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Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Volume One Nicaea I to Lateran V EDlTED BY Norman P Tanner S.]. ORIG INAL TEXT ESTABL
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Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils Volume One
Nicaea I to Lateran V EDlTE D BY
Norman P Tanner S.]. OR I G I NAL TE X T ESTAB LI S HED RY
G. Alberigo, j A. Dosseui , p.-P j oannou, C. Leona rd i, and P Prodi , in consultation with H . j edin
Sheed & Ward and Georgetown University Press 1990
Lateran III 1179
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I NTRODUCT I ON
By an agreement reached at Venice in 11 77, th e bitter conflict whi ch had ari sen about tVt'cnty years ea rli er between Pope Alexander III ( 11 59- 11 81 ) and Emperor Frcdc ri~k I. ( 11 52- 1190) w~s brou ght to an end . For w hen Pope Hadria n IV had died In 1159, the cardma ls elected two po pes t oget her, namely
Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexande r III , and Octavian of Rome, who tho ugh he was nominated by fewer cardina ls, nev ertheless with the support of the emperor Frederick usurped the nam e of Pope Vi ctO r IV . Th e empero r, wish in g to remove everythin g whi ch stood in the way of hi s authority in Italy, declared war upo n the Ita lian states and espec ially th e Ro man church which, after its slru gg le fo r eccles iast ica l liberty for so many years, was enj oy in g great authority. The em peror carried on the war for a long time. A seriou s sc hism had arisen out of thi s con flict, and after Victor IV two ant ipo pes were no min ated in opposition to Alexander III , namely Pasc hal III ( 1164- 11 68) and Ca lli stlls III (11 68- 11 78). At last, when Alexander had ga in ed the victory , he promised the empero r at Ve ni ce that he would summ o n a ge nera l co un ciJl . The pa rticul ar object of thi s council was to put an en d to the schism withi n t he church and the quarrel between the emperor and the papacy. It was sum moned by Pope Alexa nder in 11 78, "so tha t acco rdi ng to the custo m of the ancient fathers, the good should be sought and co nfirmed b y man y, and th at with the cooperatio n of th e grace of the holy Spi rit , by the efforts of all , there sho uld be carried o ut what was required for the correct io n of abuses and the es tablishment of wh at was pleasin g to God"2. The coun cil was held at Ro me in Marc h 11793 . About three hundred fa thers assembl ed fro m the provin ces of Europe and so me from the Latin east\ and a sin gle legate fr o m the G reek church 5 . It began o n 5 March, acco rdin g to Archbishop William of T yre, o ur chi ef aut hori ty 6. Th e See Pactum prtl(?vium inler imperalOrem el ecclesiam, cd . L. Weiland , in MGH Consl .. I Hanover 1893, 364 (ch. 25). 2 Alexandri Iff pllptle cpistoltlC el privifegia. lener 1356 (J>L 200,11 84); see also the letters of summons 1357- 1358 Gaffe 13097- 13099); all are datt·d 21 September 1178; we also know of another letter of summons, dated 30 May 1178 Gaffe ])070): see Epistoille pontilieum Romanorum incditllc. cd. S. Loewenfeld, Leipzig 1855, 154- 155 no. 27 1. DThe 8/2 (1925) 2645. ' .There arc tWO listS of signatures, though they are not complete; see L D'Achery, Spinkgium, XII Paris 1675.638- 651 (Msi 22, 213-2 17, 239- 240), and Msi l 2 ( 1748) 691 - 700 ~ si 22, 458- 468); see Tangl, Die Teilllebmer ... , 21 0-219; Rousset de Pina 159 and n. 2. See especially P. Lamma , Commelli e Staufer. Ricercbe slIi rapporti Ira Bisanzio e I'Ocridente :elsecolo XII , II Rome 1957,300-301. h.See William of T yre, H istoria rerum ill parribltS lrtmsmarilli5 geslarum XX I, 26, Recueil des lStoriens des C roisades, Hisloriens O ccid entaux, I Paris 1844 , 1049 (PL 201, 842 : A H istory of Deeds (lone bqond the Sell , trans. E. Babcock and A. Krey, Columbia Universit y Records of Civil ization 35, II New Yo rk 1943,436-4 38). 1
, s.e
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Third Lateran Council- 1179
Th ird Lauran Council- 1179
bishops first heard Rufin us, bisho p of Ass isi, w ho in a highly po li shed address prai sed the Ro m an po nt iff and the Roman church, "that churc h to which alone belon gs the dec isio n and power to sum mo n a ge neral co uncil , to lay down new canons an d cancel th e old; in deed , th o ugh th e fat hers had su mmo ned a so lemn co un cil ma ny tim es in the past, yet th e o bligat io n and reaso n to do this was nevc r mo rc expedi ent t han at the presen t,,7. \'(,fc do not have th e sam e reasons fo r do ubtin g the ec um eni cal nat ure o f t his co un cil as we have fo r Lateran I and 11 8. Fo r, th e way in whic h t he counci l was summo ned and co nd ucted by the pope, and the number of fathers who gathered fro m t he whole Latin worl d an d devo ted their cffo rts to strengthenin g the uni ty of the church an d cond emnin g heretics, rese mbl e rather the ancient cou ncil s than Lateran I and II and exem plif)" t he typ ica l co uncil of th e M iddle Ages presided over by t he Ro man ponti ff9. Fo r t his reason it is no t surpr ising that chro ni cles of the period fre quentl y refer to th is coun ci l as Lateran I. A lth o ugh we do not possess th e acts of the council, we have evi dence fro m chronicles and ann als lo an d es pecially fro m the ca nons which the fat hers laid dow n in th e fin al sess io n on 19 March II. Accordi ngly, to avo id future sc his ms it was first laid down that no bod y was to be regarded as Ro man po nti ff unl ess he had been elected by two thirds of th e ca rd inals (ca non 1); all ap po in tm ents by antipo pes we re deem ed invalid (ca non 2); heretics ca ll ed Cathars were excommun icated l2 and lik ew ise were t he b an ds of mercenaries, or rather crimin als, whi ch were cau sing utter d estruction in so me parts of Euro pe; it was decl ared, and t his seems an inn ovatio n, that arm s sho uld be taken up aga in st th em (cano n 2 7~lJ; \~ was als? dec id ed not to pass judgment abo ut the preaching o f th e Wa ld enslans . All th iS seems to have bee n d irected to st ren gthening the uni ty of t he church I S. In ad d ition , A lexa nder III and rhe fa th ers, renewin g t he precedent of Lateran I and II , laid down seve ral cano ns fo r t he reform of the church and som e co nce rn ing morals and civil affairs.
Th e ca no ns of this co un ci l played a notable part in th e futu re governm en t of the church l6 . They were fre qu en tl y incl uded in the coll ections of decretals compiled in th e late 12th and ea rly 13t h century, and afte rwards all were inse rted into Po pe Gregory l X 's Decreta ls. \'(falter H o lt zm ann and o ther scholars.co nside red that th ese decretal co ll ectio ns in fac t arose fro m this Lateran co un Cil and its ca no ns l 7 . Ce rtainly t he canons, unl ike those of Late ran I and II and many preceding co uncils, appear to have bee n worked o ut by an excellent lega l m ind , so that it is pro bable they we re com posed under th e auth o ri ty of Alex ander III himsel f, who was an expert lawye r. Th e cano ns, except for those which refer to Lateran Il or t he counc il of Rhci ms in 114 8 (see ca nons 2, 11, 20-22) o r to Grati an's D ecrees (see cano ns 1- 4, 7, II , 13- 14, 17- 18), are new and original. Th e t radi tion of t he cano ns has nor yet been adequatel y exam ined and remains very un certain. Ma ny man uscript codices surv ive fo r th is coun cil (in contrast to Lateran I and II ). H o wever, they do no t seem to give us the vers ion of the canons wh ich was confirm ed by ecc lesiasti ca l auth o ri ty and which Archbi shop W illi am of T yre, w ith th e autho rity of the fath ~ rs, had him self d raw n U~18. Freq uent ly th e ca no ns arc to be fo und in chromcles and dec retal collecti o ns. T hey are included in fo ur co ntem po rary English chro nicles: those of Abbot Benedict 21 of Peterbo ro ugh 19 Ge rvase of C anterbur v20 , W illi am o f N ew burgh , and Roge r of H ovede ~ .?2. And in the follo\Vin~ collections of decretals2}: the co ll ect ion called the Appe ndi x of the Latera n counciJ2\ t he co ll ect io ns of
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7 G. Mori n, Le discours ti'ouverture du conciie gellerrll de Luran (J 179) et I'oeuvre litterrlire de maitre Rufil/, eveque d'AHise, Atti della Pontif. Accad. Romana di archeologia, Ser. [II , Memorie2( 1928) 117,and see also 11 3- 121. 8 See above pp . 187 and 195. 'I See Hauck, Die Rezeptioll . . ,468; Tang1 196, 211; Roussci de Pina 158-159; Fransen, in Le concile, 127. 10 See among others Rousset de Pina 156 n. 4. 11 See Rousset de Pina 161- 173; co nn'm ing the days on whic h sessions were held, see DThC 812 (1925) 2645-2646. :; See among others A. Bo.rsl, Die Katharer, S~uttgart 1953, 115 and also 10,241,247,250. See among others H . Plssard, La guerTl' samte en pays chretien. Essai sur I'origille l't Ie' tieve/oppement des t}U!OriC5 ca1l01llq/l es, Paris 191 2, 27-.H. 14 See especially Walter Map, Ne Nugis Curi!llium (Col.rtiers' Trifles), I, 31, edd. and tran s. M. J a~es, Brooke and R. Mynors, Oxford 1983, 125-119; see P. Pouzet, Les origilles lyonllalSes tie la secte des Vaudois, Revue d'histoi re de I'eglis(' de France 12 ( 1936) 10-16; G. Gonnet, Ii Valdismo f1/edioevale, To rre Pd lice 1942,25-27; R. Mansell i, Studi sulle eresie dd secolo X I I, Rome 1953,8 4-87. 15 See also canons 24 and 26 on Jews and Sarac(~ n s.
c.
See llowevt'T PL 205, 235 C. 17 See esp~iall y W. Holt zmann. Collectio Eberba~l'1ISis, Z~itsc hr~ft der Savigny-Stiftunl; f~r Reehtsg('schichle. Kanan. Abt. 17 (1928) 550-551; Idem, Die. Re.glS~er Papst Al~xmltler 111.111 dell I-hi'n derl der Kllllol/isten , Quellen und Forschun).;en aus Itailelllschen Archl\'en und 131blioth(,ke n 30 (1940) 16- \7, and Congres de droit canonique med ieval, Louvai n et Bruxclles, 22-2 6 jui llet 1958, Louvain 1959, 7. On til(' collections of dec retals, see espec ia lly~. Hohzmann, Ober eilll' Ausgabe der pdpstlichen Dekretttim des 11. j"hrIJlmder(S, Nachnc1l1en der Akad. der Wissensch. in Gottingen ( 1945) 15-36 ( = Hohzmann ); S. Kuttner, Notes OIl d Projecteti Corpu s of the Twelfth -Cc1ltury Df'O'eta/ Letters. Traditio 6 (1948) 345-351; W. Holtzmarlll, in Papal DCCYf'tals Relating to the DIocese of Li,lcob, ill the Twdfth CClltllry, by W. Holt zman n and E. Kcmp (Pub lica lions of tll(· Lincoln Record Society 47), t-i ('reford 1954, IX- XV ll ; idem, KtlllOllistische ErgiillzlIlIgf'n ZlIr It,t/id polltificia, Quellen und Forschulll;cn aus italien ischcn Archiv('n und Biblioth£'ken 37 (1957) 56-57 (= Hohzmann 11 ). 18 Sec Will iam of Tyre, /-l istoria ... , 1051 (PL 20 1, 842; trans. Babcock 11 438) . . \9 See Gesta regis /-Imrici seclflldi Benedicti abbatlf . .. , cd. W. Siubbs (Ro ll s Series 49/ 1), I London 1867,222-238. 20 See The H istorical Works of Gervase of Canterbury, ed . W. Stubbs ( Rolls S('ries 73/1), I London 1879,278-292. 21 See Chronicles of the ReigllS of Stephell, Henry II, arid Richard I. ed. R. H owlett (Rolls Series 821 1), I London 1884,206-223. 22 See ehronica 11ldgistri Rogeri tie Hovedene, ed. W. Stubbs (Rolls Series 5112 ), 11 London 1869, 173- 189; the canons wh ich were pri nt('d by Msi 1 2 (1748) 687-690 (Msi 22, 455-458) from the anonymous Zwetla history of the Roman pon tiffs, appear 10 be rubrics. 1J Sec the list of collect ions in H oltzman n 21-14, H oltzmann 11 58- 63 . 14 See J. von Schu lte, Zur Geschichte der Literatur uber da s Dekret GratiallS, II. Beitrag, Si tzu ngsber. Ak. Wien 64 (1870) 139-1 40 (= Schulte 11. Beitr.); idem, Beitrag zur Geschichte des canonischerl Rechts von Gratian his auf Bernhard von P'lv ia, ibid. 72 (1872) 486, sao, 514-5 15 (= Schulte); E. Friedberg, Die Kdnolus-5ammlungen zwischen Grlltian und BernIt.
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Third Lateran CQuno'l -
1179
Bam bcr~2S, Berlin 116 , Canterbury 1_ 11 27, Kasscl 28 , C hcltcnnam 29 , C laudian JO ,
Co n onJ , Dcrtosa 31 , Douai}3 , Durham 3\ Ebcrbach JS , Eriangcn J6 , Fl o rian }7, Klostcrn eubcrg38 , Leipzi ~9. Oriel 1140, Paris )" ! , Pcrcrhou sc 42 , hard von Pavitl, Leipzig 1897, 63- 65, 67, 71-72 (= Friedberg); F. H eyer, Zcitsc hrih der Savigny-Sti hung fur Rechtsgeschichte, Kanon. Abt. 3 ( \913) 625-627 (= Heyer); J. Junekcf, Die Col/l'ctio Berolinensis .. ", ibid. 13 (1924) 408 (= Junek"r); W. H oltzmann. Die Regisll'r Papst Alexdllders 111 .. " op. cit., 18-19; see also S. KUlIner. Repertorillm der Kallo"isrik n no. 28; H oltzmann II 61. zs Sec Schulte II. Beilr. \39-140; Schulte 494, 495, 51 4-5 15: Friedberg 87,1 14- 115; H eyer 631: juncker 306-307, 321; W. Holtzman n, Die Register Papst Alexilru/ers III ... , op. ci t.. 54 ; W. Deeters, Die Bambergensisgruppe der Dekretalemammhmgell des 12. jahrhumlert5 (Dissertation ), Bonn 1956,43.315- 323 (= Deeters): see also Kuttner 292: Holtzmann 2J no. 30; H oltzmann II 61. 26 See Heyer 622 : j unckcr 288-289, 306-307, 32 1 ff., 348 ff., 408; see also Kuttner 278; H oltzmann 22 no. 8; Ho ltzman n II 59 . 27 See G. Warner and J. Gi lson, Catalogue of \Ve$lem Manllscripts in the Old Royal lind King 's Collectiom, 1 London 1921.312; set· also Kuttner 282: l-I oltzrnann 22 no. 14; Holtzmann II 59. 28 See CorplfS iuris ctll/onici, ed. I. H. Bohmer. Halle 1747, XX 1V: Schu lt e I I. Bei tr. 139- 140: Schulte 493, 514- 515: Freidberg 130; juncker 408- 409; Deeters 43, 315- 323: see also Kuttner 293; Ho ltzmann 23 no. 33: Holtzmann II 62. 19 See E. Seckel, Ober drei Canones-Sammhmgen dn allsgehefl(/en 12. j tlhrlJlmderts in cnglischen Hamlsclmft en, Neues Archiv 25 ( 1899- 1900) 526, 531 n. 4: Heyer 636; Kuttner 298; see also Holtzmann 22 no. 24; Holtzmann 11 60. lO See Kuttner 279 (Cotton I); see also Hohzmann 22 no. 20; Hol tzmann II 60. II See K. H ampe, Reise nach England 'Von juJi 1895 bis Februar 1896. Neues Archiv 22 ( 1896- 1897) 388 n. I ; Heyer 635; see also Ku ttner 297 (Cotton 11 ); Holtzmann 22 no. 25; Holtzmann II 60. n See W. Ho ltzmann, Beitrage xu den Dekretalensammhmgcn des 2wolften jahrJJlmderrs, Zeiuchrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Rechtsgeschichte, Kanan. Abt. 16 (1927) 40 ; sce also Kuttner 279; Ho ltzmann 21 no. 1; Holtzmann II 58. B See Kuttner 279; see also Hol tzmann 22 no. 11; Holtzmann II 59. }. Sec Kuttner 28 1: see also Holtzman n 22 no. 16; Hol tzmann II 60. H See Holtzmann, Collectio Eberbacensis ... , 551 , 555; see al so Kuttner 28 1; Holtzmann 21 no. 2; Holt zmann II 58. 16 See Deeters 43 , 3 15-323; see also Kuttm'r 294; H oltzmann 23 no. 31; I-Io ltzmann II 62 . .l7 Sec Kuttn er 281: see also H ohmann 22 no. 9; Holtzmann II 59. 38 See F. Sch8nstci ner, Die Collectio Cltw5troneobll rgensis, jahrbuch des Stiftes Klosterneubu rg 2 (1 909) 1-154; Heyer 622; juncker 408; H - E. Lohma nn , Die Collectio Wigomiensis (Co llectio LomlinclIsis R egia). Eirl Beitrag zur QuellengeschiclJle des kan onischen RechLS im 12. jahrhuruiert, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Rechtsgeschich te, Kanan. Abt. 22 (1 933) 44 ; see also Kuttner 278; Holtzmann 22 no. 23; Holtzman n II 60. 39 Sec Schulte 491, 5 14- 515: Quinque campi/ationes twtiqllde ... , cd. E. Friedbcrg, Leipzig 1882, 189; Friedberg 115 H.,j uncker 307, 322-324, 408; Deeters 43, 315-323; sec also Kuttner 292-293: Ho ltzmann 23 no. 32; Holtzmann II 62 . 40 See Kuttner 295; see also Holtzmann 23 no. 29; Holtzmann II 61. 41 See Friedberg 46, 52-63; Heyer 621;juncker 297, 300, 408; sec also Kuttner 286; Holtzman n 22 no. 6; Ho ltzmann II 59. 42 See W. Holtzman n. 214m ProzefJ der Abtissin Mathia 'Von S. MaritI in Caplla, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Sti ftu ng fu r Rechtsgesch ichte, Kanon. Abt. 27 ( 1938) 302; see also Holtzmann 22 no. 26: Holtzmann 11 60. ( 1/40- 1134) (St udi c testi 71). I Vatican City 1937,290-291 ("" Kunner); Holtzman n
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Roc hes tcr'u, Sangerman H , and Tanner45; and there arc a co ns i derab l~ number of collections still to be exami ned 46 . T he ca nons are also co ntained 10 the book ca ll ed " Rommersdorfer Briefbuch,,4 7, the Cartulary of Rieva ul x48 , and the cod ices Flore nce Rice. 288 (D ay- book)49, Innsbruck Univ. 90 (G ratian's Decrees)50 and (w hi ch seem to have been unnoticed hi therto) Vati can Rcgi n. lat. 596", 12th ce ntury (fos. 6'-8'), and 984", 12th century (fos. 2'-r)"- We can say for certai n that the ca nons of the co un cil were spread abroad th rough the 54 who le Latin ch urch, and were of great weig.ht in its co ncern s and tra ns.actions . Th e first primed edit io n was made by C ~ (2, 1551,8.36-843). H e edited, from a manusc rip t now lost or unknown, the whole co ll ection know n as the Appendi x of the Lateran co uncil , which is divided into fifty parts; all 27 canons of Lateran I I I are in the first part. This text was copied by Su (3, 1567, 626- 633 ) and Bn (3, 1606, 1345- 1350), thou gh Su introdu ced some erro rs. Bn, w l~o was th e first to give th e name " Appendix of the Latera n co un cil :' to the co ll ~ctl on, added some variant readin gs and rubrics which he had found In the chromcle of Roger of H oveden. The Roman editors (Rm 4, 1612,27- 33), using also the manuscript codex o f Antoni o Augustine of Tarragona, produced a more accurate text S5 and St'e \'1/. Holtzmann, I'apstllrkllnden ill England, I l3crlin 1930, 141; Kuttner 282; H'e also Holtzman n 22 no. 15: Iiolt zmann II 59. H Sec I-I. Si nger. Nt'lle IJ eitriige iiber die DekretalenstHlImlllrlgcrl tlor mitt 1/t1ch Baniwnl 'Von Ptlvitl, Si tzu ngsber. Ak. Wi{'n 171 (1914) 121 - 124; J-I (·yt·r 639; junckcr 408- 409: see also Kuttner 298-299: Iioltzmann 23 no. 39: Holtzmann II 62. H Sec Kuttner 294: W. I-Ioltzman n, Die Dekretalensammluugeu lies 11. jahrlJlwdalS. J. Die Sammlllng Tanner, Festschrift zur Feier des 200 jah rigen Bestehens der Ak. def Wissensch. in Gottin gen, Goui ngen- Berlin- Heidelbcrg 1951,86, 106- 107; see also Holtzmann 23 no. 35; Holtzmann J I 62. 46 To these decretal collections. Herold (see below p. 210) added three others: Alcoba,a (see Holtzmann II 58 ), Ambrosian (see Holt7.mann II 59), Cusa (sec Holtzmann II 59). 47 See F. Kempf, Das Rommersdorfer Briefbuch des /J. j tlIJrlJUlIderts, Mi ttei lungen des osterreichischen Insti tuts fur Geschich tsforschung, Erg.- Bd . X1II3, Innsbruck 1933,505. .s See Ca rtularium abbathitle de Rie'Valle ordinis Cisterat'rlSis (Publications of the Su rtees Society 83). Durham 1889,362-376. . .'1 See Le Liber cerlSU llm de Nglise romail/e, edd. P. Fabre and L. Duchesne, Pans 1910, Introd. 21, vol. II , 17- 18; Dt'eters 382 . $0 See F. Maassen, Beitrage 2 M CeschiciJte der juristischeu Litcratur des Mittc!tl!ters, inbesondere der Dl'cret;stell- Litermur des zwolften jahrhunderts, Sitzungsber. Ak. \'I/ien 24 (185 7) 64; Friedber!; 3: j uncker 296, 408; Kuttner 286: see also Hol tzmann 21 no. 2; Holtzmann II 58. 5 1 See A. Luchaire, ttude Sllr quelques manll serits de Rome ct lie Pilris, Paris 1899, 153- 154. 5l See Chrolliqllcs de SI -Mflrtitll de Limoges, cd. H . Dupl es-Agi(·r, Pari s 1874, ~ III , LXVIII. 53 To t\H.'se codices Herold (see below p. 210) added two others; Hrussels, BIb!. Royale, II 2532; Darmstadt, Hessisc he Landt·s - und Universititsb ibliothek, 542. 54 The canons, as we have said. were included in the Deeretals of Gregory IX. They were also included in the collections of Bruges (see Friedberg 137;juncker 408-409: Kuttner 297- 298; Hohzmann 23 no. 36; Holtzmann II 62-(3 ) and of Frankfurt (See S. KUllner. Collectio Fraucafllrtaua, Zei tschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Re~ ht sgesc~ic ht e, K a~on: Abt. 22 (1933) 372; !-Iohzman n 23 no. 37; Ho ltzmann II (3) and III the first Compilation (see Schulte 5 14-5 15: Quinqlle compilationes amiquat' ... , VIII ; j uncker 408-409; Kuttner 322-344). ss In the manuscript codex Vatican Lat. 6418, I (on which see S. Kuttner, L'e~/i~ion .romaine des conciles gbu!rtllIX et les dell'S d,l premier conale de Lyon , Rome 1940, 84) It IS said of the
H
." ('
I '
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Third Lateran COllncil- I J79
more variant readings. Later ed itions, all of which we have examined, followed the Roman text, namely: ER 27 (1644) 439- 463; LC 10 (1671) 1507- 1523; Hrd 6 (1714) 1673- 1684; CI13 (1730) 416-432: Msi 22 (1778) 2 17- 233. Bohmer, who published his edition in 1747. before Msi, is an exception. H e rook the cano ns from
the Kassel co ll ection of decretais, where (he o rder and some readings arc diffcrent56 . Finally H erold, in his unpublished Bonn dissertation of 1952 57 , examined thoroug hl y the whole tradition and established the order of the canons; usin g 36 sources 58, he concluded there we re 34 different tradi tio ns59 ! As thin gs now stand, it is imposs ib le to usc all the known sources fo r our ed ition. For, these sources reveal onl y a limited part of the who le traditi on and , what is even more impo rtant, we do not yet understand the relations between the individual tradition s. Even Herold has nOt examined th ese rclations suffi ciently . Wc have th erefore preferred to publi sh the (cxt of a single tradition , namel y that of the Appendix of the Lateran cou ncil , using C r2 and Rm as th e best text of thi s traditi on and incl udin g the va riant readings li sted in Rm. Thi s " Appendix" is a good text , as even Hero ld's text (= H ) sh ows. We h ave given Hero ld 's variant readings in th e criti cal apparat us, and we h ave noted in foot notes t he order in w hi ch he places the 23 cano ns th at he includ es. BIB Ll 0 G R A PH y , H -L 5/ 2 (1 91 3) 1086- 1112: DThe 8/ 2 (1925) 2644-2652; DD,e 6 (1957) 347-3 49 ; LThK 6 e 1961 ) 8 16; NCE 8 (1967) 406- 41 0; HC 4 (1980) 63-66; A. I-lauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands, IV Leipzig 1903, 294-296; idem, Die Rezeption und Umbi/dung der a/lgemeinen Synode im Mittelalter, Historischc Vierteljahrschrih 10 (1907) 468 H.i F. H eyer, Zeitschrift der 5avigny-5tiftun g fur Rechtsgeschichte, Kanon. Abt. 3 (1913) 625-62 7; G. Tangl, Die Teilnehmer an den al/gemeinen KOll ziJien des Mitrelalters. Weimar 1922, 196201, 21 0-219 ; W. H oltzmann , Colfectio Eberbacemis, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung fur Rechtsgesch ichte, Kanon. Abt. 17 ( 1928) 550- 551; H - E. Lohman n, Die Collectio Wigomiemis ... , ibid. 21 ( 1933) 54-55; H. J. Schroeder, Disciplinary Decrei!s of the Gl'1Ieral Councils, 51. Louis, Mo. - London 1937, 214-235; J. Roussel de Pina, in A. Fliche and others, Du premier concile du Latran a I'a venement d'lrmocl'1lt Ill , II ( H istoirc de l'eglise 9/2), Pa ris 1953, 156- 174 ; W.M. Ploch l, Geschichte des Kirchenrechts, II Vienna 1955, see p. 495 ; M. Pacaut, Alf!xandre III . l tudt' sur la conct'ption du pOlI'tJoir pontifical dans Sll pensce et dan s S07/ oeuvre, Paris 1956, 128,261,262, '268,272,281,284,286,287,292,301; S. Kuttner, Brief Note, COllcerning the Ca nons of the Third Laterall Council, Traditio \J (1957) 505-506; G. Fransen, L 'ecclcsi%gie des concilt's ;nidievallx, in Le conci/f! , 125-1 41 : R. Fo reville, Latrall I, II, III et Latran IV (HistOire des Conciles 6). Paris 1965 ; M. Mollat and P. Tombeur, Les coneiles Latran I a Latran IV: Concordance , indf!x, Jistf!S de frcqllf!lIce, ltIbles comparatives (Conciles oecumcniques medievaux I), Louvain 1974; J. Longerc (cd.), Le troisieme concile de Larran (1 179). Sa place dans [,histoire, Communications presentees ala Table Ronde du C.N. R.S. , Ie 26 avril 1980, Paris 1982.
canons of this council; ". the canons must be placed as they have been edi ted, and the various readi ngs in the codex of AntOn io Au gustine must be considered ... " (fo l. 54'): but in the table of contents we read: " ... collated wi th the manu script codices and with the Annals of the En glis hman Roger of I-I oveden" (fol. all r). 56 See CorplIs illris canonia .. . , cd. I. Bohmer, II Halle 1747, App. 185- 189; below each of the canons are the variant readings taken from H rd. v W. Herold, Dif! Canones des J. Laterankonlils (1 179). Hi s dissertation relies on th e ad vice and direClion of W. Holtzmann. 58 Herold however was unaware of the Florence and twO Vatican Rq;in . codices. 59 See S. Kuttner, Brief Note, Conceming the Canons of thf! Third LaterlU/ COllncil, T radi tio 13 (1957) 505- 506.
Wb\~ ~~"u
T EXT AND TRANSLATION
211
* 211
COI/ctftum La/('raT/emc 11/- 1179
Thm/I.dll'ran CO/mn! ~ 1179
CANONES
CANONS
1.1 Licct de evilandaa discordia in electi one summi b po ntificis manifesta satis a nosrris praedccessoribus consti tuta manaverint 2 , tamen quia saepe post ilia per impro bae ambition is audaciam gravem passa cst ecclesia scissuram, nos ctiam ad malum hoc cvitandum, de co nsilio ftattum nostrotum et sac ri approbatione coneilii aliquid decrevimusc adiungendum. Statuimus igirut ur si forte, inimico homine s upcrseminante zizaniad3 , inter cardinales de substituendo pontifice non potuerit concordia plena esse, et duabus partibus concordant ibu s tertia pars no luerit concordare aut sibi alium praesumpserit ord inare c• ille f Romanus
1.1 Although clear enough decrees have been hand ed down by our predecesso rs to avoid di ssension in th e cho ice of a sove reign po nti fF, nevert hel ess in sp ite of th ese, because through wicked and reckless ambition th e church has often suffered serio us di vision, we tOo, in order to avoid thi s evi l, on the advice of o ur brethren and with the approval of the sacred council, have decided that so me addition mUSt be mad e. Therefore we dec ree that if by chance, through so me enemy sowi ng tares), there cannot be full agreement among the ca rdin als on a successor to the papacy, and though two thirds are in agreement a third party is un willin g to ag ree with them or presume.s to appoint so meone else for itself, that person shall be held as Rom an pontIff who has been chose n and received by the tWO thirds. But if anyone trusting to hi s nomi nat ion by the third party assumes the name of bishop , si nce he cannot take the reality, both he and those who receiv e him are to incur excommunication and be deprived of all sac red o rd er. so that viati cum be denied them, except at the hour of death, and unless they repent, let them receive the lot of Dathan and Abiron\ who were swallow ed up alive by the earth. Further, if anyone is chosen to the apostolic office by less than twO third s, unless in the meantime he receives a larger support , let him in no way assume it, and let him be subject to the foresaid penalty if he is unwillin g humbl y ro refrain. How ever, as a result of thi s decree, let no prejudice ari se to the ca non s and other ecclesiastical consriwtio ns accordin g to which th e decision of the greate r and seniol part sho uld prevail, because any doubt that can arise in them can be settled by a higher authority; whereas in the Roman church there is a specia l constituti on, since no reco urse ca n be had to a superiors. 2. Ren ew in g the dec ision taken by ou r predecessor of happ y memory, Innocent 7 , we dec ree that the ordinances made by the heresiarchs Octavian and Guido, and also by John of StrumaS who followed them, and by those ordained by them, are void; and furthermore that if any have received ecclesiastical dignities or benefices through the foresaid sch ismati cs, th ey are to be deprived of
$
pontifex habeatur, qui a duabus partibus fucrit clcctus cr receptu s. Si H) quis autem de tertiac panis nominationc confi sus, quia rem g non potest. sibi nomen episcopi usurpaverit, tam ipse quam qui cum receperint. cxcommunicationi subiaceant et tOt ius sacri ordini~ privatione mulctcntur, ita ut viarici eis ctiam, nisi tantum in ultimis, communio denegetur, et nisi res ipuerint, cu m Dathan et Abiron, quos terra vivos absorbuit\ I~ acc ipiant porrionem. Praeterea, si a pau cio ribus aliquis quam a d uabus panibus fuerit clectus ad apostOlatus officium, nisi maior concordia inrercesserit, nulla tenus assumat ur et praedictae poenae subiaceat, si humi litcr noluerit abstinere . Ex hoc tamen nullum canonicis consti tutionibus h et aliis ccdesiasticis i praeiudicium generclur, in qui bus maioris 20 et scniorisk parris debet senrentia praevalere, quia quod in eis dubi um ve nerit, superiori s poterit iudi cio definiri. In Romana vero ccdesia al iquid specialc constituitur, quia non potest rccursu s ad superiorem haberi. t> 2'. Quod a pracdeccssorc nostra felicis memoriae Innocenrio factum 2t> est? inno van tes, o rdinationes ab Octavia no ct Guidone hacrcs iarchis necnon et lohannc Srrumensi8 , qui cos secu tus est, faetas, et ab orclinatis ab eis, irritas essc censemus, adicientes etiam ur, sil qui dignitates ecdesiasticas seu beneficia per praedictos schi smaticos receperu nr m , careant b Romani H vitanda H e decemimus II d ziZllniam C,.z·ER, H e nominare vel ordinare II. I. Rm nominare II absque ulla exceptione ab unive rsa ccdesia add. II. I. Rm, II II: de rationc esse II. I. Rm qlllU Jamtn gloua lIidduT h institutiooibus H i ccclesiis 11. I. Rm, H; jorJaue ecclesiasticis (electionibus) sanioris Cr, LC-Mli, H 1 0m• II m acccpc runt H I
C. I in II.
'C.2inH.
Cf. conc. Lat. 11 c. 30 (cf. supra p. 203 ). • Octavianlls i. e. V ictor IVantipapa (11 59- 1164), Guido Le. Paschal is III antipapa (1164 ad 11 68), Johannes abbas Strumensis i. c. Callistus III antipapa (1l 68- 11 78). 7
"
k
sounder C,-J, LC-Msi, H
Canon I in II. See especially canon I of the council of Rome held in 1059 under pope N icholas II (Msi 19, 897,907) and his bull tTl rlOnline /)ommi (Msi 19,903- 904; MGI!. Leges itl-P, 1112. 177179); see also ch. I D. XX III (Fr 1, 77-79). .I See Mt 13, 25. • See Dt 11,6 (and also Nm 16,30-33). ~ ch. 6 Decreld/s I 6 ( Fr 2.51). b Canon 2 in H . 7 See Lateran counc il II , caoon 30 (sec abo\'e p. 203). 8 Octavian was the antipope Victor IV (1159-1164), Guido was the antipope Paschal III (1164- 1168), and John. abbOi of Struma. was the antipope Callistus III (1168-1178). I
Cf. praesc rdm c. 1 conc. Romani a. 1059 sub Nicolao 11 papa habiti (Msi 19, 897, 907) ciusdemque bull. In nomine Domini (Msi 19, 903-904; MGH, Vgll in-j.o, 11/2,177-179); d. edam c. I D. XXIII (Fr 1 77-79). I Cf. MIn. 25. t cr. Dt 11,6 C atque etiam Nm 16,30-33). I
'c.6X. J 6(Fr2.5 1}.
30
1
212
~
10
15
20
2S
30
3~
40
Conciiium Lateralltme 1/1 - 1/79
impetratis 1 , Alienationes quoque seua invasio nes, quae per eosdem schismaticos sive per laicos factae sum de rebus ecclesiasticis. omni careant firmitate et ad ecclesiam sine ornni eius onere revertantur. Si quis autem contraire praesumpserir, excommunicauoni se noverit subiacece. Illes autem, qui sponte juramentum de rencodo schismate pcaestitcrint b , a sacris ordinibus et dignir3tibus decrevimusc manere suspensos. 2 3. 3 Cum ind sacris ordinibus et ministeriis ecclesiasticis. et aetatis maturitas cr morum gravitas et scientia litterarum sit inquirendae• multo fo rtius haee f in episcopo oportet inquiri. qui ad curam positus aliorum,
in se ipso debet ostendere qualiter alios in d omo Domini oporteat conversari. Eapropter, ne quod de g quibusdam ex necessitate tempo ris factum est, in exemplum trahatur a posteris, praesenti decreto statu irnus, ut nullus in episcopum eligatur, nisi qui iam trigesimum aetatis annum egerit et de legitime sit matrimonio natus, qui etiam vita et scientia commendabilis demons tretu r. Cum autem electus fuerit et confirmationem electionis acceperit et ecclesiasticorum bonorum h administrationem habuerit. decurso tempore de consecrandis episcopis a canonibus definito, is ad quem spectant beneficia, quae habuerat, disponendi de illis liberam habeat facultatem. Inferiora edam ministeria. utputa i decanatus, archid iaconatus et alia quae animarum curam habem annexam, nullus omnino suscipiat, sed nec parochialium ecclesiarum regimen, nisi qui iam vigesi mum quintum aetatisk annum attigerit, et qui scientia et moribus exsistat co mmendandus. Cum autem assumptus fueri t, si archidi aconus in d iaconum l etm decani m(et reliqui admoniti) non fuerint praefixo a canonibus tempore in presbyteros ordinati, et ab ilIo removeantur officio et alii conferatur, qui et velit et poss it convenienter ill ud implere; nee prosit iUis n appellationis diffugium, si fone in transgressionemo constitutionis istius per appellationem vol uerint se tueri. Hoc sane non solum de promovendis, sed de his etiam qui iam promQ(i sunt, si canones non obsistant, praecipimus observandum. Clerici saneP si com ra for mam istam quemquam elegerint, et e1igendi potestate tunc privatos et ab ecclesiasticis benefici is triennio se noverint suspensos. Dignum est enim ut, quos timor Dei a malo non revocat, ecclesiasticae saltemq coerceat seve ritas disciplinae. Episcopus autem f , si cui fecerit aut fieri consenserit contra hocs• in conferendis praedictist potestatem suam amittat: et per sive H b praestiterunt H c decc:rnimus H d cunctis add. II. I. Rm, H quacrcnda H f hoc Crt S" g de 1'. I. Rm a nil. h honorum S" Rm i utpote H k 0"'. H I diaconem Cr SII H m decanus H n cis H 0 mngressione H P vero 1'. I. Crt S" q tlmen CrZSII r etiam H I si contra hoc fecerit aut fieri consenserit 1'. I. Rm si aut fecerit contra hoc aut consensc rit t o ffici is et bencnciis add. II. I. Rm officiis add. H fieri H 1 cr. ctiam Chroniton IInilltrsal, :ltlonymi Lauduncnsis, cd. G. Waitt, in MG H Strip '" XXVI Hannoverae 1882, 449; Sigcberti Gemblaccnsis Continualio AqllitindifID, ed. L. Bcthmann, in MGH Strip' ., VI H2nnoverac 1849, 417. t c. t X. V 8 (Pr 2, 790); cf. edam c. 37 C. XlI q. 2 (Pr 1,699). • C. 3 in H.
Third Latl'ran Council - 1179
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them 1. Mo reover al ienatio ns or se izures of ecclesias ti cal prope rty, which have been made by these sch ismatics or by lay persons, are to lac k all validity and are to return to the church without any burd en to it. If anyone presumes to act against th is, let him know that he is excommu nicated. We dccree that th ose who of their own accord have takc n an oath to rem ain in schi sm arc suspended from sac red orders and dignities. 2 3. 3 Since in ho ly o rd ers and ecclesiastical ministries bot h maturity of age, a serious ch arac ter and knowledge of letters should be required , much mo re sho ul d thcsc qua li ties be required in a bishop, who is appointed fo r th e ca re of ot hers and o ught to show in himself how others shou ld live in the ho use of the Lord. Th erefore, lest what has been done with regard to ce rcain persons through the need s of the time should be taken as a precedent for the fu(Ure, we dcclare by the present decree that no one should be chose n bishop unl ess he has al ready reac hed the age o f thirty, been born in lawful wed lock an d also is shown to be worthy by hi s life and lea rnin g. When he has been elected and hi s el ecti o n has been confirm ed, and he has the administration of ecclesiastical property , after the time has passed for th e consecration of bishops as laid down by the canons, let th e person to whom the benefices which he held belon g, have th e free di sposition of th em. Further, with regard to the inferi"o r mini stries, for instance that of dean o r archd eacon, and others which have the care of souls annexed, let no o ne at all rcceive them, o r cvcn the rule of parish churchcs, unless hc has already reached his twenty-fifth year of age, and ca n bc approved for his learning and charactcr. \'(Ih en he has been nominatcd, if the archdeacon is not ordained deacon, and thc deans (a nd the rest aftcr due warning) are not ordaincd priests, withi n th e tim e fixcd by the canons, let them be rcmoved fro m that office and let it bc co nfe rred o n anorher who is both able and willing to fulfil it properly; and let them nOt be allowed the evasion of recourse to an appeal, sho uld they wish by an appeal to protect themselves agains t a transgression of the constitutio n. We ord er th at this sho uld be o bserved with regard to both past and future appo intments, unless it is co ntrary to the canons. Certainly if clcrics appoint someo ne cont rary to thi s ru lc, let them kn ow that they are deprivcd o f th e powcr of election and are suspend ed fro m ccclesiastical benefices fo r three years. for it is right that at least th e strictness of ecclesiastical di sciplin e should res train th ose who are nor recalled from ev il by th e fear of God. But if any bishop has ac ted in an yone's interest co ntrary to this decrcc, or has conse nted to such act ions, let
1
See also Chrollicoll universal!, b y thl' ano n y mous w ri ter from Lao n, cd . G. Waitz.. in MGH
Script. , XXV I H anover 1882, 449; Sigcbert of Gembloux, Continllatio Aqllicinclilla, cd. L. Bethmann , in MGH Script ., VI H anover 1849,417. 1
ch. 1 Decretals V 8 (Fr 2. 790); sec also ch. 37 C. XII q. 2 (Fr 1. 699).
3 Canon 3 in H .
213
Conci/ium Lareraneme 111 - /179
ThiTd Lateran CQuncil - / / 79
cap~tulum aut per metropolitanurn 1 , si l capitulum concordare ncquiverit ordmentur. 2 • 3 4. Cum aposrolus se et b SUQS propriis manibus decreverit exhibendosc ut locu~ praedicandi auferret pseudoapostolis et iIIis qui bus praedicaba~ n~:m CX ~ I S teret one r os~s · . g rave nimis et emendatione fored d ignum :I dlgnosc~tur. q uod ,qUl,dam fmtrum et coepiscoporum nosrrorum ita g rave: ,In procurauombus su is subditis exs istum. ur pro huiusmod i causa .Jnterdu~ o,rnamenta ~cclesiastica s ubditi compellantur exponere et lo~g l. tem~ons vlct~m b.r~vls hora consumat. Quocirca statuimus. quodf ar~hlep i scopi parochl3s VISItantes pro diversitate provinciarum ct facul- 10
tatJ~us ccclesi~rum quadraginta vel quinquagintag evectionis h nu merum nO.nl ex~e~a?tl.; cardi~a.les vero viginti vel viginti quinqu e non excedant, ep l~coPJ VIglntl vel.~ngtnt.~k n~q u aq.ua~ excedant, arch idiacon i1 quinque aut septem, ?ecam constttu tt sub IPSIS duobus equis exs istant contenti. Nee cum cambus venatoriis et avibuso proficisca ntur, sed ita procedant, IS ut non quae sunt sua sed quae l esu Christi quaerere videanturS; nee sumptu osas epu las quaerant P, sed cum g ratiarum actione recipiant quod hone~ te etq com~~ tenter fuerit illis ministratum t • Prohibemus etiam ne subduos suos tallus et exactionibus episcopi g ravare praesumam. Sus tine":us a~tem pro m.ultis .n~cessitatibus, qu ae aliqu oties superveniunt, ut 20 s~ maOifesta et .r~tl onablils causa exstiterit, cum ca ritate moderatu m ab elS va~eant ~uxlh um postulare. Cum enim dicat apostolus: Non debmt p~renJJbllI 11111 JhesaJlr~z.ar~ ~ed paren~e~ ftlii~, multum longe a paterna pietate vldetu.r, ~I praeposlt! SUIS subdltlss g raves exsis tant. quos in cunctis neces~ltatlbu s paston s more fovere debent. Archidiaconi autem' sive ~ decant nullas exactiones v el tallias in presbyteros seu cle ricos exe rcere p raesu~ant ..Sane, quod de praedicto U numero evectionis secundum to lerantl~ m di ctum eS.t. in iBis locis poterit observa ri, in qui bus ampliores sunt reditus e~ eccieslaeV fac ultates; in pauperiori bus autem locis tan tam volu mu s tenen mensuram, ut ex accessu maiorum minores non debeantW 30
* 213
him lose the power of conferrin g the foresa id offices, and let these appointm ents be mad e by the chapter, or by the metropol itan 1 if the chapter cannOt agree. 2 4. J Since the apos tle decided that he o ught to suppOrt himself and those accompany ing him by his own hands. so that he might remove the opportu ni ty of preac hing fro m fa lse apostles and might nOt be burde nso me to those to whom he was preachin g\ it is recogni zed that it is a very se rio us matter and ca ll s fo r correcti on that so me of o ur brethren and fell ow bishops arc so burd ensome to their sub jects in th e proc urat ions demanded that so metim es, for this reason, su bj ects arc fo rced to se ll church ornaments and a short hou r cons um es the food of many days. Th erefore we decree that archbi sho ps on their visi tation s o f their dioceses are nO[ to bring with them more than fo rty o r fift y ho rses o r other mou nts, accordin g to the differences of dioceses and eccles iastical resources; cardinals sho uld nOt exceed twenty or twenty-five, bisho ps arc never to exceed twenty o r thirty, archdeaco ns five or seven, and dea ns, as their delegates, should be sati sfi ed with two ho rses. Nor should they se t out with huntin g dogs and birds, but they should proceed in such a way that they arc seen to be seeking nO[ their ow n but th e thin gs of Jes us Christ 5• Let th em not seek rich banquets but let them recei ve with thanksgivin g what is dul y and suitably provided r . We also forbi d bishops to burden their subj ects with taxes and impos itions. Bu t we all ow them, for the man y needs which sometimes come upon them, if the cause be clea r and reasonable, to as k for assistance moderated by charity. Fo r since the apos tl e says children ought not to lay up for their parents, bitt parents for their children6 • it seems to be far removed from paternal affenion if superiors are burdensome to their subj ects, when like a shepherd they o ugh t to cherish th em in all their needs. Archdeaco ns or dea ns should not pres um e to impose charges o r tax es on pri ests or clerics. Indeed, what has been sa id above by way of permissio n about th e number of horses may be obse rved in those places where there are greate r resources or revenues, but in poo rer pl aces we wish meas ure so to be obse rved that the visit of greater personages should not he a burden to the
a etiamsi H b ae H c alendos If. I. Rm des·"H .Ipsa Quu. .J.JH f H ...... ut g quadragesimum vel quinquagesimum H eveellonum If. I. LC CI A/Ii i 0111. H k ~piscopi vero viccsimum vel tricesimum, cardinales vero vigesimum . . qUlOtum H aut vJgeslmum
h
I vero adJ. H m aut Cr1 Su vel nil. n vera add. I_ I o Nec ... avi bus] nec 0111. C r1 S .... avibus non C,-J S.... P requirant H r nec sumptuosas ... ministratum om. Crz S.... • subiectis H I autem C,-J S .... vero nil. u praedicti H v ecclesiastiae H w minores merito non doleant sc P. t. Rm, H I
Cf. c. 36 D. LXIII (Fr 1, 247).
t
~. 7 X. I 6 (Fr 2, 51-52) ;
3:;
q
ac H
cr. G. J. Ebers, Das DellO/ulionlruhl, IIOrnrhmlirhnath Italholisthtm
Kmhtnrtthl, Stuugart 190t'f, 171-178.
'C.6 in H. , Cf. 1 Th 2,9; 2 Th 3, 7-8; cf. etiam 2 Cot 11 .9. 6 Cf. Ph 2, 21. , 2 Cor 12.14.
"
r
Let them not ... provided omitted in C? Su
1
$"" ch. J6 O. LX III (Fr 1,24 7).
ch. 7 D('cyer'l/s I 6 (Fr 1. 51- 51); sec G. J. Ebers. DtH Devoilliiomrechl , v omehmlich lIach karho/ischem KirciJenrechr, Stuttgan 1906, 17 1- 178.
!
3 C anon 6 in H . 4
Sec 1 Th 2, 9; 2 Th J. 7- 8 ; Sl't· also 2 Cor 11, 9.
~ S"" Ph 2. 21. (0 2 C or 12 , 14 .
\
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11 79 Third Lateran Council- 1179
gravari, ne sub tali indulgentia illi, qui paucioribus equis uti solebam hactenus. plurimam" sibi credant potestatem indultam .1 5. 2 Episcopus sib aliquem sine certa titulo, de quo necessaria vitae percipiar. in diaconum c vel pres byte rum o rdinaverit. tamdiu necessa ria :; ei subrninistret, donce in aliqua ei d eccles ia convenicntia stipendia militiae c1cricalis assigner; nisi forte talise qui ordinatur f exstiterit, qui de sua vel paterna hereditatc subsidium vitae possit habere. 3 6. 4 Rcprehensibilis valde consuetudo in .quibusdam partibus inolevit. ~tg (rarres et coepiscopi nosrri seu ctiam archidiaconi, quash appellaturos 10 I~ c~usis .suis existimant. nulla penitus admonirione praemissa, suspen-
SlonlS veP excommunicationis in cos ferant sententiam. Alii etiam dum superioris se nteJ.1tiam et discip li nam canonicam reformidant. s i n~ ullo gravamine appell atione m obici unt et ad defensionem iniquitatis usurpant, quod ad subsidium k innocentium dignoscitur institutum. Quocirca ne I ~ vel praclati valeant sine ca usa gravare subiectos vel subditi pro sua voluntate sub appellationis obtentu correction em va leant eludere praelatorum, praesenti decreto statui rnus, ut nee praelati, nisi canonica commonitione praemissa, suspension is vel excommunica tionis sententiam proferant in subiectos, nisi forte talis sit culpa. quae ipso genere suo 1 20 excommunicationis poenam inducat; nec subiecti contra disciplinam e~c1esiast i c~m ante ingressum causae in vocem appellat ion is prorumpantm. S.' vero qUlsquam p ro sua necessitate crediderit appellandum, competens CI ad proscqucndam appellationem terminus praefigatur, infra quem, si forte prosequi" neglexerit. libere tunc episcopus sua auctoritate utatur. 2~ Si a~.Item i? quocumque negotio aliquis appellaverit ct eo qui appellatu s fueC1~ veOiente, qui appellaverit venire neglexerit, si proprium quid habult°, competemem eiP recompensationem faciat expensarum ut hoc sa he~ timore perterritus'l, in gravamen alterius non facile quis ~ppellet. Praeclpue veeo in locis' religiosis hoc vol umus observari ne monachi 30 sive quicumque religio~i, cum pro al iq uo excessu fueri~t corrigendi, contra re.g.u larem praelatl sui et capituli d isciplinam appellare praesumant, sed humlliter ac devote suscipiant. quod pro salute sua utiLiter' eis fuerit iniun ctu m '.~
7.~ Cum in ecclesiae corpore omnia debeant ex caritate tractari et quod gratis receptum est gratis U impendi. horribile nimis est, quod in quibus-
3~
40
a plurium H b pr:aelera si episcopus H c diaconcm !-I d cidem in· al iqua H c sit adJ. fI f ordinatus H g cum adJ. H h quosdam fI i SC U H k p.aesidium H I suspcnsionis vel cxcommunicationis v. I. Rm, H m erumpant H 0 habuerit H P illi H 'I deterritus " r 0111. II. I. Rm I sua sciant iis iniunctum v. I. Rm u debcat add. H I C.
n 0111.
humbler, lest by such a grant those who were accustOmed to usc fewer horses should think th at the widest powers ha ve been granted to them. 1 5. 2 If a bishop o rd ains someo ne as deaco n or priest without a definite titl e from which he may draw the necessities of life, let the bishop provide him with what he needs until he shall assign him the suitable wages of clerical se rvice in some church, unless it happen s that the person ordained is in such a posi tion that he can find the suppOrt of life from his own or family inheritance. 3 6." A most reprehens ible cuStom has become established in certain places whereby our brethren and fellow bishops and even archdeacons have passed sentence of excommunication or suspensio n, without any previous admonition, on those who they think will lod ge an appea l. Others too, while they fear the sentence and canonical di scipline of a superior ,lodge an appeal without any real grounds and thus make use of a means ordained for the help of the innocent as a defence of their own wrongdoing. Therefore to prevent prelates burdening their own subjects without reaso n, Or subjects at the ir will being able to escape the co rrection of prelates under cover of an ap peal, we lay down by thi s present decree that prel ates should not pass sentence of suspe nsio n Or excommu ni cation without a previous cano ni cal warni ng, unless the fault is such that by its nature it incurs the penalty of excommu ni cation l , and that subj ects should nOt reckl ess ly have recourse to an appea l, COntra ry to ecclesiastica l discipline, before the introdu ction of th eir case. But if anyone believes that because of his own need he sho ul d make an ap peal, let a proper limit be fixed for hi s making it, and if it happens that he fails to do so within this limit, let the bisho p freely usc his own authority. If in any business so meone makes an appeal, but fail s to appear when the defendant has arrived, let him make a proper repayment of the defendant' s expenses, if he is in a position to do so; in this way, at least by fear, a person may be deterred from lightly makin g an appeal to the injury of another. But we wish that in religious houses especia ll y thi s should be observed, namely that monks or other reli gious. when they are to be corrected for any fault, should nOt pres ume to appea l against the regu lar di scip lin e of their superio r Or chapter, but they should humbl y and devoutl y submit to what is usefull y enjoi ned them for their sa lvation. s 7. 6 Since in the body of the church everythin g shou ld be treated with a spirit of charity, and what has been freely received should be freely given, it is utterly
perseq\li Cr: Su H
6 X. III 39 (Fr 2,623) ; cf. etiam c. 3 D. XCIV (Fr 1,33 1) ct c. 8 C. X q. 3 (Fr I,
62S~626); G. Schreiber, Klirit und KloJlu i11l 12.}ahrhundtrl, Stuttgart 1910, 1226,242; II
171-173, 176. C. 5, II in H. I c.4 X. III 5 (Fr 2, 465) ; cf. conc. Chalc. C. 6 (cf. supra p. 90». t C. 12 in H. • c. 26 X. II 28 (Fr 2, 418-419). • C. 4 in H. I
.. 214
I suspension or l"XcolTImunication v ariant reading ;'1 Rm, H I ch. 6 /)ecrettlls III 39 (Fr 2, 623): sec also ch. 3 D. XCIV (Fr 1.33 1) and ch. 8 C. X q. 3 (Fr I , 625- 626); G. Schreiber, Kllrie IImi Kloster im 12. jilhrhlludf'rt. Stuttgart 191 0, I 226,242; II
171 - 173,176. Canon 5, II in H. 3 ch. 4 J)ecrelllis III 5 (Fr 2, 465): see council of C halcedon. canon 6 (sec above p. 90). ~ Canon 12 in H . S ch. 26 J)ecretals II 28 (Fr 2, 41 8-419). Eo Canon" in H.
2
2 15
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dam ecclesiis locum venalitas pcrhibclUc habere ita, ut pro episcopis vel abbatibus seu~ quibuscum que pcrsonis ecclesiasticis ponend is in sede seu introducend is presb yteris in ecclcsiam necnon pro scpulruris et exsequiis mortuorum et benedictionibus n uhcntium se u aliis sacramcntis b aliquid exigatur. et illc qui indiget non possit ista percipere, nisi manum implere curaverit largitoris. Putantd ploecs ex hoc sibi li ce re, quia legem morise de longa invaluissc consuctudine arb itrantur, n o n sa ris, quia cupiditate caeca ti su nt, attendcntcs, quod tanto graviora s unt crimina quanta diutius animam infelicc m tenuefint alligatam. Ne ig itur h oc de ccrero fiat
~
ct vel pro person is ecclesiasticis deducendis ad sedem vel sacerdotibus 10 instituendis aut mortuis sepcl iendis se u etiam nubemibus benedicendi s seu etiamf ali is sacramemis aliquid exigatur. districtius inhibemus. Si quis auterr. r:ont ra hoc venire praes umpserit, portionem cum Giezi l se noverit ha0iturum, cuius factum turpis muneris exact ione imitatur2 • Prohibemus insuper, ne novi census ab episcop is vel abbatibus aliisvc a praelatis imponantur eccles iis nec vctcres augeantur nec partem rcdituum suis usibus appropriate praesu mant, sed libertates, quas8 sibi mai ores desideram conservari, minoribus quoque suis bona voluntate conservent. Si quis autem 'aliter egerit, irritum quod fecerit habeatur. 3 8.' Nulla ecclesiastica ministeria seu etiam beneficia vel ecclesiae alicui 20 tribuantur seu promittantur antequam vacent, ne desiderare quis mortem proximi h videatur, in cuius locum et benefici um se crediderit i succcssurum . Cum enim id etiam in ipsis gentilium leg ibus inveniatur prohibitum k , turpe nimis est et di vini plenum an imadversione iudicii, si locum in Dei ecclesia futurae successionis exspectatio habeat, quam et iam damnare l ipsi 25 gentiles ho mines curaverunt. Cum vero praebendas ecc1esiasticasm seu quaelibet officia in aliqua ecclesia vacare conti gerit vel etiam si modo vacant, non diu maneant in suspenso, sed infra sex menses personis, quae digne adm inistrare va leant, conferantur. Si autem episcopus, ubin ad eum" spectaveritO, conferre distulerit, per capitulum ordinetur. Quod si 30 ad capitulum electio pert inuerit et infra praedictu mP te rminum q hoc non fecerit, episcopus hoc secundum Deum cum virorum rcligiosorum consilio exsequatur aut, si omnes forte negiexerint, met ropolitanus de ipsis secundum Deum absque iUorum contradictione di sponat. 5 9. 6 Cum et plantare sacram reiigionem et plantatam fovere modis 35 omn ibus debcamus, numquam hoc mcl ius exsequemurr , quam si nutrire' quae recra sunt et corrigereS quae profectum veritatist impediunt, pro add. H b ecclesiasticis adJ. H c rcquiratur H d autcm add. H maris (on. c,.z (ti pollta HrJ) mo rtis rtfl. f om. H g liberbtcm quam H h sui add. H i crcdidit Crl S" k inhibitum H I condemnare Ii m ccdesias H n ad quem H 0 sine rationabili causa add. H P pracscriptum H q similiter add. H r cxscquimur H I ea add. H t virtutis H
Cf. 4 Rg 5,20-27. 2 c.9 X. V 3 (Fr 2,75 1); cf. etiam c. 100 C. I q. 1 (Fr 1, 398). c.7 X. 1II 39 (Fe 2,623). ' C. 5, I in H. t c. 2 X. III 8 (Fr 2, 488) ; cf. G. J. Ebers , Das Dtuollilionsruhf, l1()rnthmlith nach kaJholisrhtm • C. 8 in H. KinhtnrtthJ, Stuttgart 1906, 17 1-178. I
1
J 179
*
215
disgraceful that in certain chur~hes tra~ficking is sa id to have a. pl~ce, so that a charge is made fo r the enthromn g of bishops, ~bbots o r eccleSiastical perso.ns, fo r the install at ion of priests in a chu rch, for bunals and funeral s, fo r the blessmg of weddings o r for other sacrame nts, and that he who needs them ca nno t ga in them unless he first makes an offering to the perso n who bestows th em. Some think that thi s is permitted in the belief that long standing custom has given it th e force of bw. Such peop le, blinded by avarice, are not aware that the lon~er an unhappy soul is bo und by cr im es the grave: they are. Th.erefore, so that thi S may not be done in the future, we seve rel y forbid that anythmg be dema nded for the enthro nement of ecclesiastica l persons o r the institution of p riests, for burying th e dead as well as fo r blessi ng marriages or for any othcr sacrament. But if anyone pres um es to act against this, let him kn ow that he will have hi s lot with 2 Giezi l , whose acti on he imitatcs by his demand of a. disgraceful present • Moreove r we forb id bishops, abbots or other prelates to Im pose upon churches new ducs, in crease the old or prcs um e to approp riate to their ow n use part of th e revenues, but let them readil y prese rve for their subj ects th ose liberti es. whi c.h superi ors wish to be preserved for themselves. If anyone acts otherWise, IllS action is to be held invalid.} 8. 4 Let no ecclesiastical mi nist ri es or even benefices o r churches be ass igned or promised to anyone befo re they arc vaca~t~ so that no b?dy may ~eem tc? wi sh for the dea th of hi s nei ghbour to whose pos Ition or benefi ce he believes himself to be the successo r. For si nce we find this forbidden cven in th e laws of the pagans th cmsel ves, it is utterl y di sgraceful. and ca1ls for the punishment.of God:s judgment if the hope of future success ion should hav e any place 1I1 God s church , when cven pagans have taken care to condemn it. But when eve r ecclesiasti cal prebends or any offices happen to becom e vacant in a ch urch, or arc eve n now vaca nt, let them no longer remai n unass igned and let them be con fer red with in six mo nths o n persons who arc able to administer them worthily. If the bishop, when it concerns him, delays to mak e the ap po intme~t, let it be done by the chapter ; but if the election belongs to the chapter and It does not make thc appointment within the prescribed time, let the bishop proceed accordin g to God's will, with the advice of reli gious me~ j o r if by cha.n~e all fail to do so, let the metropolitan dispose of these matters Without oppositIOn fro m them and in accordance with God's wil l. s 9.6 Since we ought bmh to plant ho ly religion and in every way to cherish it when plan ted, we shall neve r fulfil this better th an if we take ca re to nour ish
40
See 4 Kg 5, 20- 27. 2 ch. 9 DnTC lals V 3 (Fr 2, 751 ) ; see also eh. 100 C. I q. 1 (Fr 1,398 ). eh. 7 Dccrcrtlls III 39 (Fr 2, 623). 4 C ano n 5. I in H. 5 eh. 1 D £'cretllis III 8 (Fr 2, 48 8); see G . J. Ebers. Dtls Dev oilltiOlUrecht, vomehmlich lIach kat holischem Kirchenrecht , Swu).;art 1906, 171- 178 . 6 C anon 8·in I I. 1
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216
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commissa n obis' auctoritate curemus. Fratrum autem et coepiscopo rum nostr~ru~ ve~.ementi conq.u~stione comp~ri~u~. quod ~ra.tres Templi et Hospuahs • alii quoque relig losae professlOnls,lOd ulta sib, ab apostolica sede excedentes privilegia, contra episcopalem auctoritatem multa prae:; s u~unt, quae. et scandal um generanr