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FRIM IN FOCUS DIS 2021
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DECEMBER 2021
FRIM IN FOCUS
Highlights of This Issue Soil Research & Improvement
Gene Bank, Herbal Planting & Phenology Studies
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STUDY OF ORGANIC DEPOSIT AT MANGROVE FOREST
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CONSERVATION OF TREE SPECIES ON EX-TIN MINE
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KAJIAN PEMULIHARAAN TANAH HUTAN PAYA GAMBUT DI SELANGOR
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BANK GERMPLASMA MENYELAMATKAN POKOK TERANCAM PENANAMAN HERBA TERPILIH BERKUALITI TINGGI SECARA SISTEM SELINGAN PHENOLOGY MONITORING AT THE FACE STUDY AREA
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WOOD VINEGAR FOR PRESERVATION PURPOSES
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PAYA BURUNG, OUR OWN LITTLE BIRD SANCTUARY
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NEWS
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
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Soil Research & Improvement
STUDY OF ORGANIC DEPOSIT AT MANGROVE FOREST
Anak pokok periuk kera di nurseri kultur tisu
KAJIAN MENDAPAN ORGANIK DI HUTAN BAKAU
Rozita Ahmad
[email protected]
Nur Hafiza Abd Halim Tanah sesai is a local name given to an organic deposit material, similar in appearance to the sawdust. These sawdust-like deposit are believed to originate from materials used for cleaning ships, which are carried by waves and continuously loaded at the coastline. The presence of tanah sesai was regarded as a disturbance to the Tanjung Piai National Park, Johor because of its acidic condition. It covered and prevented roots from breathing and became toxic to plants. Research on tanah sesai at Tanjung Piai National Park, Johor was carried out under a project grant entitled “Membangunkan Teknik Penanaman Inovatif dan Menilai Keberkesanan
EDITORIAL BOARD
Advisors Dr Ismail Parlan Dr Norwati Muhammad
Site with old tanah sesai, Site without tanah sesai (top left) Sampling of soil sediment
Zon Penampan bagi Melindungi Persisiran Pantai Negara”. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of biochar tanah sesai on soil sediment properties, growth performance of Rhizophora spp and its potential for planting media. Tanjung Piai National Park, Johor is located at the southern-most tip of the Peninsular Malaysia, on forest areas mainly comprising mangroves and mudflats. For the past years, the national park was facing problems due to oil spills and organic material deposits. The fresh form of tanah sesai is acidic, Technical Editor Sarifah Kunju Ahmad
FRIM in Focus (FIF) is distributed free of charge upon request. We welcome feedback on any of the FIF articles.
The Editor & Writer of FRIM In Focus Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) 52109 Kepong, Selangor DE, Malaysia Cover photo: Matang mangrove forest.
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Editor & Writer Ida Suraini Abd Shukor
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
Telephone : +603-6279 7501 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.frim.gov.my Design & Printing : Johan Interlink Sdn Bhd
Soil Research & Improvement 1
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1. Pouring dried tanah sesai into a pyrolyser 2. Preparation for plant growth study 3. Measurement of height and data collection
which upon degradation and decomposition, turned into a neutral state and increases the site organic carbon concentration. It was observed that soil pH increased for old tanah sesai sites and influenced the availability of nutrients to plants. Height increment of Rhizophora trees from sites with old tanah sesai was higher compared to the site without organic deposits. The presence of organic deposits might contribute to the increase in nutrient availability, thus enhancing soil fertility and height increment. Biochar is defined-as a stable form of charcoal, produced by heating biomass material through pyrolysis process in high temperature and low oxygen conditions. Tanah sesai collected near the jetty at Tanjung Piai National Park, Johor was brought to FRIM for biochar preparation. The material was oven-dried to reduce moisture, placed in a pyrolyser and heated at high temperature. The experimental plot for plant growth study was set up at a nursery at Tanjung Piai. Propagules of R. apiculata were used in this study and transplanted into polybags containing different planting media. It was observed that combination of biochar tanah sesai with mud soil as the soil media improved the growth of R. apiculata propagules at the nursery stage. Addition of biochar into the soil improved soil
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properties, enhanced soil quality and increased crop productivity. Similar to other biochars, tanah sesai biochar was alkaline and helped to increase soil pH and availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake. Study of biochar tanah sesai won the Best Poster Presentation Award during the Soil Science Conference of Malaysia (SOILS 2019) and obtained FRIM invention disclosure ID 14/2019 entitled “Biochar Tanah Sesai as Planting Media for Rhizophora apiculata as well as Preparation Method and Application Thereof”.
About the Main Author ChM Rozita Ahmad is the Head of Soil Management Branch at the Forest Plantation Program, Forest Biotechnology Division, FRIM. She is a chemist and also the Head of Soil Chemistry Laboratory, working on technical services in soil and plant testing. Her research covers heavy metals, organic waste utilisation, nano delivery based on layered metal hydroxide, phytotoxicity of nanomaterial and controlled release formulation. Team members involved in this research were Dr Wan Rasidah Abd Kadir, Dr Siti Salwana Hashim, Mohamad Fakhri Ishak, Dr Tumirah Khadiran and Puad Elham. The study was assisted by Mohd Yasin Nasir and Muhd Amiruddin Zaini from the Tanjung Piai Johor National Park, as well as FRIM Soil Management and Nursery personnel who conducted field data collection and laboratory works. FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
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Soil Research & Improvement
CONSERVATION OF TREE SPECIES ON EX-TIN MINE
PEMULIHARAAN SPESIES POKOK DI BEKAS LOMBONG TIMAH Dr Ho Wai Mun
[email protected]
Tang Lai Kuen
Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Royal Forest Department of Thailand (RFD) and Korea Forest Service (KFS) entered into a tripartite memorandum of agreement in 2016. The agreement was to rehabilitate ex-mining areas into repositories for endangered forest tree species. The six-year KFS funded project was entitled “Domestication of Endangered, Endemic and Threatened Plant Species in Disturbed Terrestrial Ecosystem in Malaysia and Thailand”. The aim was to plant at least 12 endangered, endemic and threatened (EET) species in participating countries, as well as to share technologies and experiences with other countries in the region through seminars and workshops. Degraded sites measuring 6 ha from each country, were selected for domestication activities, and subjected to a planting density of 500 stems/ha. The Malaysian project site was located at the FRIM Research Station at Bidor, Perak. The first planting was carried out in April 2017 involving 1500 plants from 11 EET species on a 3 ha area of slime tailings. The species planted were Aquilaria malaccensis, Dipterocarpus chartaceus, Dryobalanops oblongifolia, Hopea ferruginea, H. helferi, Neobalanocarpus heimii, Lagerstroemia langkawiensis, Palaquium maingayi, Parashorea stellata, Shorea glauca and S. sumatrana. Subsequently in 2019, another seven species were added, namely Dipterocarpus baudii, D. kerii, D. cornutus, D. kunstleri, Dryobalanops aromatica, S. longisperma, S. multiflora and S. platyclados. The second planting involved 1650 plants at an adjacent area of 3.6 ha. Each tree was mapped alongside regenerated trees in plots using the global positioning system (GPS). An additional 1 ha with 10 species including 1 new species, S. lepidota, will be planted in 2021. Tending routines such as stacking, weeding, fertilising and watering were conducted periodically. A year later in 2018, the endemic plant, L. langkawiensis, recorded 100% survival rate followed by S. glauca and H. helferi with 99% and 98% respectively. This exciting observation indicated that endangered and endemic rainforest trees can survive and grow 4
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
Signs of scratching and rubbing, inflicted by wild boars, on tree stem which later peeled off the bark
well on ex-tin mine area. Other than providing a suitable environment and appropriate tending, it is important to improve soil properties through mechanical ploughing and application of soil amendments for achieving high survival rate. The project has lost a number of plants due to attack by wild boars. Hopea ferruginea was particularly chosen by the animal, in which seedlings were uprooted and saplings debarked. A few other species shared similar fate and were used as rubbing post. The bark was completely rubbed off by the boar, eventually killing the plant. In addition to domestication of EET species, the project catered to information sharing and capacity building via workshops, seminars, publications and cross-country visits. Until 2021, FRIM hosted two workshops, a regional seminar and a regional webinar through this project. Partnership with RFD and support from Asian Forest Cooperation Organization (AFoCO) Secretariat enabled project teams from FRIM and RFD to learn from other Asian countries. Completion of the project in mid-2022 will observe more than 8500 trees from 28 EET species planted in over 17 ha of ex-mining areas both in Malaysia and Thailand. About the Main Author Dr Ho Wai Mun is a research officer specialising in the field of ecophysiology, with over 20 years of working experience on rehabilitation and phytoremediation of heavy metals in degraded areas.
Soil Research & Improvement
KAJIAN PEMULIHARAAN TANAH HUTAN PAYA GAMBUT DI SELANGOR RESEARCH ON PEAT SWAMP FOREST CONSERVATION IN SELANGOR Dr Jeyanny Vijayanathan [email protected]
Mohamad Fakhri Ishak Hutan paya gambut di Malaysia merupakan satu ekosistem unik yang mempunyai fungsi penting dalam tebatan banjir, penyenggaraan aliran pangkalan sungai, pemeliharaan habitat flora dan fauna serta takungan karbon. Hutan paya gambut di Semenanjung Malaysia dianggarkan meliputi keluasan kira-kira 796,000 ha. Kebanyakan kawasan paya gambut di Malaysia mempunyai tanah organik yang berbeza sifatnya dengan tanah paya gambut di negara-negara Barat. Kesukaran memasuki kawasan paya gambut menyebabkan perolehan maklumat tentang sifat-sifat fizikal dan kimia tanah adalah terhad. Pengambilan sampel tanah gambut yang rumit juga menyebabkan perbezaan antara hasil kajian tentang stok karbon dalam tanah paya gambut. Secara keseluruhannya, kawasan paya gambut tropika didapati berkemampuan menyimpan kirakira 88.6 Gt karbon. Dalam penyelidikan ini, FRIM berperanan mengkaji sifat fizikal dan kimia tanah organik, serta tekstur dan nutrien tanah di Hutan Simpan Raja Musa dan Hutan Simpan Sungai Karang, Selangor. Pengiraan stok karbon dan fluks tanah organik dijalankan di Hutan Simpan Kuala Langat, Selangor. Hasil kajian mendapati sekurang-kurangnya 72% (Hutan Simpan Sungai Karang) dan 70% (Hutan Simpan Raja Musa) terdiri daripada Siri Bayas (sangat dalam), dengan bahan induk (parent material) tanah liat marin bukan sulfida (non-sulfidic marine clay). Hutan Simpan Raja Musa mempunyai tanah gambut yang sangat dalam dengan keluasan 10%, iaitu Siri Klias yang dipengaruhi oleh bahan induk daripada tanah liat marin sulfida (sulfidic marine clay). Stok karbon untuk kawasan hutan simpan paya gambut pada kedalaman 3.80 m di Hutan Simpan Kuala Langat adalah 1595.88 Mg C ha−1 dan 969.89 Mg C ha−1 untuk kedalaman 1.50 m. Pembebasan gas karbon dioksida dari tanah adalah dalam lingkungan 26.50–43.43 tCO2 ha−1 tahun−1 untuk hutan paya gambut dan 7.20–73.13 tCO2 ha−1 tahun−1 untuk kawasan tanaman pertanian.
Kajian ini merupakan yang pertama bagi pemetaan tanah dan pengiraan stok dan fluks karbon bagi tanah hutan paya gambut di negeri Selangor. Kaedah inovatif bagi pensampelan ketumpatan tanah organik membantu menjimatkan masa dan kos. Kajian ini meraih beberapa anugerah dan pendedahan reka cipta iaitu Anugerah Penyelidikan Terbaik Kumpulan 2021 (Merit), Hari Anugerah FRIM 2021; pendaftaran ID bagi “Improved Peat Sampling Method For Bulk Density Determination” (FRIM ID: 39/2018); pertandingan KIK: Kaedah pensampelan Ezy-BD untuk tanah gambut (Pingat Gangsa); dan pembentangan poster terbaik di Seminar SOILS 2020 pada 6–8 Oktober 2020.
Pencerapan data fluks karbon tanah di Hutan Simpan Kuala Langat (kiri), Pengukuran kedalaman profil tanah gambut untuk pengiraan stok karbon (kanan)
Tentang Penulis Utama Dr Jeyanny Vijayanathan merupakan pegawai penyelidik kanan di Cawangan Pengurusan Tanah, FRIM. Beliau mempunyai 17 tahun pengalaman dalam bidang kimia dan kesuburan tanah, dinamik karbon, menjalankan survei dan pengurusan pemakanan tumbuhan. Beliau juga merupakan Naib Presiden Persatuan Sains Tanah Malaysia di samping ahli International Foundation of Science Alumni. FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
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Gene Bank
BANK GERMPLASMA MENYELAMATKAN POKOK TERANCAM GERMPLASM BANK CONSERVES THREATENED SPECIES Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Shariff [email protected]
Aini Izzati Ahmad Sohimi Spesies terancam merujuk kepada organisma yang bilangannya semakin berkurang serta berhadapan dengan risiko kepupusan, bagi kawasan tertentu atau di seluruh dunia. Populasi spesies terancam dikawal melalui pemuliharaan ex-situ iaitu di luar habitat asal organisma. Sumber bahan genetik tumbuhan, atau germplasma, dikumpulkan untuk tujuan pemuliharaan, penyelidikan dan pembiakbakaan di fasiliti arboretum, serta bank gen biji benih dan bank gen ladang.
Bimbang (LC=Least Concern), Kekurangan Data (DD=Data Deficient) dan Tidak Dinilai (NE=Not Evaluated). FRIM menjalankan kutipan spesies terancam bagi kategori CR, EN dan VU. Penubuhan bank germplasma bermula dengan Projek Pemantapan Bank Germplasma di bawah Rancangan Malaysia ke-11, iaitu bagi tahun 2017– 2020. Projek ini mengutamakan kutipan spesies daripada keluarga Dipterocarpaceae. Koleksi tumbuhan daripada keluarga lain turut dijalankan, iaitu sebanyak 78 spesies.
Bilangan kutipan serta kategori spesies terancam direkod berdasarkan Malaysia Plant Red List. Bilangan yang dicatatkan ialah 35 spesies bagi kategori CR, EN dan VU; 19 spesies bagi kategori NT; 13 spesies bagi kategori LC, 1 spesies kategori EX dan 10 spesies masing-masing bagi kategori DD dan NE. Bilangan spesies berubah jika menggunakan pengelasan IUCN Red List iaitu 54 bagi kategori CR, Spesies terancam dikelaskan mengikut Senarai Merah EN dan VU; 4 spesies bagi kategori NT; 10 spesies yang diperoleh daripada Malaysia Plant Red List bagi kategori LC; dan 10 spesies masing-masing bagi dan IUCN Red List. Spesies terancam dikategorikan kategori DD dan NE. kepada status seperti Pupus (EX=Extinct), Pupus di Alam Liar (EW=Extinct in the Wild), Terancam Kutipan pada tahun 2020 berjaya menjumpai spesies Teruk (CR=Critically Endangered), Terancam (EN= damar hitam siput besar atau Shorea kuantanensis. Endangered), Lemah Ancaman (VU=Vulnerable), Hampir Terancam (NT=Near Threatened), Sedikit Rumah hijau bagi melindungi spesies terancam di tapak Penubuhan bank germplasma merupakan satu daripada kaedah memelihara dan mengekalkan warisan biologi. FRIM berperanan membantu meminimumkan hakisan dan melindungi kepelbagaian genetik di samping memenuhi komitmen negara, selaras dengan Dasar Kepelbagaian Biologi Kebangsaan 2016–2025.
semaian FRIM Perlis (atas)
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FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
Gene Bank Spesies kategori EX ini dilaporkan pupus pada pertengahan tahun 1960-an oleh Malaysia Plant Red List 2010 disebabkan pembukaan ladang kelapa sawit di kawasan Hutan Simpan Bukit Goh, Pahang. Projek Pengayaan Bank Germplasma bagi Rancangan Malaysia ke-12 untuk spesies terancam bermula pada tahun 2021–2025. Projek ini menyasarkan kutipan sebanyak 100 spesies terancam. Sejumlah 413 spesies dikenal pasti berada dalam kategori terancam berdasarkan carian Malaysia Biodiversity Information System (MyBIS) dan International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Red List of Threatened Species. Perancangan dan aktiviti kutipan dijalankan dengan merujuk kepada beberapa sumber. Antara rujukan yang digunakan ialah laporan serta pemerhatian fenologi, maklumat daripada Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri, maklumat dalaman FRIM, dan sumber carian laman web yang sahih. Kutipan dijalankan di beberapa lokasi utama seperti di hutan lipur, hutan simpan dan tapak semaian Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri. Kelulusan menjalankan kutipan bagi tujuan pengesahan aktiviti diperoleh daripada setiap negeri, institusi, jabatan, badan kerajaan tempatan dan agensi yang berkaitan. Kutipan sebanyak 20 spesies terancam dirancang untuk setiap tahun. Pengumpulan bermula pada tahun 2021 dan dijangka berakhir pada tahun 2025. Bekalan bahan tanaman seperti biji benih dan anak liar diperoleh melalui beberapa kaedah seperti kutipan di lapangan, pertukaran bahan tanaman serta melalui teknik pembiakan tampang. Rekod aset hidup yang mencirikan bahan tanaman mengikut spesies, jenis bahan tanaman dan lokasi kawasan kutipan dibangunkan bagi rujukan masa hadapan. Pemerhatian fenologi pula adalah bagi mengenal pasti spesies keutamaan, keadaan semasa dan pengesahan lokasi. Bahan tanaman yang diperoleh di kawasan kutipan diproses mengikut jenis sumber seperti biji benih, anak liar, anak pokok dan bahan keratan tampang. Pemprosesan dijalankan di tapak semaian Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Mata Ayer yang merupakan pusat pengumpulan koleksi spesies terancam. 1. Kutipan biji benih gerutu-gerutu (Parashorea stellata) yang berstatus Lemah Ancaman (VU) di Chalok, Setiu, Terengganu 2. Bahan tanaman, terutamanya anak liar, menjalani proses penyesuaian iklim di rumah hijau 3. Damar hitam katup (Shorea balanocarpoides) yang berstatus Terancam (EN)
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Kejayaan kutipan bahan spesies terancam bergantung kepada kesediaan maklumat lokasi sumber, serta kerjasama dan kelulusan, khususnya daripada Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri, serta pihak lain yang berkaitan. Turut memainkan peranan penting adalah kakitangan kompeten yang menjalankan kutipan, penjagaan dan penyelenggaraan bahan tanaman, di samping sokongan infrastruktur.
Tentang Penulis Utama Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Shariff ialah pegawai penyelidik di Stesen Penyelidikan FRIM Perlis. Bidang kepakaran beliau ialah pembiakan tampang dan teknik tapak semaian. Penyelidik lain yang terlibat dalam projek ini ialah Dr Mohd Zaki Abdullah, Aini Izzati Ahmad Sohimi, Zainol Abu dan Zainol Ahmad.
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
A QUARTERLY OF THE FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA (FRIM)
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Herbal Planting
PENANAMAN HERBA TERPILIH BERKUALITI TINGGI SECARA SISTEM SELINGAN CULTIVATION OF SELECTED HIGH QUALITY HERBAL SPECIES THROUGH INTEGRATION SYSTEM Dr Farah Fazwa Mohd Ariff [email protected]
Syafiqah Nabilah Samsul Bahari
Program Malaysia Social Innovation (MySI) diperkenalkan sejak tahun 2015 oleh Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi bagi menyediakan platform pemindahan teknologi serta inovasi bagi agensi atau syarikat berkaitan kerajaan. Program ini merupakan inisiatif penjanaan pendapatan bagi meningkatkan kesejahteraan khususnya bagi golongan B40 dalam dan luar bandar. Inisiatif ini juga bertujuan untuk mengaplikasikan penggunaan teknologi bagi memenuhi keperluan masyarakat. Pada 17 September 2020, FRIM berjaya memperoleh dana Program MySI yang bernilai RM260,000. Melalui dana tersebut, kumpulan penyelidik daripada Cawangan Membaik Biak Herba dan Pokok (MHP) telah memperkenalkan pendekatan baharu melalui projek penanaman herba terpilih secara sistem selingan bagi penghasilan produk berkualiti tinggi.
Ahli KPRFGB bersama-sama pokok elit kacip fatimah yang telah ditanam
Inovasi yang diketengahkan di dalam projek ini ialah dua spesies herba iaitu baka elit kacip fatimah dan baka superior limau kasturi, hasil daripada R&D FRIM yang dijalankan sejak tahun 2009. Klon elit kacip fatimah (Labisia pumila var. alata) mempunyai ciri morfologi yang unggul (superior). Hasil serta jumlah kandungan fenolik klon elit ini lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan pokok liar.
Peserta program yang diadakan pada 6–9 April 2021 di Serting Ulu, Negeri Sembilan 8
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
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Herbal Planting
Bengkel pemindahan teknologi bagi teknik pembiakan, penanaman, penjagaan, penyelenggaraan dan penuaian herba
Linalool merupakan sebatian kimia yang bermanfaat bagi industri minyak pati. Klon superior limau kasturi yang dipilih bagi projek ini mempunyai kandungan linalool yang tinggi. Kacip fatimah dan limau kasturi ditanam secara selingan bersama-sama serai makan. Sebatian yang dihasilkan daripada tanaman projek ini berkualiti tinggi dan akan diproses menjadi suplemen kesihatan, minyak pati serta produk makanan dan minuman. Projek ini diusahakan melalui konsep peladangan kontrak. Penerima manfaat, iaitu ahli Koperasi Peserta-Peserta Rancangan FELCRA Gugusan Bayai Jempol Berhad (KPRFGB) bertanggungjawab menanam herba di bawah seliaan dan bimbingan FRIM. Projek ini membangunkan sebuah ladang seluas satu hektar di Serting Ulu, Negeri Sembilan. Penanaman sebanyak 23 ribu pokok kacip fatimah, 1600 pokok limau kasturi dan 6600 rumpun serai dijalankan secara bergotong-royong oleh penerima manfaat.
Program pemindahan teknologi telah diadakan pada 6–9 April 2021 dan dirasmikan oleh Timbalan Ketua Pengarah (Penyelidikan) FRIM, Dr Norwati Muhammad. Para jemputan terdiri daripada Pengerusi KPRFGB, Zainudin Kalam dan Pengurus Besar Pengurusan Institusi Peserta FELCRA Berhad, Zainul Haji Anzaid. Program pemindahan teknologi ini diadakan bagi membimbing ahli KPRFGB agar mahir dalam teknik-teknik pembiakan hingga ke peringkat tuaian herba. Kumpulan penyelidik MHP membuat pemantauan secara berkala bagi memastikan projek dilaksana dengan baik. FRIM berharap hasil R&D yang Ladang projek di Serting Ulu bakal dilengkapi dibangunkan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan kemudahan seperti rumah teduhan, batas semaian, hidup masyarakat sebagai penerima manfaat. stor baja dan peralatan bagi penyulingan minyak pati. Melalui konsep penanaman secara selingan, penerima manfaat berupaya menjana pendapatan Maklumat Penulis Utama yang berterusan. Ini adalah kerana tanaman yang Dr Farah Fazwa Md Ariff merupakan pegawai terlibat matang dalam tempoh yang berbeza dan penyelidik kanan dalam bidang pembaikbiakan dituai secara berperingkat. Serai makan merupakan tumbuhan. Beliau mempunyai 19 tahun pengalaman tuaian jangka pendek, manakala kacip fatimah dan dalam pemilihan bahan tanaman berkualiti tinggi limau kasturi, masing-masing melibatkan tuaian bagi industri herba. Projek ini turut dianggotai oleh jangka sederhana dan panjang. Hasil tuaian dijual Syafiqah Nabilah Samsul Bahari dan Norhayati Saffie. kepada syarikat-syarikat tempatan yang telah dikenal pasti.
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
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Phenology Studies
PHENOLOGY MONITORING AT THE FACE STUDY AREA
PEMANTAUAN FENOLOGI DI KAWASAN KAJIAN FACE Nadiah Salmi Nadzri [email protected]
Nashatul Zaimah Noor Azman Forest ecosystem is generally regarded as carbon absorption and storage areas, and plays a crucial role in stabilising the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration. In turn, forest is an important factor in mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Numerous experimental studies conducted to evaluate plant response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide were mostly for temperate forest and crops. To address gaps in data for tropical forest, especially for Malaysia, FRIM, in 2017 established a forest Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment (FACE) research facility at Tekam, Pahang. Known as TekamFACE, the facility hosts an effective system for studying the ecosystem in response to the expected rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the future. Phenology involves monitoring and observing plant development, particularly for flower and fruit formation within the environmental factors that influence plant physiology. TekamFACE allows phenological observation, particularly the effects of elevated carbon dioxide on tropical timber trees, under natural forest conditions and without enclosure. Selected mother trees monitored via a large‐scale FACE experiment were found to release 480–800 ppm carbon dioxide. The study showed flowering and fruiting frequencies of selected mother trees at FACE site were more responsive to elevated carbon dioxide exposure during the first few years. When exposed for longer periods, certain tree species may down-regulate or acclimate. 10
FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
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tree
Monitoring of Dipterocarpus baudii (keruing bulu). A responsive dipterocarp tree in the FACE site
Timber trees have a longer physiology cycle, especially dipterocarps, which was around three to 10 years interval. Significant results for phenology study may be acquired after 10 years of monitoring. The initial results from the threeyear-observation may provide plausible trend of how tropical timber and field‐grown trees respond to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide in their native environments.
About the Main Author Nadiah Salmi Nadzri is a biotechnologist at the Seed Laboratory, Forestry Biotechnology Division, FRIM. Her areas of research include seed technology and conservation, cryopreservation, phenology and seed quality testing.
Forest Products
WOOD VINEGAR FOR PRESERVATION PURPOSES CUKA KAYU UNTUK TUJUAN PENGAWETAN Dr Roszaini Kadir
[email protected]
Dr Mahanim Sarif @ Mohd Ali Wood vinegar has been used as preservatives in agriculture and wood industry as early as 2000 years ago in ancient China, Egypt, Greece and India. Wood vinegar is a by-product of the charcoal production process that uses high temperatures in the absence of oxygen in a process called pyrolysis. Smoke emitted from the funnel of the charcoal combustion chamber will cool and turn into a blackish liquid. This liquid is called wood vinegar, also known as pyroligneous acid or liquid smoke. It contains more than 200 water-soluble chemical components comprising 80–90% water and 10–20% organic compounds. Quality of vinegar from the pyrolysis process differs in terms of chemical content and other properties, depending on the chemical composition of the tree or materials used. The quality of wood vinegar also increases with storage. Wood preservatives used nowadays are mainly manufactured from synthetic chemicals. The impact of synthetic preservatives is less favourable on the environment because of the non-biodegradable nature of these chemicals. To reduce the negative impact, environmentally friendly products such
Application methods using wood vinegar as natural wood preservatives against termites: spraying (top) and brushing (bottom)
Woody biomass materials for charcoal and wood vinegar production
as wood extractives or by-products from wood processing industry are used as alternative wood preservative. The effectiveness of various uses of wood vinegar depends on the richness of its chemical compositions such as organic acids, alkanes, carbonyl, and various kinds of phenols, alcohols, formaldehyde, esters and tars. Combination of these chemical compounds is the recipe for successful control of tree diseases, in addition to the presence of good bacteria that assist tree root development. Laboratory tests conducted at FRIM showed that wood vinegar from jelutung (Dyera costulata), a plantation tree, was effective as wood preservative. Wood vinegar was produced at three different temperature levels and tested at five different concentrations against subterranean termites, Coptotermes curvignathus. Wood vinegar in high concentrations were shown to totally eliminate the termites. Other studies concluded that wood vinegar from Rhizophora sp, Eucalyptus sp, Vitex pubescens, Toona sinensis and oil palm trunk had high termiticidal activities against subterranean termites when applied to rubberwood. Application of wood vinegar from woody plant sources also increased the rate of seed germination and seedling growth. With these favourable results, more research is urgently needed to improve the application of wood vinegar in wood protection.
About the Main Author Dr Roszaini Kadir is the Head of the Wood Entomology Laboratory, Forest Products Division, FRIM. She obtained her Bachelor and Masters Science Degrees from Universiti Putra Malaysia. She holds a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Bangor University, United Kingdom. The author has served FRIM since 1993 and her research areas include non-wood forest products, natural durability of wood and antitermitic properties from natural products. FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
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Biodiversity
PAYA BURUNG, OUR OWN LITTLE BIRD SANCTUARY PAYA BURUNG, SUAKA KECIL BURUNG KITA Norsham Yaakob
[email protected]
Paya Burung is an eight acre of wetland, located alongside Jalan Kapur, FRIM. The wetland was formerly a tin mining pool with surrounding vegetable gardens. Water quality of Paya Burung falls under Class III which requires more advanced treatment system for human consumption. The water body however, provides a conducive habitat for many aquatic plants, fishes, insects, frogs and birds, as well as for predators such as birds of prey, monitor lizards, otters and macaques that hunt and forage. Its location fringing the Fruit Tree Arboretum, FRIM nursery and a plantation plot, offers shades, seclusion, cover, microhabitats and canopy for many animals. Bird watching is a form of wildlife observation in their natural habitat and can be taken up as a hobby or for leisure. Birding involves finding, observing and identifying birds for educational and enjoyment purposes. Birdwatching tourism are offered via three specialist niches namely, casual, enthusiastic and hardcore birdings. Tour operators are usually able to cater to the needs of casual and enthusiastic birders, as these groups have a wider range of interest other than birding alone, and are usually more receptive to viewing any other bird species. Hardcore birders however are very knowledgeable and have specific demands, for example what species of bird that they require for observation. In 2019, the Bird Malaysia website, www.birdsmalaysia.my was launched by the Ministry of Tourisms, Arts and Culture, as an online platform for local birding operators to showcase and promote ecotourism packages, 12
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A solitary Purple Heron was seen taking a rest in May 2021
Lesser Fish Eagle looking down on the water of Paya Burung
in particular bird watching. It was estimated that the average package price per person for birding activities was RM6500 and Tourism Malaysia expected revenue generated from birdwatching to reach RM36.8 million. FRIM was listed on the website as one of the bird spots for Selangor. Bird species listed for FRIM on the website are five hornbill species, ten woodpecker species, five broadbill species, six barbets species, two trogons species, 16 bulbuls species, Wallace’s Hawk Eagle, Crested Goshawk, Jambu Fruit-Dove, Indian Cuckoo, Asian Fairy Bluebird and Masked Finfoot.
Biodiversity In December 2004, Paya Burung was swamped by local and international birders and naturalists to catch a glimpse of a juvenile male Masked Finfoot and later in Jan 2005, its adult female. No sightings was recorded since but the event remained a highlight for many birders till now. The Masked Finfoot is among Asia’s most threatened waterbirds, classified as Critically Endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and was recently suggested to be at the brink of extinction by experts. White-Throated Kingfisher is commonly seen throughout the campus. This individual was sighted at Paya Burung capturing a praying mantis for its breakfast
The attractive Red and Black Broadbill is another regular bird frequenting Paya Burung
To date, about 62 birds species are recorded at Paya Burung. The most common birds found are White-throated Kingfisher, Pacific Swallow, Blue-tailed Bee Eater, Black-Naped Oriole, White-Breasted Waterhen, Yellow-Vented Bulbul, Magpie Robin, Philippine Glossy Starling, Common Myna, Grey-Breasted Spiderhunter, Zebra Dove, Spotted Dove and Black-Red Broadbill. In May 2021, a solitary Purple Heron, a winter visitor was spotted a few times on top of the tree canopy of the small island in the middle of Paya Burung. A male Lesser Fish Eagle was often spotted at Paya Burung from July to October 2021. The number of bird species recorded at FRIM are 186, of which 12 are globally threatened species. Migratory birds have started to arrive in Malaysia from October this year. FRIM must ensure that our Paya Burung remains a safe place to stop and rest before continuing their journey, particularly for migratory birds. Paya Burung indeed is our own little bird sanctuary and may serve as an important bird site for Malaysia.
About the Author
Black-Napped Oriole is readily heard due to its loud vocalisation and its bright yellow body made it easier to spot
Norsham Yaakob is the head of Ecotourism Branch, Ecotourism and Urban Forestry Program, FRIM. Her research areas include arboriculture, animal and plant food chain relationship, plant conservation, snakebite envenoming management, environmental education and sustainable ecotourism.
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NEWS
PUSAT PEMBERIAN VAKSIN DI DEWAN ALWY
VACCINE ADMINISTRATION CENTRES AT DEWAN ALWY Suharti Samod
[email protected]
Liza Ismail
Dewan Alwy, Jabatan Perhutanan Malaysia (JPSM) yang terletak di kampus FRIM telah dipilih oleh Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah (PKD) Gombak sebagai Pusat Pemberian Vaksin (PPV) bagi daerah Gombak. Pemilihan ini dibuat berdasarkan beberapa faktor seperti kesesuaian lokasi, serta dewan dan kawasan tempat letak kereta yang luas bagi menempatkan khemah. Status kampus FRIM sebagai Tapak Warisan Kebangsaan yang diperoleh sejak tahun 2012 juga menyumbang kepada pemilihan lokasi ini. Daripada tiga lokasi yang disenarai pendek, Dewan Alwy, Bahagian Latihan Perhutanan (BLP) Kepong telah dipilih bagi pelaksanaan Program Imunisasi COVID-19 Kebangsaan. PKD Gombak dan Pejabat Tanah dan Galian Daerah Gombak merupakan agensi peneraju utama dalam pengurusan PPV. Selain daripada BLP dan FRIM, Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia, Polis Diraja Malaysia, Angkatan Pertahanan Awam Malaysia, Jabatan Sukarelawan Malaysia, Majlis Perbandaran Selayang, Syarikat Air Selangor, TM Malaysia dan Tenaga Nasional Berhad turut terlibat dalam pengurusan PPV Gombak. Gerak kerja bermula dengan mesyuarat penyelarasan pada 5 Mac 2021 diikuti oleh sesi lawatan tapak pada 9 Mac 2021. Sasaran pemberian vaksin sehingga 31
Ogos 2021 oleh PKD Gombak merupakan mereka yang berumur 18 tahun ke atas, yang meliputi 640,000 populasi penduduk di daerah Gombak. Pelbagai cabaran dihadapi antaranya ialah bekalan air, elektrik dan internet yang kurang stabil, di samping kesesakan laluan keluar masuk FRIM. Masalah kawasan letak kenderaan yang terhad dan pertindanan laluan dengan penduduk dan komuniti setempat turut diberikan perhatian. Hasil perbincangan, usaha dan kerjasama pihak yang terlibat, uji cuba yang dijalankan pada 2 April 2021 dan proses pemberian vaksin COVID-19 yang selanjutnya dilaksana dengan baik. PPV Gombak atau lebih dikenali sebagai PPV Dewan Alwy mula beroperasi secara rasmi pada 26 April 2021 dan ditutup sepenuhnya pada 21 Ogos 2021. Banyak pihak termasuk warga FRIM, komuniti dalaman dan di sekitar mendapat manfaat daripada pewujudan PPV ini. Pada 11 Ogos 2021, FRIM menghadiahkan produk Ciera Eco Friendly MultiPurpose Disinfectant Spray kepada petugas yang terlibat dalam pengoperasian PPV Dewan Alwy. Sumbangan tersebut sedikit sebanyak berfungsi menyuntik semangat dan sebagai tanda sokongan FRIM kepada sebahagian petugas barisan hadapan kesihatan yang bertungkus lumus dalam mendepani wabak COVID-19 di Malaysia. Harapan kita semua adalah agar wabak COVID-19 segera luput dan kehidupan dapat diteruskan seperti sediakala.
Petugas barisan hadapan kesihatan bersama-sama KP dan warga FRIM 14
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FRIM MENANG ANUGERAH
NEWS
INOVASI PIHAK BERKUASA TEMPATAN 4 Disember 2021—Formulasi ‘Aedes Bio Based Fuel’ (ABBF) hasil projek kerjasama FRIM dan Majlis Perbandaran Sepang (MPSepang) mendapat tempat pertama pada Pertandingan Piala Inovasi Menteri Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan (KPKT) anjuran Persatuan Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan Malaysia. ABBF merupakan hasil kerjasama R&D FRIM dengan MPSepang sejak 2015.
ANUGERAH KECEMERLANGAN MAKMAL IKM 3 Disember 2021—FRIM terima empat Anugerah Kecemerlangan Makmal Institut Kimia Malaysia (IKM) di majlis Malam Kimia dan Penyampaian Anugerah IKM 2020 & 2021. Anugerah yang diterima: l Anugerah IKM Laboratory Excellence Diamond Award 2021 bagi Makmal Analisis Awetan Kayu atas kejayaan mengekalkan kecemerlangan dalam pengujian kayu berawet dan bahan awet kayu selama 25 tahun berturut-turut. l Anugerah IKM Laboratory Excellence Award 2020 dan 2021 bagi; q MAAK (kali ke-25 dan ke-26). q Makmal Ujian Komposit Kayu bagi kali ke17 dan ke-18 untuk pengujian penentuan pembebasan formaldehid daripada produk panel berasaskan kayu.
POSTER TERBAIK DI PERSIDANGAN ANTARABANGSA WOBIC2021 23 November 2021—FRIM mendapat tempat pertama dan kedua anugerah poster terbaik di persidangan ‘5th Wood and Biofibre International Conference (WOBIC2021). Persidangan ini berlangsung secara maya pada 23–24 November 2021. Pembentangan oleh Dr Roszaini Kadir yang bertajuk “Introduction of A Biocide Into Bionanoparticle for Rubberwood Preservation” mendapat tempat pertama manakala poster bertajuk “Physical and Mechanical Properties of Meranti Temak Nipis (Shorea roxburhgii) Part 2”
Pemenang tempat pertama Pertandingan Piala Inovasi Menteri Perumahan dan Kerajaan Tempatan q Makmal
Kimia Tanah bagi kali ke-16 dan ke-17 untuk pengujian analisis tanah dan tumbuhan.
Penerima Anugerah Kecemerlangan Makmal Institut Kimia Malaysia dengan sijil masing-masing
oleh Yanti Abdul Kadir mendapat tempat kedua. Para penyelidik FRIM yang turut membentangkan hasil penyelidikan mereka ialah Dr Tumirah Kadiran, Dr Mohamad Khairun Anwar Uyup, Dr Shahlinney Lipeh dan Noor Azrieda Abd Rashid.
Sijil poster terbaik WOBIC 2021 FRIM IN FOCUS DECEMBER 2021
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News EKSPO R&D, INOVASI SELANGOR 22 November 2021—FRIM menangi dua anugerah di Ekspo Penyelidikan, Pembangunan dan Inovasi Selangor 2021 (Selangor R&D and Innovation Expo, SRIE) pada 18–21 November di Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre (KLCC). Empat reka cipta FRIM di bawah kategori R&D telah memenangi: l Tempat Kedua (Kluster Sains Hayat) bagi inovasi ‘Cleanse, Spray, Repel: Three in One Wonder Spray’. Penyelidik: Dr Mastura Mohtar, Nature Profusion Sdn Bhd, Dr Saiful Azmi Johari, Mazurah Mohd Isa dan Hanan Abdul Wahab l Tempat Ketiga (Kluster Mesin dan Peralatan) bagi Bahan Api Mesra Alam (GFC) untuk Kawalan
Nyamuk Aedes. Penyelidik: Shaharuddin Hashim, Siti Nur Ridhwah Muhammad Ramli, Ahmad Sharafi Othman dan Shamsuri Mohd Som.
FRIM menangi dua anugerah di Ekspo Penyelidikan, Pembangunan dan Inovasi Selangor 2021
‘UNESCO SULTAN QABOOS PRIZE’ BAGI PEMULIHARAAN ALAM SEKITAR 17 November 2021—FRIM menerima Anugerah UNESCO Sultan Qaboos 2021 untuk Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar bersama-sama dengan Universidad para la Cooperacion internacional (UCI), Costa Rica. Anugerah yang diterima oleh Ketua Pengarah FRIM, Dr Ismail Parlan, merupakan pengiktirafan terhadap sumbangan cemerlang dalam pengurusan atau pemuliharaan alam sekitar, yang selaras matlamat Pertubuhan Pendidikan, Saintifik dan Kebudayaan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu (UNESCO). Diwujudkan 32 tahun lalu melalui sumbangan dana daripada Sultan Qaboos Said Al-Said dari Oman, hadiah ini diberikan setiap dua tahun.
Pemenang Anugerah UNESCO Sultan Qaboos 2021 untuk Pemuliharaan Alam Sekitar
MALAYSIA BOOK OF RECORDS
Ketua Pengarah FRIM (kanan) menerima sijil Malaysia Book of Records 16
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1 November 2021—FRIM menerima satu lagi sijil pengiktirafan Malaysia Book of Records (MBR), kali ini untuk ‘Largest Ex-Situ Collection of Isolated Actinobacteria’. Kajian ini dijalankan oleh Dr Getha bersama-sama pasukannya daripada MPB. Sijil pengiktirafan disampaikan oleh Jwan Heah, Pengarah Pemasaran MBR kepada Dr Ismail Parlan, Ketua Pengarah FRIM. Pengiktirafan MBR ini merupakan yang ke-45 diterima oleh FRIM.