
Self Check Activity # 1.5 Give the acronym of the following: 1.
CPU
________________________________________
2.
RAM
________________________________________
3.
HDD
________________________________________
4.
USB
________________________________________
5.
SATA
________________________________________
6.
IDE
________________________________________
7.
I/O
________________________________________
8.
BIOS
________________________________________
9.
CD
________________________________________
10.
UPS
________________________________________
COMPUTER MEMORY THEORY A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example, if the computer has 64k words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024 = 65536 memory locations. The address of these locations varies from 0 to 65535 Memory is primarily of three types − Cache Memory Primary Memory/Main Memory Secondary Memory Cache Memory Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from the disk to cache memory by the operating system, from where the CPU can access them. The advantages of cache memory are as follows − Cache memory is faster than main memory. It consumes less access time as compared to main memory. It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time. It stores data for temporary use. The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows − Cache memory has limited capacity . / Page 11
It is very expensive.
Primary Memory (Main Memory)
Characteristics of Secondary Memory
Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed resides in the main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM. Characteristics of Main Memory
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These are magnetic and optical memories.
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It is known as the backup memory.
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It is a non-volatile memory.
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Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
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It is used for storage of data in a computer.
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Computer may run without the secondary memory.
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Slower than primary memories.
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These are semiconductor memories.
RAM
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It is known as the main memory.
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Usually volatile memory.
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Data is lost in case power is switched off.
RAM or Random Access Memory is the memory used by the computer while it is in operation, this memory is described as volatile as it is wiped clean when the computer is shutdown. Again the more RAM that you have installed in your computer the faster the computer will operate.
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It is the working memory of the computer.
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Faster than secondary memories.
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A computer cannot run without the primary memory.
Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. The contents of secondary memories are first transferred to the main memory, and then the CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
There are various types of RAM, they vary because of the increasing in processor speeds and the need for the RAM to keep up. You can get RAM modules in various sizes i.e. their logical sizes, the amount of data they can hold. This range from 1MB, 2MB, 4MB, 8MB, 16MB, 32MB, 64MB, 128MB, 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, 2GB. Nowadays you will normally only find RAM in sizes of 128MB or above. Volatile vs. non-volatile memory Memory can be either volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is memory that loses its contents when the computer or hardware device loses power. Computer RAM is an example of volatile memory. It is why if your computer freezes or reboots when working on a program, you lose anything that hasn't been saved. Non-volatile memory, sometimes abbreviated as NVRAM,
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is memory that keeps its contents even if the power is lost. EPROM is an example of non-volatile memory.SO-DIMM three types (Laptop Memory):
Types of RAM The key differences between DRAM and SRAM is that SRAM is faster than DRAM - perhaps two to three times faster - but more expensive and bulkier. SRAM is usually available in megabytes, while DRAM is purchased in gigabytes. DRAM uses more energy than SRAM because it constantly needs to be refreshed to maintain data integrity, while SRAM - though volatile – does not need constant refreshing when it is powered up.
and a hard drive as "storage" or "secondary storage." When someone asks how much memory is in your computer, it is often between 1 GB and 16 GB of RAM and several hundred gigabytes, or even a terabyte, of hard disk drive storage. In other words, you always have more hard drive space than RAM. How is memory used? When a program, such as your Internet browser, is open, it is loaded from your hard drive and placed into RAM. This process allows that program to communicate with the processor at higher speeds. Anything you save to your computer, such as a picture or video, is sent to your hard drive for storage.
What happens to memory when the computer is turned off?
Why is memory important or needed for a computer?
As mentioned above, because RAM is volatile memory, when the computer loses power, anything stored in RAM is lost. For example, while working on a document, it is stored in RAM. If it were saved to non-volatile memory (e.g., the hard drive), it would be lost if the computer lost power.
Each device in a computer operates at different speeds and computer memory gives your computer a place to quickly access data. If the CPU had to wait for a secondary storage device, like a hard disk drive, a computer would be much slower.
Memory is not disk storage It is very common for new computer users to be confused by what parts in the computer are memory. Although both the hard drive and RAM are memory, it's more appropriate to refer to RAM as "memory" or "primary memory"
Types of memory Types of RO ROM is available in several different types, including PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM.
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PROM PROM stands for Programmable Read-Only Memory, and it is different from true ROM in that while a ROM is programmed (i.e. has data written to it) during the manufacturing process, a PROM is manufactured in an empty state and then programmed later using a PROM programmer or burner.
laptop, the speed of the memory can also make a difference in the performance. When comparing laptops, be sure to check both of these pieces of information to determine how they may impact performance. DRAM: DRAM stands for Dynamic RAM, and it is the most common type of RAM used in computers. The oldest type is known as single data rate (SDR) DRAM, but newer computers use faster dual data rate (DDR) DRAM. DDR comes in several versions including DDR2 , DDR3, and DDR4, which offer better performance and are more energy efficient than DDR. However different versions are incompatible, so it is not possible to mix DDR2 with DDR3 DRAM in a computer system. DRAM consists of a transistor and a capacitor in each cell.
EPROM EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and as the name suggests, data stored in an EPROM can be erased and the EPROM reprogrammed. Erasing an EPROM involves removing it from the computer and exposing it to ultraviolet light before re-burning it. EEPROM EEPROM stands for Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, and the distinction between EPROM and EEPROM is that the latter can be erased and written to by the computer system it is installed in. In that sense EEPROM is not strictly read-only. However in many cases the write process is slow, so it is normally only done to update program code such as firmware or BIOS code on an occasional basis/
SRAM: SRAM stands for Static RAM, and it is a particular type of RAM which is faster than DRAM, but more expensive and bulker, having six transistors in each cell. For those reasons SRAM is generally only used as a data cache within a CPU itself or as RAM in very high-end server systems. A small SRAM cache of the most imminently-needed data can result in significant speed improvements in a system
RAM There are six types of RAM:
DDR2
SDRAM
Short for double data rate two, DDR2 is the second generation of DDR memory that was released in September 2003. DDR2 is capable of operating at greater speeds than DDR, offers a greater bandwidth potential, operates on less power, and generates less heat. Due to architectural differences, DDR2 memory modules are incompatible with DDR slots.
DDR RAM DDR2 RAM DDR3 RAM DDR4 RAM Types of Random Access Memory (RAM) Pretty much every new laptop on the market should use DDR3 memory now. It is still possible to find some older netbooks or laptops on the market that use DDR2 but it is best to avoid them now. In addition to the type of memory installed in the
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DDR3 Short for double data rate three, DDR3 is a type of DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) released in June 2007 as the successor to DDR2. DDR3 chips have bus clock speed of 400 MHz up to 1066 MHz, range in size from 1 to 24 GB, and consume nearly 30% less power than their predecessors. DDR3 RAM sticks for a desktop computer have 240 pins. For a laptop computer, DDR3 RAM sticks have 204 pins. These memory chips can only be installed on a motherboard that supports DDR3 memory and are not backward compatible with DDR2 memory slots.
DDR4 Short for double data rate four, DDR4 is a type of system memory known as SDRAM and was released in September 2014 as the successor to DDR3. DDR4 has bus clock speeds that range from 800 to 1600 MHz and range in storage capacity from 4 to 128 GB per DIMM. DDR4 is also more efficient at 1.2 V when compared to DDR3's 1.5 to 1.65 V range. These memory chips can only be installed on a motherboard that supports DDR4 memory and are not backward compatible with DDR3 memory slots.
There are two ways that the memory speeds can be designated. The first is by the memory type and its clock rating, like DDR3 1066. The other method is by listing the type along with the bandwidth. In the case the same DDR3 memory would be listed as PC3-8500 memory. Below is a listing in order of fastest to slowest memory types in both formats: • DDR3 1600 / PC3-12800 • DDR3 1333 / PC3-10600 • DDR3 1066 / PC3-8500 • DDR2 800 / PC2-6400 • DDR3 800 / PC3-6400 • DDR2 667 / PC2-5300 or PC2-5400 • DDR2 533 / PC2-4200 • DDR2 400 / PC2-3200
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BEST RAM Manufacturer Mushkin = Excellent Performance and Durable
Self Check Activity # 1.6 Identify the following computer memory you know
Crucial = Compatibility and Warranty 1. _________________ 2. _____________ 3. _______________
4. ________________
5. ________________
6. ________________
Kingston= Stable and warranty/RMA is fast
7. ____________________________
OCZ= Very good stick and 2nd. line after the above manufatures.
8. How do you choose ram for your desktop computer? 9. How do you choose ram for your laptop computer?
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