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Pahari darshan Himalayan language tutorial

Table of contents Devanagari Vowels Devanagari Consonants Hindi Grammar Nouns Pronouns Adverbs Comparatives and Superlatives Postpositions Verbs Conjuncts Causatives Passive Conjunction table Nepali Grammar Nouns Adjectives Postpositions Pronouns Verbs Infinitives Kaumauni Grammar Numbers Fractions Days Months Colors Family relationships Borrowed terms Dictionary Verbs Adjectives Adverbs Particles Conjunctive Adverbs Coordinators Corelative/Conjunction Schedules Locatives Quantifiers Prepositions Postpositions Determiner Pronoun Interrogatives Interjections Prefix Suffix Nouns Figures Of Speech *** Notice Ordinary Letters = Hindi Bold Letters = Nepali Underline = Hindi And Nepali Bold Letters And Underline = Sanskrit

Devanagai Vowels अ आ इ ई उ ऊ ऋ ऍ ए ऐ ऑ ओ औ ा िा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा ा अः ा/ ा ॐ । ॥ Devanagari Consonants क क़ ख ख़ ग ग़ घ ङ च छ ज ज़ झ ञ ट ठ ड ड़ ढ ढ़ ण त थ द ध न प फ फ़ ब भ म य र ल व श ष स ह

Pronunciation/transcription a (short) â (long) i (short) î (long) ou (short) oû (long) ri e é éï o (long, open) ô (closed) aô (long) â (long, middle of a word) i (short, middle of a word) i (long, middle of a word) ou (short, middle of a word) oû (long, middle of a word) ri (middle of a word) e (middle of a word) é (middle of a word) éï (middle of a word) o (long, open, middle of a word) ô (closed, middle of a word) aô (middle of a word) (anusvâr, nasalises the preceding vowel) (Chandra Bindu, nasalizes the preceding vowel) ah (in the middle of a word, only points are used) (to suppress the implicit vowel) Ôm . (end of phrase) (marks the end of the rhyme in poetry)

English fun father sick sheer put shoot crystal spend (French) née hi robot loaf scout

k k (words of Arabic origin) kh kh g g gh unu tch tchh dj z (words of Arabic origin) djh gn (only in combination with च छ ज झ) t th d r (rolling) dh rh n t th d dh n p ph, f f (words of foreign origin) b bh m y r l v, w sh (wet ch) ch s h

come crisp khaki khaki girl gum

on, an

finger Tchechen gene zero Gnarl Tommy

thick

name papa failure balloon mom yac rate lake (German) mich shell silk hill

Hindi अब (ab, now) आठ (âth, eight) इमली (imlï, Tamarind) ममठाई (mithâï, sweets) उर्द ू (Urdū) ऊन (oûn, wool) ऋमि (rishi, wise (person)) ऍडवर्ू (Edward, एक (ék, one) ऐनक (éïnak, glasses) ऑक्सिजन (oxygen) ओम़िया (Oriya) औरत (aôrat, woman) सामान (sâmân, baggage) मिता (pitâ, father) घी (ghî, butter) र्ु कान (doukân, shop) जदता (joûtâ, shoe) कृमि (krichi, agriculture) क्रॅमडट (credit, credit) र्े ना (dénâ, to give) है (héï, is (verb "to be") कॉलेज (koléj, college, university) सोमवार (sômvâr, Monday) नौ (naô, nine) रं ग (rang, color) फ़्ााँसीसी (fransîsî, French) र्ु ुःख (duhkh, sadness)

कमरा (kamrâ, room) क़मीज़ (kamîz, shirt) मलखना (likhnâ, write) अख़बार (akhbâr, Newspaper) गाना (gânâ, song, to sing) ग़रीब (garîb, poor) घर (ghar, home, dwelling) वाङ्मय (Vaadmay, helpful) चार (tchâr, four) छे (tchhé, six) जाना (djânâ, to go) मेज़ (méz, table) झदठ (djhoûth, lie) ज्ञान (Knowledge) िेट (pét, stomach) मराठी (Marathi) एडी (édî, ankle) भे़ि (bhér, sheep) ढे र (dhér, accumulation) डे ढ़ (dérh, one and a half) अणु (anou, atome, molecula) तममल (tamil, Tamil) हाथ (hâth, hand) र्ो (dô, two) र्द ध (doûdh, milk) नमक (namak, salt) िमत (pati, husband) सफेर् (safed, white) फारसी (Farsi) बीस (bîs, twenty) भारत (bhârat, India) माथा (mâthâ, forehead) चाय (tchây, tea/chai) ररववार (ravivâr, Sunday) लाना (lânâ, bring) हवा (hawâ, air) शमनवार (shanivâr, Saturday) भािा (bhâchâ, language) सात (sât, seven) होना (honâ, to be)

Hindi grammar Nouns A hyphen symbol (for the marked type-I/) denotes change from the original termination to another (for example laṛkā to laṛke in the masculine singular oblique), a plus sign (for the unmarked type-II/unmarked terminations) denotes an ending which should be added (seb to sebõ in the masculine plural oblique).

Singular

Direct

Plural

Oblique/Vocative

I

laṛkā -ā /kuā̃ -ā

II

seb / vālid / cāqū / ādmī

I

laṛkī -ī / ciṛiyā -iyā

II

kitāb / bhāṣā /aurat

Direct

Oblique

laṛke -e / kuẽ -e

Vocative

laṛkõ -õ / kuõ -õ

laṛko -o

sebõ +õ / vālidõ +õ /cāquõ +õ /ādmiyõ +õ

ādmiyo +o

laṛkiyā̃ -iyā̃ / ciṛiyā̃ -iyā̃

laṛkiyõ -iyõ / ciṛiyõ -iyõ

ādmiyo आिि laṛkiyo य /‫آ‬pitāo-iyo +o

kitābẽ +ẽ /bhāṣāẽ +ẽ/ aurtẽ +ẽ

kitābõ +õ / bhāṣāõ +õ / aurtõ +õ

ādmiyo +o Aurto +o

Masculine

Feminine

aurto +o Adjectives Declinables adjectives are marked, through termination, for the gender, number, case of the nouns they qualify. Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either consonants or vowels (including ā and ī ).

•

Examples of declinable adjectives Masc. -ā- e Fem. -ī =baṛā "big", choṭā "small", moṭā "fat", acchā "good", burā "bad", kālā "black", ṭhaṇḍā "cold".

Sg.

Dir.

M

F

•

I

baṛā laṛkā / baṛā kuā̃

II

baṛā seb/ baṛā pitā/ baṛā cākū/ baṛā ādmī / baṛā mitra

Pl.

Obl.

I

baṛī laṛkī / baṛī śakti baṛī ciṛiyā

II

baṛī kitab / baṛī bhāṣā / baṛī aurat

Dir.

Obl.

Voc.

baṛe laṛke / baṛe kuẽ

baṛe laṛkõ / baṛe kuõ

baṛe laṛko

baṛe seb / baṛe pitā / baṛe cākū / baṛe ādmī /baṛe mitra

baṛe sebõ / baṛe pitāõ / baṛe cākuõ / baṛe ādmiyõ / baṛe mitrõ

baṛī laṛkiyā̃ / baṛī śaktiyā̃ baṛī ciṛiyā̃

baṛī laṛkiyõ / baṛī śaktiyõ baṛī ciṛiyõ

baṛī kitābẽ/ baṛī bhāṣāẽ/ baṛī aurtẽ baṛī kitābõ / baṛī bhāṣāõ/ baṛī aurtõ

baṛe pitāo / baṛe ādmiyo / bare mitro baṛī laṛkiyo

baṛī aurto

Examples of indeclinable adjectives: xarāb "bad", sāf "clean", bhārī "heavy", murdā "dead", sundar "beautiful", pāgal "crazy", lāl "red".

sā (~ se ~ sī) is a suffix for adjectives, modifying or lightening their meaning; giving them an "-ish" or "quite" sense. e.g. nīlā "blue" → nīlāsā "bluish". Its emphasis is rather ambiguous, sometimes enhancing, sometimes toning down, the sense of the adjective. [9]

Pronouns

Personal

1st person

Demonstrative

2nd person

Singular Singular

Plural

Proximal

Interrogative

Non-proximal

Plural Intimate

Direct

Relative

3rd person

mãĩ

Familiar

Polite

tum

āp

Singular

tū ham

Plural

Singular

ye

Oblique

mujh

tujh

Dative

mujhe

hamẽ

tujhe

tumhẽ

Genitive

merā

hamārā

terā

Ergative

mãĩ ne

ham ne

tū ne

Plural

Singular

vo

Plural

Singular

Plural

kaun, kyā

jo

is

in

us

un

jis

jin

kis

kin

āp ko

ise

inhẽ

use

unhẽ

jise

jinhẽ

kise

kinhẽ

tumhārā

āp kā

is kā

in kā

us kā

un kā

jis kā

jin kā

kis kā

kin kā

tum ne

āp ne

is ne

inhõ ne

us ne

unhõ ne

jis ne

jinhõ ne

kis ne

kinhõ ne

• Postpositions are treated as bound morphemes after pronouns in Hindi, but as separate words in Urdu.[16] • The varying forms for the 3rd pn. dir. constitute one of the small number of grammatical differences between Hindi and Urdu. yah "this" / ye "these" / vah "that" / ve "those" is the literary set for Hindi while ye "this, these" / vo "that, those" is the set for Urdu and spoken (and often written) Hindi.

• The above section on postpositions noted that ko (the dative case) marks direct objects if definite. As "the most specific thing of all is an individual", persons (or their pronouns) nearly always take the dative case or postposition.

• it is very common practice to use plural pronouns (and their accompanying conjugation) in polite situations, thus tum can be used in the second person when referring to one person. Similarly, some speakers prefer plural ham over singular mãĩ. This is usually not quite the same as the "royal we"; it is rather colloquial.

• koī and kuch are indefinite pronouns/quantifiers. As pronouns koī is used for animates ("someone") and kuch for inanimates ("something"). • As quantifiers/adjectives koī is used for singular count nouns and kuch for mass nouns and plural count nouns. koī takes the form kisī in the oblique. The

form kaī "several" is partially a plural equivalent to koī. kuch can also act as an adverb, qualifying an adjective, meaning "rather". koī preceding a number takes the meaning of "about, approximately". In this usage it does not oblique to kisī.[

• apnā is a (genitive) reflexive pronoun: "my/your/etc. (own)".[22] Using non-reflexive and reflexive together gives emphasis; e.g. merā apnā "my (very)

own". xud, āp, and svayam are some (direct; non-genitive) others: "my/your/etc.-self". Bases for oblique usage are usually apne or apne āp. The latter alone can also mean "of one's own accord"; āpas mẽ means "among/between themselves". Derivates[

Time Place

Demonstrative

Interrogative

Relative

Prox.

Non-prox.

kab

jab

ab

tab

kahā̃

jahā̃

yahā̃

vahā̃

kidhar

jidhar

idhar

udhar

Quantity

kitnā

jitnā

itnā

utnā

Quality

kaisā

jaisā

aisā

vaisā

Manner

kaise

jaise

aise

vaise

Adverbs Hindustani has few underived forms. Adverbs may be derived in ways such as the following —Simply obliquing some nouns and adjectives: nīcā "low" → nīce "down", sīdhā "straight" → sīdhe "straight", dhīrā "slow" → dhīre "slowly", sawerā "morning" → sawere "in the morning", ye taraf "this direction" → is taraf "in this direction", kalkattā "Calcutta" → kalkatte "to Calcutta". Nouns using postpositions such as se "by, with, -ly": zor "force"→ zor se "forcefully" (with force), dhyān "attention"→ dhyān se "attentively" (with attention). Adjectives using postpositional phrases involving "way, manner": acchā "good" → acchī tarah se "well" (by/in a good way), xās "special"→ xās taur par "especially" (lit. "on a special way"). Verbs in conjunctive form: hãs "laugh" → hãs kar "laughingly" (having laughed), maharbānī kar "do kindness" → maharbānī kar ke "kindly, please" (having done kindness"). Formative suffixes from Sanskrit or Perso-Arabic in higher registers of Hindi or Urdu. Skt. sambhava "possible" + -taḥ → sambhavataḥ "possibly; Ar. ittifāq "chance" + -an → ittifāqan "by chance"

Comparatives and superlatives Comparisons are made by using "than" (the postposition se; see below), "more" (aur, zyādā), and "less" (kam). The word for "more" is optional, while "less" is required, so that in the absence of either "more" will be inferred. Hindustani

Word order

Meaning

Gītā Gautam se lambī hai

Gita Gautam than tall is

Gita is taller than Gautam

Gītā Gautam se aur/zyādā lambī hai

Gita Gautam than more tall is

Gita is more tall than Gautam

Gītā Gautam jitnī lambī hai

Gita Gautam as tall is

Gita is (just) as tall as Gautam

Gītā Gautam se kam lambī hai

Gita Gautam than less tall is

Gita is less tall than Gautam

In the absence of an object of comparison ("more" of course is now no longer optional): Hindustani

Word order

Meaning

chokrā zyādā baṛā hai

The lad more big is

The lad is bigger

chokrā utnā hi lambā hai

The lad as just tall is

The lad is just as big

chokrā kam baṛā hai

The lad less big is

The lad is less big

Hindustani

Word order

Meaning

zyādā baṛā chokrā

The more big lad

The bigger lad

kam baṛā chokrā

The less big lad

The less big lad

Superlatives are made through comparisons with "all" (sab). Comparisons using "least" are rare; it is more common to use an antonym. Hindustani

Word order

Meaning

kamrā sabse sāf hai

The room all than clean is

The room is the cleanest

kamrā sabse kam sāf hai

The room all than less clean is

The room is the least clean

kamrā sabse gandā hai

The room all than dirty is

The room is the dirtiest

Hindustani

Word order

Meaning

sabse sāf kamrā

The all than clean room

The cleanest room

sabse kam sāf kamrā

The all than less clean room

The least clean room

sabse gandā kamrā

The all than dirty room

The dirtiest room

Postpositions The aforementioned inflectional case system only goes so far on its own, and rather serves as that upon which is built a system of agglutinative suffixes or particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. It is their use with a noun or verb that necessitates the noun or verb taking the oblique case (though the bare oblique is also minorly used adverbially, and it is with them that the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" then lies. There are seven such one-word primary postpositions:

Primary Explanation Postpositions kā

genitive marker; variably declinable in the manner of an adjective. X kā/ke/kī Y has the sense "X's Y", with kā/ke/kī agreeing with Y.[8]

ko

dative and the accusative marker; ko has dual function and can mark both the indirect object or the direct object.[12][13]

ne

ergative marker; applied to subjects of transitive perfective verbs. ablative, elative, perlative and instrumental marker; has other very wide range of uses and meanings:

se

• • • • • • •

"from"; dillī se "from Delhi". "from, of"; tumse ḍarnā "to fear you". "since"; itvār se "since Sunday". "by, with, using"; instrumental marker. "by, with, -ly"; adverbial marker. "than"; for comparatives. a minority of verbs use se rather than ko to mark their patients.

mẽ

locative marker; "in", "inside".

par/pe

superessive marker; "on", "at".

tak

terminative marker "until, up to".

Beyond these are a large range of compound postpositions, composed of the genitive primary postposition kā in the oblique form (ke, kī) plus an adverb. When using with pronouns, these all the compound postpositions can only be used with the Genitive Oblique case pronouns and the genitive kī/ke must be omitted before attaching them with the genitive oblique case.

Compound Postpsitions = Primary Postposition + Secondary Postposotion Explanation

Compound kī taraf Postpositions ke andar

Compound

Explanation

orientative marker; "towards",

ke bāre

"concerning (something)"

inessive marker; "inside",

ke bād

antessive marker; "after"

ke bāhar

elative marker "outside"

ke pās

adessive marker; "near"

ke bagal

adessive marker "adjacent"

ke jaisā

semblative marker, "like"

ke liye / vāste

benefactive marker; "for"

ke āge

apudessive marker; "in front of, ahead of",

ke ūpar

superessive marker; "on top of, above"

ke nīce ke binā

ke sāmne

postessive case "facing, opposite, infront", etc.[14]

subessive marker; "beneath, below"

ke pīche

pertingent marker; "behind"

abessive marker; "without"

ke dvārā

perlative marker; "via, through"

Some other compound postpositions with two secondary postpositions can be constructed by adding primary postpositions to some of the compound postpositions above. Marker

Compound ke bāre mẽ Postpositions

Explanation

"about"

"regarding/concerning/about something"

ke bād mẽ

antessive marker; "after (emphatic)"

"(in a sequence) something is after something"

ke sāth mẽ

sociative marker; "with (emphatic)"

"something is along/together with something else"

ke nīce mẽ

subessive marker; "beneath, below (emphatic)"

"location of something is below something else"

kī vajah se

causal marker, "because of"

"something happens/ed beacause of (fault of) something else"

ke pīche se

postelative marker; "from behind"

"motion/movement from behind something"

ke andar se

inessive marker; "inside",

"motion/movement from inside something"

ke āge se

"from infront"

"motion/movement from infornt of something"

ke pās se

adelative marker; "from near (something)"

"motion/movement near something"

ke nīce se

subessive marker; "beneath, below"

"motion/movement from below something"

ke ūpar se

delative marker; "from above"

"motion/movement from above something"

ke ūpar ko

sublative marker;

"motion/movement onto a surface"

kī taraf ko

"towards [a direction] (emphatic)"

"motion/movement towards a direction"

Some compound postpositions do not have the genitive marker as their primary postposition, such as:

Compound tak mẽ Postpositions

Explanation limitative marker "within"

Some compound postpotions in Hindustani are formed by borrowing prepositions of English and using them as secondary postpositions of the compound postpositions. Some of the following are optional to use in certain contexts, but some do not have any equivalent in Hindustani and they are the default way to express the ideas they express. The meaning expressed by the compound postpositions formed using the English prepositions stay the same as their original meaning in English.

Compound Postposition = Primary Postposition (genitive) + English Preposition Explanation Compound ke infront Postpositions

"infront" (equivalent to "ke ūpar" or "ke ūpar mẽ")

ke behind

"behind" (equivalent to "ke ūpar" or "ke ūpar mẽ")

ke above

"above" (equivalent to "ke ūpar" or "ke ūpar mẽ")

ke below

"below" (equivalent to "ke nīce")

ke through

"through" (in certain contexts, equivalent to "ke andar se")

ke against

"against" (equivalent to "ke khilāf" in certain contexts)

ke about

"above" (usually used as "about a reference location" and as not equivalent to "ke bāre mẽ")

ke around

"around" (equivalent to "ki carõ taraf" in certain contexts)

ke regarding

"regarding" (equivalent to "ke hisāb se" in certain contexts)

Verbs Tabled below on the left are the paradigms for adjectival concord (A), To the right are the paradigms for personal concord (P), used by the subjunctive

(A)

Sg.

Pl.

(P)

1st.

Masc.

-ā

-e

Sg.

-ū̃

Fem.

-ī

-ī( )̃

Pl.

-ẽ

2nd.

3rd.

-e

-o/ẽ

-ẽ

Non-aspectual

*

dauṛ

Infinitive/Gerund/Obligaory

*-nā

dauṛnā

Obl. Infinitive

*-ne

dauṛne

*-kar, *-ke

dauṛkar, dauṛke

*-ne vāl-A, *-nevāl-A

dauṛne vālā, dauṛnevālā

Root

Nonfinite

Conjunctive

Agentive/Prospective

Forms The sample verb is intransitive dauṛnā "to run", and the sample inflection is 3rd. masc. sg. ( P = e, A = ā) where applicable.

Root

Infinitive/ Gerund/ Obligatory

Non-aspectual

Aspectual

*

dauṛ

Adjectivals.

*-nā

dauṛnā

Perfective

Imperfective Obl. Infinitive

*-ne

*-A (hu-A)

dauṛā (huā)

*-t-A (hu-A)

dauṛtā (huā)

dauṛne

Nonfinite *-kar, dauṛkar, dauṛke

Conjunctive

Adverbial. Obl. of adjectival.

*-ke

Imperfective Agentive/ Prospective

*-ne vāl-A, *-nevāl-A

dauṛne vālā, dauṛnevālā

*-t-e (hu-e)

dauṛte hue

Contingent Future

Definite Future

*-P

dauṛe

*-P-g-A

dauṛegā

Aspectuals plotted against copulas.

Perfective

Habitual

Continuous

*-A

*-t-A

* rah-A

Imperatives.

Intimate

Finite *-o

dauṛo

Polite

*-iye

dauṛiye

Deferred

*-nā

dauṛnā

Familiar

Deferential

Present

h-?

dauṛā hai

dauṛtā hai

dauṛ rahā hai

Past

th-A

dauṛā thā

dauṛtā thā

dauṛ rahā thā

Subjunctive

ho-P

dauṛā ho

dauṛtā ho

dauṛ rahā ho

Presumptive

ho-P g-A

dauṛā ho gā

dauṛtā ho gā

dauṛ rahā ho gā

Contrafactual

ho-t-A

dauṛā hotā

dauṛtā hotā

dauṛ rahā hotā

dauṛā

dauṛtā

dauṛ

*

*-iye gā

dauṛiye gā

Unspecified

• • •

The future

tense is formed by adding the suffix gā (~ ge ~ gī) to the subjunctive, which is a contraction of gaā (= gayā, perfective participle of jānā "to go").

The future suffix, conjunctive participle, and suffix vālā are treated as bound morphemes in written Hindi, but as separate words in written Urdu. ^ The present copula (h-?) seems not to follow along the lines of the regular P system of terminations; while the subjunctive copula (ho-P) is thoroughly irregular. So here are all of their forms.

Sg

Pl.

1st.

2nd.

3rd.

1st.

2nd.

3rd.

Pron.

mãĩ

tū

vo

ham

tum

āp

Pres.

hū̃

hai

hãĩ

ho

Subj.

hū̃

ho

hõ

ho

vo

Root

Perf. Stem

Imperative[35]

Subj. Stem

[32]

Fam.

[36]

Pol.

ho- "be"

hu-

hãĩ

jā- "go"

ga-[1]

hõ

kar- "do"

ki-

de- "give"

di-

do

dījie

d-

le- "take"

li-

lo

lījie

l-

pī- "drink"

kījie

pījie

Conjuncts Another notable aspect of Hindi-Urdu grammar is that of "conjunct verbs", composed of a noun or adjective paired up with a general verbalizer, most commonly Transitive karnā "to do" or intransitive honā "to be(come)", functioning in the place of what in English would be single unified verb. In the case of an adjective as the non-verbal element, it is often helps to think of karnā "to do" as having the senses of "to cause to be", "to make", "to render", etc.

Adjective

Conjunct

Literal

Meaning

sāf clean

sāf karnā

to do clean

to clean

niyukt/muqarrar appointed

niyukt/muqarrar karnā

to do appointed

to appoint

band closed

band honā

to become closed

to close

xatm finished

xatm honā

to become finished

to finish

In the case of a noun as the non-verbal element, it is treated syntactically as the verb's (direct) object (never taking the ko marker; governing agreement in perfective and infinitival constructions), and the semantic patient (or agent: see gālī khānā below) of the conjunct verbal expression is often expressed/marked syntactically as a genitive adjunct (-kā ~ ke ~ kī) of the noun

Noun

Conjunct

Conjunct + patient

Literal

Meaning

intizār wait

intizār karnā

kisī kā intizār karnā

to do somebody's wait

to wait for somebody

istemāl use

istemāl karnā

fon kā istemāl karnā

to do a phone's use

to use a phone

bāt talk

bāt karnā

Samīr kī bāt karnā

to do Sameer's talk

to talk about Sameer

pratiṣṭhā installation

pratiṣṭhānkarnā

mūrti/but kī pratiṣṭhā karnā

to do an idol's installation

to install an idol

gālī curse

gālī khānā

sanam kī gālī khānā

to eat a lover's curse

to be cursed out by one's lover

tasvīr picture

tasvīr khīñcnā/khicvānā

Ibrāhīm kī tasvīr khīñcnā/khicvānā

to pull Ibrahim's picture

With English it is the verb stems themselves that are used.

to take Ibrahim's picture

Derivates

Demonstrative Verb stem

Conjunct

Meaning Time

cêk check

cêk karnā

to check

Interrogative

Relative Prox.

Non-prox.

kab

jab

ab

tab

kahā̃

jahā̃

yahā̃

vahā̃

Place bor bore

bor honā

to be bored

Causatives

kidhar

jidhar

idhar

udhar

Quantity

kitnā

jitnā

itnā

utnā

Quality

kaisā

jaisā

aisā

vaisā

Manner

kaise

jaise

aise

vaise

Transitives or causatives are morphologically contrastive in Hindustani, 1a. Root vowel change: a → ā, u/ū → o, i/ī → e. Sometimes accompanied by root final consonant change: k → c, ṭ → ṛ, l → Ø. 1b. Suffixation of -ā. Often accompanied by: Root vowel change: ū/o → u, e/ai/ā/ī → i. Insertion of semivowel l between such vowel-terminating stems. 2. Suffixation of -vā (in place of -ā if and where it'd occur) for a "causative". Intransitive verbs are coloured brown while transitives remain the usual black.

•

girnā "to fall", girānā "to fell", girvānā "to cause to be felled". banna "to become", banānā "to make", banvānā "to cause to be made". khulnā "to open", kholnā "to open", khulvānā "to cause to be opened".sīkhnā "to learn", sikhānā "to teach", sikhvānā "to cause to be taught". khānā "to eat", khilānā "to feed", khilvānā "to cause to be fed".biknā "to sell", becnā "to sell", bikvānā "to cause to be sold". dikhnā/dīkhnā "to seem", dekhnā "to see", dikhānā "to show", dikhvānā "to cause to be shown". kahnā "to say", kahlānā "to be called". ghūmnā "to go round", ghumānā "to make go round". leṭnā "to lie down", liṭānā "to lay down". baiṭhnā "to sit", biṭhānā "to seat". sonā "to sleep", sulānā "to make sleep". dhulnā "to wash", dhonā "to wash". ṭūṭnā "to break", toṛnā "to break", tuṛānā "to cause to be broken". In the causative model of "to cause to be Xed", the agent takes the postposition se. Thus, Y se Z banvānā "to cause Z to be made by Y" = "to cause Y to make Z" = "to have Z made by Y" = "to have Y make Z", etc.

• • • •

Passive The passive construction is periphrastic. It is formed from the perfective participle by addition of the auxiliary jānā "to go"; i.e. likhnā "to write" → likhā jānā "to be written". The agent is marked by the postposition se. Furthermore, both intransitive and transitive verbs may be grammatically passivized to show physical/psychological incapacity, usually in negative sentences.

Compounds[edit] Compound verbs, a highly visible feature of Hindi-Urdu grammar, consist of a verbal stem plus an auxiliary verb. The auxiliary (variously called "subsidiary", "explicator verb", and "vector"[39]) loses its own independent meaning and instead "lends a certain shade of meaning" to the main or stem verb, which "comprises the lexical core of the compound". [39] While almost any verb can act as a main verb, there is a limited set of productive auxiliaries. Shown below are prominent such auxiliaries, with their independent meaning first outlined, followed by their semantic contribution as auxiliaries.

•

jānā "to go"; gives a sense of completeness, finality, or change of state. e.g. ānā "to come" → ā jānā "to come, arrive"; khānā "to eat" → khā jānā "to eat up"; pīnā "to drink" → pī jānā "to drink up"; baiṭhnā "to sit" → baiṭh jānā "to sit down"; samajhnā "to understand" → samajh jānā "to realise"; sonā "to sleep"→ so jānā "to go to sleep"; honā "to be" → ho jānā "to become, happen".

• •

lenā "to take"; suggests that the benefit of the action flows towards the doer. e.g. paṛh lenā "to read (to/for oneself)". denā "to give"; suggests that the benefit of the action flows away from the doer. e.g. paṛh denā "to read (out)". The above three are the most common of auxiliaries, and the "least marked", or "lexically nearly colourless". The nuance conveyed by an auxiliary can often be very subtle, and need not always be expressed with different words in English translation. lenā and denā, transitive verbs, occur with transitives, while intransitive jānā occurs mostly with intransitives; a compound of a transitive and jānā will be grammatically intransitive as jānā is.

•

ḍālnā "to throw, pour"; indicates an action done vigorously, decisively, violently or recklessly; it is an intensifier, showing intensity, urgency, completeness, or violence.[46] e.g. mārnā "to strike" → mār ḍālnā "to kill", pīnā "to drink" → pī ḍālnā "to drink down".

•

baiṭhnā "to sit"; implies an action done foolishly or stubbornly; shows speaker disapproval or an impulsive or involuntary action. kahnā "to say" → kah baiṭhnā "to blurt out", karnā "to do" → kar baiṭhnā "to do (as a blunder)", laṛnā "to fight" → laṛ baiṭhnā "to quarrel (foolishly)".

•

paṛnā "to fall"; connotes involuntary, sudden, or unavoidable occurrence; adds a sense of suddenness or change of state, with its independent/literal meaning sometimes showing through in a sense of downward movement.

•

uṭhnā "to rise"; functions like an intensifier;[48] suggests inception of action or feeling, with its independent/literal meaning sometimes showing through in a sense of upward movement. e.g. jalnā "to burn" → jal uṭhnā "to burst into flames", nacnā "to dance" → nac uṭhnā "to break into dance".

•

saknā "to be able to"; a modal verb that indicates the capability of performing an action. e.g. karnā "to do" → kar saknā "to be able to do", dekhnā "to see" → dekh sakhnā "to be able to see".

•

rakhnā "to keep, maintain"; implies a firmness of action, or one with possibly long-lasting results or implications;[49] occurs with lenā and denā, meaning "to give/take (as a loan)", and with other appropriate verbs, showing an action performed beforehand.

•

The continuous aspect marker rahā apparently originated as a compound verb with rahnā ("remain"): thus, mãĩ bol rahā hū̃ = "I have remained speaking" → "I have continued speaking" → "I am speaking". However, it has lost the ability to take any form other than the perfective, and is thus considered to have become grammaticalized. Finally, having to do with the manner of an occurrence, compounds verbs are mostly used with completed actions and imperatives, and much less with negatives, conjunctives, and contexts continuous or speculative. This is because non-occurrences cannot be described to have occurred in a particular manner.

conjugation table Pronouns Direct Mai Hun - I Am Tu Hai - You Are [Intimate] Yah Hai - He/She/It Is Vah Hai - He/She/It Is Hum Hain - We Are Tum Ho - You Are [Familiar] Ap Hain - You Are [Formal] Ye Hain - They Are Ve Hain - They Are Imperatives Tu Likh Tum Likho Ap Likhie Present Imperfective Mai Likhta Hun Present Continous Mai Likh Rhah Hun Perfective Mai Ne Likha Past Continous Mai Likh Raha Tha Past Imperfective Mai Likhta Tha Feminine Perfective Yah/Va Ne Ek Kitabe Likhi Hai Yah/Va Ne Ek Kitabe Likhi Thi Yah/Va Ne Ek Kitabe Likhi Ho

Oblique Mujh - My Tujh - Your In - His/Her Us - His/Her Hum - Our Tum - Your Ap - Your In - Their Un - Their

Possession Mera - Mine Tera - Yours Inka - His/Hers/Its Uska - His/Hers/Its Hamara - Ours Tumhara - Yours Apka - Yours Inca - Theirs Unka - Theirs

You Write [Abrupt] You Write [ Informal] You Write [ Formal] I Write [Habitually]

I Am Writing I Wrote I Was Writing I Used to Write He/She Has Written A Book He/She Had Written A Book He/She May Have Written A Book

Compound Likhna Likh Lena Likh Dena Future Mai Likhunga Tu Likhega Yah/Vah Likhega Hum Likhenge Ap likhenge Tum Likhoge Ye/Ve Likhenge Passive Chitti Likhi Jaegi Interogative Kya Chitti Likhi Jaegi? Ko Compultion Mujh Ko Ya Kitab Likhi Cahie Subjunctive Mai Likhun Mai Likhu? Relatives/Correlatives Jab Barf Pati Hai Vaha Bacce Khele Hai Possesion Shiv Ki Tin Akhe Absolutive Likhkar/ Likhke Adverbes Asani Se

to write Write Down [Own Use] Write Out [Else Use] I Shall Write You Will Write He/She Will Write We Shall Write You will write You Will Write They Will Write A Letter Will Be Written A Letter Will Be Written? I Should Write This Book

I May Write Should I Write? Where the Snow Falls There Children Play Shiva Have Three Eyes Having Written With Ease

Nepali grammer Unlike Hindustani and like languages such as Bengali, Assamese and Marathi, Nepali may retain the final schwa in a word. The following rules can be followed to figure out whether or not Nepali words retain the final schwa. 1) Schwa is retained if the final syllable is a conjunct consonant. अन्त (anta - end), सम्बन्ध (sambandha - relation), श्रेष्ठ (shrestha - greatest/ a last name) Exceptions: conjuncts such as ञ्‍ज ञ्‍च in मञ्‍च(manc - stage) गञ्‍ज(ganj - city) and occasionally the last name िन्त (panta/ pant) 2) For any verb form the final schwa is always retained unless the schwa cancelling halanta is present. हुन्छ(huncha - it happens), भएर(bhaera - in happening so/ therefore), गएछ(gaecha - he apparently went) but छन्(chan - they are), गइन्(gain - she went) Meanings may change with the wrong orthography: गइन(gaina)= she didn't go VS गइन् (gain) = she went 3) Adverbs, onomatopoeia and postpositions usually maintain the schwa and if they don't, halanta is acquired: अब (aba - now), मतर (tira - towards), आज (aaja- today) मसक्सिम् (simsim - drizzle) VS झन् (jhan- more) 4) Few exceptional nouns retain the schwa such as: र्ु ख(dukha - suffering), सुख (sukha - pleasure) Nouns Nepali nouns that denote male and female beings are sometimes distinguished by suffixation or through pairs of lexically differing terms.[1] Thus one pattern involves masculine -o/ā vs feminine -ī suffixes (e.g. chorā "son" : chorī "daughter", buṛho "old man" : buṛhī "old woman"), while another such phenomenon is that of the derivational feminine suffix -nī (e.g. chetrī "Chetri" : chetrīnī "Chetri woman", kukur "dog" : kukurnī "bitch"). Beyond this, nouns are otherwise not overtly marked (i.e. inanimate nouns, abstract nouns, all other animates). Overall, in terms of grammatical gender, among Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali possesses an "attenuated gender" system, in which "gender accord typically is restricted to female animates (so that the system is essentially restructured as zero/+Fem), optional or loose even then […], and greatly reduced in syntactic scope. […] In Nepali, the [declensional] ending is a neutral -o, changeable to -ī with Personal Feminines in more formal style."[2] Nepali distinguishes two numbers, with a common pluralizing suffix for nouns in -harū (e.g. mitra "friend" : mitraharū "friends"). Unlike the English plural it is not mandatory, and may be left unexpressed if plurality is already indicated in some other way: e.g. by explicit numbering, or agreement. Riccardi (2003:554) further notes that the suffix "rarely indicates simple plurality: it often means that other objects of the same or a like class are also indicated and may be translated as 'and other things'." Adjectives Adjectives may be divided into declinable and indeclinable categories. Declinables are marked, through termination, for the gender and number of the nouns they qualify. The declinable endings are -o for the "masculine" singular, -ī for the feminine singular, and -ā for the plural. e.g. sāno kitāb "small book", sānī keṭī "small girl", sānā kalamharū "small pens". "Masculine", or rather "neutral" -o is the citation form and the otherwise overwhelmingly more encountered declension, as previously noted, gender in Nepali is attenuated and accord "typically is restricted to female animates", and "optional or loose even then". However, "In writing, there has been a strong tendency by some to extend the use of feminine markers beyond their use in speech to include the consistent marking of certain adjectives with feminine endings. This tendency is strengthened by some Nepali grammars and may be reinforced by the influence of Hindi upon both speech and writing."[3] Indeclinable adjectives are completely invariable, and can end in either consonants or vowels (except -o).

• •

Examples of declinable adjectives:[4] ṭhūlo "big", rāmro "good", seto "white", sāno "small". Examples of indeclinable adjectives:[5] garīb "poor", saphā "clean", dhanī "rich", nayā̃ "new".

Postpositions In Nepali the locus of grammatical function or "case-marking" lies within a system of agglutinative suffixes or particles known as postpositions, which parallel English's prepositions. There is a number of such one-word primary postpositions:

• • •

ko - genitive marker; variably declinable in the manner of an adjective. X ko/kī/kā Y has the sense "X's Y", with ko/kī/kā agreeing with Y.

• • •

mā - general locative marker; "in, at, on", etc.

lāī - marks the indirect object (hence named "dative marker"), or, if definite, the direct object. le - both instrumental and ergative marker; in its latter capacity it is applied to the subject obligatorily in the transitive perfective/perfect and optionally in other transitive aspects. bhandā - an ablative postposition used for comparatives and along with adverbs for compound postpositions. Riccardi (2003:557) lists the following other common primary postpositions: tala "below", muni "under", dekhi "from", bāṭa "from", sãga "with", sita "with", pachi "after", samma "up to", bittikai "as soon as".

Beyond this come compound postpositions, composed of a primary postposition (most likely ko or bhandā) plus an adverb.

•

ko lāgi "for", ko pachāṛī "behind", ko viruddha "against", bhandā māthi "above", bhandā par "beyond", etc.

Pronouns Nepali has personal pronouns for the first and second persons, while third person forms are of demonstrative origin, and can be categorized deictically as proximate and distal. The pronominal system is quite elaborate, by reason of its differentiation on lines of sociolinguistic formality. In this respect it has three levels or grades of formality/status: low, middle, and high (see T-V distinction for further clarification). Pronouns do not distinguish gender. The first person singular pronoun is ma , and the first person plural is hāmī 2nd pn.

3rd pn.

The following table lists the second and third person singular forms. Prox.

direct I - Ma You - Timi He - U She - Tini We - Hami They - Tiniharu

oblique Me - Ma You - Timi, Him - U Her - Unako Us - Hami Them - Tiniharu

Possessive determiner My - Mero Your - Timro His - Usko Her - Tinako Our - Hamro Their - Tiniharuko

tã

yo (yas)

tyo (tyas)

ū (us)

Middle

timī

yinī (yin)

tinī (tin)

unī (u)

High

tapāī̃

yahā̃

Low

Possessive pronoun Mine - Mero Yours - Timro His - Usko Hers - Unako Ours - Hamro Theirs - Tinaharuko

Dist.

wahā̃

yo and tyo have yī and tī as plurals, while other pronouns pluralize (including hāmī, for emphasis, but excluding ū) with the common suffix -harū. Also, bracketed beside of a number of forms in the above chart are their oblique counterparts, used when they (as demonstrative pronouns) or that which they qualify (as demonstrative determiners) are followed by a postposition. However, the need to oblique weakens the longer distance between demonstrative and postposition gets. Also, one exception which does not require obliquing is -sãga "with". Verbs Verbs in Nepali are quite highly inflected, agreeing with the subject in number, gender, status and person. They also inflect for tense, mood, and aspect. As well as these inflected finite forms, there are also a large number of participial forms. Possibly the most important verb in Nepali, as well as the most irregular, is the verb hunu 'to be, to become'. In the simple present tense, there are at least three conjugations of hunu, only one of which is regular. The first, the ho-conjugation is, broadly speaking, used to define things, and as such its complement is usually a noun. The second, the cha-conjugation is used to describe things, and the complement is usually an adjectival or prepositional phrase. The third, the huncha-conjugation, is used to express regular occurrences or future events, and also expresses 'to become' or 'to happen'. They are conjugated as follows:

Simple Present conjugation of the verb hunu

ho

cha

huncha

First person singular

hũ

chu

hunchu

First person plural

haũ

chaũ

hunchaũ

Second person singular low-grade

hos

chas

hunchas

Second person middle-grade/plural

hau

chau

hunchau

hunuhuncha

hunuhuncha

hunuhuncha

ho

cha

huncha

Third person middle-grade/plural masculine

hun

chan

hunchan

Third person middle-grade/plural feminine

hun

chin

hunchin

High grade

Third person singular low-grade

hunu also has two suppletive stems in the simple past, namely - bha- (the use of which corresponds to the huncha-conjugation) and - thi- (which corresponds to both the cha and ho-conjugations) which are otherwise regularly conjugated. - bha- is also the stem used in the formation of the various participles.

The finite forms of regular verbs are conjugated as follows (using garnu 'to do' as an example):

Finite forms of garnu 'to do'

Simple Present/Future

Probable Future

Simple Past

Past Habitual

Injunctive

Imperative

First person singular

garchu 'I (will) do'

garũlā 'I will (probably) do'

garẽ 'I did'

garthẽ 'I used to do'

garũ 'may I do'

-

First person plural

garchaũ 'We (will) do'

garaũlā 'We will (probably) do'

garyaũ 'We did'

garthyaũ 'We used to do'

garaũ 'may we do, let's do'

-

Second person singular low-grade Second person middlegrade/plural High grade

garchas 'you (will) do'

garlās 'you will (probably) do'

garis 'you did'

garthis 'you used to do'

gares 'may you do'

gar 'do!'

garchau 'you (will) do'

garaulā 'you will (probably) do'

garyau 'you did'

garthyau 'you used to do'

garau 'may you do'

gara 'do'

garnuhuncha 'you (will) do'

garnuhola 'you will (probably) do'

garnubhayo 'you did'

garnuhunthyo 'you used to do'

garnuhos 'may you do, please do'

-

Third garlā 'he will garthyo 'he used to garcha 'he does' garyo 'he did' garos 'may he do' person (probably) do' do' singular low-grade Third garchan 'they (will) do' garlān 'they will gare 'they did' garthe 'they used to garūn 'may they do' person (probably) do' do' middlegrade/plural Third garchin 'she (will) do' garlin 'she will garin 'she did' garthin 'she used to garūn 'may she do' masculine person (probably) do' do' middlegrade/plural feminine As well as these, there are two forms which are infinitival and participial in origin, but are frequently used as if they were finite verbs. Again using garnu as an example, these are gareko 'did' and garne 'will do'. Since they are simpler than the conjugated forms, these are often overused by non-native speakers, which can sound stilted. The eko-participle is also the basis of perfect constructions in Nepali. This is formed by using the auxiliary verb hunu (usually the cha-form in the present tense and the thi-form in the past) with the eko-participle. So, for example, maile kām gareko chu means 'I have done (the) work'. Infinitives Nepali has two infinitives. The first is formed by adding - nu to the verb stem. This is the citation form of the verb, and is used in a number of constructions, the most important being the construction expressing obligation. This is formed by combining the nu-infinitive with the verb parnu 'to fall'. This is an impersonal construction, which means that the object marker - lāī is often added to the agent, unless the verb is transitive, in which case the ergative/instrumental case marker - le is added. So, for example, I have to do work would be translated as maile kām garnuparcha. It is also used with the postposition - aghi 'before'. garnuaghi, then, means 'before doing'. The second infinitive is formed by adding - na to the verb stem. This is used in a wide variety of situations, and can generally be used where the infinitive is used in English. For example, ma kām garna rāmkahā̃ gaeko thiẽ 'I had gone to Ram's place to do

-

-

-

Kaumauni Grammer Conjugation Of The Verb Lekh (लेख) To Write, Present Tense / Singular

Past Tense / Singular

Future Tense / Singular

Transliteration

English

Transliteration

English

Transliteration

Main Lekhnu

I Write

Maile Lekho

I Wrote

Main Lekhulo

I Will Write

Tu Lekh Chhe

You Write

Tveel Lekho

You Wrote

Tum Lekhle

You Will Write

U Likhno

He Writes

Veel Lekho

He Wrote

U Lekhal

He Will Write

Present Tense / Plural Transliteration

Past Tense / Plural

English

Future Tense / Plural

English

Transliteration

English

Transliteration

English

We Wrote

Hum Lekhula

We Will Write

Hum Lekhnu

We Write

Humul Lekho

Tum Lekh Chho

You Write

Tumule Lekho

You Wrote

Tum Lekhla

You Will Write

Un Lekhan Chhan

They Write

Unule Lekho

They Wrote

Un Lekhal

They Will Write

Khan Pihnn Jitan Jaan/Janai Ull Khaiy Halo Wu Khaiy Goh Wu Ab Khaal Kadu Kadu Kaa? Kasik? Kaik? Ko? Kila? Ke?

How Much? How Many? Where? How? Whose? Who? Why? What

Eat Drink Win Go He Has Eaten. He Had Eaten. He Will Eat.

Baithnou Chalul/Hituul Bhagun Daudun

Sit Walk Run Run

Khulul Khol Halo Kholul

Open! Opened Will Open

Aapoun Kan Bate Aachcha Tum Ko Wal Baat Aachaa Tu Khan Batii Aacha Tull Gadi Kile Chaley Tum Kile Aachaa Key Tu Mer Dagad Aalei Main Tumhr Saathoul Main Tumhr Dagad Oul Jattha Ghyav Ajayaa

Tumul Kei Karouh Tumul Key Kar Rakhoh Miki Ke Karun Chann Mai Key Kar Sakoon

What Did You Do? What Did You Do? What Should I Do? What Can I Do?

khanha khei haalo? Haan, kile ney

Did you have lunch? Yes, of course

From Where Do You Come? Which Way Did You Come? Where Did You Come From? How Did You Come? Why Did You Come? Will You Come with Me? I Shall Come with You. I Shall Come with You. You Come Home Early

Fem Chu Chi Chi Chun Chin

Masc Chic Chai Ch Chaun Chan

I Am You Are He Is We Are They Are.

Aoh/Tu Aa Aai Uul Wu Aeigoh Wu Aall Wu Neigoh Wu Jall Mi/Main U/Wu Wu Tu//Ter Hum Tum Un

I He She You We You They

Jai Dev Pailaag Tu Kas Chai Kas Cha Tum Kas Hare Chhe Kas Haro Cha Main Bhal Chun Main Thik Chu Ke Hego Tumar nau ke che? Teyr nam key chu

Come! Came Will Come He Had Come. He Will Come. He Had Gone. He Will Go. Ya Yo Wo Ter Tumhar Hoye Na

It This That Your Your Yes. No

Hello Hi/Hello How Are You? How Are You? How Are You? How Are You? I Am Fine. I Am Fine. What Happened? What is your name? What is your name?

numbers

+0

+1

+2

+3

+4

+5

+6

+7

+8

+9

0-9

śūnya

ek

Do/dui

tīn

cār

pāñc

chah

sāt

āṭh

nau

10-19

das

gyārah

bārah

terah

caudah

pandrah

solah

satrah

aṭhārah

unnīs

20-29

bīs

ikkīs

bāīs

teīs

caubīs

paccīs

chabbīs

sattāīs

aṭṭhāīs

untīs

30-39

tīs

ikattīs

battīs

taiṁtīs

cauṁtīs

paiṁtīs

chattīs

saiṁtīs

aṛtīs

untālīs

40-49

cālīs

iktālīs

bayālīs

taiṁtālīs

cavālīs

paiṁtālīs

chiyālīs

saiṁtālīs

aṛtālīs

uncās

50-59

pacās

ikyāvan

bāvan

tir(e)pan

cauvan

pacpan

chappan

sattāvan

aṭṭhāvan

unsaṭh

60-69

sāṭh

iksaṭh

bāsaṭh

tir(e)saṭh

cauṁsaṭh

paiṁsaṭh

chiyāsaṭh

saṛsaṭh

aṛsaṭh

unhattar

70-79

sattar

ik.hattar

bahattar

tihattar

cauhattar

pac.hattar

chihattar

sat.hattar

aṭhhattar

un(y)āsī

80-89

assī

ikyāsī

bayāsī

tirāsī

caurāsī

pacāsī

chiyāsī

sattāsi

aṭṭhāsī

navāsī

90-99

navve

ikyānve

bānve

tirānve

caurānve

pacānve

chiyānve

sattānve

aṭṭhānve

nin(y)ānve

sau-shatak-saya (100): hazar-hajar (1,000): lākh (105): kroṛ-karod (107): arab (109, billion): kharab-khara (1011): nīl (1013): padma (1015) (1st) pahalā/prathama/pahilo, (2nd) dusarā/dvitīya/dusra/dosro, (3rd) tisarā/tr̥tīya/tisra/tesro, (4th) cauthā/caturtha/cauta/cautho, (5th) pāṃcavāṃ/paṃcama/pancaun, (6th) chaṭhā/ṣaṣṭha/chaitaun, (7th) sātavāṃ/saptama/sataun, (8th) āṭhavāṃ/aṣṭama/athaun, (9th) nauvāṃ/navama/navaun (10th) dasa vāṃ/daśama/dasaun, (11th) gyarahavin/egharaun, (14th) caudahavāṃ/chaudavin/chaudaun (78th) aṭhahattaravāṃ/athahattaravin/athahattaraun, (100th) sauvāṃ

fractions tinma adhi/kehi banda - bit more than half / sarhe - half more than / sava/sava - quarter more than / pau - quarter / paune - quarter to paun - three quarters after / adhi - almost a half / adha - half / derh - one and a half / dhai - two and a half / baje - o'clock / derh baje - half past one

days sunday - aitabar/ adityavar/itvar/ravivar, monday - sombar/somavar/saunvar, tuesday - mangalbar/mangalavar/manglavar wednesday - budhabaar/ budhavar, thursday - bihibar/brihaspatvar/guruvar, friday - shukrabar/sukravar, saturday - shanibar/sanivar

months vaishakh - jeth/jyestha - asar - saun/shravan - bhadau/bhadra - ashvin/ asoj - kartik - marg/mansir - paus/pus - magh - phalgun - cait/caitra aprail -

mai

- jun -

julai

-

agast

- sitambar

- aktubar - navambar

- disambar - janvary - farvari - marc

colors black - kala/kalo/shyam, indigo - nir, blue- nila/nilo, navy blue - gahara nila, sky blue - akashi/akasse/asamni/asamani/kyan, silver - chandi, grey - sleti/phusro/dhusro/dhusar, gold - sona/sunako, yellow - pila/pahelo/malai, green - hara/hariyo/laim brown - badami/bhura/khairo, light brown - kailo, white - safed/seto/ujla, pink - gulabi, purple - baingani/baijani/rani orange - narangi/suntala, saffron - kesar/bhagva, red - lal/rato, dark red - kaleji, crimson - qirmizi, ochre - geru,

family relationships

budhi - ama grandmother [low class]

mausi - aunt -mother's sister

ama - mother

buhari - son's wife/daughter in law

muma - mother [used by upper class only]

amai - grandmother [rural]

buva - father, papa

nana - grandfathers -mother's father

amaju - husband's elder sister

caca - father's younger brother

nand - sister in law - husband's sister

bhadai - woman's brother's daughter

caceri bahini - cousin/daughter of father's brother

nanda - husband's younger sister

bap/ba - father [colloquially]

caci - father's younger sister

nandebhai - husband's younger sister's husband

babu - father

cavera bhai - cousin/sun of father's brother

nandoi - brother in law -husband of husband's sister

bahanoi- brother in law/ sister's husband

dada - grandfather/father's father

nani - grandmother/mothers' mother

bahin- sister

dadi - grandmother/father's mother

nati - grandson daughter's son

bahini - younger sister

dai/daju/dajyu - elder brother

natin - granddaughter/daughter's daughter

bahinijvain - younger sister's husband

devar - husband's younger brother

panati - great grandson

bahu- daughter in law / bride

devarani - husband's younger brother's wife

phupa - uncle/father's sister's husband

baje - grandfather

didi - elder sister

phupaju- father's sister's husband

bajyai - grandmother

hajurama - grandmother

phuphera bahin - cousin/daughter of father's sister

bajyai - lower class wife's mother in law

hajurba - grandfather [rural]

phuphera bhai - cousin/son of father's sister

bara - great grandfather

hajurbuva - grandfather

phuphi- aunt/father's sister

beta - son

hajurmuma - grandmother [upper class]

phupu - father's sister

beti - daughter

jamai/damad - son in law

poi - husband [rural]

bhabhi - sister in law/elder's brother's wife

jeth - brother in law/husband's elder brother

pota - grandson -son's son

bhadai - woman's brother's daughter

jethaju - husband's elder brother

poti - granddaughter/son's daughter

bhado - woman's brother's son

jethan - elder brother' wife

sahinlo - third eldest of brothers

bhai - younger brother

jethani didi - husband's elder brother's wife

sala - brother in law

bhaiya /m - brother

jethi sasu - wife's elder sister

sali - sister in law/wife's sister

bhaibuhari - younger brother's wife

jetho - eldest of brothers

sali - wife's younger sister

bhanij - sister's son

joi - wife [rural]

salo - wife's younger brother

bhanja - nephew/sister's son

jvain - daughter's husband, son in law

samdhi - son's/ daughter's - father in law

bhanje buhari - sister's son's wife

kahinlo - fourth eldest of brothers

samdhini - son's/ daughter's mother in law

bhanje jvain - sister's daughter's husband

kaka - father's brother

sana buva - mother's younger sister's husband

bhanji - niece/sister's daughter

kaki - father's brother's wife

sani ama - mother's younger sister

bhanjo - sister's son

kancho - youngest of brothers

sas/sasu - mother in law

bhatija - nephew

mahilo - second eldest of brothers

sasur - father in law

bhai - niece

maiju - mother's brother's wife

sasuro - father in law

bhatiji - man's brother's daughter

kancho - youngest of brothers

tai - aunt/wife of father's elder brother

bhatijo - man's brother's son

mama - material uncle/other's brother

tau - uncle - father's elder brother

bhauju - elder brother's wife

mami - aunt/ma

thuli ama - father's elder brother's wife,

bhinaju - elder sister's husband

mata /f - mother

thuli ama - mother's elder sister

bua - aunt -father's sister

ternal uncle's wife

thulo ba - father's elder brother

budha ba - grandfather [lower]

mausa - uncle/husband of mother's sister

thulo buva - mother's elder sister's husband

Dictionary

angra ugalna - speak bitterly/abusively

basana - inhabit

bhuna - roast

Verbs

ankan karna - count, appraise, mark

basna/basnu - sit, settle, remain

bhunbhunana - rage

acamma lagnu - surprised/astonished

ahk marna - to wink

bat banna - achieve

bhutnu - fry

acamma parnu - surprise/astonish

ankanaunu - hesitate

bat karna - conversate

bhyaunu - find time

ada karna - fulfil

anmaunu - farewell the couple/bride

bata marnu - talk

bic me ana - interfere, intervene

adar karna - respect

anta garnu - end, finish

batlana - tell

bichana - spread out

adaunu - support, hold up

antarvasit garnu - intern

bantna/batna - distribute

bigaarna - spoil

adinu - stop

anthyaunu - seize, clutch firmly

bato lagnu - set off

bigarna - go wrong

adkalnu - guess

antnu - dare, take the risk

batorna - store

bigna - get soaked

adkanu - get stuck/halted

anurodh garnu - request, pray

becna/becnu - sell, dispose of

bikna - get sold

adkaunu - cause to stick

apanana/apanaunu - adopt, apply

behornu - make use, afford

bandhna/bandhnu -bind, tie, fasten

adnu - stop, cease moving

apmanit karna - contempt

bepar garnu - trade, sell

Bitana/bitaunu - pass, spend [time]

agadi badhaunu - lead forward

aram karna - rest

bhadkinu - frightened, shy, astray

bithana - make sit

agadi badhnu - move forward

arpanu - offer, dedicate

bhag karna - divide, separate

bitna/bitnu - pass, be spent [time]

aghaunu - satisfied with eating

arthyaunu - make sense, understand

bhag pana - be able to run

biunjhanu - wake up

aghi lagnu - go ahead, lead, guide

arti utarna - perform arti/pooja

bhagnu - flee, run away

boknu - carry, lift, conceive

aghi sarnu - advance, instigate

arzi dena - apply

bhakundo khelnu - play football

bulana/bolaunu - call, invite

aglyaunu - lock, pull

astaunu - set [sun, moon or star]

bhana - be liked

bolinu - be spoken

agya dena - permit

ataunu/atainu - fit into, be contained

bhandnu - spoil, ruin (morally)

bolna/bolnu - speak

ah barna - sigh

attinu - frightened, nervous

bhar parnu - trust

buharna/badharnu - sweep

aipugnu - arrive

aunlyaunu - point at

bharna - get filled

bujhaunu - explain, make over

akamakaunu - hesitate, pause

bacana - save

bharti hona - admitted

bujhna - extinguished

akamakka parnu - confused, baffled

bacna - survive

bhasan dinu - give a lecture

bul jana - forget

akkasinu - fly

badhna - to be tied, bound

bhatakna - roam/wander around,

bura manna - get offered

algyaunu - lift, raise, release, set free

badla karna - trade, exchange

bhaukna/bhuknu - bark

cabana/cabaunu/cavaunu - chew

aljhanu - get caught up in

badla lena - exact revenge

bhejna - send

cadhaunu - cause ride, offer superiors

aljhaunu - entangle

bahna/bagnu - flow, glide

bhet hunu - meet, bump into

cadhnu - climb, mount, ride

almalaunu - confuse, lead astray

bahana - set adrift

bhetnu - meet, come across

cadnu - go up, ascend, improve

almalinu - amazed, confused

baitha - be seated

bhijnu- get wet

cahakna - tweet

alu tachnu - peel off potatoes

bajana/bajnu - make sound, chime

bhijvana - get sent

caharnu - linger, walk about idly

ana/aunu - come

bal karna - be twisted

bhik magna - beg

cahinu - be necessary, be required

anbhaunu - farewell the couple/bride

balnu - burn, blaze, catch fire

bhitrinu - enter, penetrate

cahna - want

anchar marna - be spell

banana - make

bhog carhana - offer oblation

cakhaunu - cause taste

ancetnu - discipline, impress, press

band karna - close

bhogna - enjoy

cakhna/cakhnu - taste

andhekha karna - ignore

banna - become

bhojan karna - eat

cakit karna - surprise

anga bhanga garnu - dismemember

barbad karna - destroy

bhok lagnu/bhokaunu - hungry

cakkar ana - feel lighthearted, giddy

anga pugnu - complete the procedure

bardast karna - tolerate

bhujhana - extinguish

cal basna - die

angalnu - accept, follow, embrace

barhana - extend

bhujna - extinguished

cal parna - set out

angara hona - become red with anger

barhna/badhnu - increase, flourish, grow bhukh lagna - be hungry

cala ana - come away

angikar garnu - accept, follow

barsana/baris hona - rain down

cala jana - leave, go away, abandon

bhulna/bhulnu - forget, err, attached

calan garnu - use

chutna/chutnu - left, separated

dard karna - meet

dolna/dulna - sway, shake, wander

calana - drive

cikhna - scream

darhi banana - shave

dos lagana - accuse

calaunu - cause to move, put to use

cillana - call out

darna - fear

dosi thahrana - condemn

calna/calnu - move, in use, flirt

cimotnu - pinch, nip

darshan dena - gather

dublaunu - get thin, be weak

camakna/camkayu - shine, glitter

cinaunu - introduce

darshan karna - meet

dubna/dubnu - sink, drown

camkaunu - polish, cause to shine

cinnu - recognize, identify, distinguish

dast ana/lagna - have diarrhea

dubulki marnu - take the plunge

caraunu - make graze

cirhana - irritate

datna - be firm, scold

duhunu - milk

carhna - climb

cirhna - get irritated

daurna - run

dukhna - hurt

carkanu - crack, split, break

cirnu - split, rip up

dava karna - claim

dur karna - remove, create distance

carkaunu - cause to crack/split

codna - copulate, have sex

daya aunu - pity, feel pity

ekohorinu - concentrate on one thing

carna/carnu - graze

cokhinu - be pure

dehant hona - pass away

farq karna - differ

cataunu - cause to lick

cori hona - get stolen

dekhbhal karna -take care

fayda uthana - exploit

catnu - lick

cot lagna - get hurt

dekhinu - be seen, appear

fel hona - fail

caukna - startled

corna/chodnu - abandon, relinquish, quit dekhna/dekhnu - look, see

foto khisna - take photo

caunkna - surprise

cuhinu - drip, leak

dena/dinu - give

gadnu - bury

cetauni - warn

cukna - settled, payed off, completed

dhakdhakyaunu - push down, tap

gala lagana - embrace

cetnu - conscious, alert

cuukna - blunder, err, mistake, miss

dhakelna - push

gali dena/gali garnu - swear, insult

chadnu - leave, leave out, vomit

cumna/cumnu - kiss, caress

dhakna/dhaknu - hide, cover, conceal

gam khana - endure, succumb

chakkinu - deceived, astonished

cup lagnu - be quiet

dhalna - decline

galna - dissolve, decay, rot

chalang marna - leap

cupna - hide [intransitive]

dhantnu - tell a lie, deceive

gamarkyaunu - clutch, seize

chalakna - spill

curana/cornu - steal

dhapaunu - drive away, chase

gana - sing

chalnu - deceive, trick

cusna/cusnu - suck

dharakna - beat

ganaganaunu - grumble, murmur

chamnu - touch, feel

cutnu - thrash, beat

dherai logne hunu - ply polyandry

ganathanaunu - talk nonsense, gossip

cunna/channu - choose, select, sieve

cyatnu - tear

dherai vivaha garnu - ply polygamy

gansnu - join together

chapa marna - raid

dabana - oppress

dhokha dena - deceit

gap marna - chat

chapinu - published

dabna - oppressed

dhona - carry

garaunu - cause to do

chapna/capnu - print, publish

dadhnu - burn, burnt up

dhonaa/dhunu - wash

garb se hona - get pregnant

charnu - scatter, disperse

daguraunu - to cause to run

dhulna - get washed

garerai chadnu - to perform at all cost

chatna - get sorted

dagurnu/dugurnu - run, hasten, race

dhulvana - cause to get washed

garhna - form

chaunu - to cover, to roof

dakhal dena - intervene

dhup khana - sunbathe

garjanu - thunder, roar, bluster

cheknu - stop, hinder

dhakhil karna - submit

dhurhna - search

garna - sink, stick

cherna - stir up

daknu - call, invite

dhyan dena - notice

garna chodnu - stop do something

chikna - sneeze

dalna - throw, put, place, pour

dhyan rakhna -take care

garna dinu ro - allow, cause to do

chilna - peel

dam lena - breath

dikhai dena - appear

garna thalnu - start doing

china - snatch

dam marna - drug

dikhai parna -show up

karna/garnu - do

chipana/chopnu - cover, hide

dank marna - sting

dikhana/dekhaunu - show

ganvana - waste

chipna - get hidden

dant majhnu/malnu - clean teeth

dikhna - be seen

ghabrana - worry

chiraunu - cause to go through

dant maskaunu - clean teeth

dil langa - feel home

ghar hernu - run the household

chirna/chirnu - break out, bore through

darana - terrify

dilana - transfer

ghasitna - drag

chuna/chun - touch

daraunu - frighten, frightened

dohrana - repeat

ghatana/ghatnu - decrease, decline

ghataunu - cause to decrease, subtract

hath batana - land a hand

jarna - fix

kam karna I - reduce

gherav karna - to gherao

hatna/hatnu - retreat, withdrew

javab dena - reply

kam karna II - work

gherna - surround

hernu - see, look at, watch

jhakana - peep

kamar kasna -gird up

ghontna - squeeze

hilna - shake, move

jhakjhak - argue

kamaunu - acquire wealth, cultivate

ghum jana - get lost/misplaced

hilna-dulna - tremble, wonder, stray

jhalkanu - to shine/glitter

kandhinu - get fat

ghumna phirna - go sightseeing

hindnu - walk, go, move, set off

jhamtanu - spring upon, assault

kapal kornu - comb the hair

ghumana/ghumnu - move/roam around

ho calna - emerge

jhantnu - thresh, rebuke

kapal nuhaunu - rinse hair

ghus khana - take bribe

ho jana - become

jharna/jharnu - fall off, drop, shaken off

kapna/kamnu - tremble, shiver

ghusna - sneak

hona/hunu - be

jharu lagana - sweep

kapnu - carve, chisel

ginna/gannu - count, reckon, deem

hos sahalna - be aware

jhaskanu - startled, alarmed

kar dena - accomplish, achieve, finish

ginti karna - calculate, measure

hosh garnu - be cautious

jhepna - get shamed

kar sakna/parna/pana - be able to do

giraftar karna - arrest

huri calnu - be stormy

jhiknu - take out, take off

karaunu - shout

girana - cause to fall

iccha karna - wish

jhukna/jhuknu - bend, stoop, bow down

karvana - cause

girna/girnu - fall, drop, get degraded

ijazat karna - allow

jhulna - swing

kasna/kasnu - tighten, pull firmly

godnu I - beat severely

ikatha karna - gather

jhumna - sway

kataunu - cause to be cut/be beheaded

godnu II - weed, remove weeds

ikh phernu - take revenge

jhuth bolna - lie, fib

kathana/katha halnu - tell a story

gota lagana - dive

imathan dena - exam

jina/jiunu - live

katinu - be cut

gunjna - reverberate

inkar karna - refuse

jitna/jitnu - win

katna/katnu - cut, chop, cancel

gumaunu - lose, forfeit

intazam karna - arrange

jokhnu - weigh, measure

kayam garnu - fix a date

guzaarna - spend time

intazar karna - wait

jorna/jodnu - add, join

kehi kurako anurodh garnu - request

guzar jana - pass way

istamal karna - use

jotnu - plow, harness

kehi kurako mato milnu - agree

guzarna - get through

itrinu - be mischievous, talk about sex

jua khelna - gramble

kelaunu - sift, remove impurities

hackanu - get frightened, hesitate

izhar karna - declare

jujhna - fight

khana I - eat, take, use

hagna - defecate

jabhai lena - yawn

juktanu - collected, united, entangled

khana II - receive [often in a violent way]

halnu - put, serve

jadutona karna - bewitch/cast evil eye

julus nikalna - march

khana III - be a target [bullet, insult, etc.]

hani pahucana - damage

jagana - awake

junta - join

khanaunu - cause to be dug

haninu - run very fast, fly very fast

jagna - awaked

juramuraunu - active, alert

khaninu - be poured out

hanknu - drive, challenge, exaggerate

jagnu - wake up, be alert, be angry

jutaunu - collect, gather

khannu - dig

hannu - strike, shoot, jump

jalana/jalaunu - set on fire, burn

juthyaunu - get dirty, to soil

khanu - eat

hansaunu - cause to laugh

jalna - become jealous

jutnu - be collected, be united

khanyaunu -pour out

haphna - puff

jalnu - burn, be kindled

juva khelnu - gamble

khara hona - stand

har carhana - garland

jamaunu - make solid, freeze

ka nam lena - mention

khara karna - park

harana - defeat

jamnu - be frozen

ka nam na lena - neglect

kharaunu - fry hard, over parch

harna/harannu - loose, defeated

jancna/jancnu - test, examine

kahlana/kahalaunu - be called/famous

kharc karna - spend

hasil karna - obtain

janmanu - be born

kahna - say

kharidna/kharidnu - buy, purchase

hansna/hansnu - laugh, smile

janmaunu - give birth to

kaid garnu - arrest

khasaunu - cause to fall

hat aunu - fall into someone's hands

janna/janu - go

kakrinu - become stiff by cold, nimble

khashiya manana - celebrate

hat halnu - lend a hand

jannu - know, understand

kakryaunu - make numbed

khansna - caugh

hatana - drive off

japna - repair

kam - work

khasnu - fall, die

hath ana - come to hand

japnu - repeat mantra, tell beads

kam calau - cause work

khatm karna - finish

khednu - chase

larbarinu - reel, stagger, sway

man parcha - like

nasta karna - eat breakfast

khelaunu - cause to play

larna - fight, argue

man pardaina - dislike

nazar lagna - get corrupted

khelna/khelnu - play, act

latakna - dangle

mana karna - feel home

nibhana - fulfil

kheti garnu - till the ground

lautana - give back

manana - believe, feel, agree, comply

nibhnu - go out, be extinguished

khilana - feed

lautna - return

manaana/manannu - celebrate

nica dikhana - humiliate

khincna - pull

le ana - bring

manna/mannu - accept, respect, suppose nicorna - extract

kho jana - become lost

lekhinu - be written

manparaunu - like, approve, prefer

nid ana - sleep

khojnu - search

lena/le jana - take

mapna - measure

nid khulna/tutna - wake up

kholna/khulna/kholnu - open, unfasten

letna - lie down

mar khana - bitten

nidaunu - get sleepy, become numb

khona - be lost

likna - write

marammat karna - repair

nigalna - swallow

khumcinu - shrink

lilna - devour, consume, eat up

marna/marnu - strike, kill, die, perish

nikaalna - take out

khun karna - murder

linu - take, acquire, accept

marodana - twist

nikalna - go out

khuvaunu - feed

lipatna - get cling

matnu - get drunk

niptana - complete

khvab dekna - dream

lipna - plaster

maya garnu - love

niscay karna - decide

kinamel garnu - go shopping, buy

liptana - cling

maza ana - have fun

niskanu - come out, appear

kinnu - buy

litana - lay down

mil jana - become found

niyuct karna - appoint

kitnu - grind teeth, decide, resolve

launu/lagaunu - put on clothes, wear

milana - join

nuhaunu - take a bath

kornu - scratch

luga dhunu - wash clothes

milanu - cause to join, solve, balance

ochyaunu - spread bedding/rug/mat

koshish karna/koshish garnu -try

luga launu - put on clothes, wear

milaunu - reconcile, resolve, arbitrate

odhaunu - cover up somebody else

kosna - curse

luga phernu - change clothes

milna - meet

odhnu - cover oneself

kotyaunu - prick, scratch

luga phukalnu - take off clothes

milnu - agree, fit in, mingle, befit

ogatnu- occupy, reserve, hinder

kucyaunu - crush

luga phukan - take off clothes

misaunu - mingle, mix up together

ohralnu - cause to descend

kudna - jump

lukna/luknu - hide

mit lagaunu - make friends (ritually)

oilaunu - wither, fade

kudnu - run

lurhakna - tumble

mitana - erase

oilinu - be withered

kuhunu - rot

lutna - loot

mitna - erased

oiranu - drop, fall headlong

kundnu - hew, carve

lyaunu - bring, fetch

mohi parnu - make buttermilk

oiraunu - cause to drop/fall in masses

kurnu - wait, attend

maccinu - swing

mol lena - take on

oirini - drop, fall in masses

kusti - wrestle

macha marnu - fish

motaunu - get fat

oirinu - flow continually

kutnu - beat, hit

macna - be created

mukh dhunu - wash/clean the face

okatnu - occupy, reserve, hinder

ladna - load, apply a burden, impose

madad karna - help

mukta garnu - free

orhna - wrap

ladnu - fight, struggle, fall down

madat dinu - help, assist

murna - turn

orlanu/orlinu - come down, descend

lagana/lagaunu - apply, wear, set up

madrana - hover

muskarana - smile

osarinu/osarnu - transfer

lagna/lagnu - appear, begin, start, join

maf karna - forgive

muskaunu/muskuraunu - smile

pacana - digest

lahad aunu - wish

maf magna - apologize

mvain khanu - kiss

pachi hatnu - move back

laihernu - try on clothes

magana - ask for

myaun garnu - mew

pachi janu - follow

laijanu - carry, take away

mangna/magnu - ask for, demand

na pasand karna - dislike

pachi sarnu - step back, step down

lamkanu - walk with long steps, stride

manjna/majhnu - clean, scrub

nacna/nacnu - dance

pachtana - regret

lana - bring

makkhiya marna - laze around

nafrat karna - dislike, hate

pacna - get digested

lanu - take away, remove

malum karna - ascertain

nahana - bath

pad marna/pad corna - fart

lapetna - wrap

man hona - feel doing

najitnu - not win

padharna - take a sit

padhana/padhnu - read, study

pasnu - enter, go in, come in

pochna - wipe

sabit karna - prove

pagalnu/paglanu - melt

pata calna - be aware, find out

poila janu - run away with a man

sadi karna - wed, be married

pahacanna - recognize

pathaunu - send, dispatch

potna - smear

sadna - become rotten, spoil

pahanna - wear

pattyaunu - plait, fold

prapt karna - attain

sagai karna - get engaged

pahnana - dress

paunu - obtain, receive, bear, beget

prarthana garnu - pray, request

sagaunu/saghaunu - help, assist, aid

pahuncana - convey

pauranu/pauri khelnu - swim

prashansa karna - praise

sahna/sahanu - endure, withstand

pahuncna - arrive

pesh - get offered

prayog karna - use

sajana - decorate

paida hona - be born

pesh ana - behave

puchna - ask

sakna/saknu - be able, finish, complete

paida karna - introduce

pesh karna - submit

pugnu - reach, fulfilled, sufficient

salabalaunu - move restlessly

pakana/pakaunu - cook

peshab karna - urinate

puja garnu - worship, adore

samajana - understand

pakarna - catch, grab

phaida advantagephailanu - scattered

pukarna - call out

samajh me ana - be known

pakhalnu - rinse

phailana - spread

pura karna - complete

samjhana - explain

pakka garnu - confirm, make sure

phailanu/phailinu - scattered

pura parna - suffice

sammyaunu - level, make plain

pakna/paknu - ripe, ripen, cooked

phailna - get spread

puryaunu - exert, lead, fulfil a wish

sampark karna - contact

pakranu - capture, seize, understand

phalna - thrive

pyar ho jana - fall in love

sang/sath ana/calna - accompany

palanposan karna - look after, upbringing phalnu - bear fruits, cleanse, husk

pyas-lagna - get thirsty

sangai lanu - take along, take away

palatna - turn back

phaalnu - throw away

qasam khana - take oat

sangit bajana/bajnu - play music

palnu - take care, bring up, nourish

pharkanu - return, come back

racna - compose [transitive, intransitive]

sapna dekna - dream

paltana - turn over

pharna - split

ragat aunu - bleed

sarapnu - curse

pana - manage

phasana - trap

rahna/rahanu - live, dwell, inhabit

sarnu - spread, shift, copy, infect

panchaunu - evade, push aside

phasnu - get trapped

rakhna - keep, have, put

sath calna/calna - tag along, accompany

pani parnu - rain

phastaunu - develop, become fat

rakkhna/rakhnu - guard, protect, hold

Sayukt - joined, united

par karna - cross

phatna - burst

raksa karna - defend

saza dena - punish

parakhna - examine, test, assess, judge

phekna - throw

ramaunu/ramnu - pleased, delighted

se bachane - avoid

parha likna - educate

phijinu - to spread

rangaunu - color, paint, dye, tint

sekna/sekaunu - roast, warm up

parhana/padhaunu - teach

phikri garnu - be worried

rato mato - red clay paint on the wall

selaunu - cool

parhez karna - abstain

phirna - turn back

riha karna - release

shaid hona - martyred

parhna - study

phisalna - slip

risaunu - angry, irritated

sharm ana - feel shamed

paricit karna - introduce

phunkna - puff

risvat lena - get bribed

sharmana/sharminda - ashamed

pariksha dena - take test

phul carhana - place flowers

rittinu - be emptied

shor macana - rustle

parkhanu/parkhinu I - wait

phulna - swell

rokinu - be stopped, be hindered

shram karna - labor, work

parkhanu/parkhinu II - have patience

phusphusana - whisper

rokna/rukna/roknu - stop, prevent

shuru hona/garnu - start, begin

parna - fall

phutna/phorna - crack

rona dhona - weep

siddh karna - prove

parnu - happen, occur, ignite, cause

phyanknu - throw away

rona/runu - weep, cry

siddhyaunu - finish, complete, kill

paroshna - dish out

pica karna - chase, pursue

rulana /ruvaunu - cause to cry/weep

sikayat karna - complain

parvah karna - care

pilana - give drink

runa man lagnu - feel like weep

sikhna/siknu - learn

pas ana - come near, approach

pina - drink

ruthna - sulk

silvana - get down

pasand karna - prefer

piralnu/pirolnu - torment, tease

saamna karna - confront

sina/siunu - sew, stitch

pasi dena - hang

pisna - grind

sabhaalna - take care

sisakna - sob

paskanu - serve [food]

pitna - trash

sabhalna - manage

siti bajana - whistle

skulma padhnu - go to school

tang ana - annoyed

torna - break

umkanu - escape, get free, slip out

so jana - doze off, sleep away

tang karna - annoy

tukrinu - be divided

umlanu - boil, simmer

socna/socnu - think, ponder, consider

tanna - stretched

tulna - declare

umranu - sprout, spring up, grow up

sona - sleep

tannu - draw, pull, drag

tulna karna - compare

unnu - pass a thread through a needle

sucit karna - inform

tansnu - stick, fasten, join

tunginu - be completed

uphranu - jump, leap

sudharna - get corrected

tapakna - drop in

tutlana - lisp

uralnu - instigate, incite

sudharnu - correct, reform, amend

tarif karna - praise

tutna - break

urana - squander

sui lagna - inject

tasvir utarna - paint

ubalna - boil

urlanu - surge, rise up, come in waves

sujhav dena - suggest

tataunu - heat, warm up

ubharna - emerge

urna - fly

sujhna - occurred

tatti karna - defecate

ubhinu - stand up

usinnu - boil while cooking

sujna - swell

taulna/taulanu - weigh, compare

ubhyaunu - raise up

utarna - get down

sukhna/sukhana - dry

tay hona/karna - decided

ubjanu - grown, produced

utarnu I - cause to ascend

sulajhna- be solved

tayar garnu - make ready

ubjaunu - cause to grow

utarnu II - cause to take off (clothes)

sulana - lull

tayar hunu - be ready

ubna - be bored

uthana - lift

suljhana - solve

tekna - support

ubranu - be left over

uthaunu - wake up, cause to rise

sunai dena - be aware

ternu - respect, pay attention

ucalnu - to lift up

uthna/uthnu - rise, get up, stand up

sunai parna - be heard

thagnu - cheat, deceive

uchalana - throw

utranu - get off, rise above

sunana - recite

thaharna - stay

uchalna - leap

utrinu - get off, come down, descend

sunaunu - make others hear, tell

thakanu - exhaust

udaunu - cause to fly, squander

vada karna - promise, vow

sunna - listen

thaknu - get tired/exhausted

udaunu - rise (sun or moon)

vadakhalafi karna - break promise

suselnu - whistle

thalnu - begin, start, commence

udhar dena - lend

vah vah kahna - laud

sustana - relax

thamana - deliver

udhar lena - borrow

vapas ana - go back

sutnu - sleep/lie down

thamaunu/thamyaunu - recognize

udharnu - rip up

vapas dona - give back

svagat karna -give welcome

thamna - restrain

udhinnu - dig up, pick out, select

vapas jana - give back

svapna dekna - dream

thannu I - think, determine, know

udnu -fly

var karna - attack, strike

svikar karna - accept

thapnu II - establish, erect, place

ugharnu - open, unlock

varnan karna - describe

tadkanu/tadkinu - walk speedily

thapthapana - pat

ughranu - be opened

vasul karna - collect

tangna - hang

tharkaunu - to frighten, to shake

ugna - grow

vicar karna - discuss

tah karna - fold

thegnu - last, persist, endure

ukalnu - lift

vida karna - bid farewell

tahalna - stroll

theknu - fix, sum up, appoint post

ukasnu - raise, rouse

vimarsh karna - discuss

tairna - swim

thes pahuchana - hurt

ukelnu - vomit, spew out

virasat me pana - inherit

taiyaar karna - prepare

thicnu - press, crush, squeeze

ukhelnu - uproot, remove

vot dena - vote

takar lagna/takrana - collide

thik karna - fix

ukkaunu - break open, initiate

yad ana - reflect

taklif dena - give trouble

thukna - spit

ukkinu - selected, picked out

yad dilana - remind

talas karna - search

thuprai aunu - pour in, swarm in

uklanu - climb up, ascend

yad karna - remember

taliya bajana - clap

tikna - rest

ukusmukusaunu - stifle

yad rakhna - mind

talkanu/talkinu - shine, glitter

tirnu - pay

ulajhna - entangle

yakin hona - be sure

talnu - avoid

toknu - determine, appoint, decide

ulti karna - vomit

zakhm khana -get wounded

tarna/tarnu - fry, deep fry

tolna - consider

umalnu - cause to boil

zakm dena - wound

tamsanu- be forward/active

topalnu - pretend, make a pretext

umarnu - cause to sprout

zor dena - highlight

adjectives

akado - obstinate, stubborn

amshumat III - pointed

anubhavi - experienced

abaddha - bound, tied up, confined

akal/akkali - skillful, clever, wise

amulya - priceless, invaluable

anukul - favorable, agreeable,

abela/aber - late

akalpaniya - inconceivable

amurta - formless

anupasthit - absent

abhiprerit - motivated

akamakka - confused, disconcerted

anadi - without beginning, self-born

anurup - resembling, corresponding

abhipret - planned

akantak - trouble free, unobstructed

anakta - uncut, unmown

apaci - undigested, undigestible

abhiram - sublime

akapat - guiltless, frank, open

analamaya - fiery

apalak - unblinking

abhiyukta - accused

akarana/akaran - baseless, causeless

anandi - happy

aparicit - unknown, unfamiliar

abkari - pure, unadulterated

akaraniya - unfit to be performed

ananta - infinite, endless

apena/aphno/aphnu - one's own

accha - good, nice, fine

akarath - futile, pointless

anatha - uncared for, orphaned

aprakashit - unpublished

acyuta - unbitten, imperishable

akarmak - intransitive

anautha/anautho - unique, peculiar

apratyashik - unexpected, sudden

adalati - judical

akarmanya - useless, good for nothing

anavarat - unceasing, constant

apurva - new, strange

adarniy/adarniya - respectable

akartavya - improper, unfit

anbita - unspent

aramdeh - comfortable

adbhut- remarkable, fantastic, marvelous

akasmik - abrupt, accidental, casual

and band - nonsensical

ardhura - incomplete, partial

adha/arddh - half

akathaniya - inexpressible, obscene

andha - blind

arhat - entitled, worthy, praised

adham - mean, low, base, vile

akathya - inexpressible, obscene

andhandhundh - indiscriminative

arini - free from debt

adharbhut - basic, fundamental

akbare - chilly, extraordinary hot

andheri - dark, gloomy

arthik - economic, financial

adharit - based upon

akbari - pure unadulterated

andhyaro - dark, gloomy, ignorant

asabhya - uncivilized, uncultured

adharm - irreligious, not dutiful, sinful

akele/akelo - alone

angikrit - adopted, agreed, promised

asadharan - unusual, uncommon

adhikrit - occupied, controlled

akhiri - last, final

anginti - countless

asahaya - helpless

adhin - subject, docine, subservient

akkar I - recalcitrant, stubborn

angkit - marked, written, endorsed

asal/asli/asali - real, true, genuine

adhunik - modern, recent current

akkar II - arrogant, presumptuous

anhona - impossible, supernatural

asamayik - untimely, inconvenient

adig - unflinching

akkar III - foolhardy, fearless

anicchit - undesired, unwished for

asambhav/asambhava - impossible

adrishya - unseen, invisible

akut - immeasurable, inestimable

aniscit - indefinite

asan - easy

advittiya - unparallel, second to none

alag - separate different

anivarya - essential, inevitable

asankhya - innumerable, countless

adyatan - current, up

alikati - a little, a small quantity

anjana - unknown, ignorant

asanna - imminent, impending, near

agadha - unfathomable, bottomless

alilo - lacking salt, tasteless

ankhula - unopened

asantusta - displeased, reluctant

agla pichla - whole, entire

alocanatmak - critical

anmana- distracted, preoccupied

asaphal - unsuccessful, failed

agra - foremost, first, prominent, best

alp - little

anokha - uncommon, unique, strange

asat - evil, bad, nonexistent, illusory

agyan - ignorance; ignorant

alpasankhyak - marginal

ansuljha - unsolved

asatya - false, untrue, lying

agyat - unknown, secret, obscure

alsi/alchi - lazy, idle

antar - difference, interval, inner

ashcaryalagdo - surprising

aham - important

am - common, general, ordinary

antardeshiya - inland, domestic

ashlil - indecent, vulgar

ahat - struck beaten

amanav - inhuman

antargat - comprised

ashu - quick, immediate, swift

aincatana I - controlled by others

amanya - unaccepted, unobeyed

antargrasta - involved

Ashubh - bad, inauspicious, evil

aincatana II - out of control

amar - immortal, undying

antarik - interior, inner, internal

ashuddha - impure

aitihasik/itihasik - historical

amilo - sour

antarnihit - absorbed, engulfed

ashutos - contended, easily pleased

ajab - astonishing

amir - wealthy, rich

antarrastriya - international

asima/asimit - boundless, unlimited

ajan - ignorant

amol - priceless, invaluable

antarvasi - indoor, indoor living

aspast - indistinct, dim, obscure

ajang - huge, enormous, formidable

amrit - elixir, nectar; immortal

antarvasit - interned

asta - set

ajib - strange, foreign, peculiar, weird

amshumat I - fibrous, juicy

antim - last, final, conclusive ultimate

astik - religious

ajnabi - strange, alien, foreign

amshumat II - radiant, luminous

antuta - unbroken, whole

ashulpi /f - impermanent

asvabhavik - unnatural

badmas/badamash - immoral, villainous behetarin - exceptional

bhedpurn - discriminatory

asvasth - unhealthy morbid

badnam/badanam - notorious, infamous

behosh - unconscious

bhinn - different

atal - firm, irrevocable, unwavering

badsurat - ugly

behtar - better

bhola - simple, innocent

atangkit - terrified

badtamiz - rude, ill-mannered

beiman - dishonest

bhrast/bhrasta - fallen, corrupted, defiled

ateri - headstrong, obstinate

badtar - worst

bejhijhak - free, unhesitating

bhrastacari - corrupt

athah I - unfathomable, immeasurable

bahadur - brave, courageous, defiant

bekar - useless

bhukha - hungry, starving, desirous

athah II - bottomless, endless

bahra/bahiro/badhir - deaf

bemajja - not pleasing

bhumandalya - global

atirikt/atikrita I - additional, added

Bahucarcit - well-known, discussed

berozgar - unemployed

bhumigat - underground, subterranean

atirikt/atikrita II - surplus, excessive

bahumulya - valuable, expensive

bes - good, very good

bhutpurv/bhutpurva - former, previous

atisanvedansil - hypersensitive

bahusankhyak - predominant

beshak - sure, without doubt

bicara I - helpless, poor

ativadi - extremist, zealot

baitha - seated

besqimti - invaluable, precious

bicara II - formless, unfathomable

atkalpacchu I - random

baka - crooked, bent

betuka - absurd, meaningless, pointless

bicvala - the middle one

atkalpacchu II - guessed, supposed

baki - remaining, left over

bevafa - faithless

bihaite - married, wedded

atmiy - intimate

baklo - thick

bevaquf - stupid, full

bimar - sick, ill

atpata - absurd, ludicrous

bali - strong, powerful

bevasta - indifferent, careless

bodhak I - explanatory, indicatory

atulit - incomparable

balistha/baliyo - strong, powerful

bhaara - supporting, bearing, bestowing

bodhak II - symptomatic

atulya I - immeasurable, incomparable

bana banaya - ready made

bhaara/bhaari - heavy, weighty

bolbala - all in all, all powerful

atulya II - unequalled

banavati - artificial

bhaari bhrkam - bulky, substantial, sizable bor - bored

atur - sick, wounded, anxious

band I - close, shut, off

bhadda - ugly, awkward, clumsy

brihat - big, large, huge

atut - unbroken, continuous

band II - clogged

bhadra - good

buddh - enlightened

atyacari - excessive

band III - discontinued

bhagyavan - fortunate

buddhijivi - intellectual, rational, logical

atyadhik - over the top, excessive

bango - crooked, bent, twisted

bhakt desh - patriotic

buddhiman - intelligent, wise

atyavashyak - highly essential

baqayda - proper, regular

bhala I - good, decent, kind, righteous

buddhu - fool

atyuttam - the very best

bara sa - biggish

bhala II - healthy, fortunate, prosperous

buland I - high, lofty

audyogik - industrial

barabar - equal, constant, comparable

bhanne - called, named

buland II - loud

aupacan/aupacarik - formal, ceremonial

barazban - memorized

bhara/bhari - full

buniyadi - basic, foundational

aur to aur - apart

barbar - barbarian, savage

bharibharau/bharipurna - full to the brim

bura - bad

avara - wandering, vagrant, abandoned

barbarisch - wild

bharkila - gaudy, showy, flashy

burha/buzurg - elderly

avashyak - necessary, inevitable

barfila - snowy, iced, icy

bharosemand - trustworthy

calak/calakh - clever, cunning

avicchinna - uninterrupted

barhiya - fine, superior

bharpur - abundant, bountiful

calit - actuated, powered, run

avidya - ignorant, foolish, unwise

barik - slender, delicate

bhasi - language speaking

caltik - common, in circulation

avikasit - undeveloped

barkhar - better, greater

bhattarak - revered, respectable

calu I - active, current

avivekpurna - reasonless, unfounded

basi - stale

bhaugolik - geographical

calu II - devious, slick

azad - free

batho - clever

bhavatmak - emotional

caram - final, ultimate, extreme

baca - left, remaining

batuni - talkative

bhavnak - sentimental

Carcit - discussed, talked about

bad - bad, evil, wicked, inauspicious

bauddhik - intellectual

bhavya - grand, splendid

casmadid - eyewitness

bada/bado - big, large, gigantic

baya/bayan - left

bhayakrant - horrified, terror stricken

caura/cauda/caudai - wide, broad

badhak - hindering, obstructing

bebas - helpless

bhayanak - fearsome

cha patra - sixfold

badhi - more, larger, higher

becain - restless

bhayankar - fearful

chamkila/camkilo - bright, glittering

badhiya - superior, of high quality

beglo - separated

bhaybhit - scared, afraid

charko I- hard, bitter, heavy, difficult

charko II - loud, lively, excessive

dhania - fortunate, blessed

ekvacan - singular

gilo - soft, overripe, overcooked

chichla - shallow, superficial

dharke - striped

faltu - spare, extra

golidvara - by peel, by bullet

chirkemirke - spotted

Dharmanirpeks - secular

fauladi I - made of steel

gopya - confidential, secret, private

chito - quick, smart

Dharmarth religiously

fauladi II - steely, strong, unwavering

gora/goro - fair-complexioned

chittakarsak - captivating, fascinating

dharmic - religious, following, believing

fikar - anxious, worried

guga - dumb

chota/choto - short, small, condensed

dhidhla - vague, dim

gadagad - happy, pleased, joyful

gulaphi - pink/rose colored

chupa - secret, hidden

dhima - low, faint sound, slow

gaddar - revolutionary

guliyo - sweet, sugary

cikna - smooth, sleek

dhuki/duhkhi - sad, distressed

gaddu - bear's cub, worthless

gumaraha - misled, astray

cinta - concern, worry

dhukka - free from anxiety, secure

gahiro - deep, profound, solemn

gunaguna - lukewarm

cintit - sad

dhvanyatmak - phonetic

gahraun/gahrungo - heavy, weighty

gunga - dumb, dumbstruck, speechless

cipcipa - sticky, clingy, slimy

dhvast - destroyed, obliterated

gahro - difficult, arduous, hard

gupt/gupta - hidden, secret, private

ciplo - slippery

digo - sustainable

gaihra - all, whole

gurh - mysterious

cirsthayi /adj - long standing, everlasting

dilcasp - interesting

gairaprajatantrik - undemocratic

gussa - angry

ciso - cold wet, moistened, damp

din - humble

gairhazir - absence

gustakh - rude

cokha I - pure, real, genuine, sincere

dirgha - large, wide, tall, huge, deep

gairqanuni - illegal

gyani - learned, intelligent, informed

cokha II - good, excellent

dirghakalin - chronic, long term

galat - wrong

haara - weary, lost

cokha III - sharp, pungent, strong

dobar - double, twice, twofold, again

gambhir - deep, grave, serious

haara/haariyo - grassy, green, greenish

cunavi - electoral

doklo - double

ganda - dirty

hairan - amazed, perplexed

cunda - weak sighted

dosi - defective, faulty, guilty, sinful

ganja - bald

halka - light, mild, lenient, faint, quiet

cup - silent, quiet

drrh - firm, resolved, tough, unyielding

garam - hot

hamdard - sympathetic

curn - crashed

drrhsankalp - determined, resolved

garbar - confused

hansilo - humorous, cheerful, jolly

dahina/dahine -right

drut - quick, rapid, speedy, fast

garbhvati - pregnant

haram - forbidden, illicit, illegitimate

dakhil - registered

drutgami - fast moving

garha - thick, dense, deep/dark [color]

haramzada - ill begotten

daksha - dexterous, able, astute

dubla/dublo - weak, thin, lean, skinny

garib - poor, needy

hasil - obtained, acquired

Dakshin purva - southeastern

dudhmuha - infantile, milk-mouthed

gatihara - lazy, idle, stagnant

hastilikhit - handwritten

dalit - oppressed

duguna - double

gatta/gattam - hopeless, penniless

hasyaspad - ridiculous

daridra - poor, needy, penurious

dur - far, distant

gatvar - transitory, perishable mortal

hatas - dejected

dariyadil - generous

duragraha - prejudice, improper

gaun - secondary, indirect, inferior

hatash - desperate, despairing

darlagdo - dreadful, dangerous

durgam - remote

Gauravanvit - honored, glorified

hatotsahit - discouraged, defeated

darle - out of fear

durlabh - rare

gaurtalab - significant, notable

hazijavab - quick thinking

dayalu - compassionate, kind

dusti - corrupted, contaminated

gayab - missing, vanished,

hazir - present, here

dayan - right [side]

ek jaise - same, of the same kind

gazab ka - amazing

tandurust - healthy

dayaniya - pitiable, arousing pity

ekaki - alone, solitary

ghana - thik, dense, solid

hi - only

debre - left, reverse, opposite

ekikrit - integrated, united, unified

ghanisht - intimate, close

Hin - lesser, inferior, lacking

dehati - rural, rustic

eklauti - monopolistic

gharelu - domestic

hina - low, vile, degraded, base

der se - late

eklo - lone, solitary, alone, single

ghatiya - of poor quality

hind-arya - indo-aryan

Deshavyapi - nationwide, national

eknas - similar, monotonous, uniform

ghayal - wounded

hinsatmak - violent

dhamilo - unclear, dirty, muddy

eksaro - single, without cover, once

ghisa pita - outworn

hoco - short, low

dhani - golden

ekta - unity, sameness, solidarity

ghosit - declared, proclaimed

honhar - full of potential

dhani - rich, wealthy

ektrit - united, gathered

gila - wet

hoshiyar - cautious, careful, clever

hrdyahin - heartless, unfeeling

juda - different

khatarnak - dangerous [also great]

lamba/lamo - long, tall

hrst pust - stout, robust

juktanu - collected, united, entangled

khatm - finished, completed

lampasar/lamtanu - prostrate

icchit - desired. wished for

jungli - wild

khatre se khali - danger free

lamtann/lampasar - stretched out

icchuk - interested

jyada - too much, in excess, excessive

khatta - sour

laparvah - careless

ikattha - gathered

kacca/kanco - raw, unripe, immature

khota - fake counterfeit

lapata - missing

imandar - honest, trustworthy, faithful

kada - hard, harsh, cruel, unkind

khub - good

lataramma - in bunches, in clusters

irsyalu - jealous, envious

kafi - quite, enough

khubsurat - beautiful

lato - dumb

ishqiya - erotic, amatory

kakrinu - stiff by cold, nimble

khula - open

layaq - worthy, suitable

ista - wished, desired

kala I - black, grimy

khush - happy

lazimi - obligatory, proper

itar - other

kala II - great, terrible, fearful

khushal - prosperous

laziz - delicious

ittifaq se - by chance

kalilo - ender, soft, delicate, young

khushamizal - jolly

likhat/likhit - written, in writing

jahazmar - anti aircraft

kalyanakari - auspicious, beneficial

khushquismat - fortunate

lobhi - greedy, stingy, covetous

jail I - false, counterfeit, imitated

kam - little, less, small

kirtiman - renowned, celebrated

lok - folk

jail II - net, netting, web, lattice

kamta/kamti - less, insufficient, short

kishora - young, youthful, infantine

lokpriy - popular

jaisa - similar to, like, identical to

kamyab - successful

komal - delicate

madhyakalin - mediaeval

jald - quich, fast, swift

kanggal - poor, penniless, penurious

kora I - blank, empty, unused

madhyapasan - Mesolithic

jali - fictious, bogus, counterfeit

kankrila - gravelly

kora II - flat out, complete, thorough

mahaga - expensive

jaljanit - waterborne

kapit - imaginary

kramcor/kamcor - work shy, indolent

mahan - great

jama I - collected, gathered

kara - rigid, strict

Krami /m - working, engaged in work

mahango - expensive

jama II - submitted, deposited

karva/kadava - bitter

kramik - serial

mahattvakankshi - ambitious

jan - beloved

kathin - hard, arduous

kramjor/kamzor- weak, ineffective

mahattvapurn - important

jana pahcana - well known

kathit - said, narrated, told

kritagya - thankful, grateful

mahattvapurna I - royal, regal

janatantrik - democratic

kathor - harsh, rigid, unkind, cruel

krshni - black

mahattvapurna II - generous, palmy

jangali - savage, wild, beastly

kattar - diehard, orthodox

kukhyat - notorious infamous

mahattvapurna III - magnanimous

janieko - known

kayam - fixed, settled, firm, steady

kund - blunt, dull, dimwitted, blunt

mahbub - beloved

janit - generated, borne

kendrit - centered

kushal - wellbeing, proficient, expert

mahin - delicate, fine

janmajat - innate, from birth

kesari - saffron colored

kya bat hai - brilliant

mahir - expert, skilled

janmeko - born

khada - erect, upright

labhkar - beneficial

mahsus - felt, perceived

jari - on going

khali - only, merely, alone

lacar - unable, helpless, obliged

maila/mailo - dirty

jaruri - urgent, immediate

khali I - empty, vacant

lagaeko - used

majako - pleased, funny

jatil - complicated

khali II - desolate, bare

lagatar - consecutive

majbur - compelled

jatiy - racial

khamosh - silent, quiet

laghu - light, small, short

malilo - fertile, manured

jatiya - national

khandani - ancestral

lagria - lame, disabled

malum - known

jhagralu - quarrelsome

khandit - broken into pieces, split

lagu - intoxicating, exciting

mamuli - ordinary, usual

jhalmal - bright, resplendent, brilliant

khara - standing, erect

laingik - sexual

mana - forbidden

jhatpath - straightaway

kharab - bad, spoiled, naughty

lajavad - beyond comparison

mananiya - honorable, venerable

jhutna/jhutha/jhutho I - false, untrue

kharecalu - expensive

lajjit I - shy, bashful

manasib - right, just, proper, fit

jhutna/jhutha/jhutho II - counterfeit

kharij - dismissed, rejected

lajjit II - ashamed

manda - ill, sick

jhutna/jhutha/jhutho III - unreal

khas - real, proper, particular, special

lalci - greedy

mangal - auspicious, happy

jivit - alive

khasro - rough, coarse, frank

lamba caura - huge, endless

mani - respectable, respectful

manmana - pleasing, agreeable, soothing

mulyavan - valuable

nirahar - fasting

parajit - defeated, overthrown

manovigyanik - psychological

mumkin - possible

nirakshar - illiterate

parakrami - heroic, gallant, valiant

Manyataprapt - recognized

murcchit - fainted, unconscious

nirala - distinctive, strange

param - unmatched, absolute, ultimate

manzur - accepted, approved

murda - dead deceased

nirantar - continuous, constant

paramparagat - traditional

marmagathak - heartbreaking

musaldhare - torrential, heavy

niraparadh - innocent, faultless

paramparik - traditional, hereditary

marmsparshi - affecting, concerning

mushkil - difficult

nirarthak - insignificant, futile

pararastriya - foreign, alien

marsuf - busy, occupied

nabhikiya - nuclear

nirash - disappointed

paraspar - reciprocal, with one another

masaledar - spicy

nagarik - civil, urban, metropolitan

nirbhar - dependent

paraya - strange, foreign, alien, another's

mashur - famous

naitik - moral, ethical

nirdaya - brutal cruel, unkind

pareshan - anxious, worried

masino - thin, mild, gentle, delicate

najayaj - improper

nirdos - innocent, blameless

pargamya - permeable, pervious

maskalik - monthly

nam - humid, dump

nirjan - desolate, uninhabited

paricit - acquainted

mast - intoxicated, delighted, carefree

Nam - moist, dump, wet

nirmit - made, formed, built, created

paripatra - circular

mastana - passionately intoxicated

namak - named, bearing the name of

nirogi - healthy, in good health, not ill

parishrami - laborious, diligent

masum - innocent

Namanzur - disapproved

nirpeks - absolute, indifferent

paristhit - esteemed

matako - earthen

namdar - famous well known

nishcal - motionless, immovable

paryapt - sufficient

matra - merely, only, just

namumkin - impossible

nishcit - sure, unfailing, decided

paryayavacak/prayayavaci - synonymous

matt/madmatt - intoxicated, overpowered nanga - naked

niskantak - thorn less, trouble free

pasand - pleasing

maujud I - present, in attendance

nangge/nanggo - naked, uncovered

nispaks - objective, impartial

pasandida - favorite, chosen

maujud II - extant, in existence

nanha - tiny

nitya - constant, constantly engaged

patit - fallen, degraded, outcaste

maulik - original

naqali - fake

nivaran - prevention, deterrence

patla dubla - lean and thin

mausimi - seasonal

naram - soft, delicate, kind, gentle

niyutta/niyukta - appointed, assigned

pauranik - legendary

mazbut - robust, strong, steady, firm

naramro - bad, not good

nukila - pointed

pavitra - pure, sacred

mazedar -interesting

naraz - angry. displeased

nunilo - salty

pecida - twisted, complicated

mehnati/mihineti - laborious, diligent

nasamajh - foolish

nyayapalika - judiciary

pesh - presented

mihi - fine spun, soft, smooth

nashila - intoxicating

nyuntam - minimum, minimal

peshvar - professional

milansar - sociable, friendly

nast - destroyed, spoiled, ruined, lost

ojhel - hidden, screened off

pharakilo - spacious, extensive

milkar - together, united

natishitosna - temperate, moderate

pacan - digestive

phika - bland, dull, faint, washed out

mishrit - mixed

natkhat - naughty

pachaute - late, hinder, backward

phohor - dirty, foul, filthy

mitho - delicious, tasteful, tasty

naun caleka - well known, famous

pachimi - western

phurtilo - smart

mota chota - insignificant

nava/nai/nayan - new

padha-likha - literate

pichra - lagging, backward, not modern

mota/moto - thick, rough, fat

Navpasan - Neolithic

padonnat - promoted

pidit - afflicted, tortured, oppressed

mrt - dead, deceased

Navshastirya - neoclassical

pagal - mad

pirit - pained, afflicted

mrtpray - seemingly dead, half dead

Navvivahit - newlywed

paida - born, created. arisen

piro - hot [in taste]

mubarak - blessed

nek - good, decent, virtuous, pure

paidaisi - inborn, innate

prabhavashali - powerful, radiant

muft (ka) - free

nekdil - sincere, heartfelt, genuine

paitrik - paternal, ancestral

prabhavsali - influential

muft me - for nothing, gratis

nic/nica/nico - low, inferior, mean

pakeko - ripe, cooked, mature

pracalit - widespread, customary

muhmanga - verbally requested

nihsantan - without offspring

pakka - certain, ripe, durable

pracand I - intense, strong

mukhya - principle, chief

niji - personal, private

pako - aged, experienced

pracand II - raging, burning

mukta - liberated, released

niko - cured, well

panc patra - fivefold

pracand III - excessive

mulayam/mulayat - soft tender

nipun - dexterous, skillful, clever

papi - sinful, profligate, criminal

pracarit - circulated, prevalent

pracin - ancient, aged, old, antique

purn/purna II - accomplished

roshan - bright, lit, illuminated

samapta - completed, accomplished

pradeshik - regional

purnakalik - full time

rugna - ill, unwell, morbid, diseased

samartha - powerful, strong, able

Pradhan - chief, prime, foremost

purv - east, former

rukha - rough, harsh

samast/samasta - whole, entire, all

pragatishil - progressive, modern

purvagraha - prejudice

saada - plain, bland, pure, frank, direct

samasyagrasta - problematic

pragativadi - progressive

purvi/purviya - eastern

sabhya - civilized

samatal - plain, level, smooth, even

prajatantrik - democratic

purvottar - northeastern

sabik - former, previous

samayanusar - timely, opportuned

prakashit - published

pyara/pyaro - dear, beloved, pleasant

sabut - whole

sambandhit - related to

prakhyat - renowned, celebrated, noted

pyasa - thirsty

sac/sacca/saga - true, honest

sambhav - possible

prakritik - natural, physical, material

qimati - valuable, precious, expensive

sadabahar - evergreen

sambhranta - perplexed, confused

pramanbhut - authoritative, canonical

racanatmak - creative, constructive

sadar - respectful

samet - assembled, gathered

pramanik - factual, authoritative

racit I - manufactured, fabricated

sadharan - common, simple, ordinary

saminya - simple, common

pramanit - certified

racit II - composed, invented

saf - clean, pure

sammanya - honorable

pramukh - principal, chief, head

radd - cancelled

Saf-suthra - neat and clean, tidy

sammilit - with eyes shut/covered

prapt/prapta - obtained, found, befallen

radiodharmi - radioactive

sahansil - tolerant

sampaadakiya - editorial

prarambhik - rudimentary, elementary

raji I - pleased, content

sahasi - brave, courageous

sampadit - edited

prasann - happy, pleased

raji II - willing, desirous, complacent

Sahasra - thousand

sampanna - rich, prosperous, wealthy

prashasta - abundant, sufficient

rajkaji - administrative

sahi - correct, right here/there

sampat I - finished, completed

prasiddh/prasiddha - famous, celebrated rajnaitik/rajnitik - political

sahit - inclusive

sampat I - terminated

prastut - presented, submitted

rajyanusar - by state

sahityik - literary

sampurna - complete, whole, perfect

pratham - first, best, primitive

raktapatpurna - bloody

sahmat - in agreement

samriddha - important

prati vyakti - per capita /fi admi

rama - pleasant, lovely, beautiful

saiddhantik I - according to principle

samtal - even, leveled, flat, plain

pratibaddha I - restricted, conditioned ramailo - pleasant

saiddhantik II - theoretical

samuca - whole, entire, intact

pratibaddha II - banned

sainik - military

samudayik - collective, communal

pratibandhit I - restricted, conditioned ranghin - colorless

sajha - cooperative, joint enterprise

samuhik - collective

pratibandhit II - banned

rangicangi - multi colored

sajilo - easy, simple

samyavadi - communist

pratibimbit - reflected

rangila - colorful, vivacious

sakali - true, pure, good, genuine

samyukt - joint

pratigama - retrogressive

rangin - colored, colorful, vibrant

sakht - harsh, strict, rough, severe

sancalit - managed, conducted

pratikatmak - symbolic, allegorical

rasila - juicy

Sakhtadil - hard-hearted

sanco - key, real, sincere, genuine

pratyaksadarshi - eyewitness

rastriya - national

saksham - capable, competent

sandigdh - doubtful

praya - most of

razi - agreeable

salakhala - on the average

sanggathanatmak - organizational

priy - dear, famous

reshmi - silken

salana/salinda - annual, yearly

sanggathanik - organizational

priya - dear, lovely, beloved

retila - sandy

salona I - savory, salty, salted

sangketik - symbolic, indicative

punarjivit - revived, resurrected

ribhu - skillful, expert, master

salona II - beautiful, attractive

sanianusar - timely, opportune, apropos

punya - virtuous, sacred

rikt - empty, void

sam/saman - similar, equal, alike, uniform sanjida - serious grave

pura I - full, complete, entire, gross

risaeko - angry

samagra - whole, all, entire, complete

sankeern/sanguro - narrow

pura II - fulfilled

rishitva - rishiness

samajhdar - discerning, sympathetic

sankhyabodhak - numerical

puran/purana/purano I - old, ancient

rita/ritto I - empty, hollow

samajik - social

sanki - eccentric

puran/purana/purano II - long standing

rita/ritto II - desolate, bare

samakilin - contemporary

sanksipt - concise, short

purapasan - paleolithic

ritavan - truthful, faithful, just

samanti - feudal, feudatory

sano - small, little, inferior

samanya - ordinary, common, trivial

sansadiy - parliamentary

ramro - good, beautiful

purn/purna I - complete, whole, absolute rocak - interesting

sanshodhit - amended, revised

sarvopari I - supreme, highest, chief

shist/shista I - left over, remaining

suhana/sukhad - pleasant

sanskritik - cultural

sarvopari II - of highest importance

shist/shista II - civil, polite, well bred

suhavna - charming, lovely

sanskritmaya I - sanskritized

sashakta - potential, forceful

shist/shista III - elegant, suave, courteous sukha I - dry, parched

sanskritmaya II - full of sanskrit

sashastra - armed, carrying arms

shital - cool

sukha II - arid

sansthagat - institutional

saskrtik - cultural

shitil - lax, slack

sukhi - happy, pleased, delighted

sant - saintly, pious

sasta/sasto - cheap

shosit - exploited

sukhiya - pleasant, happy

santosjanak - satisfactory

satya - true, real, right, honest, righteous

shresth - excellent, first class

suksma - subtle, fine, precise, atomic

santulit - balanced

saur/saurya - solar

shuda talak - divorced

sukumvasi - homeless

santust - satisfied, content

savar - aboard, mounted

shuddha - pure, genuine, chaste

suna - deserted, desolated, empty, lonely

sanu - small, little, inferior

savdhan - carful, cautious

Shukra - resplendent

sunahra/sunhalo/suvarn - golden

sanvaidhanik - constitutional

savla - dusky, dark

Shukraguzar - thankful, grateful

sundar - beautiful, nice, charming

sanvedanshil - sensitive, sensible

sayana I - wise, intelligent,

shuna - empty, desolated, lonely

suniscit - sure, indefinite

sanvia - dark, lightly black, sooty

sayana II - cunning shrewd

shunsan - desolate, lonely, lifeless

sunn - still, silent

saph - clear, pure, obvious, bright

sepilo - shaded, dark

shunya - empty, nil, zero

sunsan - lonely, empty, lifeless

sapha - clean, clear, pure

sevanivritt - retired

shusk I - dry, shriveled, arid

suntale - orange colored

saphal - successful, effective

shadishuda - married

shusk II - dull, uninteresting

suraksit/surakshit - well protected, safe

saphalibhut - successful

shahi - royal, befitting of a king

Shvet - white

susajjit - well adorned, well prepared

sara - rotten, putrid

shaitan -naughty

shyam - black

susangat - well associated, reasonable

sara - whole, entire, complete

shakta - able, vigorous, energetic

siddh - proved, perfected

sust/susta - slow, lazy, depressed, inactive

Sara-gala I - decaying, rotting

shaktihina I - powerless, enervated

siddha - straightforward

sust-dimag - slow, dull-witted

Sara-gala II - corrupt, disreputable

shaktihina II - impotent

siddha-saada -simple, innocent

Suthra - neat, clean, properly done

saraha - similar, like, resembling

shaktiman - capable, vigorous

sidhe - straight

suti - made of cotton

Sarakchap - vulgar, unsophisticated

shaktishali - powerful, strong

sighra - quick, rapid, speedy

suvarn I - brilliant in color

saral - easy, simple, plain, sincere

shamel/shamil - assembled, united

simit - limited, restricted

suvarn II - good pedigree

sarasar - utter, sheer

shamil - participating

sincit - irrigated, drenched

suvidhajanak - convenient

saria - rotten, putrid

shandar - magnificent

sindure - scarlet/vermilion colored

svach/svaccha - clean, clear, pure

sarikha - similar, like

shankalu - suspicious, questionable

sipalu - skillful, experienced, clever

svadhin - independent, autonomous

sarkari/sarkari I - governmental

shant/shanta - peaceful, serene, grave

sirf - only

svadist - tasty, delicious

sarkari/sarkari II - administrative

shararati - mischievous

sitha - tasteless, insipid, without juice

svarn - similar looking, same caste

sarkari/sarkari III - public, official

sharif - noble, upstanding

sojho - straight forward, honest

svarn/savarn I - same colored

sarthak - meaningful

sharirik - bodily, physical

spast I - clear, lucid, apparent, evident

svarn/savarn II - similar looking

sarva - all, entire, whole, complete

sharmnak - shameful, disgraceful

spast II - intelligible

svarn/savarn III - of the same caste

sarvajanik - public

shasakiya I - governmental

sthagit - postponed, adjourned

svarn/savarn IV - similarly spelt

sarvanamik - pronominal

shasakiya II - administrative

sthaniya - local, regional topical

svarthi - selfish

sarvangsam - congruent [geometry]

Shasanhin - anarchic, lawless

sthapit - propounded, established

svasth - well, fit, healthy

sarvapracin - oldest

shasit - ruled, administered, governed

sthayi - permanent, unchanging, durable

svatah - spontaneous, on own accord

sarvashrestha - preeminent, supreme

shastriy - classical

sthira - immovable, determined

svatantra - free, independent

sarvasva - entire property, everything

shat - one hundred

sthit - situated, created

svayam - oneself

sarvatomukhi - all pervading

shes - remaining

subistako - comfortable, easy

svayatta/svayattashasi - autonomous

sarvesarva - supreme, chief of all

shiksit - educated

suddh - clear, correct, accurate, pure

svikrit - accepted, agreed, consented

mitha - sweet, pleasant, gentle, tender

udaharaniya - exemplary

vahi - the same, identical

visam I - irregular, heterogenous

tabah - destroyed, ruined

udar - generous, noble minded

vaicarik - ideological

visam II - uneven

tadha - far away

udarashaya - generous, noble minded

vaidhanik - constitutional

visam III - harsh, intense

tainat - appointed

udas/udasi - sad, gloomy

vaivahik - martial

visam IV - odd [mathematics]

taiyar - ready, prepared

udyamashil - industrial

vajrit - prohibited

vishal - huge, great, expensive

tamam - whole entire

udyat - ready, prepared, brought up

vampanthi - leftist, left-winger

vishista - extraordinary, distinguished

tang - narrow

udyogi - industrious

vaqai - true

vishvaprasiddh - world renowned

tarah tarh ka - of various ways

ugra - wrathful, angry, fierce

varg I /m- category, group, section, class

vishvasniya - trustworthy, creditable

tarksangat - logical

ujad - deserted, isolated

varg II /m - square

vishvavikhyat - world famous

tatasth - neutral, objective, indifferent

ujla I - bright, lustrous

vargahin - classless

visphotak - explosive

tathakathit - so called

ujla II - white

varnandh - colorblind

vistar se - at length, detailed

tato - warm, hot

ujyalo - light

varnhin I - colorless, achromatic

vistarit - expanded, enlarged

tay - decided, fixed

ukta - mentioned, said

varnhin II - classless, casteless

vivahit - married

tazah/taja - fresh, green, unfaded, recent

uljha - entangled, complicated

varsik - annual

vivash - helpless, subjected

terha - tricky, twisted, complexed

ullekhniya I - remarkable, notable

vartaman - current, modern

vividh - diverse, miscellaneous

tez - sharp

ullekhniya II - worthy of mentioning

vaspcalit - steam-powered

vriddha - old, aged, mature, ancient

thaka - tired

ullikhit - written, mentioned

vastav - real, actual

vusula - toxic, poisonous, venomous

thanda - cold, chilly

ulta - inverted, inside out, upside down

vastavik - essential, genuine, virtual

vyakta - clear, discernible, expressed

thapp - kaput, out of work

ulto - opposite, upside down

vasu - good

vyaktigat - personal, individual

theth - genuine, pure

unca/unco I - high, lofty

vayujanit - airborne

vyapta - diffused, pervaded, scattered

thik - right, correct

unca/unco II - high minded [figuratively] vibhagiya - departmental

vyarth - useless, vain

thople - spotted

uninda/nindasa - sleepy, drowsy

vibhin/vibhinna - multiple, diverse

vyast - busy, occupied

thos - solid, substantial

unnat - risen, progressed, improved

videshi - foreigner

vyavaharik - practical

thulo - big

unnatishil - progressive

vidheya - necessary, obligatory

vyavasthapika - legislative

thunuva - imprisoned, arrested

upalabdha - gained, acquired, attained vidit - known, understood acquainted

vyavasthapit - systematized, managed

tikau - durable, stable

upanyas - novel

vigat - past, gone away

vyavasthit - systematic, methodical

tikha - pungent, strong, spicy, hot

upashtit - present, not absent

vikalang - disable

yashasvi - renowned, glorious

tikho - sharp, pointed

upavas - fast

vikasit - developed

yatharth - real, realistic

tingma - dwarf, midget

upayukta - proper, suitable

vikassil - developing

yatro - so great, so big

tivra - sharp, intense

upekshit - discarded, disregarded

vikat - dreadful, difficult, hideous

yaun - sexual, venereal

trikoniya - triangular

uplabdh - available

vikhandit - divided, separated, cut off

yogya - worthy, suitable

turunta - immediate

upyogi - useful

vikhyat - renowned, famous

yuddhapriy - bellicose, militant

tvarit - fast, hasty, hurried

upyukt - appropriate

vimanbhedi - anti-aircraft

zabadast - vigorous

ubala - boiled

utsahit - enthusiastic, exited

vinamra - humble, modest

zahir - clear, apparent

ubar khabar - rough

uttam - supreme, best

vipanna - distressed, afflicted

zakhmi - wounded

ubau - boring

uttano - flat on one's back

viparit - opposite, adverse, hostile

zaruri - necessary

uca - loud, high

uttardayi - responsible, accountable

viphal - fruitless, useless, unsuccessful

ziddi - stubborn

ucc I - high, lofty

uttejit - excited, quickened

vir/bir - brave, valiant, heroic, gallant

zimmedar - responsible

ucc II - loud

uttolan /m - act of lifting, raising up

viran - deserted, desolate

zinda - alive

ucca - high, lofty, upper, superior

vadya - musical

visakta - toxic, poisonous, venomous

zordar - strong, powerful

adverbs

amne samne - face to face

bhara - bearing, bestowing, supporting

fauran - immediately

ab tak - yet, on to

andaji - appropriately

bharkar - right now

gaur se - attentively

aba - now, from now on

anumantah - approximate, by estimate

bholi - tomorrow

halka - quietly, softly, slightly, mildly

abhyasvas - habitually, out of habit

aparjhat - surprisingly, suddenly

bhukhe pet - on empty stomach

ham - also, as well, likewise [rare]

acanak - suddenly, unexpectedly

apas me - with one another, as one

bihana - morning; in the morning

hamesha - always, ever, continually

accha - wellag

apeksakrit - relatively, in comparison

bilkul - entirely, absolutely

har hal me - for sure, definitely

acel - nowadays recently, presently

aphai - self, personally

buri tarah - badly

harbakhat/hardam - always, ever

adarpurvak - respectfully

aram se - comfortably

candai - soon

hargiz - at any time, ever

adatan - habitually, customarily

as pas/asapas - nearabout, nearby

cando - fast, soon, immediately

haule - slowly, softly, quietly

adharm - wickedly, impiously

asadhya - very, extremely

caraitira/cartira - on all four sides

haule haule - little by little

agal bagal - left to right, on both sides

asal me - in fact, actually, really

caupattai - exceedingly, exceptionally

hijo - yesterday

aghaun - next year

asani se - easily

cautarph/cartarph - on all four sides

hijo rati - last night

aghi - already, previously, ago

asti - day before yesterday

cupcap/chupke se - quietly, silently

hijoaja - nowadays

aghi aghi - long ago, in times one by

astiko … - last …

dabe pav - stealthily

hubahu - identical

aghi nai - already, long ago

athawa - or else, otherwise

daraasal - actually, truly

ird gird - around, nearby, in the vicinity

aghi pachi I - some other time

ati - very much, exceedingly, beyond

darmiyan - amidst, among

itna - so, so much

aghi pachi II - generally, usually

atit - past, gone

datkar - stubbornly

iva - thus, as, almost

aghi pachi III - sequentially

atkalpaccu - at a guess

dave ke sath - confidently

jaldi - quickly, hurry, soon

aghi pachi IV - surrounded by

austan - on average, usually

dhime - solely

jama/jamma - toll, sum, altogether

aghiltira - in front of

avashya - certainly

dhire - slowly

jan bujhkar - deliberately

aghisamma - until recently

avatah - automatically, without help

dhire dhire - slowly, bit by bit

jhat se - instantly, soon

agla - next

avilama - straightaway

dhyanpurvak - carefully, attentively

jhutmuth - falsely

aguva - leading

bad - later

diunso - at day time

jyadai - extremely

ahile - now, this time

bad me - later on

dohori - pertaining to both sides

kadacit - perhaps, maybe, possibly

ahista - slowly, quietly

badulat - by the grace/genericity of

dophar - in the afternoon

kadapi - ever

aihtiyatan - as a precaution

bhar - all, every, whole, entire

drritapurvak - firmly

kahile kahin - from time to time

aj rat ko - tonight

bajay - instead, alternatively

dhurbhagyavas - unfortunately

kahin kahin - at some places

aj sham ko - this evening

bakhubhi - very well [in a good way]

dusri or - on the other hand, conversely

kal - tomorrow, yesterday

aj/aja - today

balpurvak - forcibly, by force

ek chin - for a moment/short time

karib - nearly, almost, approximately

aja bihana - this morning

bamojim/bamojit - in accordance

ek na ek - one or other

karmana - by one's actions

ajha - still, yet, moreover

banam I - against, versus

ekaarkalai - each other

kaske - heavily, strongly, forcibly

ajkal/ajakal/ajaboli - nowadays

banam II - addressed to, in the name of

ekabihana - very early in the morning

ke atirikt - additionally

akartha - without cause, pointlessly

bar bar - again and again

ekaek - suddenly

keval - only, mere, whole

akasmat - accidentally unexpectedly

barabar - without interrupting/delay

ekatira - to one side, on the one hand

khali hat - empty handed

akhir - at last, eventually

bas - merely, only

ekdam - very, utterly

khas taur par - particularly

aksar - frequently, usually, a lot

basar - to an end/completion

ekdam se - suddenly

khuleam - in the open, for all to see

alag alag - separately

bekhabar - unawares

ekkai coti - at the same time, at once

khulkar - openly, freely

alava - moreover, furthermore

besari - abundantly [excessively/nicely] ekkasi - suddenly, at once, all at once

khushi se - with pleasure, pleasurably

am taur par - usually, generally

betahasha - wildly, crazily, thoughtlessly eklai - alone, only

kramashah - step by step, successively

am taur se - commonly, popularly

bhale - it may be that

kramshah - piece by piece, gradually

ektak - incessant, continuous

kuch kuch - slightly, somewhat, a little

phalsvarup - consequently, thus, so

sambhavatah II - possible

uta - there, thither

kul - in total

pharpur - very, extremely

sammat I - unanimous, agreeing

utnikher - meanwhile, at that time

kunni - not sure, perhaps, maybe

phatapath - quickly, suddenly

sammat II - approved, permitted

vahin - right there

lagabhaga - about, nearly, almost

phir se - once again

sammat III - sanctioned

vaise - actually, in fact

lagatar - continuously, without pause

phir/pheri - again, afterwards, then, so samyak - totally, wholly, entirely

lagbhag - approximately

pohor - last year

samyanusar - in accordance with the time vaqai - truly, actually, really

lapakka - attaching, sticking

pratah - in the morning

sanjha - in the evening

varipari - all round, on all sides

mahaz - merely, simply

prathamtah - firstly, first of all

saream - publicly, openly

vastav me/vastavama - in fact, indeed

mane - that is, that is to say

pratidin - daily, every day

sarvatha - completely

vastutha - in fact, de facto

marnoattar - post mortem, after death

pratimah - per month, monthly

satvar - quickly, swiftly, hastily

vicarpurvak - thoughtfully

mastira - above, up

prayah I - almost, nearly, mostly

savare - in the morning

vidhipurvak I - systematically

milke - together

prayah II - often, generally, usually

savdhani se - carefully

vidhipurvak II - methodically, duly

motamoti - about, approximately

pumatah - completely, totally, perfectly sayogvas I - by chance, fortuitously

vidhivat I - systematically

mukhyatah/mukhyat - chiefly, mainly

punah -again

sayogvas II - serendipitously

vidhivat II - methodically, duly

mulatah - fundamentally, essentially

purnataya - completely, totally

shayad - perhaps, maybe

vidhivat III - as prescribed by law

multah - originally, in original form

rafta rafta I - step by step, gradually

shayad hi - hardly likely

viruddha - adverse, hostile

mushkil se - hardly, barely

rafta rafta II - leisurely, easily

sidhe, correctly, right

vishes I - extraordinary, unusual

na ki - and not

rahasyamaya - mysterious, hidden

sighra - immediately, presently, soon

vishes II - distinguished, famous

nahi/na - neither, nor, not

rati - at night

spastatah - clearly, obviously

visheskar - especially, particularly

narso - three days ago

ravani se - fluently

sthayi rup se - permanently

vyaktigat rup se - personally

natijtan - consequently, thus

rozana - daily

subah - in the morning

yahan - here, at this place

nihayat - extremely

rta - rightly, truly, duly, sincerely

sudridha - very strong/firm/rigid

yahan vahan - here and there

nissandeh - undoubtedly, indisputably

saber/saberai - early

sukhpurvak - happily

yahin- right here [emphatic]

nitya - continually, perpetually

sabse - most [superlative of adjective]

svabhavatah/svabhavik - naturally

yaqinan - certainly, unquestionably

nityaprati - forever, eternally

sacmuch - really, truly, indeed

svatah - by oneself, automatically

yasaigari/yasogari - consequently, so

pahari - mountainous, hilly

sada/sadain I - ever, always

svayam/svayamev - personally, self

yasmadhye - by that, in this

pahle - firstly, previously

sada/sadain II - perpetually, continually

svayang - personally

yata - here, at this place, hither

pahle se - already

sada/sadain III - forever, eternally

sveccha - voluntarily, by one's own will

yatauta I - in all directions

paidal - on foot

sadaiv - always

taqriban - nearly about

yatauta II - hither and thither

pani - also, too, even

sadharantah - usually, commonly

tarso - the day after/after parso

yatha - in that manner, so thus

para - separate, beyond, further

saf saf -directly, clearly, noticeably

tatha - in the same way as

yathakram - respectively, in order

paraghaun - after two years

sahamat - of one and the same opinion

taumra - throughout one's lifetime

yatharup - as it is, in its original form

parantu - but, still, in spite, however

sahsa - suddenly, all of a sudden

thik se - properly

yathavat - in situ, intact, as before

parar - two years ago

sakbhar - as much as possible

turant - immediately, by and by

yatiko - so much

pardabhitrai - secretly

salbhar - all year, for the entire year

tvarit - quickly, soon

yo hi - simply, by chance

pardesh - abroad

salintapurvak - decently, decorously

tyahan - there

yo to - as a matter of fact, actually

parinamsvarup - consequently, thus

samastigat - collectively

tyas tak - at that time

zabardasti se - unjustly, forcibly

parso - day before yesterday

samayantah - usually, normally

tyasai - just like that, without reason

zar zar - bitterly

parso/parsi - the day after tomorrow

samayanusar - in accordance with time

tyasprati - concerning this

zor se - forcibly, violently

pascat - afterward, then, after

sambhavatah I - in all probability

uhile - then, at that time, long ago

zyadatar - principally, mostly

vaise bhi - anyway, nevertheless

particles

ke sang - together

jaisa - of such kind, similar/identical to

Correlatives conjuctions

ka/ke/ki I - belonging to

ke viprit - contrary of

jastai/jasto - for example, i.e., like

athawa - either…or

ka/ke/ki II- part of, from

khabi - even

ke rup me - in the form of

balki - but rather

ka/ke/ki III - made of, consisting of

khair - anyway, so

ke saman - equal, like

bhi...bhi - both…and

ka/ke/ki IV - concerning with

Kina/kinabhane - because

kintu - but, only, without

dono - both, the two

ka/ke/ki V - prospective case

kyonki - because

lekin - but, however

jo…so - whoever… they

ka/ke/ki VI - compound postpositions

pachipachi - immediately after, next

magar - but, however

jyohi…tyohi - as soon as

ki/ke/ko VII - or, weather, either

pesh - in front of, before

maslan - for example

kahi aur - rather more

ka/ke/ki VII - that

roz/har roz - every day

par - but, however, nevertheless

koi na koi - some or other

ka/ke/ki VIII - on to towards

samaksha - before, in front of

ra - and

na…na - neither…nor

ka/ke/ki IX - in the time of

se - since

tara - but, nevertheless

pani ... pani - as well as

Ka/ke/ko X - worth, useful

so so - therefore

tatha - and

ubhay - both, two, both of

kya - initial interrogative

taipani - though, notwithstanding

tathapi - even then, still, in spite of that

varna - if not, otherwise, else

conjunctive adverbs

taki - for, in order, so that

ti - those

schedules

agar - if

talak - up to, as long as

to - so, then, as for, at least

ab ki bar - this time

agarce - although

tapani - although, nevertheless

to bhi -furthermore, moreover

abhi - right now

ajhai - even then, even now

tasartha - for that reason, therefore

to hum - well, so

age - before, future, in future

atah/ataev - hence, therefore, thus

tyasaile - therefore, so

tyaso hunale - so, thus

age calkar - from now on

aur bhi - even more

vaise - although

tyasto - such, that kind of, like that

ainda- in the future

bahira samet - even outside

yadi I - if, weather, though

Tyo - that

ajivan - for a whole lifetime

baru - better, rather, or

yadi II - weather, supposing that

uso - like that, such

atho pahar - all day, round the clock

bhale hi - though it may be

yas karan/yas kramma - for this reason va - and

bhare - later in the day, afterwards

bhane - if, what if

cordinators

vagairah - and so on, etc

bittikai - as soon as

bhi - also, too, even, either

abhi tak - yet

vah - that

dainik - daily

bhulkar bhi - even by mistake

adi - etc

vahi - that, that very one

dherai aghi - long time ago

cahe - even if, although

aisa vaisa - like this/that

vaisa - of that kind

dinahun - daily

cunki - because, since, whereas

aise - this way, thus

vaisa jaisa - one like the other

dinbar/dinbhari - for the whole day

halaki/halanki - although

aise hi - just like this

ve- those

filhal - in the meantime, now, currently

hi - only, merely, solely, exclusively

albatta - however, but

vo vala - that, that one

hal me - recently

is lie - because

ani - and, then, and then, so

ya - or

hundi - during

isi - just this, exactly this

arthat - in other words, i.e, viz

yah - this

is bar - this time

isi lie - that's why

athva/athava - or

yahi - this very

is bic - meanwhile

jaise - like, as well, as if

aur/au - and, more

yahi nai - this and no other

isse - then he/she

jaise hi - just as, as soon as

bhanera - that

yani - in other words, i.e., viz.

itne me - meanwhile, then

jati - that much, about

ejan - ditto, as mentioned above

yaso - like this, such

jab - when

jyo - in the way that, as

evam - and, thus, so

yasto - like this, of same kind, in such

jab bhi - whenever

kash - if only

evan - and, as also

ye/yi -these

jab se - since

ke alava - as well as

falana - so and so

yo - like this, thus

jab tak - until

ke karan - because of, due to

isme - in this

Yo - this

jabki - as, whereas

ke mare - because, out of

ityadi - etc.

Yo cahi - this one

ke bad - after

ke daruan - during, while

ke bhitar - inside of, included in

tarf/taraf - towards

kai bar - several times

ke pahle - before

ke bic me - between

tinma - under it/them/there

kaiyaun/kaiyun - many, several

ke purv - before

ke caro or - all around

tira - towards, in direction to

kam - few [small number]

khabi khabhi - sometimes, ever

ke caro taraf - on all sides, all around

udhar - over there

kamobesh - a little, some, more or less

khabi nahin - never

ke nazdik - near

upar - above, over, for

katipaya - some, few

kheri - during

ke niche - below

vaha - there

kuch tak had - to some extent

pachi/pachadi - later

ke par - across

vahin - right there

nikai - much

pahle/pahile - before

ke pas - near

vapas - back

sabai bhanda - of all

pichla - previous, last, back, behind

ke piche - behind

quantifiers

sabaijaso - almost all

rat bhar - all night long

ke samne - opposite of

adhik - more, much

tebbar - thrice, threefold, triplicate

ratorat - overnight

ke tale - beneath, under

anek/aneka - several, many

tibara - thrice, threefold, triplicate

sakesamma cando - as soon as possible ke upar - on top, above

arko - another, next, second

thor/thora/thorai - little, few, less

sanksep me - in brief, briefly

ke yaha - at place of

aru - another, more, either further

thora thora karo - bit by bit

se - then

ki bagal me - next to, by the side

atyant/atyanta - a lot, much, utterly

zyada - more, very

ta - now, then

ki or - toward, in direction of

bahut - very, much, many

zyada se zyada - at the most

tab - then, afterwards, back then

ki taraf - towards

bahut thora - a certain amount

ya to … ya - either…or

tabhi - at that moment, just then

mathi - above

bhar - the whole

prepositions

locatives

me se - among, from, out of

cahi - the…one

alava - in addition to

age - forward

muni - below, under

cand - a few

aisa - this kind, like this, such a

aghadi - in front of, before, ahead

muntira - downwards, below, under

caubar - four times

bina - without, lacking

Aghi - in front, facing

nazdik/najika - nearby, close, next to

dherai - much, many, a lot

prati I - towards, against, opposed to

aghillo - first, former, front, previous

nera/neri/nira- near/close by, not far

dheraijaso - many, a lot

prati II - per

andar - inside

niche - below, down, downstairs

do ek - one or two

bagair - without

antarghat - within, inside of

nicla - lower

dubara - second time, once again

bataur - in the manner of

apas me/apas ma - amongst

nikat - near, nearby, close by, not far

dusra - second, other

postpositions

baahar/baahira - outside, away

pachadi - behind, later, in the back

ek baji - once

agahdi - in front, ahead, first

baen - on/to the left

pachi - behind, later, in the back

ek coti - once

anusar - in accordance/conformity

bai taraf - on/to the left

pachillo - last, hindermost, back, rear

ek ek karke - one by one

apitu - however, nonetheless, rather

bhitar/bhitra - inside, within, in

par se - from on

ek khep - once

ashrit - depending on, relying on

bic me - in the middle

pas - nearby

ek palta - once

bahek - except, besides

dahine/daen - on/to the right

piche - behind, afterward

eka - in any

bare/barema - about, concerning

dahini taraf - on/to the right

qarib - near, approximate

ekhad - some, couple, few

bata - from, by

hokar - via

rasta me - on the way

ghati - less, few, little

Bhanda - than, more…than

idhar - over here, over here, this way

rubaru - face to face

har/harek - each, every

bic - among, during

idhar udhar - here and there

samip - near, close, in proximity

har qimat par - at any cost

dekhi - from, after, owing to

is taraf/us taraf - this way/that way

samne - opposite

yati - this much, thus much, so much

dvara - from, by, through

ke age - in front of, ahead of

samu - in front of, opposite, facing

jhan - more

ek - about

ke andar - inside

sidhe hath - to the right

jhan jhan - more and more

ek sath - together

ke antargat - within, inside of

tak - for, up to, until, even

jitna - as much/many

iva - as, like

ke as pas - in the vicinity

tale/tala - beneath, down, below

kai - several

ke anusar I - according to

ke anusar II - on the authority of

me/ma I - in, into, inside, within, during

jisne - whoever, whichever [jo/ergative]

kaun - who?

ke anurup I - corresponding with

me/ma II - for the price of

jin - whoever, whichever [jo/oblique]

kaunsa - which?

ke anurup II - in accordance with

me/ma III - between, among

jisme - in which

ke - what?

ke badle me - in exchange

mujhse I - by me, through me

jo - who, which

khidar - where? which way?

ke bagair - without

mujhse II - than me

jo bhi - who/whatever

khoi - where? (is it)

ke bahar - outside, out

mulak I - depending on, based on

jo koi - whoever

kina - why?

ke bajay - in place of, instead

mulak II - growing/originating from

jo kuch - whatever

kis lie - why?

ke bare - about, pertaining to

nimti/nimitta - for sake/cause of

jun - which, whichever

kis samay - at what time?

ke barfe me - concerning

par - on top, on, at, across

junsukai - whichever, whatsoev

kis taraf - which way?

ke bavjud - in spite of, despite

pare/se pare - above, beyond, further

kahan pani - nowhere, not anywhere

kis tarah - how?

ke bina - without

paryanta - till, unto, up to, pending

kahi - somewhat, somewhere

kiska - whose?

ke dvara - by means of

pe - on top, on

kahi aur - somewhere else

kisko - whom?

ke khilaf - against

purvak - together, with

kahi bhi - everywhere

kitna - how much?

ke lie - for

rat - devoted to, absorbed/engaged in

kahi nahin - nowhere

kitni bar - how many times?

ke maddenazar - in light/view of

rupi - having the form/shape of

kahin - wherever

kun - which, what?

ke madhyam - by means of

Saga - with

kehi - something

kuncahin - which one?

ke muqable me - in comparison with

samet - along with, included

kisi - some, any, somebody

kya - what?

ke mutabiq - according to

samma- up to, as far as, from…to

koi/kohi - any, some, anyone, someone

kyo - why?

ke pas - in possession of

sanga - with, along with

pratyek - every, everyone

Interjections

ke sahare se - by means of

sangasangai - together

sab kuch - everything

ae/he/eh/oh/oe/aha/au ho - amazement

ke sath - with

sath - together, with, including

sab/saba/sabhi/sabai I - all, every

accha I - oh, "oh, really?"

ke sivay - except, other then, beside

se - by, with, to, from

sab/saba/sabhi/sabai II - everyone

accha II - I see, I understand

ke tahat - subject to

se pahle - before

sara - all, whole, entire

accha III - well well

ke vaste - for, for sake of

sita - with, along with

sarvajan - everybody

achhchhachha - okay, okay

ke viruddh - against, opposed to

tarphbata - on the part of, from

satvatra - everywhere

ahan/nahin/mat/ma/na - no, do not!

ke yaha - at place of

vihina - devoid of, deprived of

yadyapi - although, even, if, however

aji - excuse me! look!

ke zariye - by means of, through

viruddha - opposed/contrary against

zara - a little, just, somewhat

Lo - look? Behold!

ki apeksa - compared to

yaha tak ki - to the extent

interogatives

are/abe - hey! moment!

ki bhanti - like, similar to

determiner pronouns

kab - when?

chi - yuck, eww, yech

ki dekabal - by care of

api - although, however

kaha/kahan - where?

cu cu - chirp, tweet

ki khatir - in sake of

antai/anyatra - elsewhere

kahile - when? at what time?

ha/an - yes, affirmative!

ki jagah - in place of, instead of

aur koi/aru kohi - someone else

kaisa - how? of what kind?

hey/re -woe! alas!

ki tarah - like, in the manner of

aur kuch - something else

kaise - how? in what manner?

Re man - alas, my heart!

ki tulna me - in comparison

harek - everyone, all

kasalai - whom?

o/ayya - ow, ouch

kul milakar - all together

har koi - everyone, people

kasari - how? in what way

oye/ai/e - hey! listen!

Lai - to for

hara - every, everyone

kati - how much? how man

uf - ugh!

Le - by, with, through

jagah jagah - everywhere

kati baje - at which time?

vah ah! - bravo!

Lagi - for, for the sake of, in order

jaha/jahan - where

kati bajyo - what's the time?

kya kubh/kya kubh hai - bravo!

lagayat - including, together with

jidhar - wherever

kati bhayo - how much is it?

wah/vah vah/re vah - wow! marvelous!

madhye - among, in the middle

jise - whoever, whichever [jo/dative]

katima - for how much?

hat/dhat/dhik - scam! be gone! Fie!

dhatteri - sorrow/frustration

ji han/ ha ji - yes sir

prefix

atmak - pertaining, concerning, containing

Lah - here you go

ji huzuri - yes sir [flattery]

a - an/ana/ma - non, un, a-, an-, im-

au - qualitative adjectives from verb stem

cup - keep quiet, shush, shut up

ji nahin - no sir

aa - up to, complete, full

ava - masculine nouns from verb stems

hasa - okay [responding to superiors]

hajur I- sir, ma'am, presence

ab - water, aqua-

Baz - one who is skilled, player

hi - affirmative! Yup, okay, aye

hajur II - pardon me

abhi - to, towards, against

Dan I - knowing,

to - "at least, right?"

mehrabani - please

adhi - over, above, additional

Dan II - container, holder

aila - oh no, oh

krpaya/krpa karke - kindly please

anu - according to, per

Dar - having, processing, holding

thik hain - okay/all right, yes/understood! shukriya - thank you

ati - more

Gardi/giri - doing, act of

bale bale - hooray! Hurrah!

dhanyavad - thank you

ba - with, by, to, on, upon, through

I - qualitative adjectives and nouns

chalega - that will do

Svagat/svagat hai - welcome

bahu - very, many, multi-, poly-

Ic - intensifying, very

jhakas - smoking, fantastic

jite raho - may you live long

be - un-, in-, an-, without

ik - adjectives from nouns

ghanta - "yeah, right", rubbish

sukhi rahi - may you be happy

cau - four

ika- one who does, -er

bas/bas kijiye - no more! Enough!

Shubh prabart - god morning

du - do, two

Ikran - the process of, -isation

svaha - good call

Shubh ratri - good night

gair - non, not, un-

Ila - adjectives from nouns

zarur - of course, defiantly, for sure!

shubh kamana - best wishes

ham - same, co

it - adjectives from nouns. -ed

Shubh yatra - have a god journey

ik - one

iya - adjectival

subhanallah - praise the lord

kam - less

iyat - form nouns, ness, -ity

salam/salam aleikum - greeting

khud - oneself, self

Janak - format, causing, progenitor

Pranam - greeting [touch the feet]

maha - great, massive, divine, big

Ji -honorific

Adab - respect [greeting]

mano - heart, mind, spirit

kalik -time

namaste/namaskar - hello, goodbye

ni - without

Kar/karta - one who do -er

sat sri akal - hello, goodbye

ni - in a good way, free

Karak -causing, leading to, -tal

alvida - goodbye

ni I - down, back, in into

Log/lok - people

khuda hafiz - goodbye

ni II /m/n - leading, guide, leader

Na - infinitive, to

ram ram - farewell, so long, cheerio

pari - around, away, according to, very

Na/nai - isn't it! [empathic]

Phir milenge - see you again

pra - act of, very, much

Ner - city/town of

Maf/ksama kijiye - I'm sorry

punar - re, again

Pan - masculine abstract nouns

Zara suniye - excuse me

sa - with, similar, resembling, con-

Purn - having the quality of, -ful

Pahle ap - after you, you first

achi sehat [ke lie] - cheers! Good health

Sah - with along with, together with, co

Sa - ish

murdabad - down with

koi bat nahi I - don’t mention it

saga - real, from same parents

Sali - adjectival, -ous, -ful

shabash - good job, good work

koi bat nahin II - never mind

sautela/sauteli - step

Suda - adjectives from verbs

bap re - drear me!

had ho gai - that is going too far

su - good, nice, beautiful

Ta I - feminine abstract nouns

badhai ho - congratulations

kya hona - what do you want!

subh/shubha - auspicious, good, happy

Ta II - masculine agent nouns

tauba - my god! god heavens!

kya hua - what happened?

sva - self, private

Tah/purvak/se - forms adverbs, -ly

sac to - really, actually, the truth

kaise ho/ke cha - how's it going?

up - subordinate, lesser, vice

Tva - sanskitised abstruct nouns

chakhe/cal chakhe - begone!

deun kya - shall I give you?

vi - specialization, distinction, apposition Va - ordinal numbers, except ek

harayo - it has got lost! It's gone!

suffix

Vad - following ideology, -ism

avastu/evamastu - so be it! amen!

a - feminine

Vala I - he who does/about to do

vande mataram - I praise thee, mother

ana - forms adjectives, ly

Vale II - those who do/about to do

Satyameva Jayate - truth alone triumphs

ashay - container, vessel [in compounds]

Vasi - follower, supporter, -arian

afsos/apashoc - regret, pity! shame! kyare - I suppose, I guess pata nahin - don't know na jane- god knows Ram jane/ishvar jane - god knows He bhagavan/hey ram - oh my god bhagvan na kare - god forbid hoshiyar - caution! savdhan- caution! take care! khamosh - silence! khabardar - watch out! don't you dare! Khayal rako - take care! Ruko - stop! kat le - get out, leave from here

mujhe bhi - same here zindabad - long live! jay ho - hurrah! Jay… - victory/glory to…

Nouns

adarniya sadasya - honorary member

agarbatti /f - joss stick

ajat - low caste, not born

abadi /f - population

adarsh - ideal, value

agati - decline, lack of progress

ajatshatru - having no enemy

abela - lateness, late

adat /f - habit

agena/ageno - fireplace, hearth

ajayabghar/ajayabkhana /m - museum

abhar /m - obligation, gratitude

adda - office, court of law

agh I /m - worth, value [poetic]

ajna/agya /f - permission

abhas - glimpse, faint memory

adda /m - stand, base, station

agh II /m - respect, honor [poetic]

ajnabi /m - stranger

abhav - nonexistence, absence, lack

adesh /m - order instruction, command

aghadi - in front of, toward the front

akad - insistence, persistence

abhaya - lack of fear

adhaini - senior woman in harem

aghat - blow, assault

akal - wisdom, intelligence, cleverness

abhibhasa/adhibhasa /f - proto language

adhar /m - foundation, basis, support

aghata I /m - injury, trauma, hurt

akangksha - aspiration, expectation

abhibhavak - guardian

adharma - sinfulness, irreligiousness

aghata II /m - accent [linguistics]

akanksha /f - wish, desire, intention

abhigam/abhigaman /f - access, approach adhera /m - darkness

aglo I - latch, bolt

akantak - trouble free, unobstructed

abhilasa /f - desire

adhi/adha rat /f - midnight

aglo II - tall, high

akar - shape, form, outline

abhilekh - inscription

adhikar /m - authority, proprietorship

agniashay /m - pancreas

akarma - unnecessary act, wicked act

abhinaya - mimicry, imitation

Adhikari /m - officer, official, bureaucrat agnikan - fire, conflagration

akarmi - do nothing, evil doer

abhineta/abhineti /m/f - actor/actress

adhikhari /m - officer, magistrate

agnipariksa /f - trial by fire

akarna - deaf, having no ear

abhipray /m - purpose, intention, plan

adhiraj - sovereign overlord

agnishamak I /m - fire extinguisher

akarna - official record, list of records

abhiruci - inclination, earnest desire

adhirajkumar - prince

agnishamak II /m - firefighter

akarsan /m - attraction

abhivriddhi - development

adhirajy - empire, kingdom

agnishastra /m - firearm

akash /m - sky, space

abhiyan - expedition, exploration

adhis /m - lord, ruler, magistrate

agnishman /f- firefighting

akashe-tara marg - cable railway

abhiyog - accusation, allegation

adhiveshan - session, meeting, sitting

agrah /m - insistence

akashganga /f - milky way

abhrak - talc

adhogati - fall, downfall, degradation

agraha - desire, longing, craving, zeal

akashvani /m - radio broadcast

abhyas /m - practice

adhyaks/adhyaksha /m - chairman

agulto - piece of burning wood

akavat - duty, god

abhyaskram /m - curriculum

adhyaksa /f - chairmanship

aguthi /f - ring

akelapan /m - loneliness

abra/abhra /m - cloud [poetic]

adhyapak/adhyapika /m/f - teacher

aguv - leader, leading

akhbar vala /m - newspaper seller

acambha /f - marvel, wonder, spectacle

adhyatmikta /f - spiritually

agya - order, instruction, permission

akhbar/akhabar /m - newspaper

acamma - surprise, amazement

adhyay /m - chapter, section, canto

agyakari - obedient

akhir /m - end

acano/acanu - cutting board for meat

adhyayan /m - study, reading, tuition

agyan - ignorance; ignorant

akkal -thought, knowledge

acar /m - pickles, chutney, salsa

adi - beginning, primary, origin, basic

agyapatra /m - a writ [law]

akraman /m - attack, invasion

acaran /m - conduct, behavior

adijati - tribe, tribal

ah /f - sigh

akrami - sinner, evildoer, villain

accer - alphabet, written character

adikal - primeval time

ahangkar - arrogance, conceit

akrista - attracted, drawn, charmed

acchali /f - good, merit

adikaran - first/fundamental cause

ahar/ahara - food, diet

akriti - size, shape, form, outline

achuti - untouchable/low caste

adikavi - first poet, pioneer poet

ahat /f - sound of footsteps

aksar/akshar /m - letter, character

achutoddhar - caste reformation

adikavya - first epic, ramayana

ahmiyat /f - importance

aksarambha /m - initiation into literacy

acraj /m - surprise, amazement, wonder

adivasi - aborigine, indigenous

aimai - woman

akshansh - latitude

ad - support, prop

admi /m - man

ain - law, legal code, rule

alangkar - embellishment

ada /f - charm, flirtatious gesture

adrash /m - ideal

aina /m - mirror, looking glass

alasya - laziness, idleness

ada/adrak/aduva/atuva //f - ginger

afsos I /m - regret, remorse

ainak /f - glasses, spectacles

alay /m - place, home

adalat/adda /f - court of law

afsos II /m - sadness, sorrow

ainda /m - the future

alekha - script, anything written

adambar /m - conceit, ostentation

afvah /m - rumor

ainselu - yellow raspberry

alhad - delight, fulfilment

adan pradan /m - give and take

ag/ago/agan /f - fire, flame

aish /f - pleasure

ali I - a bit, a little, few

adar /m - respect

agami - forthcoming, ensuing

ajang - huge, enormous, formidable

ali II - edge of a field terrace

alkatra - asphalt

andha /m - blindman

angshiyar - co heir, sharer, partner

antran /m - transfer

allare - rover

andhabhakta I - blind follower

angul/aunlo - finger, a finger's breadth antya - end, last run

almari /f - cupboard, shelves

andhabhakta II - superstitious

anguli - fingerprint, name ring

antyesti /f - funeral ceremony

alocana - criticism, critique

andhakar - darkness

anguli pratimudra - finger impression

anu /m - molecule, particle, atom

alok - enlightenment, brightness

andhapan /m - blindness, shortsightedness angur/anggur /m - grape

anubhav /m - experience, sensation

alpasankhya/alpamat /f - minority

andhi - storm, strong wind

angutha /m - thumb

anubhuti - real knowledge, experience

alu /m - potato

andhivishvas /m - superstition

anikal - famine

anudan - grant

alubakhada - plum tree

andhiyar - sharer of half the crop

anil - wind

anugaman - follow up

amarkosh - sanskrit dictionary

andolan /m - agitation, riot, movement

aniyayi /m - follower

anuhar - face, countenance

amcur /m - mango

andra - entrails

anjali/anjuli - greeting posture

anukramnika - list of contents

amdani /f - income

anduva - uncastrated animal

ank /m - number, figure,

anuman /m - estimate, presumption

amdani badhaune - income generating ang /m - body, portion, limb, procedure

ankan/ankai - counting, evaluation

anumati /f - permission, consent

amganit /m - arithmetic

anga bhanga - mutilation of a limbs

ankh/ankha /f - eye

anupat /m - ratio, succession, progression

amkhora - brass pot for drinking

anga raksha - protection of body

ankhako nani - pupil

anupras - alliteration

amnirvacan - general elections

anga rakshak - body guard

ankhibhuin - eyebrow

anurodh /m - request, entreaty, prayer

amrit - elixir, nectar; immortal

angacched - amputation

ankuro - fresh shoot, seedling or bud

anusandhan - research, investigation

amrud/amba /m - guava

angalo - hug, embrace, bent arm

ankush - hook

anusaran - compliance, accordance

anadar /m - disrespect

angan - yard, courtyard, house home

anna bhandar - granary

anushasan /m - discipline, control

anadarvaci - non honorific

angan /m - court yard

anna/anaj /f - grain, food

anusvar/anunasik /m - nasalized vowel

anand /m - joy, pleasure, bliss

angar - cinder, ember, charcoal

anna-jal /m - the necessities of life

anuvad /m - translation, imitation

anar/anardana /m - pomegranate

angdan /m - organ donation

anp - mango

anuvakta - translator

anarsa - sweet butter bread

angethi - iron/clay vessel to carry fire

Ansh /m - part, portion, degree, amount

anuvar - face, countenance

anashan - fasting

anghi - storm, whirlwind, hurricane

anshu - tear, teardrop

anveshan - exploration

anath /m - orphan

angikar - acceptance

ant - courage, boldness

anya/tritiya purus - third person

anathalay /m - orphanage

angikrit - adopted, agreed, promised

ant/anta /m - end, conclusion

anyaya - injustice

anautikta - immorality

angikrit nagarikta - adopted civics

antaksari /f - Indian singing game

apadha - illiterate, unlettered

anban /f - discord, dispute

angka ganit - arithmetic, mathematics

antar /m - difference, inner, inter

apaharan - abduction, kidnapping

ancal /m - zone, region

angka ra akshar - figure and letter

antardeshiya vanijya - internal trade

aparadh - crime, offence, guilt, sin

ancal adalat - zonal court

angka/anka I - digit, mark, score

antardhvans - sabotage

aparadhi - criminal, wrongdoer

ancal nyayadhish - zonal judge

angka/anka II - issue number

antariksha - space, universe

apas - relatives

ancal prashasan - zonal administration angkamal - embrace

Antarjal /m - internet

apatti /f - objection

ancal sabha - zonal assembly

angkapatra - label, fillet

antarmukhi - introvert, inward look

apbiti /f - recount of what has befallen

ancaladhish - zonal commissioner

angkuran - germination, beginning

antarrastriya mudrakos - imf

apman /m - disrespect

anchar /m - spell, incantation

angocha - towel, napkin

antarvarta - interview

apradh /m - offence, crime, fault, sin

anda /m - egg

angrej - westerner white man

antarvasan - confinement, limits

apradhi /m - guilt

andakosh /m - scrotum, testicle

angsha I - clause, sub clause

antarvasan - internship

apravasi - immigrant

Andaz /m - style, manner

angsha II - share, fragment, portion

antarvasi - internee

apsara - nymph, fairy, spirit

andaza I /m - guess, estimation

angshadan - contribution, donation

antarvirodh - self/inner contradiction

apvad /m - exception

andaza II /m - hypothesis

angshadhar - shareholder, heir

antastha desh - buffer state

arab /m - arabia

anderi - castor oil plant

angshako hak - right for property

anti - ultimatum

arabi /m - arabian language

arajakta - anarchy

ashirvad /m - blessing, benediction

atmavibhorta - fascination

ayog - commission

arakshan - reservation

ashis - blessing, benediction

atmavishvas - self confidence

ayojana - project

aram /m - rest, comfort

ashram I /m - hermitage

atmiyata /f - intimacy

ayu /f - age, lifetime

aram kursi /f - armchair

ashram II /m - one of four stages of life

atripti - insatiability

azadi /f - freedom

arambh/arambha /m - beginning, start

ashraya - dependence, resort, reliance

attalika - balcony, verandah

baal I /m - child, infant

ardhayu /f - half-life [physics, chemistry] ashru/ansu /m - tear [poetic]

attar - scent, fragrance

baal II /m - hair

ari /f - hand sew

Ashubh /m - bad, evil, sin

atyacar - atrocity, tyranny, oppression baal-bacce /m/pl - children, family

arje - prophecy, prediction forecast

asman/asaman /m - sky

atyukti - hyperbole, exaggeration

baba /m - elder, child's endearment

arop - insinuation, accusation

astbhuj/astkon /m - octagon

aucitya - appropriateness, validity

babu /m - respected man, clerk

arth/artha I /m - meaning, significance

astha - faith, reverence, veneration

aunsi - new moon

Bacca I /m - child, baby

arth/artha II /m - wealth, prosperity

asthipanjar - skeleton

aupcarikta /f - formality

Bacca II /m - young [of animals]

arthadanda - fine

astikvad /m - theism

aurat /f - woman, wife

bacca/bacapan /m - childhood

artha-mantri - minister of finance

astitva - existence, being, entity

ausadhipasal - pharmacy

bachra I /m - calf

arthamiti /f - econometrics

astra shastra /m - weapon

ausat /m - average

bachra II /m- child, boy

arthashastri /m - economist

astrashastra - arms, weapons

auzar /m - tool, implement

bada - big, large, gigantic

arthavyavasta /f - economy

asu /m - tear

avadhi /f - period, limit, term, a while

badal /m - cloud

arthik matava - economic importance

asuvidha /f - inconvenience

avahela/avahelna- neglect, contempt

badam - peanut

arthshastra /m - economics

asvikar - rejection, denial

avajahi /f - coming and going

badam /m - almond

arti - advice, precept, moral lesson

ata /m - fine flour

avalamban - support, reliance

badbu /f - odor, bad smell

aru - peach

atank/atangka - fear, terror, panic

avalokan - look, gaze

baddua /f- curse

arubakhad - plum

atankvad /m - terrorism

avanati - decline, downfall

badh /m - dam

arzi /f - application

atankvadi /m - terrorist

avarodh - hindrance, restraint, taboo

badha - hinderance, obstruction

asahmati/asahamati /f - disagreement

atikraman - contravention, violation

avas /m - dwelling, place of residence

badhai /f - congratulations

asahyog /m - noncooperation

atish I /f - fire, flame

avashyakta /f - necessity, requirement

badhazmi /f- indigestion

asamanta - inequality

atish II /f - anger, rage

avastha /f - condition, state, age, phase

badi I - evil, wickedness

asamaya - untimeliness, bad timing

atishayokti /f - exaggeration

avasyakta - need, requirement

badi II - the dark half of a lunar month

asan /m - seating posture, post, throne

atit - past, gone

avat javat I - coming and going

badla I /m - exchange

asangati - incompatibility, inconsistency

atithi /m - guest

avat javat II - transmigration

badla II /m - revenge

asani /f - ease

atithighar - guest house

avatar /m - incarnation

badmash /m - villain

asantusti - dissatisfaction

atithishala - guest chamber

avaz/avaj /f - voice, sound, uproar

badsha /m - emperor

asar /m - impact, influence, authority

ativad /m - extremism

avdhi /f - hindi dialect

badtamizi /f - rudeness, discourtesy

asha/ash /f - hope

ativadi /m - extremist

avesh /m - frenzy, exitment

bag /m - garden

ashangka - suspicion, doubt, fear

Atkal /f - guess, estimate, conjecture

avishvas - distrust, suspicion, doubt

bagal I /f - armpit, side

ashanti - lack of peace, unrest

atma /f - mind, heart, soul, the self

aviskar /m - discovery, invention

bagal II/ f - side, next to

ashay /m - abode, home

atmabhiman - self-respect/esteem

avkash/avakash /m - free time, leisure

bagbani/bagvani - horticulture

ashaya - meaning, aim, intention

atmahatya /f - suicide

avran /m - covering, veil, coating

baggi - horse carriage

ashcarya /m - surprise, astonishment

atmakatha /f - autobiography

avsar/avasar /m - opportunity, occasion

bagh /m - tiger

ashiksha - illiteracy

atmanirbhar - self dependence/support avyavastha - disorder

bagha - obstacle

ashikshit - uneducated, illiterate

atmasamarpan /m - surrender

ay /f - income

bagica/bagainca /m - garden, orchard

ashirvacan - blessing, benediction

atmasamman - self-respect/regard

ayaram gayaram - frequent defector

bagubhuj /m - polygon

bahadur /m - hero, campion

ban I /m - forest

barsati /f - rooftop room

beluka - evening, after sunset

bahaduri /f - bravery

ban II /m - arrow

bartan /m - utensil, dish

bemajja - not pleasing

bahar /f - spring, blossom, bloom

bancaro - axe

bartav /m - behavior

bensi - valley, lower portion of a hill

bahas /f - dispute, controversy, debate

bandagi I /f - servitude, bondage

barud /f - gunpowder, explosives

bepar - trade, commerce

bahav /m - flow, current

bandagi II /f - devotion, worship

barudkhana /m - magazine, arsenal

bepari - trader, merchant

bahirapatti - the outside

bandar /m - monkey

barulo - wasp

ber - time, delay, late

bahiskar - exclusion, expulsion

bandarghar/bandar /m - port, harbor

bas /m - power, control

berozgari/berojgar /f - unemployment

bahudaliya vyavastha - multiparty

bandel/banel - wild pig

basai sarai - migration

bes - good, very good

bahun - brahmin

bandgobhi/bandakopi /f - cabbage

basant/basanta /m - spring [season]

besar - turmeric

bahurupiya /m - impressionist, clown

bandi /m - hostage, prisoner

basera /m - abode, shelter, lodging

beta /m - son

bahusankhya/bahumat /f - majority

bandighar/bandigriha /m - prison, jail

basinda - inhabitant, resident

beti /f - daughter

bahut sara - lots of, many

bandikhana - prison, jail

basobas/basovas - place of residence

bevafai /f - faithlessness

bahuvacan /m - plural

banduq /f - rifle, gun

basti /f - settlement

bevaquf /m - stupid, fool

bail /m - bullock, ox

bang /f - crowing

bat /f - matter, idea, thing said

bevaqufi /f - stupidity

bailgari /m - bullock cart

bangur - pig

batas - wind, air

bhada - rent, hire, fare, freight

baingan /m - aubergine

banh I / f - upper arm, forearm

batcit /f - conversation

bhag /m - part, share

baithak /m - living room, reception

banh II /f - sleeve

bato - road, path, way

bhagvakaran /m - saffronization [politics]

baithakkhana /m - living room

bani - habit, disposition, character

battai - quail

bhagvan /m - god, the supreme being

baj - hawk

baniyan /f - vest

batti /f - light, lamp

Bhagya/saubhagya /m - fortune, fate

baja /m - musical instrument, orchestra

banjar /m - wasteland, fallow field

batua /m - purse, wallet

bhai bharadar - king's address

bakbak /f - gabbling

banki - remainder, left over residue

batuko - cup, bowl

bhai-bahan /m/pl - siblings

bakhan I /m - praise

bans /m - bamboo

batvara /m - division, partition

bhain - ground, earth, floor

bakhan II /m - broad description, account bansko purda - bamboo curtain

bauchar /f - rain shower

bhainsi - female water buffalo

bakhat - time, moment, opportunity

bansuri /f - fluite

bauddh /m - buddhist

bhajan - vessel, object, deserving

baki /m - remainder, the rest

bar /f - time, day of the week

bauddh darma /m - buddhism

bhajan /m - devotional song, hymn

bakra/bakhro /m - billygoat

baras /m - year

bavasir /f - hemorrhoids

bhaji /f - cooked vegetables

bakri /f - she-goat

barat /f - bridegroom's procession

bavla/baulaha - mad, lunatic

bhaka - promise

bakvas /f - nonsense, chatter

barbarta /f - barbarity, vandalism

bayan I /f - exposition, statement

bhakta/bhagat /m - devotee, follower, fan

bal I /m - strength, power, force might

barf /f/m - ice, snow

bayan II - left

bhakti /f - devotion, worship, veneration

bal II /m - twist, bend, wrinkle

bargad /m - banyan tree

bazar /m - market

bhaktiman - devotee, devoted, pious

bal III /m - military force, army

barh/barth I /f - flood, deluge, torrent

bazu I /m - arm, forearm

bhala - spear, lance, pike

balak /m - child

barh/barth II /f - swelling

bazu II /m - side, flank

bhalai /f - decency, gentleness, wellbeing

balatkar /m - rape

barhai /m - carpenter

bazu III /m - wing

bhalu /m - bear

balgatiki /f- kinetics [chemistry]

barhotari I /f - increase, growth

becaini /f - restlessness

bhand /m - closing, tying, fastening

bali - standing crops, harvest

barhotari II /f - development, progress

begam I /f - high ranking Muslim lady

bhand II /m - closure [curfew]

balidan /m - sacrifice

bari - dry field, garden

begam II /f - queen [ cards or chess]

bhand III /m - imprisonment, captivity

balti /m - bucket

bari /f - turn [in game]

beimani /f - dishonesty

bhand IV /m - labor strike [hartal]

baltor /m - boil caused by hair plucking

bariki /f - fineness

bekari /f - unemployment

bhand V /m - bond [chemistry]

balu /f - sand

barish /f - rain

bela/vela - time, occasion

bhand VI /m - structure, formation

balyavastha/balyakal /f - childhood

barsat/bharka /f - rains, rainy season

belanakar /m - cylinder

bhandakunda - pots and pans

bhandaphor I -unveiling, revelation

bhav/bhava II /m - emotion, feeling

bhucal / m - earthquake [earth shaking]

bij/biu III /m - kernel

bhandaphor II - unmasking, betrayal

bhav/bhava IV /m - manner, intent

bhugarbha vigyan - geology

bijand /m - ovule

bhandar - store room

bhavan /m - house, mansion, building

bhugol /m - geography

bijaropan - cornerstone ceremony

bhando - cooking pot, vessel, pot

bhavan nirman kala - architecture

bhuin - ground, floor, earth's surface

bijilighar /m - power station

bhangero - sparrow

bhavdiy - yours sincerely

bhuincalo - earthquake

bijli/bijuli /m - electricity, lightning

bhanjan /m - breach, break, violation

bhavisya /m - future

bhuinkatahar - pineapple

bikha - poison, venom

bhanjyang I - narrow valley

bhavisyavani /f - prediction, prophecy

bhuja - boiled rice [upper class]

bil /m - hole [rodent or snake]

bhanjyang II - mountain pass

bhavna/bhavana /f - sentiment, emotion

bhukamp/bhucal /m - earthquake

billi/biralo /f - cat

bhansa - kitchen

bhay /m - fear

bhukh/bhok /f - hunger

bimari /f - sickness, illness, patient

bhansar - customs office/duties

bhed I /m - differentiation, division, split

bhukmari /f - starvation, hunger

Bindas /m- carefree/relaxed person

bhanti I /f - type, kind

bhed II /m - secret, mystery

bhul /f - mistake, error

bindi /f - dot, forehead mark

bhanti II /f - way, mode, manner

bhedbhav /m - discrimination, inequality

bhul cuk /f- mistake, error

bindu /m - dot, drop, point

bhap /m - steam, water vapor, gas

bheja /m - brain [anatomy]

bhul sudhar /m - correction of mistakes

binti - request, prayer

bhar - trust, faith, fullness

bhek - neighborhood, locality, area

bhulbhulaya /f - maze, labyrinth, tangle

bintipatra - application, petition

bhar /m - weight, burden

bhela - gathering of people

bhumandal /m - the earth

biri /f - beedi

bharadar - a high official

bher/bhedo /f - sheep

bhumandalikaran /m - globalization

birta - free hold land

bharat - india

bhet /f - meeting, interview, formal gift

bhumi I /f - ground, floor, earth's surface

birtaval - owner of free hold land

bharat sarkar /f - government of india

bhikh/hiksha /f - begging, alms, charity

bhumi II /f - land, country

bistar /m - bedding, bed

bharatiy/bharatiya /m - indian

bhikhari /m - beggar

bhumigat - underground

bivi/bibi /f - wife

bharatvars /m - india

bhimsarat /m - extinct reptile, dinosaur

bhumigat rel /f - subway, metro

bodi - kind of bean, blackeye bean

bhari - full to the brim, full

bhindi /f - lady's fingers, okra

bhumika /f - role, part, introduction

boko - he goat

bharipan /m - heaviness

bhinnata - difference

bhundi - stomach

bolcal - conversation, talk

bharipurna - full to the brim, full

bhir /f - crowd

bhurajniti / f - geopolitics

bolcalma - common language

bharopeli/bharopiya - indoeuropean

bhir bhar /f - throng

bhusampada /f - real estate

boli /f - speech, dialect

bharosa /m - hope, trust, reliance

bhitriya - family or group member

bhusuno - gnat

bolivacan - conversation, talk

bharottolan /m - weightlifting

bhitte - wall

bhut /m - ghost; the past

bora /m - sack

bharotyolak /m - weightlifter

bhitto - side of the wall

bhuteko - makai popcorn

brahma-bhoj /m - brahman feeding ritual

bharti /f - admission, enrollment

bhogate - grapefruit

bhuteko masu - fried meat

brahman /m - brahmin

bhartsana - reproach, abuse

bhogdan - help, assistance

bhutkal /m - the past

braj bhasa /f - hindi dialect

bharya - wife, female consort

bhojan /m - food

bhutla - fur, hair

bu /f - smell, scent, odor

bharyang - stairs

bhojanalay/bhojnalaya /m - restaurant

bhutuva - fried meat

buddhi /f - knowledge, intellect, wisdom

bhasa /f - language

bhor /m - dawn, sunrise

bhuvigyan /m - geology

buddhical - chess

bhasan /m - speech, lecture

bhote - tibetan

bhyaguto - frog

buddhijivi /m - intellectual, learned

bhasavigyan - linguistics, philosophy

bhraman - travel, travelling, roaming

bic /m - middle

buddhu /m - fool

bhat /m - boiled rise

bhranti /f - error, delusion, misconception bicar - thought, consideration, idea

budhi aunlo - thumb

bhatamas - soyabean

bhrastacar /m - corruption

bicchu/bicchi /m - scorpion

budho - old [person]

bhaumiki /f - geology

bhrastacari - corrupt person

bichauna /m - bedding

buingal - upper store of a house, attic

bhav tav /m - cost, price

bhu /f - earth, world, land

bigauti - beestings

bukhar m - fever

bhav/bhau I /m - existence, being, soul

bhu ksharan - soil erosion

bij/biu I /m - seed, seedling

bulbula /m - bubble

bhav/bhau III /m - rate, price

bhu parivestit desh - land locked state

bij/biu II /m - nucleus

Bulla /m- bubble

bunda - main point, main issue

cammac /m - spoon

cautariya - member of royal family

chimeki - neighbor

buniyad /f - basis, foundation

camri/camra/camada /f - skin, hide

cauthai /f - a quarter

chindi - cellar, basement

burhapa/m - old age

camsur - pungent medicinal vegetable

caval /m - rice

Chora chori - children, progeny

burhiya /f - old woman

cana /m - chick pea

cay/ciya /f - tea

chori - daughter

but I /m - idol

cancun - about, a little, miscellaneous

cecak /f - smallpox

choro - son

but II /m - mistress

cand/candra/candrama /m - moon

cehara - appearance, countenance

churavaji - exchange of dagger blows

butta - design

canda /m - subscription, donation,

cehra /m - face

churi /f - knife

buzurg /m - old person

candi /f - silver

celi - female disciple, female pupil

chuskar - telltale, backbiter

bvanso - wolf

candni /f - moonlight

celibeti becvikhat - girls trafficking

chutkara /m - release, freedom, rescue

byah/biha /m - marriage, wedding

candrabindu /m - nasalized vowel

cetane - intelligence, rationality, spirit

chutti /f - holiday, time off

byora /m - details, detailed statement

candragrahan /m - lunar eclipse

cetavani /f - warning

chuvachut I - untouchability

cabi /f - key

canpo/shimpu /m - shampoo

chahari - shade, shelter, protection

chuvachut II - contamination

cabuk /m - whip

cap I - circle's segment, semicircle

chakkar /f - affair

cihan - graveyard, burial ground

cadar /f - sheet, bedsheet, chador

cap II - rainbow

chakyaunu - to tell lies, to deceive

cihn /m sign, mark, emblem

cakacunda /f - magnificent sight

capal /f - sandal

chala - skin

cijbij - goods, furniture, wares

cakkar I /m - curve, turn, circle, spiral

capati /f - flatbread

chalang /f - leap

cikitsa /f - treatment, medication

cakkar II /m - dizziness, lightheadedness

caqu /m - knife

chalphal - discussion, debate

cikitsak /m - doctor

cakku - knife, cutting knife

carampanthi /m - extremist

chalphal garnu - to discuss

cikitsalaya - hospital, dispensary

cakra I /m - circle, ring, wheel

caran - foot, leg, a quarter of a stanza

chamahi /f - six months, half a year

cil - eagle

cakra II /m - cycle, sequence, progression carbi /f - fat, grease

chana - roof

cimta /m - tongs

cakramar - ring road

carca /f - enquiry, discussion, talk

chanavin - selection, scrutiny choice

cin /m - china

caksu/ m- eye

cardivari /f - protecting wall [settlement]

chand - meter, prosody, intention

cin vigyani /m - chinese studies, sinology

cal /f - pace, movement

carhav /m - rise, incline

chandas /m/pl - poetic meters

cin vigyani /m - sinologist

cal dhal /f - way of presenting oneself

carit - character, conduct, occupation

channe - filter, strainer

cinari - acquaintance, intimacy

calaan - habit, style

caritra - character, occupation

chap /f - mark, stamp, brand, mold

cini /f - sugar

calak /m - driver

carkha /m - spinning wheel

chapa /f - raid

ciniyan - chinese

calaki /f - cunning

carmrog /m - skin disease

chapakhan - press, printing press

cinta /f - anxiety, concern, reflection

calan - conduct, dispatch, consignment caro - bird

chat /f - roof

cintan - reflection, contemplation

calan /f - booking, committal

carpai /f - bedstead, charpoy

chata /m - umbrella

cirag /m - lamp [any source of light]

calcitra - /f - movie, film

carvaha /m - herdsman, shepherd

chati /f - chest, breast bravery courage

ciriya /f - bird

calcitrant /m - filming, cinematography

casma /m - pair of spectacles

chatr/chatra /m/f - student

ciriyaghar /m - zoo

callo - young chicken

catni /f - chutney

chatra - scholar, disciple, pupil

cirsthayitva /m - immortality, permanence

calu /m- devious person

Cattan I /f - rock, cliff, rock formation

chatravas - hostel, boarding, lodging

ciso pani - cold water

camak I /f - brightness, luminosity

Cattan II /f - reef

chatrivritti /f - scholarship, grant

cita/citva /m - leopard

camak II /f - glow, shine, radiance

cauk /m - town square, market place

chauro - cub, puppy, kitten

cithra /m - rag

camak III /f - glitter, sparkle

cauka /m - eating/cooking space/store

Chaya/chayan /f - shadow, reflection

citra /m - picture, illustration, image

camak IV /f - sudden pain

caukidar /m - watchman

ched /m - hole, crack, cut

citrakala /f - painting, drawing

camal - husked but uncooked rice

caukon /m - square

chetri - kshatriya

citrakar /m - artist

camca /m - spoon, [also sycophant]

caurai /f - width, breadth

chikrut /m - a loser

citraktha /f - comics, comic book

camero - bat, vampire

cautara - benevolent royalty

chilka /m - skin, peel, shell

citta - mind, feeling, attention, thought

cittha - lottery, game of chance

dabal roti /f - western style bread

daman - suppression, oppression

dashak /m - decade

citthi/cithi /f - letter, written message

dadu - ladle

dampati /m - married couple

dasi - proof, evidence

cituva - leopard, panther

dafa /f - time, occasion

damphu - kind of drum

dast /m - diarrhea

ciundo - chin

daftar /m - office

dan /m - religious donation, charity

dasta - slavery, servitude, bondage

ciura - flattened rice, beaten rice

daftarsha /m - bureaucrat

dana I /m - grain, seed, bead

dastavez/dastavej /f - document, deed

ciz /f - thing, object, precious item

Dagad /m - stone

dana II /m - a small dot, point

dastur /m - custom, practice

cod patra - consent of divorce

daha - pond, lake

dand/dandi /m - stick, rod, stuff, pole

data /m - giver, donor, benefactor

codghar /m - brothel [vulgar]

dahej /m - dowry

danda /m - fine, penalty, punishment

datri sanstha - donor agency

cok - courtyard

dahi /m - yoghurt

danda/dando - hill, hillock, roof pole

daudaha I - touring, travelling

cor /m - thief, robber, swindler

dahine - right

dandalnu - back

daudaha II - inspection

cori /f - theft

dahri - beard

danga /m - riot

daur /f - race, run

cot /f - blow, injury, mental agony

dailo - door, gate, passage, entrance

dank /m - sting

daura - firewood, fuel, dried wood

cucuro - peak summit, highest point

dak /m - post

danphe - nine colored pheasant

dava/davai /f - medicine

cuda - crown, crest

dak ghar /m - post office

dant /m- tooth

davakhana /m - pharmacy

cudamani - jewel worn on the head

Dak khana /m - post office

dant katha /f - legend

davat /f - dinner/party/feast invitation

cuha /m - mouse

dak tikat /f - postal stamp

dantmanjan /m - toothpaste

daya /f - compassion, pity, mercy

cuk /f - mistake, error

dakar /m - belch, burp

dapha - section of a law

deh /f - body

culensi - tool for cutting vegetables

dakhal /m - access, gasp

dar I /f - fear alarm, risk, danger

dehant /m - death, bodily demise

culo - cooking place, stove

dakhila /m - admittance

dar II /f - rate, price, interest rate

dehat /m - rural area, countryside

cultho - plaited hair, interwoven hair

Dakshina amrica - south America

dar III f - door, gate, oppening

dehati /m - villager

cumban /m - kiss, kissing

dakshinpanth /m - rightism, right-wing

darar /f - crack

dekhbhal /f - supervision, raising children

cuna - lime

dakshinpanthi /m - rightist, right-winger

daraz /f - long, length

den /f - contribution, gift, legacy

cunauti /f - challenge

daksin /m - south

darbar /m - royal court

der /f - a while, delay

cunav /m - election, selection, choice

daku /m - dacoit, bandit

dard /m - pain, ache, affliction, pity

dera - residence, booth, camp

curi /f - bangle

dal /m party, faction, group, crowd

darhi/dari /f - beard

desh /m - country, land, region

curn /m - powder

dal bhat /m/pl - essential food, staples

dari /f - cotton rag/mat

desh bhasa /f - national language

curna /m - digestion powder

dalal - broker, tout, middleman

darim - pomegranate

deshadroh /m - treason, subversion

curot - cigarette

dalbadlu /m - defector, traitor, turncoat

dariya /m - river

deshantar - terrestrial longitude

custi /f - smartness, agility

dalbal - whole party, army, strength

dariya ghora /m - hippopotamus

deshbakt/deshbhakta /m- patriot

cutai - beating, thrashing

dalbandi - party/group politics

darja /m - class, standard, grade, rank

deshbhakti /f - patriotism

cutar /m - bottom, buttocks

dalcini - cinnamon

darkhvast /f - application, request

Deshmukh /m - prominent national leader

cutpan /m - childhood, infancy

dalit /m - oppressed caste

darpok /m - timid person

deshraksha - national defense

cutyagiri /f - idiocy

dallo - round thing, cloth, lump

darshan /m - sight, view, vision, audience devi /f - goddess, lady

cyankhla - ground corn

dalo - basket

darvan /m - gatekeeper

devnagari /f - hindi script

cyau/pyau - mushroom

dalpati I - party leader

darvaza /m - door

devta/devata /m - a divinity

daal I /f - branch [tree, bank, shop]

dalpati II - chief commander

darzi /m - tailor

dhaba /m - roadside café

daal II /f - different kinds of lentils

dalvihinata - nonparty, unidentifiable

das - slave, servant, dependent

dhabba /m - stain, blot

daava/dabi /m - claim, demand

dam I /m - breath, life

dasamlav /m - decimal point/number

dhadas - encouragement, assurance

dab/dabav/dabau /II m - pressure, strain

dam II /m - moment

dasana - cotton rug for lying, mattress

dhaga/dhago /m - thread

dasha /f- state, condition, stage, period

dhairya /m - patience, fortitude

dab/dabav/dabau I /m - mark, impression dam III /m - price, value, cost

dhakane - rice in butter and milk

dharna - act of waiting for something

din /m - day

duniya /f - world

dhakka /m - push, shove

dharo - water current, people's stream dincarya /f - daily

dupatta /m - scarf

dhakkan /m - cover, lead

dharpakar /f - sound beating

Dipak/dipika /m - lamp, source of light

durbhagya /m - misfortune

dhalan /m - slope, decline

dhatu /m - metal

dipavli /f - a row of diyas, Diwali

durbin /f - telescope

dhamaka /m - explosion, crash

dhau - ore

diqqat /f - difficulty, problem

durdarshan I /m - farsightedness

dhamki /f - threatening, threat, reproof

dhayan/dhyan /m - attention, meditation

disha /m - direction, point of compass

durdarshan II /m - television network

dhan I - unhusked rice, paddy field

dher /m - pile, heap, large amount

divar/dival /f - wall

durdarshita - far sightedness, sagacity

dhan II - wealth, property, riches

dherai vivaha - polygamy

divas /m - day

durghatna /f - accident

Dhanadesh /m - money order, cheque

dhiki - a machine for husking rice

diya /m - lamp, source of light

duri /f - distance

dhanca - design, way, method, manner dhindo - boiled flour paste

diyasalai /f - match

durlekh /m - telegraph

dhanca /m - framework, structure

dhiraj /m - courage, patience, fortune

doko - big basket carried on the back

dursancar - telecommunication

dhandha I /m - occupation, profession

dhobi /m - washer man

dophar /m - early afternoon

durvavahar - misconduct, misbehavior

dhandha II /m - occupation as derogatory dhoka - door, gate, gateway

doreto - footpath, way to walk

dushman /m - enemy

dhandhali - chaos, chaotic state

dhokha /m - trick, deceit

dori - cord, rope

dushmani /f - enmity

dhang /m - way, manner, type

dhokhebaz /m - fraudulent, trickster

dos /m - fault, offence

dut - ambassador, messenger, courier

dhangabata - way, path

dhokhebazi /f - deceitful practice

dosi /m - guilty person

dutavas /m - embassy, legation

dhani - rich

dhonrhi/dhunni /f - navel, belly button

dost /m - friend

dvandva - couple, duel, quarrel

dhaniyan - coriander

dhuan/dhuen /m - smoke

dosti /f - friendship

dvar /m - door, gate, way, means

dhaniyanko sag - coriander green

dhukur - dove

drav /m - liquid

dvija - twice born, brahman oviparous

Dhanrashi /f - sum of money

dhukuti - barn, storehouse, treasury

dravya /m - substance, wealth

dvip /m island

dhanya /m - grain, paddy, rice

dhul /f - dust

Dravyaman /m - mass [physics]

Dvipasmuh /m archipelago, islands

dhar /m - trunk, body

dhulai /f - washing

dristikon - viewpoint, visual angle

dvitiyardha - second half

dhara I /f - flow, current, water tap

dhum I /m - fun blast, noise, clamor

droh /m - malevolence, intent to harm

dyotak - making clear, indicating

dhara II /f - section [law]

dhum II/ m - smoke

Drohcintan /m - thoughts of harm

ekadhikar /m - monopoly

dharahara - tower

dhumdham /m - pomp and show

drshya /m - sight, scene

ekanta - solitude, loneliness, lonely

dharan - holding, wielding

dhumrapan /m - smoking

drsti dos /m - evil eye

ekikaran - integration, unification

dharana - thought, memory

dhun /f - folk tune

drsti/dristi /f - sight, view, point of view

ekta /f - unity

dharatal - surface (of the earth)

dhundh /m - mist, fog, haze

drstikon I /m - perspective, viewpoint

ekvacan /m - singular number

dharavahik /m - serial program

dhunga - stone

drstikon II /m - approach

eri /f - heel

dhari /f - blade's edge

dhup /f - sun, sunshine, incense

drstptal /m - retina

etraz /m - objection

dharkhan /f - troubling, palpitation

dhvani /f - sound, tone

dua /f - prayer, blessing

euta - one [nonhuman]

dharm/darma /m - religion, duty, creed

Dhvansavshes /m - ruin, wreckage

duara /m - tour, circuit, attack, seizure

faisla /m - decision

Dharmabhumi /f - holy land/ground

dibba /m - box, compartment

dudh/dugdha /m - milk

farista /f - angel

dharmadhikari - jurisdiction official

dibiya /f - smallpox

dudhvala /m - milkman

farmaish /f - request, order

dharmagranth - religious text

dikpat /m - declination

dugdhasar - cheese

farq /m - difference

Dharmanirpeksata /f - secularism

dil I /m - heart

duguna /m - double, twice

farsh /m - floor

Dharmarth /m- religious donation

dil II /m - mind, soul, spirit

duhkh /m - sorrow, pain, distress

farz /m - duty, obligation

dharmashala /f -religious rest house

dilasa /m - consolation, solace

duj /f - the second day of a paksha

fasal /m - crop

Dharmasthal /m - shrine, holy place

dilcaspi /m - interest

dukan /f - shop

fasana /m - romance, tale

dharmik sthan - religious center

dimag /m - brain, mind, conceit

dukandar /f -shopkeeper

Fattu /m - wimp

fauj /f - army

gala /m - throat, voice

ganv/gaun /m - village

gaz /m - yard, fiddle bow

faulad /f - steel

galainca - carpet

ganvvala/gaunnivasi /m - villager

gehun /m - wheat

fayda/m - profit, advantage

galatfahmi /f - mistake, misconception

gap /f - chat

gend /f - ball

fikar/fikra /f - anxiety, worry

gali /f - lane, alleyway, street, by lane

gapphad - prattler, braggart, tattler

ghadi - clock, watch

filpav /m elephantiasis

galsua /m - mumps

gapshap/gapashap /f - gossip, prattle

ghailo - a large water vessel/pitcher

fisad /m - percent

galti /f - error, mistake

garaj /m - thunder, roar

ghaite - hurt

fita /m - tape, ribbon, shoelace

gam /m - sorrow, care

garbar /m/f - confusion, agitation

gham - sunshine, heat of the sun

fursat /f - leisure, free time

gamla /m - flowerpot

garbh/garbha /m - womb, embryo

ghamand /m - arrogance, conceit

gaali - rebuke, reproof

gana/gan /m - song

garbhavastha /f - pregnancy

ghan - large hammer, cloud solidity

gaali /f - abusive language

ganagan - grumbling, murmuring

garbhpat /m - abortion

Ghancakkar I /m - spinning top

gada - club, mace, bludgeon

ganaganahat - grumbling, murmuring

gardan /f - neck

Ghancakkar II /m - volatile person

gadar - mutiny, rebellion, revolt

ganatantra - republic

gari /f - car

ghanisthta /f - intimacy

gadda /m - soft and thick bed mattress

ganathan - idle talk, gossip, a long tale

garibi /f - poverty, penury, humility

ghanta /m - hour, watch

gaddar - mud, dirt, swamp

gandagi - filth, dirt, impurity

garjan tarjan - threat, intimidation

ghanta/ghatana /f - incident, accident

gaddar- door mat for rubbing off mud gandha - smell, odor, stink, scent

garmi /f - heat, warmth

ghantaghar - clocktower

gaddha /m - pit, ditch, hole

gandhadravya - sweet scented item

garmiya /f - summer

ghanti /f - bell

gaddi /m - throne, saddle, seat, cushion

gandhak - sulphur, brim stone

garo - wall

ghanti/ghati - throat, mountain pass

gadha /m - donkey, ass, fool

gandhakshat - puja scented item

garv /m - pride

ghapla /f - scam, scandal

gadhapaccisi I - adolescence

gandharva - heavenly musician

gasht /f - patrol, watch

ghar I /m - house, home

gadhapaccisi II - inexperience

gandharva ved - science of music

gate - nepali calendar's date

ghar II / m - den, nest

gadinarasing - enthroned as king

gandharva vidya - the science of music gatha - story, tale, verse, song, lay

gharelu udyog - cottage industry

gadryak gudruk I - footstep's sound

gandharva vivaha - love marriage

gathakar - author of a narrative tale

ghari /f - clock, watch

gadryak gudruk II - sound of hoofs

gandhi - perfume seller, sweet smell

gathan - construction, shaping

ghas /f - grass

gadryamma - big items falling sound

gandhigiri /f - nonviolence, honesty

gathaso - long tale of oneself, nonsense

ghat /m - river steps, bank

gadya /m - prose, ordinary writing

gandhik - scent of perfumery

gathjor /m - alliance, union

ghatak - factor, component, ingredient

gadya kavita - prose poetry

gandyaulo - earthworm

gati /f - speed, motion, condition, plight

ghatana - incident, event, accident

gadya kavya - prose, belles letters

gangacumbi /m - sky kisser, skyscraper

gatiki /f - dynamics [physics]

Ghatnasthal /m - site of incident

gagri/gagro - earthenware/metal jar

gangajal /m - holy ganga water

gatiman - speed, full motion

ghatta - corn mill, water mill

gahak/gakaki - buyer, customer,

gangato - crab

gatirodh - /m obstacle to movement

ghau - wound, sore, hurt, injury, ulcer

gahaki - buyer, customer, purchaser

ganit vidha /m - mathematics

gatishil - speed, full motion

ghera /m - siege, enclosure

gahat - lentils

ganja - marijuana

gatividhi - activity, state of progress

gherav /m - enclosure, blockade, gherao

gahrai /f - depth, profundity, gravity

ganjagol - confusion, chaos

gaunghar - neighbor, villager

ghi/ghiu /m - ghee, clarified butter

gahun - wheat

ganji - sweater, vest, jacket undershirt gaunthali - swallow

ghora/ghoda /m - horse, pony

gai - cow

ganjipha - a kind of playing cards

gaur /m - attention

ghoral - himalayan wild goat

gaibastu - cattle

ganna/ganana /f - counting, calculating

gaurav /m - pride

ghosana - declaration, announcement

gainda - rhinoceros

gans - mouthful, morsel

Gausala /f - cowshed

ghosanapatra - manifesto

gair sarkari sanstha - ngo

gantantra /m - republic

gavah /m - witness

ghosit - declared, proclaimed

gairhaziri /f - absence

ganth /f - knot

gavahi /f - evidence, testimony

ghosla /m - nest

gajar/gazar /m - carrot

ganthkat /m - pickpocket

gay /f - cow

ghosna I /f - announcement, publication

gal/gala /m - cheek, cheeks

ganti - number, reckoning attendance

gayak /m - singer

ghosna II /f - declaration, proclamation

ghosnapatra /m - manifesto

goth - cowshed, byre

gustakhi /f - rudeness, impatience

hamla /m - attack

ghrna /f - hatred

grahak /m - customer

guthi - benevolent society, trust

hanagra /m - anode [electronics]

ghughat /f - veil

grahan - taking/accepting/perceiving

guthli /f - pit, stone

hango - branch, offspring

Ghurasvar /m - horse rider, cavalry

grahan/graha - planet, evil star, eclipse

guzara /m - livelihood, sustenance

hani /f - loss, damage, harm

ghus - emolument, graft

gram /m - village

Gvarpatha /m - aloe vera

hans - duck, goose, swan

ghus /f - bribe

gram vikas /m - rural development

gyan - knowledge, intelligence, wisdom hans kukhura palan - poultry farming

ghut /m - gulp, draught, sip

gramin /m - rural, villager

gyani - learned, intelligent, informed

hansa - soul, vital air, life

ghutna/ghunda /m - knee

griha - house, abode, dwelling

gyankosh /m - encyclopedia

hanseuli - laughter, joke, jest, fun

ghyampo - a large clay jar, a store jar

Grihamantri /m - home minister

gyanmimamsa /f - epistemology

hansi /f - laugh, laughter, joke, jest

giddha - vulture

Grihayud /m - civil war

gyanvardhan /m - insight, enlightenment

hansi mazaq /m - humor, prank, joke

gija - gum

gubbara /m - balloon

gyapan - memorandum

hanso - laughter, laugh

gilahri /f - squirrel

Guda/gudadvar /f - anus, rectum

haal /m - condition, circumstances

hanssi - laughter, joke, fun

ginti /f - counting, calculating

gulab /m - rose

haal caal /m - condition, state

haq /m - right, privilege

girja/girjaghar /m - church, chapel

Gulab /m - rose, rosewater

haara pyaz /m - green onion

hara-bhara I /m - lush, rich, abundant

git /m - song

gulam /m - slave, servant

haari mirc /f - green chilli

hara-bhara II /m - prosperous, flourishing

gobar /m - cow dung

gulami /f - slavery

haariyali /f - greenery, greenness, verdure haramzada /m - illegitimate child, bustard

gobhi /f - cabbage

Guldasta /m - bouquet

habba/habbe - capacity, strength

hargilla /m - greater adjutant stork

god /f - lap, embrace

gun /m - quality, virtue, attainment

had /f - limit, boundary, extent

hari cai /f - green tea

godam - godown, storehouse, granary

Gunah /m - offence, sin, misdeed

haddi/had /f - bone

harit Kranti /f - green revolution

godamel - weeding, removal of weeds

gunank /m - coefficient [mathematics]

hade badam - almond

hariya makai - corn on the cob

gohi - crocodile

gunda /m - thug, hooligan

hadpa - confiscation, misappropriation hars /m - joy, happiness

Gojara/ /m - millipede

gundagardi /f - thuggish behavior

hadsa /m - accident

hartal /f - strike, lockout

gol /m - a sphere

gundri - mat made of straw

hadtal - strike, picket

hartal /m - strike, stoppage of work

gol cakkar /m - roundabout

gundruk - fermented dried vegetables

hafta /m - week

hastagat - received, obtained

Golardh /m - hemisphere

gunj /f - echo, hum

hairani /f - amazement

hastakala - handicraft, hand work

Golbandi /f - mass mobilization

gunjaish /f - scope, room

haisiyat /f - ability, capacity, status, merit hastaksar /m - signature

golbhinda - tomato

gupatcar /m - spy, agent, informant

hak - right, authority, claim

hastakshar - signature, handwriting

goli /f small ball, bullet, tablet, pill

gupha /f - cave

hal I /m - plough

hastakshep - interference, interruption

goli gantho - ankle bone

guptacar - spy, emissary

hal II /m - solution [to a problem]

hastashilp /m - handicraft

Golimirc /f - peppercorn

Guptang /m - private parts [anatomy]

hal val /m - condition state

hath/hasta /m - hand

Golmal /m - chaos, confusion, a scam

guptcar vibhag /m - intelligence division

halat /f - condition [road, health, etc.]

hathapai /f - fighting with hands and legs

goman sarp - cobra

gupti - spy, detective

halcal /f - commotion, furor, confusion

hathauri /f - hammer

gora /m - fair skinned

guru /m - spiritual teacher, master, guide

halkhabar - news current affair

hatheli /f - palm [of hand]

gorakdhandha /m - enigma, conundrum

Gurutva I / m - weight, heaviness

halla- noise, turmoil, uproar, tumult

hathi dat /m - ivory

Goraksa /f - cow protection [politics]

Gurutva II /m - gravity

haluka/haluko/halungo - light weight

hathi m - elephant

goru - ox [castrated]

Gurutvakarsan /m - gravity

haluva - flour/butter/sugar sweets

hathiyar /m - weapon

gosht /m - meat

gusalkhana /m - bathroom

haluvabed - a kind of sweet fruit

hathkari /f - handcuff

goshti /g- seminar, assembly, meeting

gushpaith /f - infiltration, incursion

hamala - attack, invasion, assault

hatkelo - palm

gota /m - dive, diving

guslakhana /m - bath, bathroom

hamdard /m - sympathetic person

hatti - elephant

gotakhor /m - diver

gussa /m - anger

hamdardi /f - sympathy

hatya - murder, killing, slaughter

hausla /m courage, morale

holi /f - festival of colors

irsiya /f - jealousy, envy

jaljanit bimari /m - waterborne disease

hauz /m - reservoir, tank

honth /m - lip

isai /m - christian

jalkar /m - water tax

hav bhav /m- gesture, mannerism

hosh /m - sensibility, consciousness

ishara /m - gesture, sign, hint, wink

jalpath/jalmarg - waterways

hava /f - air, breeze, wind

hoshiyari /f - cleverness, cautiousness

ishq /m - love

Jalprsth /m - webpage

havai - airy, relating to air

hoth /m - lip

ishtahar /m - advertisement, poster

jalsinh /m - sea lion

havai adda /m - airport, airfield, airbase

hrday/hridaya I /m - heart

ishvar /m - god, the lord

jalvayu /f - climate

havai dak /f - airmail

hrday/hridaya ii /m - mind, emotions

iskus - a kind of vegetable

jalvayuko prabhav - climate influence

havai jahaz /m - airplane

hrday/hridaya III /m - will

ispat /m - steel /loh, faulad

jama - congestion, dregs, rusts

havai marg - air route

hrdyaghat /m - heart attack

istemal /m - use

jamav I /m - blockage, obstruction

havan - fire sacrifice

hrdyarog /m - heart disease

istri /f - ironing iron

jamav II /m - dense gathering

havapani - climate, weather

hukka - water pipe

it/int /f - brick

jamin - land, field

havas - a word to indicate obedience

hulak adda - post office

itihas /m - history

jan /f - life, soul, beloved

Hazar /m - a thousand

huri - strong wind, storm

itihaskar - historian

jan nikalna - be in agony, leave life

hazma /m - digestion

ibadat /f - worship

izhar /m - statement

jan/jana /m - person, persons, people

hemanta - beginning of the cold season iccha /f - wish, desire, will

jaal /m - net, web, mesh

jana andolan - people's movement

hemanta - late autumn

id /f - eid festival

jabhai /f - yawn

jana sahabhagita - popular joining

her pher - change, exchange, transfer

id ka cad - a rare sight

jabra/jambh /m - jaw

janab - sir

hicki /f - hiccup, sob

idhan /m - fuel

jado - coolness, winter, chill, cold

janacetana - ethnic/civil consciousness

hifazat /f - courage, nerve

idriy/indriya /m - sense organs

jadu /m - magic

janadhar /m - support base [politics]

hijje /m - spelling

ii. puu.u /m - before Christ

jadugar /m - magician

janai - sacred thread of a brahman

him/hiun - snow, ice, frost

ijazat /f - permission

jadugari /f - magical arts

janajati - ethnic group, nationality

himalaya pradesh - himalayan region

ijjat - honor, status

jaga - foundation, ground work

janajivan - public life, public living

himank /m - freezing point

ikh - jealousy, envy, vengeance

jagah I /f - place, site, space, room

janakari - knowledge, information

himasrot baeko nadi - meltwater river

ilaj /m - cure, remedy

jagah II /f - space, room

janapakshiya - related to the people

himshail /m - iceberg

ilaka- jurisdiction, possession, control

jagah III /f - vacancy

janapravad I - hearsay, rumor

himskalan /m - avalanche

ilaqa /m - area, district, locality

jagaran - awakening, wakefulness

janapravad II - common talk

hind /m - india

ilayci/alainci /f - cardamom

jagat /f - world, the universe

janasamaksha -in public

hind mahasagar /m - indian ocean

iman - truth, belief, faith, honesty

jagga - land, field, estate

janasankhya - population

hindcin /m - Indochina

imandari /f - honesty, integrity

jagir - employment, job, wages

janashruti I - rumor, hearsay

hindu m - hindu

imarat /f - building

jahan - family, members of the family

janashruti II - common talk

hindusthani /f - indian, hindi language

imtahan /m - exam

jahaz/jahaj /m - ship, vessel, craft

janasvasthya - public health

hinsa /f - violence

inam /m - prize, rewards, gift

jal /m - water

janata - people, public, mass, mankind

hira /m - diamond

indra dhanus /m - rainbow

Jal cakra /m - water cycle

janatantravad - democracy

hiran /m - deer

inkar /m - refusal

jal shakti - water power

janavad - elected administrator

hisab /m - account, accounts

inklab - revolution

jal vibhajak - watershed

janbhasa /f - common language

hissa /m - part, portion, share

insan /m - person

jalan /f- burning feeling, jealousy

janc - exam, test

hit - gain, benefit

insaniyat /f - humanity, decency

jaldbazi /f - impetuousness, haste

janc /f - inspection, test, check

hiya I /m - heart

intazam /m - arrangement

jalhasti /m - hippopotamus

jand - beer

hiya II /m - mind, the seat of emotions

intazar /m - waiting

jali /f - net, netting, lattice, mesh

jang I /m - rust

hodabaji - contest, gambling, betting

irada /m - wish, desire, will, intention

jaljamav /m - water blockage

jang II /m - war

jangal /m - forest, the wild

javan /m - young man, youth, soldier

jivankal /m - lifetime, life

kaan /m - ear

jangal jamaune kam - afforestation

javani /f - youth

jivanshaili - habits, lifestyle

kaar /f - car

jangal tayar parne - afforestation

javaphdehi I - responsibility

jivanu /m - bacteria, unicellular organism kabja - possession, occupation

janganna/janaganana /f - census

javaphdehi II - accountability

jivashma - /m - fossil

kabutar /m - pigeon

jangh /f - thigh

jay/jaya /f - victory, conquest, profit

Jivasma indhan /m - fossil fuel

kabz /f - constipation

janjal - worldly domestic affairs

jeb /f - pocket

jiv-vigyan /m - biology

kac /m - glass [substance]

jankari /f - knowledge, information

jebkatra /m - pickpocket

jnan/gyan /m - knowledge

kacahri /f - court of law

janma - birth, life, nativity, production jehandar - intelligent, wise

joban - puberty, flower of youth

kacauro - cup

janma /m - birth through rebirths

jelkhana /m - prison, jail

jod - strength, addition, sum total

kacca loha /m - pig iron

janmabhumi - birthplace

jhagra/jhagada /m - quarrel, dispute

jodi - couple

Kacci samagri /f - raw materials

janmadar/janmathalo - birth place

jhakjhak /m - arguing, wrangling

jor /f - joint of the body

kachuva -turtle, tortoise

janmadata - father, progenitor

jhanda /m - flag, banner

jora /m - pair, couple, suit

kacinggal - quarrel

janmadin /m - birthday

jhatka /m - jolt, jerk, shock

josh I /m - excitement, passion, zeal

kadam - step, footstep

janmat - public opinion

jhep /f - embarrassment

josh II /m - boiling, stew

kadar - respect, value, appreciation

janmat sangrah /m - referendum

jhigur /m - cricket [insect]

jua /m - gambling

kag - crow, raven

janpratindhi /m - elected representative

jhil /f - lake

judai /f - separation, parting

kagati - lime

jansankhya /f - population

jhinge macha - shrimp

jugaad /m - frugal/innovative solution

kagaz /m - paper sheet

jansankhyiki /f - demographics

jhingo - fly, housefly

jugalbandi /f - duet [instrumental]

kahani /f - saying, proverb, story

janta/janata /f - the people/public/masses jhol - broth, soup

juhar - jewel, jewelry, gem

kahanikar /m - story writer

jantal - family, wife and children

jhola /m - shoulder bag

juka - leeches, tapeworms

kahavat /f - proverb, saying

jantantra - people's democracy

jhopri /f - hut

julus /m - procession, demonstration

kaici /f - scissors

janto - hand mill for grinding corn

jhula /m - swing

jumra - lice

kaid - imprisonment, jail

janvar/janavar /m - animal, beast

jhunda - group, assembly, bond

jun - moon

kaidi - prisoner, captive, convict

jap /m - telling beads

jhuth /m - lie

junaph- presence

kaidkhana - prison, jail

jara /m - cold, cold season, winter

jhyal - window

junar - orange

kailo - light brown [hair]

jarak /m - oxygen

jhyalkhana - jail, prison

junelo - large millet

kainyo - comb

jarayo - a kind of deer

ji /m - heart, mind, soul [figurative]

junga - moustache

kaiphat/kaiphiyat - description

jari - proceeding, continued, current

jibh/jibro /f - tongue

jungla /m - grille, grating, lattice

kaiphat/kaiphiyat - statement, remark

jari buti /f - medicinal herb and root

jilla - district

junkiri - firefly

kaj - work, duty, job, occupation

jari/jhari /f - medicinal herb, bush, shrub

jilla pramukh adhikari - c.d.o

Jurm /m - crime, sin

kaju /m - cashew nut

jarimana/jarivana - penalty, fine

jimma - responsibility, care, custody

jurmana /f - fine, penalty

kakh - cross legged, side above the hip

jasta - tin

jimmevari - responsibility

jut - group, party

kakhi - arm pit

jasus /m - spy

jindagi - life

jutta /m - shoe, slipper, boot

kaksa /f - school class

jasusi /f - spying, espionage

jira/zira /m - cumin

juva - game, gamble

kal /m - time, age, era, season, death

jati/jat /f - class, caste, type, specie

jit - victory, triumph, success

jvala /f - flame, blaze

kal kothri /f - black hole

jativacak nam - generic term

jiu - body, person, frame

jvalamukhi /m - volcano

kala /f - art, craft, technics

jatpat - caste system

jiundo - living, alive, lively

jyamiti /f - geometry

kaladhan /m - black money

jau /m - barley

jivajantu/jivjantu - living being

jyotirvidya - astronomy, astrology

kalaha - quarrel, scramble, dispute

jauhari /m - jeweler

jivan /m - life, existence animation

jyotis - astronomy, astrology

kalai /f - wrist

javab/javaph /m - answer

jivani - life story, biography

jyotisi - astrologer, astronomer

kalakar /m - artist, technician

kalakaushal - state of being skillful

kanchi - last born female, young girl

karmabhumi /f - sacred land/plot

kathak /m - dance type

kalakriti /f - artwork, work of art

kand - chapter, branch, incident

karmacari /m - employee, officer

kathan - utterance, narration

kalapani /m - exile

kand /m - serious matter or mistake

Karmi /m - worker, one who works

kathanak /m - narrative

kale - a dark skinned human being

kandha /m - shoulder

Karn I /m - helm, rudder

kathinai /f - difficulty

kalejo - liver

kando - thorn

Karn II /m - hypotenuse [geometry]

katmal /m - debug

kali pili /f/p/- taxicabs

kanjus /m - miser

karnama /m - chronicle of deeds/exploits

katori /f - small bowl

kaligad - artisan

kanka loti - ear lobes

karorbari /m - businessman, magnate

kattarpanthi /m - fanatic

kalij - pheasant

kankar /m - stone, pebble

karorbari yuddh /m - trade war

kavi/kavayitri /m/f/- poet/poetess

kalisiya /f - the church, Christianity

kankro - cucumber

karorpati /m - millionerd

kavita /f - poetry, poem

kalkram /m - chronology, lapsing of time kanparo - temple

kartavya /m - duty, task

kela/kera /m - banana

kalo dal/kalo mas - black lentils

kanper /m - mumps

kartavyapath /m - path of duty

kendra /m - center, middle, focus

kalpa - era

kanso - bronze

karuva - brass pot with a spout

Kendra Sarkar /m - central government

kalpana /f I - imagination, fiction

kanta/ /m - thorn, fork

karya samiti - working committee

kendrak I /m - cell nucleus [biology]

kalpana /f II - supposition, assumption

kanthmala I /f - necklace, garland

karya/carya I - action, act, role, duty

kendrak II /m -atomic nucleus [physics]

kalpanadarsh /m - utopia

kanthmala II /f - throat inflammation

karya/carya II - function, occupation

kendrak III /m - centroid

kalpanashakti - powers of imagination kantop /m - hood, hoodie

karyabhar /m - responsibility, charge

kendrikaran /m - centralization

kalyan - welfare, good

kanun - law, regulation

karyakal /m - incumbency, term in office Kendriya baink /m - central bank

kam I /m - work task, labor

kanun bamojit - according to the law

karyakarini/karyapalika - administration

kendriya kamiti - central committee

kam II /m - job employment

kanya /f - daughter

karyakarta /m - employee, official

kerau - pea

kam III /m - function, purpose

kapada - cloth, clothing, apparel wear

karyakram /m - schedule, plan, program

kesh - hair of the head

kam IV /m - lust, desire, sexual passion

kapal - hair of the head, head

karyalay/karyalaya /m - office

ketaketima - in childhood

kamaal /f - wonder, miracle

Kapal n/ forehead, head, skull

karyalay/karyalaya /m - workshop

keto/keti - boy/girl

kamai /f - earning, income, returns

kapat /m - fraud, deceit

karyanvayan - implementation

khabar /f - news item, message

Kamal /m - lotus

kaphal - a fruit with a hard pit

karyasamiti /f - executive council

khabarkagat - newspaper

kamar /f - waist

kapmyutar /m - computer

karyashala /f - workshop, brief course

khaccar /n - mule

kambal/kammal /m - blanket

kapra /m - cloth, garment

karyasuci /f - agenda

khadi /f - homespun cloth

kamdar - worker, porter, helper

kar /m - tax

kasaundi - pot with a narrow mouth

khadkundo/khadukunlo - cooking pot

kamero - white clay for painting walls

kara - imprisonment, confinement

kashaksi/f - conflict, struggle, clash

khadyanna - food grains

kami /f - lack, shortage

karadanda - prison sentence

kashamkash I /f - conflict, struggle, clash khagat - paper

kamilo - ant

karagar/karagriha - prison, jail

kashamkash II /f - dilemma

khaja/khajasaja - snack

kamkaj /m - business, occupation, work

karahi/karai /f - frying pan, cooking pot

kasrat /f - training, exercise

khajur - date

kammar - waist

karamat - miracle

kast I /m - inconvenience

khala - the outer layer of skin

kamna /f - wish, desire, lust, inclination

karan /m - cause, reason, occasion

kast II /m - pain, distress, hardship

khaldo - valley, ditch, trench, pit hole

kamonmad /m - orgasm

karavas - prison sentence

kasturi - musk deer

khalnayak /m - villain

kamra /m - room

kardata - tax paying, taxpayer

kasur /m -fault, offence

khamba - pillar, pole, post

kamyabi /f - success

karelo - bitter vegetable, bitter gourd

katahar - jack fruit

khamoshi /f - silence

kamzori/kamjori /f - weakness

karigar - artisan

katar /f - line

khana I /m - compartment, chamber

kan /m - particle, atom

karkhana /m - workshop, factory

katauro - cup

khana II /m - place of activity

kana/kano /m - blind in one eye

karm/karma I /m - action, deed, work

katauti /f - reduction, decrease

khana/khanekura /m - food

kancat - temple

karm/karma II /m - fate, consequence

katha /f - story, tale, fable, narrative

khanco - requirement, need, necessity

khand - part, section, division, chapter khilauna /m - toy

kinara /m - bank, edge

kranti /f - revolution, pace, movement

khandaan /m - family linage

khinctan I /f - tag of war

kintu parantu /m/pl - ifs and buts

krantikari /m - revolutionary

khandan - refutation, denial

khinctan II /f I tension between groups

kinvadanti - rumor, hearsay

krirasthal /m - playground

khand'har /m - ruins

khir /f - rice pudding

kira/kiro /m - worm, insect, bug

krishna paksha - dark fortnight

khani/khan /f - mine, query

khira /m - cucumber

kiran /f - ray, beam

krisi - agriculture

khanij - minerals

khirki /f - window

kiranpunj /m - beams of light

krisi utpadan - agricultural production

khanij padartha - mineral product

khoj/khojkhabar - search, quest

kiraya /m - rent, fare, hire

krit /m - work, task, project

Khan-pan /m - eating and drinking

khoji - inquiry

kirayedar /m - tenant

kriya vishesan/kriyayogi /m - adverb

khapat - consumption, sale, demand

kholo - small river

kisam/kisim - kind, sort, class, species

kriya/kriyapad /f - action, verb

khappar - skull

khop - hole in the wall for items

kisan /m - farmer, peasant

kriyakalap - functions, project, ritual

kharabi /f - fault, effect

khopri /f - shell, skull, head

kismis - raisins

krodh /m - anger, fury

kharash /f - hoarseness, irritation

khoriya - uncultivated land, reserve

kisti - tray

krpa /f - kindness, grace

kharau - wooden sandal/slipper

khorsani - chilli, hot pepper

kita/kira/kida / m - warm, insect

krtajnata/krytagyata /f - gratitude

kharayo - hare

khosuva - thieve, one who snatches

kitab /f - book

ksama /f - pardon, forgiveness

kharc/kharca /m - expenditure, outlay

khot /m - gault, defect

kitanu /m - germ, bacterium

ksamta/kshamata /f - capacity, ability

khargosh /m - rabbit, hare

khoya /m - reduced milk

kitvigyan /m - entomology

ksan /f - moment

khari boli /f - standard dialect

khubi /f - quality, excellence

kodali - spade with short handle

ksati /f - damage, loss

kharoc /m - scratch

khubsurati /f - beauty

kodalo - spade with long handle

ksay I /m destruction

khashiyat /f - special feature

khudkila - steps

kodo - a kind of millet

ksay II /m decline, failure

khasi - castrated goat

khudkushi - /f - suicide

koh /m - mountain, hill

ksetra /m - area, plot, field, action zone

khasi /f - cough

khujli I /f - itch, itchiness

kohenur /m - Kohinoor diamond

ksetradhikar /m - jurisdiction

khat /f - letter

khujli II /f - desire, want

koili - cuckoo

ksetraksan /m - fielding [cricket]

khat /m - bedstead

khukuri - nepalese curved knife

kon /m - angle [geometry]

kshetraphal - land's yield, field crops

khata /m - account book

khun /m - blood, murder

kona /m - corner

ksi kiran /m - x-ray

khatam - end, conclusion, death

khun kharaba /m- bloodshed, violence

kop - anger, wrath

kucakra - intrigue, a secret plot

khatra /m - danger

khun qatla /m - bloodshed, violence

kop bhajan - victim of anger

kuco - broom

khayal /m - opinion

khunda - a kind of sword/scimitar

kopila - bud

kuhni/kohni/kuhino/kuhuno /f - elbow

khed I /m - grief sorrow

khunti /f - peg

kort kacahri /f - court, legal institutions

kuhra /m - fog

khed II /m - regret

khushali /f - prosperity

kos - length of about two miles

Kuire - fog, mist, foreigner [derogative]

khel /m - play, game

khushbu/khushbudar /f - fragrance

kosh /m - treasury, dictionary, lexicon

kukhuri/kukhurako - hen

khel kud /m - sports

khushi/khusi - cheerfulness, gladness

kosharcana /f - lexicography

kukhuro/kukhurako bhale - cock

kheladi - player

khutrukka - small items falling sound

koshish /f - endeavor, attempt, effort

kukur - dog

kher I - time, length of time

khutto - leg

koshkala /f - lexicology

kul I /m - overall, gross, total amount

kher II - destruction, loss, waste

khvab /m - dream

kot /m - fort, castle

kul II /m - race, clan, dynasty, linage

khet /m - field, farming land, farm, yield

kicar /f - mud, mire

kotha /m - large room

kul III /m - community, group

kheti - agriculture, cultivation

kifayat /f - economy, saving

kothi /f - large house

kuldharma /m - family tradition

kheti bari/kheti pati /f - agriculture

kil /m - nail, peg

kotval /m - police chief

kuli /m - porter

khetikamai - agricultural income

kilakile - uvula

koyla/koila /m - coal

kulnam /m - surname, family name

khicadi - rice/lentils boiled together

kimbu - mulberry

kram /m - series, sequence, order, method kumari - princess, unmarried women

khicalo/khicolo - interference, quarrel

kimiya /f - alchemy /rasayan

krambodhak - ordinal number

kunba /m - family

kund - pond, tank

lahari - ripple, small wave, undulation

lekhak /m - writer, author

lvang - clove

kunji I /f - key

lahsun/lasun /m - garlic

lekhakar /m - accountant

ma bap /m/pl - parents

kunji II /f - key

laingikta /f - sexuality

lekhan /m - writing

maan I /m - measurement, measuring

kuposan - malnutrition

lajja/laj /f - shame, shyness, modesty

lekhika /f - writer authoress

Maancitra /m - map, cart

kura - word, matter, affair, talk

lakhpati /m - millionaire

lekhpadh - reading and writing, study

macan - stage

kura /m - rubbish, trash

lakir /f - line, rut, furrow

len den /f - deal, exchange

macch/machli/matsya /m -fish

kurakani - conversation, talk, chat

lakir ka faqir /m - conformist

lena-dena /m - relation, business, dealing macchar /m - mosquito

kurauni - milk boiled till nearly solid

lakkhan/laksha - a hundred thousand

leninvad - leninism

macchardani /f - mosquito net

kuredan /m - rubbish bin

lakri /f - wood, piece of wood

lid /f - dung

machli/macha/mahi /f - fish

kursi /f - chair

lakshya - aim, target, goal

lifafa /m - envelope

mad /m - intoxication, passion

kurta /m - loose shirt

lalac /m - greed

ligalige - uvula

mada /f - female

kushal /m - well being

lalfita /m - red tape

likhavat /f - writing, handwriting

madad /f - help

kushasan - maladministration

lalfitashahi /m - excessive bureaucracy

lila - a play, amusement, diversion

mades - the nepali tarai

kushbu /f- fragrance, perfume, aroma

lalsa /f - longing, desire

lilam - auction

madhu/maha /m - honey, mead

kushi /f - pleasure, happiness

lam - a long line, a queue

ling /m - gender, mark, sign, phallus

madhumakkhi /f - honeybee

kushkhabari /f - good news

lambai/lamai /f - length, height

linganupat /m - sex ratio

madhumeh /m - diabetes

kushqismati /f - good fortune

lamkhutte - mosquito

Lingayat dharma /m - lingayatism

madhusala /f - tavern, pub

kusti - wrestling

lanchana - stigma, blame, slander

lipi /f - script, alphabet, handwriting

madhyakalin - mediaeval

kut /m - appraisal, assessment, valuation

langur /m - long tail monkey

Lipyantran /m - transliteration

madhyam - medium

kutapita - beating, exchange of blows

lapravahi /f - carelessness

lobh /m - greed, covetousness, temptation madhyamik yug - middle ages

kutnaitik kshetra - strategical area

lapsi - a kind of sour fruit

log/lok /m/pl- people

madhyanha/madhya din - noon

kutniti /f - diplomacy

larai I /f - battle, war

logne - husband [common]

madhyantar /m - an interval, interlude

kutnitijha/kutnitigya /m - diplomat

larai II /f - fight, argumen

lognemanche/longemanis - male person madhyarat - midnight

kutta /m - dog

larakpan /m - childhood

loh/loha /m - iron, steel, metal

madhyavadhi - midterm

kutumb /m - family, linage

larka/ m - boy

lohar /m - blacksmith

madhyavarg /m - middle class

kuva - well

larki /f - girl

lohota - a small metal water pot

madhyavkash /m - interval, halftime

kvar I /m - prince, lordship

lash /f - carcass, dead body, corpse

lok - world, people, heaven/earth/hell

madhyayug /m - middle/medieval period

kvar II /m - child, son

lassi /f - yoghurt drink

lokgit /m - folksong

mafi /f - forgiveness

kvathanank /m - boiling point

latanpatan - deceit, fraud

loknayak /m - activist, leader, hero

magar/magarmacch /m - crocodile

lab /m - lip, edge

lathi /f - stick, truncheon

loknitya /m - folk dance

magaz/magaj I /m- brain

labh /m - value, profit, advantage

latti - kick

lokokti /f - popular saying, proverbs

magaz/magaj II /m - pulp, meat

labh-hani /f - benefit and detriment

lauha yug /m - iron age

loksabha /f - Indian parliament house

magne - beggar

ladain - war, battle, fighting, strife

lauro - stick

loksahitya /m - folk literature, folklore

magra /m - cathode

lagani - investment

Lavan /m - salt [formal]

loktantra /m - democracy

mah /m - a month

laghukatha - short story

lek - hilly region, mountain slopes

lomri /f - fox

mah/mahina /m - month

laghushanka /f - urination

lekh/lekha /m - written essay/article

Lon /m - salt

mah/mahtab /m - the moon [poetic]

lagra /m - lame person

lekha I /m - account, record

lotpot I /f - lying down resting

mahadhiveshan - general assembly

laguganak /m - logarithm [mathematics]

lekha II /m - evaluation, estimate

lotpot II /f - rolling on the flour, laughing mahadvip /m - continent

lahad - entertainment, amusement

lekhacitra /m - graph

luga - clothes, clothing

lahar /f - surge, frenzy, wave of emotion

Lekha-jokha /m - accounting, assessment lutf /m - enjoyment, pleasure

mahafil /f - cultural gathering mahajan I - wealthy/virtuous man

mahajan II - moneylender

malai /f - cream [dairy]

manovigyan - psychology

matar /f - pea

mahakavi - great poet

malba /m - rubble

mans/masu /m - meat, flash

matargasht /f/m - wandering, ambling

mahal /m - palace

malgari /f - goods train

mansha /f - aim, intention, goal

matbhed/matabhed /m- disagreement

mahamari /f - epidemic

mali /m - gardener

manspesi /f - muscle

matgannna/matganana /f - vote counting

mahanagar /m - city, metropolis

malik /m - boss, owner, proprietor

mansthiti - mental state

matha /m - forehead

mahapaur /m - mayor

maltal - article, goods

mantavya - opinion, comment

mathlo tala - upper floor

mahashay /m - gentleman, sir

maltyag /m - defecation

mantralaya /m - ministry

mati /f - clay

mahasul - tax, rate, custom, octroi

mamla /m - matter, affair

mantri /m - minister

matlab /m - meaning, motive, concern

mahasus - feeling, understanding

man /f - mum

manusya /m - human being, humanity

matmaila /f - dirty with soil, beige color

mahatta - magnitude, importance

man bap/m/pl- parents

manyata /f - recognition, validity

mato - consultation, counsel, opinion

mahattva /m - importance, magnitude

man I /m - mind intellect

manzil /f - day's travel, level

matoko sarvekshan - soil survey

mahattvakanksha I - high ambition

man II /m - heart, feeling emotion

manzuri /f - acceptance, approval, consent matra /f - amount, quantity, beat [music]

mahattvakanksha II - great aspiration

man III /m - soul

mapdanda - touchstone, standard

matribhakta - devotee of one's mother

mahaul /m - atmosphere

man IV /m - temperament

mar /f - beating

matribhasa /f - mother tongue

mahayuddh /m - great/world war

man V /m - intention, desire

maramar -fight

matriprem - mother love

mahila /f - lady, female, woman

manahi/manai- prohibition, control

marammat /f - repair

Matrisatta / f - matriarchy

mahima - exaltation

manan /m - thought, contemplation

mard/mardum /m - male, man

maudrik niti /f - fiscal/monetary policy

mahodata/mahoday /f/m - madam/sir

manashcikitsak /m - psychologist

mardshumari /f - census [rare]

maujudgi /f - attendance, presence

maida /m - fine ground flour

manav /m - human being, man, mankind

marg /m - path, road, street, route, way

mauna - silence, taciturnity, mum

maidan /m - open area, playing field,

Manavadhikar /m - human rights

margabhigaman /m - routing, rout control mauqa /m - chance, opportunity

mail /f - dirt

manavshastra - anthropology

margdarshan /m - guidance, direction

mauri - bee, honeybee

main batti - candle

Manavvigyan /m - anthropology

marghat /m - cremation ground

mausam /m - weather, season, monsoon

maina - few species of passerine birds

manc /m - stage, raised platform, pulpit

maric - black pepper

mausuph - royal honorific pronoun

maithun /m - coitus, copulation, paring

mancari - cluster of buds and flowers

mariz /m - patient

maut /f - death

maiyan - princess, daughter

manche - man, person

marka - loss, harm, damage

maya - love

maja - happiness, enjoyment rejoicing

mandal /m - disc, ring, zone, cycle, orbit

marm /m - core, inner meaning

Mayaka /m - mother's home

majburi /f - compulsion

Mandey /m - honorarium, reward

marpit /f - beating, trashing

mayan /m - anion [chemistry]

majh/majha/madhya /f - middle, center

mandi /f - market

marubhumi /f - desert area

mayka /m - wife's parental home

majhdhar I /f - the middle, middle part

mandir /m - temple

marusthal /m - desert

mayne /m - meaning, sense, i.e. viz

majhdhar II /f - the middle of the river

mandro - large bamboo or cane mat

marzi /f - preference, choice, wish

maza /m - fun, excitement, enjoyment

makai - corn, maize

mang/mag I /f - demand, claim

mas /m - month

mazaq /m - joke, fun

makal - moveable earthenware stove

mang/mag II /f - want, desire

masala /m - spices

mazdur /m - laborer

makan /m - house

mang/mag III /f - hair parting

masauda - draft, rough copy

mdata /m - creditor, lender

makan malik /m - landlord

mangal I /m - the planet mars

masi - ink

medhak /m - frog

makkanphal /m - avocado

mangal II /m - good fortune, wellbeing

masik dharma /m - period, menstruation

megh /m - cloud

makkhan/makhan /m - butter

mangga - demand, requirement

masjid /f - mosque

meha/mutra /m - urine

makkhi /f - fly

Manhani /f - slander, insult, defamation

masti /f - intoxication, enjoyment

mehant/mehanat /f - hard work, industry

makri /f - spider

manis - man, person

mastisk /m - brain, cerebrum [anatomy]

mehel - kind of a fruit

mal /m - goods, property, possessions

mann II /m - respect, pride, ego

mat /m - opinion, voice, dogma, belief

mehman /m - guest

mala /f - garland, necklace, rosary

manoranjan /m - entertainment

mata pita /m/pl- parents

mehrbani /f - kindness

mel I - meeting, unity, harmony, union morca /m - front [political, military]

mulvasi - native original inhabitant

nagarikta - adopted nepali citizenship

mel II - intimacy, friendship, alliance

mori /m - turn, turning

mulya /m - cost, price, worth, value

nagarpalika - municipal committee

mela /m - fair

mosam - orange

mulyankan /m - valuation, assessment

Nagarpalika /f - municipality

memsahab/memsahib /f - lady

moti /m - purl

munal - mountain bird specie

nahan I /m - bathing washing

menh /m - rain, rainfall

moticur /m - droplets sweets

munch /f - mustache

nahan II /m - idol bathing ritual

meva - melon

moza /m - sock

Mund /m - head

nai - used after the word for emphasis

mez /f - table

mrig/mirg /f - deer

mung /m - a kind of lentils, mung bean

nai /m - barber

mezban /m - host

mrtyu/mrityu /f - death

Munga cattan /f - coral reef

nain/naina/nayan /m - eye

mezbani /f - hospitality

mrtyudand/mrityudanda - death penalty mungphali /f - peanuts, groundnut

naitikta - morals, morality, ethics

micli /f - nausea

muck /m - mouth, face

munh/much/m - mouth, face

naito - navel

mihinet - labor, industry, work, toil

mudda - law suite, case

munim /m - accountant

najar - eye, vision, sight, look, glance

milibhagat /f - collusion, cahoots

mudki - blow of a fist

muqabla I /m - challenge, rivalry

najarana - gift, present, presentation

milipatthar /m - milestone

mudra /f - seal, coin, stamp, gesture

muqabla II /m - comparison

nak /f - nose

mimamsa /f - profound thought

mudrak - printer

muqadma /m - lawsuit, case

nakhun /m - fingernail

minar /m - tower, minaret

mudrakshar - printing type

murccha /f - faint, swoon

nakka pora - nostrils

mirc /f - peper, chilli

mudran - act of printing

murda /m - corpse

nakkal - copy, fashion

misal /f - example

mudranalay/mudralaya - printing press

murg /m - cock, cockerel

naksha - pattern, map, plan, chart

mishradhatu /f- alloy

muh I /m - mouth, face

murgi /f - hen, chicken

nal /m - tap, pipe

mishran /m - mixture

muh II /m - direction

murkh /m - fool

nala /m - seasonal stream

misri - sugar candy, rock candy

muh III /m - consideration [figuratively]

murkhata /f - foolishness

nali /f - tube, drain, channel

mistri /m - skilled worker, artist

muh IV /m - reputation [figuratively]

murti /f - image, statue, idol

Nali /f - tube, pipe

mit - friend (ritually concluded)

muhabat /f - love

murtipuja /f - idolatry

nalikhutto - shin bone

mithai /f - sweet dish, sweetmeat, sweets

muhan - source of a river or canal

musalman /m - muslim

Nam /f - moisture, humidity, dew

mithas /f - sweetness

muhar - facade

musibat /f - trouble, misfortune, crisis

nam /m - name, fame, reputation, noun

miti - date, limit, time, measurement

muhavra /m - saying, idiom

muso - mouse, rat

nam namasi - name and address

mitra /m - friend

muhurta I - time division; 48 minutes

musoko dulo - mousehole

namak /m - salt

mitrata /f - friendship

muhurta II - auspicious moment

musuro - a kind of lentils

Namankan /m - nomination, appointment

mitti/matti/mato I /f - earth, soil

muhurta III - moment

mutthi /f - fist

nami /f - dampness humidity

mitti/matti/mato II /f - dust

mukam - halting place, camping place

mutu - heart

nami girami /f - famed, renowned

mitti/matti/mato III /f - dirt, grime

mukhyalay /m - headquarters

mvain - kiss

namkaran - naming ceremony

mizal /m - temperament

mukhyamantri /m - chief minister, cm

nabhik /m - nucleus [physics]

namkarma - naming ceremony

mohani - charm, enchantment

mukyadhara /f - mainstream

Nabkhiya astra /m - nuclear weapon

namkin /m - savory snack

mohi - buttermilk

mul /m - origin, root

nac /m - dance, dancing

namnishan - name trace, vestige

moja - socks, stocking, hose

mula - radish

nadi /f - river

namuna /m - sample, example

mol /m - price, value

mulaksar /m - alphabet, letter

nadirshahi /f - cruelty, tyranny

namyogi - postposition

mol bhav /m - bargaining, haggling

mulaqat /f - meeting, encounter

naf/nabhi /f - navel, belly button

nang - nail

mol tol /m - bargaining, haggling

muldhan /m - capital, principal

nafrat /f - dislike, hatred

nangapan /f - nakedness

mom /m - wax

muli /f - white radish

nagar /m - town, city

nani - baby

mombatti /f - candle

mulsadak - main road

nagarik /m - citizen

naqal /f - copy, copying

mor/mayur/bhale mujur /m - peacock

muluk - country, realm, kingdom

nagarik shastra - civics, civic studies

naqqara/nagara /m - music

naqsha /m - map, plan

nazar /f - glace, evil eye of jealousy

nirnaya II - resolution, determination

okhati - medicine

Nar rup /m - human form

nebharo - fig

nirodh /m - prevention, condom brand

ola /m - hailstone

nara /m - trouser string

nem /m - rule, custom, religious rite

nirvacan - election

or /f - side, direction

nara /m -slogan, striking word, phrase

neta /m - leader, guide, chief, politician

nis - gneiss

os /f - dew

narak /m - hell

netra /m - eye

niscay /m - decision

oth - lip, lips

Narbhaksi /m - man-eater, demon

netritva - leadership, guidance, lead

nishan /m - mark, target

paad /m - fart

nardan - neck

nibandh/ibandha /m II - bond, fixation

nishcaya - determination, confidence

paadak /m - podium

narendra/naresh - king

nibandh/nibandha /m I - article, essay

nisto - plain, bland

paar I - end, limit, other side

nari /f - artery, pulse, wrist

nibuva - lemon

nitamba - hip

paar II - renunciation

nari /f - woman, wife

nicor /m - extract, essence

niti /f - policy, moral conduct, manners

paar III - accomplishment

nariyal/narival /m - coconut

nideshak /m - director, guide, superior

niun - pretext, excuse

paar IV - deliverance, liberation, relief

Narsanhar /m - genocide, massacre

nidhan - destruction, death, poor

nivas /m - residence, abode, dwelling

paatra I /m - cup, glass, container

Narvrsabh /m - minotaur

nidhar - forehead

nivasi /m - inhabitant, resident, native

paatra II /m - actor, character

nas/naso /f - vein, nerve, sinew

nidho - confirmation, final word

nivedan /m - formal request

pabandi /f - restriction, rule

nasal /f - breed, race, ethnic group

nigam /m - corporation

niyam /m - rule, principle, practice, law

pacan /m - digestion

nasalvad /m - racism

nigrani /f - surveillance, watch

niyantran - control, restraint

pacan tantra /m - digestive system

nasalvadi /m - racist

nihun - excuse, pretense, pretext

niyat /f - intention

pacchim - west

nash /m - destruction, devastation, waste

niji kshetra - private sector

niyati /f - fate, luck, fortune, destiny

pad I /m - foot, step, foot step, word

nasha /m - intoxication

nikaya - body, system

niyukti /f - appointment, meeting

pad II /m - job, rank, position, hymn

nashta /m - breakfast, snack

nimantran /m - invitation, invite

nok /f - point, tip

padadhikari - officer, authority

naspati - pear

nimitta - cause, motive, reason

nokar - servant

padadhikari /m - postholder

nastic /m - atheist

Nimna sadan /m- lower house

noni /f - fresh butter [from churn]

padak /m - medal, award, brand, seal

nata /m - relationship, alliance

nimnalikhit - mentioned below

nrtya /m - dance

padarth /m - substance, object

natadar - relative

nind/nidra /f - sleep, drowsiness

nuhaune kotha - bathroom

padartha - meaning of a word, matter

natak /m - drama, play

ninda /f - condemnation, censure, blame

nukkar /f - streetcorner

padavi - title, designation, post, rank

natija /m - result, consequence

nindan - vilification

nun - salt

padhai - study, teaching method

naujavan /m - young man, youth

niptara - settlement, reconciliation

nuqsan /m - loss, damage, harm

padhelekheka - educated, literate

naukar /m - servant, employee

nipunta /f - skill

nyauri - mongoose

padyatra /f - march, walk, hike

naukari /f - job, employment

nirakaran - annulment, removal

nyay/nyaya m - justice, equity, reason

pagal - a mad man

naukarshahi /f - bureaucracy

nirantarta - continuity, continuation

nyayadhish /m - judge, justice

pagalkhana /m - madhouse

naun - name

nirasha /f - disappointment, despair

nyayalay/nyayalaya - court of justice

pagri /f - turban

nauni - butter

nirdayata - cruelty, brutality

nyayapalika /m - judiciary

pahacan /f - characteristic feature

nausena /f - navy

nirdesh/nirdeshan - instruction, order

nyayashastra - jurisprudence

pahad /m - hill mountain

nav /f - boat, ship

nirdeshak /m - director, guide, superior

nyota /m - an invitation, invite

pahal /m - beginning, start [ of a task]

Navjivan /m - new life

niriksan /m - inspection

ochyan - bedding, sleeping mat, quilt

pahar /m - 'watch', three hours segment

navni/navnit /m - butter

nirman I - construction, manufacture

odhan - iron stand for cooking over fire

pahara /m - watch, guard

Naya niyam - new testament

nirman II - framing, formation

odhne - blanket, bedcover, bedroll

pahari /f - hill hillock

nayak /m - hero, leader

nirmata - producer, builder, creator

ohar dohar - coming and going

pahari pradesh - hilly region

nayakatva - leadership, hegemony

nirnay /m - decision, judgement

ohor dohor - coming and going

pahican - recognition, identity

nayapan /m - newness

nirnaya I - discernment, ascertainment okhar- walnut

pahiran - costume, suit, garments

pahiya /m - wheel

panna/pana /m - page [book leaf]

paripurti - perfection, completion

patang /m - kite [toy]

pahlu /m - aspect, side

pantha - path, sect, religious order

parishist - appendix, supplement

patanga /m - moth

pahuna - visitor, guest

panthi I /m- follower, sectarian

parishram /m - hard labor, toil

patani - irrigation

paidaish /f - birth

panthi II /m - traveler

paristhiti I /f - circumstances, situation

path I /m - lesson, reading, recital

paidavar /m - produce

pap /m - sin

paristhiti II /f - environment

path II /m - path, course

pair /m - foot

papi /m - sinner

paristhiti III - context

path III /m - chapter

pair ki ugli /f - toe

par /m - wing, feather, quill

parityag - abandonment, abdication

pathak /m - reader

paisa /m - cent

parajaya - defeat

parivar /m - family

pathapradarshak /m - guidebook

paitalo - sole

Parakh /f - test, assessment

parivartan /m - change, exchange

patho/pathi - lamb [male/female]

pajani I - overhauling of appointments parakram - power, strength, velour

pariyojana - project

pathsala /f - school, learning institute

pajani II - setting in order

paramanu /m- atom

parkhal - wall

pathshala - school, seminary

Pakau /m- very annoying person

paramatma /m - supreme being

Parn/parna I /m - feather [bird]

pathshalaya - school, college, academy

pakhala - diarrhea

paramdham I - heaven, paradise

Parn/parna II /leaf [tree]

pathyakram /m - curriculum [teaching]

pakheta - wing

paramdham II - the next world, demise paro - mercury

pathyapustak /f - textbook

pakhura - arm

parameshvar /m - god, lord, master

paros /m - neighborhood

pati /m - husband

pakku - meat fried in butter

paramgati - liberation, salvation

parosi/parosin /m/f - neighbor

patjhar - autumn, fall

pakrau - capture, arrest, seizure

parampad - salvation, liberation

parpatra /m - passport

patni /f - wife, better half

paks /m - side [argument], wing

parampara /f - tradition, sequence, order

parva I - festival, holiday

patra /m - letter, page, leaf, document

paksha - wing, part, party

parantu - but, still/the remaining life

parva II - chapter, section, canto

patrakar /m - journalist

paksi /m - bird

parapacuke - divorce

parvah /f - care, concern, heed

patrakarita /f - journalism

pal /m - moment

pararastra - foreign/another county

parvat - hill, mountain, rock

patravahak /m - postman, mailman

pal nav /f - sailboat

pararastra mantri - foreign minister

paryatak/paryatan /m - wanderer, tourist

patre cattan - sedimentary rock

palak/palunggo /f - spinach

parat /f - layer

paryatakharuko svarg - tourist paradise

patrika /f - journal, magazine

palan /m - care, upbringing, observance

parav /m - stage of a journey

paryavaran /m - environment

patta/pattha I /m - leaf, foliage

palan posan /m - upbringing [children]

parca - leaflet, settlement record

paryay /m - synonym

patta/pattha II /m - leaflet, address

palang /m - bed

parda /m - curtain, screen, veil, partition

pas /m - nearby

patta/pattha III /m - playing cards

palatvar /m - countermove, response

parela - eyelash

pasal - shop, warehouse, booth

patta/pattha IV /m - paddle

palthi /f - cross legged posture

pareshani /f - anxiety, concern

pasale - shopkeeper, merchant, vendor pattan /m - port, harbor

pan I /m - betel nut leaf

pareva - pigeon, young dove

pasan /m - stone [chiefly in compounds]

pattee /f - bandage

pan II /m - hearts [card game]

parhai /f - studies, studying

pashcim /m - west

patthar /m - stone

pancangga - almanac of astrology

pari - the other side /shore/boundary

pashu /m - beast, domesticated animal

patti - side

panchayat /m - village assembly

pari /f - fairy

pashupalan - animal husbandry

paudha /m - plant

pancsil /m - five principles agreement

paribhasa - definition, terminology

pasina /m - sweat

paur /f - porch, doorway, gate

pandit /m - brahmin scholar

paricalan - mobilization

pasli /f - rib

pauri - swimming

pani /m - water, rain

paricay/parcaya /m - acquaintance

pata - jute, hessian, silk, silk threat

pauroti - bread

panir /m - cheese

paricched - division, paragraph

pata /m - address, awareness

paustik - nutrition

paniun - flat ladling rice spoon

pariksha /f - examination, investigation

patak - times, occasion

pav /m - foot, leg

panjaa - gloves, covering of the hands

parikshan - examination, investigation pataka/patakha /- firecracker

Pavitra atma /f - holy spirit [Christianity]

panjika - register, list, calendar

parinam /m - result, consequence

pec /m - screw

pankh/pankha /m - fan, wing, feather

parinati - transformation, culmination patan - packing, package

patan - fall, downfall, degradation

peckash /m - screwdriver

per /m - tree

pindalu - a kind of root

pradurbhav II - appearance

prashansa /f - praise, commendation

per-paude /m/pl - flora, greenery

pindulo - calf of the leg

pradurbhav III - manifestation

prashasan - administration

pesha /m - profession, occupation

ping - swing

pradurbhav IV - serious outbreak

prashiksan /m - training

peshab /m - urine

pinrja /m - cage

pradusan /m - pollution

prashnavali - questionnaire

peshi /f - muscle, sinew, tendron

pir - anxiety, distress, mental trouble

pragati /f - progress, advancement

prashnottar /m - discussion, interview

pet /m -stomach, belly

pira - floor seat of straw or wood

prahari - police

prasn/prashna /m - question

peti I /f - belt, girdle

pira /f - pain, ache

praja - subject, people, progeny

prassanta /f - gladness, satisfaction

peti II /f - box, chest, casket

pirhi /f - generation

prajatantra - democracy, people's rule

prastav - proposal, foreword

phaisala - judgement, adjudication

pita /m - father

prakar /m - type, kind, way, sort

prastavana - introduction, preface

phaksha/pakhvara /m - fortnight

pital/pittal /m - brass

prakash I /m - light

pratha /f - custom, practice, system

phal I /m - fruit

pith/pithium /f - back

prakash II /m - manifestation, publication prathamikta - priority, precedence

phal II /m - result, outcome

pitho - flour, powder

prakashak - publisher

prati /f - copy

phalam - iron

pitr /m - father, parental ancestor

prakashan - publication, publishing

pratibaddhata - commitment

phalphul - fruits and flowers

poila - running away with a man

Prakashanu /m - photon

pratibha /f - talent, brilliance, wit

phalphul kheti - horticulture

pokhari - pond, lake, reservoir

prakashkiya - related to the publisher

pratibimb /m - reflection

phalvala /m - fruit seller

poleko masu - barbecued meat

prakashvarsh /m - light-year

pratibimba - reflection, image, shadow

phanda /m - trap, snare

posan /m - fostering, supporting, caring

prakriti /f - nature, talent

pratidhvani /f - echo

phansi /f - noose, hanging rope, hanging

poshak /f - dress, clothing

prakritik gyas - natural gas

pratik /f - symbol, fetish

phapar - buckwheat

pot /m - vessel, ship, boat

prakriya - method, technique

pratikar - retaliation, revenge

phaphola /m - blister

pot /n - belly, stomach, abdomen, uterus

Praksepastra /m - missile

pratikriya - reaction

pharak - difference, separation, apart

pothi mujur - peahen

praman I /m - proof, testimony, evidence pratiksha - expectation

pharar - absconding, fled

poto - a smearing rag

praman II /m - attestation, ascertainment

pratinidhi - representative, substitute

pharsi - large yellow pumpkin

prabandhak - manager, essay writer

pramanpatra - certificate, permit

pratinidhitva - deputation

phatak /m - gate

prabhat - daybreak, dawn

pramukh - principal, chief, head

pratipaksha - opposition, rival side

phatyangro - cricket, grasshopper

prabhav /m - influence, dominance

pran/prana /m - vitality, life, breath

pratipakshi - opponent, contralateral

phavra /m - spade

pracalan - custom, usage, movement

pranali - method, mode, way

pratisat/pratishat - percent percentage

phephra/phokso /m - lungs

pracar I - announcement

pranta - border, end, extremity

Pratishod /m - revenge, vengeance

pherabadal - change, modification

pracar II - advertisement

pranvayu /f - oxygen

pratishodh - retaliation, blood feud

phesan/faishan - fashion, trend

pracinta - antiquity, ancientness

prapti I - receipt, income, profit

pratisparddha /f - rivalry, competition

phila - thigh

pradarshak /m - presenter, guide, teacher

prapti II - procuration, acquisition

pratistha /f - reputation, prestige

phranseli -french

pradarshan /m - show, demonstration

prarambha /m - initiation, starting point

prativedan - report, representation

phul /m - flower [also egg]

pradarshani /m - exhibition

prarthana /f - prayer, entreaty, request

pratiyogita - rivalry, hostility

phulbari - flower garden

pradesh /m - region, territory, state

prasanga I - relation, association

pravacan - commentary, explanation

phuleko kesh - grey hair

Pradhan /m - master, head, principal

prasanga II - connection, context

pravesh /m - entry, admission, access

phulgobhi/phulkopi /f - cauliflower

pradhan mantri /m - prime minister

prasanga III - discussion

praveshmarg /m - doorway, door, gate

phuljhari /f - firework, sparkler

pradhanacarya /m - school principal

prasar - expansion, extent, diffusion

pravidhi - technique

phulka /m - chapati

pradhanadhyapak /m - headmaster

prasav /m - childbirth, delivery

pravidhigya - technician

phyauro - fox

pradhannyayadhish - chief justice

prasavvedna /f - labor/childbirth pain

pravrtti /f - tendency, inclination, trend

picha /m - rear

pradhyapak /m - teacher, lecturer

prashangsa I - praise, applause, eulogy prayas /m - effort, attempt, endeavor

pichvara /m - backside, back

pradurbhav I - prevalence

prashangsa II - appreciation

prayatna - effort, attempt, endeavor

prayog /m - effort, performance, usage

purusartha I - manly achievement

racayita - composer, writer, author

rajya - kingdom, state, territory

prayogkarta /f - user

purusartha II - energy, vigor, velour

racna /f - creation, artistic work, structure rajyadhikar - royal rights, jura regia

prayogsala /f - laboratory, lab

purvadhar - infrastructure

radhi - coarse woolen rug

rajyapal /m - state governor

prayojan /m - purpose, objective

purvagrah /m - prejudice

raftar /f speed

rakh /f - ash, ashes

prem /m - love

purvaj/purkha /m - ancestor, forebear

rag/raga /m - emotion, tune, harmony

raksa /f - protection, defense, guard

premi /m - lover

purvottar /m - northeast

ragmala /m - collections of ragas

raksi - alcoholic drink

pret I- spirit of the dead, ghost

purza /m - part, component, scrap

rah /f - route, way

rakt/ragat /m - blood

pret II - evil spirit, greedy person

pusta - generation, succession

rahar - kind of lentils

raktacap /m - blood pressure

pristh I /m - page

pustak /f - book

rahasya /m - secret, mystery

raktpat /m - bloodshed, violence

pristh II /m back, rear

pustakalay/pustakalaya - library

rahat /f - comfort, relief, ease

raktsancar /m - blood circulation, pulse

prithvi /f - earth, planet

pusti - nourishment, nutrition

rain /f - the night [poetic]

ralmahal /m - place, royal residence

priti /f - affection, love, attachment

putali - butterfly

rainbasera /m - night's lodging

ramban /m - potent and effective elixir

pritibhoj /m - banquet

puttha I /m - muscle, haunch, rump, hip

rais /m - aristocrat, nobleman

randi /f - prostitute

protsahan /m - encouragement

puttha II /m - spine [of a book]

raithane - local inhabitant, aborigine

rang /m - color, dye

prsthbhumi I /f - background, backdrop

pval - hole, opening

raiti - tenant, leaseholder, farmer

rangamanc - stage

prsthbhumi II /f - background record

pyala /m - cup

raja/raj /m - king, ruler, sovereign

rangkarma /m - stagecraft, acting

puchtach /f - inquiry

pyar /m - love, affection

rajaharuma - among kings

rangmanc /m - stage, platform

pudina/padina /f - mint

pyas /f - thirst

rajasva - revenue, royalty

rango - water buffalo [male]

puja /f - worship, adoration

pyaz/piaj /m/f - onion

rajbhasa /f - official/national language

rangrez /m - dyer

puja kotha - prayer room

qabra /f - grave

rajdarbar - the king's palace

rani /f - queen

pul /m - bridge

qabu /m - power, control, hold

rajdhani /f capital city

ranniti - strategy

pulinda /m - packet, bubble

qad /m - height, stature

rajdut /m - ambassador, diplomat

rap - heat of the sun/fire

punargathan - reorganization

qadam, /m - step, pace

rajdutavas /m - embassy

Raqs /m - dance, dancing [rare]

punarnirman - reconstruction

qadamta m - march, procession

rajhans /m - swan, flamingo

ras /m - juice, essence, delight, pleasure

punarvalikan - revision, review

qalam /m - pen

rajikhushi I - willingness

rasayan /m - chemistry, admixture, elixir

punarvas - rehabilitation

qamiz/kamej /f - shirt

rajikhushi II - gladly accepting

rasayanvigyan /m - chemistry

punch/pucchar /f - tail

qanun /m - law

rajinama - agreement, compromise

rashi /f - sum amount, zodiac sign

puniun - flat spoon used for ladling rice

qarz /m - debt, loan

rajkaj - governmental administration

rashipal /m - horoscope, rashifal

punji asti /f - capital asset

qasai /m - butcher

rajkarya - public affair, state affairs

rasid /f - receipt

punya /m - merit

qasam /f - oat

rajkul /m - dynasty, royal family

rasik /m - enjoyer, aficionado

punyatithi /f - death anniversary

qasur /m - fault, offence, failing, guilt

rajkumar - prince

rasoi /f - kitchen

purashcaran - repeating deity's name

qiat /f - instalment, episode

rajkumari/rajkanya - princess

rasoighar /m - kitchen

purashcarya - repeating deity's name

qila /m - fort

rajnaitik gatividhi - political movement rasoiya /m - cook

puraskar /m - prize, award

qimat /f - price, cost, value

rajneta /m - politician

rassi /f - string, rope

puratatva - archaeology

qism /m - a kind, variety

rajniti /f - politics, political science

rasta I /m - road, way, path

puri /f - deep fried/cooked in butter roti

qismat /f - fate, luck

rajnitihna/rajnitigya /m - politician

rasta II / m - direction, method

purnank /m - integer [mathematics]

qissa /m - story, tale

rajnitik labh - political importance

rastra /m - state, nation

purnaviram /m - period, full stop

qist /f - sort, kind, matter

rajparisad - council of state

rastrabhasa /f - national language

purnima - full moon day

racak - author, writer, maker

rajprasad - palace

rastragan /m - national anthem

purohit - family priest

racana - composition, formation

rajtantra - monarchy

rastranayak - head of state

rastravad /m - nationalism

rista /m - connection, relationship

sacetak - whip

sahakarmi /m - colleague, coworker

rastravadi - a nationalist, nationalistic

ristedar /m - relation, relative

saciv - secretary, advisor, companion

sahalekhak - co author

rastriya jagaran - national awakening

rivaj /m - practice, training

sacivalaya - secretariat

sahan I /m- patience, enduring, bearing

rastriya rastra - nation state

riyaz /f - custom, practice

Sad /m - sound, noise [archaic]

sahan II /m - tolerance, endurance

rastriya suraksa /f - national security

rodh - obstruction, obstacle, hindrance sadagi /m - simplicity, nativity

sahan III /m- forbearance

rastriya udyan /m - national park

rog /m - sickness, disease, illness, ailment sadak - road [metaled]

sahanubhuti /f - sympathy

rastriyata /f - nationality, nationalism

rogi /m - patient, sick person

sadan - residence, house, assembly hall sahara/sahaya /m - assistance, support

rat ka khana /m - dinner

rojgar - trade, profession, occupation

Sadan /f - decomposition, decay, rot

rat/ratri /f - night

rok /f - prohibition, restriction, limitation sadar - acceptance, approval, sanction

sahasrabdi - millennium

ratna /m - jewel, jam

roshni I /f - light, brightness, splendor

sadar namaste - respectfully yours

Sahasraman /m - kilometer [rare]

raun - hair of the body

roshni II /f - lamp, any source of light

sadar upatyaka - central valley

Sahasrapad /m - millipede

raunak /f - liveliness of mood or place

roti /f - flatbread, daily bread, livelihood

sadasya /m - member, user [internet]

sahayak /m - assistant, helper, colleague

ravaiya /m - attitude, manner, conduct

roz /m - day

sadasyanam /m - user name

sahayak nadi - tributary (river)

ravani /f - fluency

rtu/ritu /f - season of the year

sadasyata - membership

sahayog samiti - cooperative society

ray I /f - king

ruci /f - taste, liking, interest

sadbhavana - friendship

sahayog/sahyog /m - cooperation

ray II /f - opinion, belief

rugha - cold, catarrh, chill

sadhan I /m - material, resource

sahayogi - colleague, supporter, friend

ray III /f - advice

rukhai /f - dryness, roughness, harshness

sadhan II /m - medium, means, equipment sahayta/sahayata /f - assistance, support

ray IV /f - vote

rumal /m - handkerchief

sadhana I - devoted labor or striving

saheli /f - female's female friend

rayako sag - mustard greens [large]

rup /m - form, shape, aspect, appearance

sadhana II - object of devotion

sahitya /m - literature

raz /m - secret

rupantar I - metamorphosis

sadhana III - propitiating a spirit/ghost sahityakar - writer, author

razai /f - quilt

rupantar II - translation, conversion

sadhana IV - reciting sacred verses

sahityashastra - poetics, rhetoric

registan /f - desert

rupaya/rupiyan /m - rupee, money

sadharan sabha - general assembly

sahjivan /m - symbiosis, coexistence

rekha / I /f - line

ruprati daman niti - oppression

sadi I /f - wedding

sahmati/sahamati /f - agreement, consent

Rekha II /f - curve, stroke

ruprekha /f - outline, overview

sadi II /f - century

sahu I - businessman, merchant, trader

rekhagnit /m - geometry

saansad /m - member of parliament

sadiccha - good wishes, good will

sahu II - banker, moneylender

rekhakand /m - line segment [geometry]

saar I - substance, spirit, purport

sadupayog - utilization

sahuni - shopkeeper (female)

relgari /f - train

saar II - essence, kernel, chief part

sadyantra /m - conspiracy, plot, intrigue

sai /m - lord, saint

resham /m - silk

saar III - vigor

safai /f - cleaning, cleanness

sainik /m - soldier

ret /f - sand

sabaq /m - lesson

safar /m - journey, travel

sainik viman - military plane

rezgari /f - change, small change

sabha - assembly, meeting, gathering

sag /m - green vegetables

sair /f - trip, walk

rica - verse, hymn

sabhapati - chairman

saga bhai - real brother

saja/sajaya - punishment, penalty

rihai I - release, acquittal, discharge

sabhyata I /f - civility, courtesy, manners sagapat - leafy vegetables

sajjan /m - gentleman

rihai II - deliverance, setting free

sabhyata II /f - civilization

sagar /m- ocean, sea, sky, heaven

sakhti /f - hardness, strictness

rijha - gladness, contentment

sabut /m - proof, evidence, testimony

sagarkhand - sweet potato

saksatkar /m - interview

riktata /f - emptiness, lacking

sabzi/sagsabji /f - vegetables

sagarmatha - chomolungma, everest

sakshar - literate

rin/rina/m - debt, loan, due, obligation

sabzimandi /f - mobile vegetable stall

Sagartat /m - shoreline, coast

saksharta - literacy

rini - debtor, indebted

sac /m - truth

sage sambandhi /m/pl - close relatives

saksi /m - witness

ris - anger, wrath, irritation

saca /m - mould

sahab/sahib /m - honorific male

sal /m year of vikram samvat

rishi/risi /m - sage, saint, wise ascetic

sacai /f - truthfulness, honesty

sahabhagi - partner, accomplice

salagirah /f - anniversary, birthday

rishvat /f - bribe

sacca dost /m - true friend

sahabhagita - participation

salah - locust

sahas /m - courage

salai - matches

Samayavastha /f - equilibrium

sancalak /m - manager, conductor

sangram /m- battle, war, fight

salaiko batta - match box

sambal - support

sancalan - managing, directing

sangyojik - conjunction

sancar /m - communication

sangyukta rastra sangh - u.n.o

Sal-e-nau /m - the new year, coming year sambandh/sambandha /m - relationship saliab /m - flood

Sambar /m - south Indian vegetable curry sancar/sancaran - movement, motion

sanhar I /m - coming together

salig/salik - statue, effigy, idol, image

sambhavana /f - possibility, probability

sandarbh /m - context, appendage

sanhar II /m - annihilation, massacre

sallaha I /f - consultation, advice

sambhog /m - sexual intercourse

sandarbha I - context, appendage

sanjan/sangya /f - noun

sallaha II /f - conference

sambodhan - address, calling aloud

sandarbha II - formation, construction Sanjh /f - evening, dusk, twilight

sallahakar - advisor, consultant

samcar - news, information

sandarbha III - expansion

Sankalp /m - resolution, commitment

saluk /m - conduct, behavior

samiti - committee

sandarbha IV - treatise, anthology

sankat /m - emergency, crisis

salvar qamiz /f - women's suit

samjah /f - understanding

sandarbha suci - bibliography

sankhya I /f - number [total]

samacar /m - news, information

samjhana - remembrance

sandeh /m - doubt, suspicion

sankhya II /f - counting, calculating

samacar patra /m - newspaper

samlaingikta - homosexuality

sandesh I /m - information, news

sankramankal - transitional period

samadhan I /m - solution, resolution

samman /m - honor

sandesh II /m - message, command

sanracana - structure, anatomy

samadhan II /m - removal of doubts

sammati /f - consent, approval, consensus sandesh III - gift, present

sanrakshak - preserver, guardian

samadhi /f - state of trance, memorial

sammelan - conference, congress

sandhe - bull

sanrakshan - guardianship, conservation

samagri I /f - material, substance

samna /m - confrontation, encounter

Sandhya I /f - evening, dusk

sans /f - breath, breathing

samagri II - data, information

sampaadak /m - editor

Sandhya II /f - transition, juncture

sansad /m - parliament

samaj /m - society, community

sampaadakiy /m - editorial

Sandhya III /f - sandhyavandana ritual

sanshodhan I - correction, purification

samaj shastra - sociology

sampada /f - wealth, assets, estate

sanduq /m - box

sanshodhan II - revision, amendment

samajseva /f - social work, social service

sampark /m - contact, link

sangat /f - accompaniment

sanskar I /m - cycle of births

samajvad /m - socialism

samparka - company, association

sanggathan I - organization, union

sanskar II - reformation, purification

samajvadi /m - socialist

sampatti /f - property

sanggathan II - league

sanskar III - initiation, ritual,

samajvadi rajya - socialist state

sampatti /f - property, possessions, riches sanggharsa - struggle, conflict, friction sanskaran I - correction, refining

samalocana - review

sampradaya - sect, tradition, custom

sangh I - assembly, association

sanskaran II - edition

saman I /m - luggage, goods, furniture

samrat - emperor, king of the kings

sangh II - multitude

sanskriti /f - culture, customs, tradition

saman II /m - items, materials, belongings samtal I /m - plane, flat surface

sanghu - small bamboo/wood bridge

sansmaran - recollection, memory

saman III /m - apparatus, tools, appliances samtal II /m - plane [geometry]

sangi /m - companion

sanstha /f - institution, establishment

samanta /f - likeness, similarity, equality

samuccay /m - collection, aggregate, mass sangit /m - music

sansthan - institution, establishment

samanti - feudal, feudatory

samuday /m - community

sangitkar /m - musician

sansthapan I - foundation

samanvaya - uniformity, harmony

samudra /m - sea, ocean

sangkalan - collection, compilation

sansthapan II - initiation, inauguration

samaroh /m - function, event, ceremony

Samudratat /m - shoreline, coast

sangkalpa I - solemn promise

sant/santa /m - ascetic, pious, devotee

samarpan - offering, deliverance

samuh/samuha I /m - group, community

sangkalpa II - resolve, determination

santa mahanta - holy men

samarthak - supporter, vindicator

samuh/samuha II /m - association, block

sangkalpa III - solution

santan - family, lineage, genealogy

samarthan /m - ratification, support

samunnati - progress, development

sangkat I - hint, symbol, gesture, sign

santan nigraha/nirodh - birth control

samarthata - capability, competence

samvad /m - dialogue

sangkat II - peril, calamity, agony

santara /m - orange

samasti - collectiveness, totality

Samya /m - equality, egalitarianism

sanglo - roach

santos /m - satisfaction

samast-pad /m - compound word

samyasarni/samyasuci /f - timetable

sangmarmar/shalimar /m - marble

santulan /m - balance, equalization

samasya /f - problem, dilemma

samyatantra/samyavad - communism

sangrah I /m - collection, compiling

santvana /f - consolation

samata - equableness, similarity

samyukt parivar - joint family

sangrah II /m - compendium, ontology

Sanvad /m - correspondence, news

samay /m - time, season, occasion

san - jute

sangrahalay /m - museum

Sanvaddata /m - news reporter

sanvarddhan - breeding, fostering

sathi /m - companion, friend

Shabdabs /m - syllable

sanvidhan /m - constitution

sati - virtuous/chaste/faithful wife

Shabdadambar /m - extravagant language sharbat /f - a sweet drink

sanyukt parivar /m - joint family

satopuglo - spirit, presence of mind

Shabdasagar /m - dictionary

sharir /m - body

sanyuktaksar /m - conjunct characters

satra /m - session, term, semester

shabdkosh /m - dictionary

sharkara /f - sugar [granulated or candid]

saphalta /f - success, achievement

satta /f - existence, being, authority

Shabdsuci /f - wordlist

sharm /f - shame

sapna /m - dream, reverie, vision

satta I - change, exchange, interchange Shabnam /f - dew

sharma I /f - shame

saptah /m - week

satta II - speculation

shadi /f - wedding, marriage

sharma II /f - bashfulness, shyness

saptahant /m - weekend

sattarudh - ruling, wielding power

shagrid /m - pupil, disciple

shart /f - condition, [terms of agreement]

saptak /m - octave

satu - flour of dry fried corn

shahad /m - honey

shasak - administrator, governor

sar /m - head [anathomy]

saucalay /m - toilet, lavatory

shahar /m - city, town

shasan /m - government, authority

sarak /f - road, street

saundarya /m - beauty, charm, prettiness

shaharikaran - urbanization

shasan parivartan - coup, putsch

saranggi - a kind of violin

sauph /f - aniseed, fennel

Shaharvasi /m - city dweller

shasan pranali - constitution

sardar/sardani /m/f - sikh man/woman

saurmandal /m - solar system

shahi /f - rule, reign

shasana - punishment, suppression

sardi /f - common cold, head cold, winter sauta - co wife

shahid /m - martyr

Shasanhinata /f - anarchy, lawlessness

saripha - custard apple

sauteli ma /f - stepmother

shaili /f - style [in art etc.]

shasankal - term of office, reign

sarjan I /m - creation, making

savahak /m - conductor, manager

shaitan /m - devil

shasankarta - administrator, governor

sarjan II /m - abandonment, release

saval I /m - question, plumb

Shaitani dharma /m - satanism

shasanpaddhati - political system

sarkar /f - government, administration

saval II - a laden weight on a line

shak /m - doubt, suspicion

shasantantra /m - governance

sarkari bhasa - official language

savari /f - passenger, rider

shakahari /m - vegetarian

shastra I /m - learning scripture, treatise

sarni /f - table, schedule

savdhani /f - care, caution

shakarkand /m - sweet potato

shastra II /m - weapon, tool, instrument

sarpanc /m - head of Panchayat

savera /m - morning

shakha /f - branch [tree or organization]

Shastri /m - scholar, scientist

sarso /f - mustard plant

savidhan I /m - constitution [law]

shaks /m - person, individual, fellow

shatabdi/shatabda /f - century

Sarth /m - convoy

savidhan II /m - arrangement, assembling shakti /m - energy, strength, vigor, reach

shatakvir /m - centenarian

sarvahara - proletariat

saya/chaya /m - shade, shadow, shelter

shaktiparikshan - trial of strength

shatpad/calispad /m - centipede

sarva-islamvad /m - pan-Islamism

saza /f - punishment

shal /f - shawl

shatranj /m - chess

sarvanam /m - pronoun

saza-e-maut /f - death penalty

shala /f - house, mansion, buliding

shatru /m - enemy

sarvasadharan /m - the public

sazimandi /f - vegetable market

Shaliycikitsak /m - surgeon

shatruta - enmity, hostility

sarvasammati /f - unanimous agreement

seb /m - apple

Shalya /m/n - iron blade

shaucalaya - rest room, toilet

sarvekshan /m - survey, overview

sehat /f - health

Shalyacikitsa /f - surgery

shauq /m - liking, hobby, interest

Sarvoday /m - universal uplifting/progress sekuva - roasted meat

sham /f - evening

shav - corpse

sasana - punishment, suppression

selroti - doughnut made of rice flour

shanka/shangka /f - doubt, suspicion

Shavyatra /f - funeral, procession

sasural /m - in law's house

sena /f - army

shanti /f - peace

shayar /m - poet

sasya /n - com, grain, fruit, crop of corn

senapati /m - general, admiral

Shanti-varta /f - peace talks

shayri /f - poetry

sasyavigyan /m - agronomy

Seth I /m - merchant

shap /m - curse, bane

sher/babar-sher /m - lion

sat - existence, essence substance

Seth II /m - banker

shapath /f - oath

shes I /m - end, finish

sata - week, period of seven days

seva/sevan /f - service, worship

sharab /f - alcoholic drink

shes II /m - residue, result

sataha - surface, level

sevanivritti /f - retirement

sharabi /m - drunken, boozer

shes III /m - the remainder, [mathematics]

satahi - exchange of currency

Shab /f - night [poetic]

sharad/sharat /f - early autumn

shikar /m - hunting, pray, victim

satani - change, exchange, interchange shabd/shabda /m - sound

sharan /f - protection, shelter, refuge

shikariko svarg - hunting paradise

Sath /m - someone's side [figuratively]

sharanarthi /m - refugee, shelter seeker

shikhar /m - summit, apex

shabd/shabda /m - word, term

shararat /f - mischief

shiksa /f - education

shri I /m - light., radiance, splendor

sindur - vermilion, lead powder

Sog/sok /m - mourning, grief, lamination

Shiksaastra /m - pedagogy

shri II /m - glory, beauty, grace, loveliness sinh/Sinha/singh - lion

sona/sun/svarn /m - gold

Shiksakarmi /f - education worker

shri III /m - mr. mrs. ms. miss

sinhasan - throne, lion's seat

sopan - steps, ladder, staircase

Shiksamitra /m - batchmate, classmate

shri IV /m - sir, lord,

sinki - soured/fermented radish

sresta - book keeping, register book

Shiksarthi /m - apprentice, trainee

shriman/sriman - husband

sip - handicraft, handiwork, art, skill

srot I - stream, channel, water course

Shiksashastri /m - pedagogy student

shrimati/srimati - wife

siphai/sipahi /m - constable, soldier

srot II - source of income

shikshak - teacher

Shriphal /m - coconut

sipharish - letter of recommendation

srot ra sadhan - resources

shikshan - teaching, instruction

shubhecchu /m- well-wisher

sir I /m - head

Stambh /m - pillar, column, stipe

Shila/shaila /f - stone, rock

shukla paksha - lit half of the month

sir II /m - brain, mind [ figuratively]

stambh/stanbha /m - pillar, column

shimla mirc /f - capsicum

Shukra I /m - gratitude, kindness

sira I /m - beginning, inception

Stambhan /m - erection

shir /m - milk

Shukra II / m - planet Venus

sira II /m - head, front

stambh-lekhak /m - columnist

shirs/shir /m - head, summit, apex, top

Shukra III /m - semen, sperm

sirak - quilt

stan - breast, tit

Shirsasan /m - headstand [yoga]

Shukranu /m - sperm cell [biology]

sirani - pillow

standhari /m - mammal

shisha /m - glass, bottle, mirror

shulk /m - fee, payment

sirdard /m - headache

stanpayi /m - mammal

shisham /m - rosewood

shunya /m - void, nil, zero

sirhi /f - step, stair, staircase, ladder

stava - praise, prayer, hymn

shishi /f - small bottle, phial

shur - hero, warrior, champion

sirjana - formation, construction

sthagit - postpones, adjourned

Shishna /m - penis [anatomy]

shuru /m - start, beginning

sisa - lead

sthal /f - site, place, ground

Shishu /m - child, baby, infant

shuruat /f - beginning, inception

sitar/sitara /m - sitar

sthan I /m - place, site, location

Shishushala /f - nursery

Shvas /m - breath, breathing

sitara I /m - star

sthan II /m - house, room

shistacar /m - good manners

Shyamodesh /m - Thailand, Siam

sitara II /m - film star

sthanantran /m - shifting, moving, transfer

shistta /f - decency, politeness

siddhant /m - principle, doctrine, tenet

sitara II /m - fortune, luck

sthapan/sthapana I - establishment

shisya /m - student, pupil, disciple

siddhanta - principle, doctrine, tenet

siti /f - whistle, whistling

sthapan/sthapana II - foundation

shit /m - cold, coldness

siddhi - perfection, accomplishment

siune kal - sewing machine

sthapan/sthapana III - planting

shit lahar /f a cold wave, cold snap

sidha I /m - direct, strait, upright, erect

skalan I /m - falling, slipping

sthayitva I - permanence, durability

shithilta - feebleness, weakness, laxity

sidha II /m - uncompromising

skalan II /m - discharge, emission,

sthayitva II - sustainment

shlip /m - skill, craft, art

sidha III /m - unassuming, humble

skalan III /m - ejaculation

sthir /f - fixed, steady, constant

shlok - verse, stanza, poetry, couplet

sidha IV /m - miracle maker, magician

smaran /m - recollection, memory

sthir vidyut /f - static electricity

shmashan /m - burning ghat

sidha V /m - ascetic, saint, prophet

smaran patra - memorandum

sthirata/sthiratva I - stability

shobha - beauty, elegance

sikayat /f - complaint

smaranshakti /f - memory power

sthirata/sthiratva II - immutability

shodh /m - research, investigation

sikka /m - coin

smarika I - monument, memorial

sthirata/sthiratva III - patience

shodh karya /m - research work

sila /m - conduct, custom, form, morality smarika II - commemorative volume

sthiti I /f - circumstance

shodh prabandh /m - dissertation

silbar - aluminum

smriti patra - memorandum

sthiti II /f - situation, condition, phase

shola /m - flame

silsila /m - connection

smrti/smriti /f - memory, remembrance

sthiti III /f - place

shor /m - noise, din, tumult

silvat /f - fold, crease, wrinkle

snan /m - bathing, bath

sthiti IV /f - equilibrium

shos/shoshan/shosak I /m - withering

sima sulk /m - customs [tax]

snankotha - bathroom

stri /f - woman, wife

shos/shoshan/shosak II /m - absorption

sima/simana I /f - border, frontier

snatak /m - graduate

stuti - invocation, solemn prayer

shos/shoshan/shosak III /m - exploitation sima/simana II /f - bound, limit

snatakkottar /m - postgraduate

suar ke mas/gosht /m - pork

shram /m - labor, toil, exertion

simi/sinbi - bean

sneh /m - affection

suar/sungur /m - pig, hog

shreni /f - class, grade

sina /m - chest [body]

sobhita - cobalt

subah /f - morning

shrey /m - credit, recognition

sincai - watering, irrigation

sodhakhoj - research program/project

subista - easiness, comfort

sucanapatra - advertisement, notice

suruva - meat broth, meat soup

svarup - shape, form, appearance

takrav /m - clash

suci I /f - list, table, index, catalogue

surya/suraj /m - sun

svarvigyan /m - phonetics

takuro - summit, top, peak, apex

suci II - needle, pointed iron, goad

suryast /m - sunset

svasiksa - tutorial, guide, self-help

tal - lake

sucna/sucana I - information

suryoday /m - sunshine

svasni - wife [common]

tala - floor

sucna/sucana II /f - advertisement

susangata/susangati - good association

svasnimanche - woman

tala/talca /m - lock

sucna/sucana III /f - indication, hint

suselo - sound of flowing water/wind

svasthya /m - health

talab /m - pond

sud /m - interest [financial]

sushasan - good rule/administration

svatantrata /f - freedom, independence

talaq /m - divorce

sudhar I /m - amendment, correction,

sushri - miss

svatantrata divas - Independence Day

talash /f - search

sudhar II /m - reformation, renovation Sut I /m - thread, string

svayamsevak - volunteer

tali /f - clap, clapping

sudharak - reformer, disciplinarian

Sut II /m - cotton

svayatta shasan - autonomy, self-rule

talika - list, key, table, schedule

sugandh /m - fragrance

sutne kotha - bedroom

svayattata - autonomy

talim /f - training, education, teaching

sugga/suga/sua/suk /m - parrot

Sutra I /m - formula [chemistry]

svikar I - acceptance, agreement

talmel I /m - concordance, agreement

Suhag /m - wifehood, married happiness

Sutra II /m - rule

svikar II - confession

talmel II /m - coordination, harmony

sui/siyo I /f - clock's hand

Sutra III /m - source, reference, text

svikriti I - acknowledgement, consent

talu - palate

sui/siyo II /f - needle, syringe, injection

Sutra IV I/m - thread, yawn, string

svikriti II - sanction

talvar /f - sword

suidab /f - acupressure

sutrapat - beginning, commencement

syahi /f - ink

tama/tamra/tanba /m - copper

sujan /f - swelling

suvidha /f - convenience, facility

syal/sal - jackal

tamasha /m - show, spectacle

sujhav/sujhau /m - suggestion, counsel

suvista - easiness, comfort

syau - apple

tamga/m - medal, award, brand, seal

sukha /m - drought

svabhav /m - character, temperament

syukt rastra amrika /m - U.S.A

tamiz /f - etiquette, manners

suksmanu /m - subatomic particle

svad /m - taste

taar /m - wire

tan /m - the body

sukti - good saying, beautiful sentence

svadesh /m - motherland, fatherland

tabadla /m - transfer

tana /m - tree trunk

sukul I - a kind of straw mat

svadhinata - independence, autonomy

tabalci /m - tabla plater

tanashah /m - dictator

sukul II - person of respectable family

svagat /m - welcome

tabdili /m - change, transfer

tanashahi /f - dictatorship

sukumvasi - homeless person

svami I - master, lord

tabiyat /f - health

tanav /m - tension, strain, tautness

sukuti - dried meat, jerky

svami II - owner, proprietor

tadad /f - numbers, quantity

tanda - bedsheet

sunapan /m - desolation, emptiness

svami III - husband

tah /f - fold

tandur /m - clay oven

sundarta /f - beauty

svami IV - saint

tahzib /f - culture, refinement

tandurusti /f - health

sundha - trunk (of an elephant) snout

svapna /m - dream, sleep

tai - flat iron pan

tang /f - leg

sunr /f - elephant's trunk

svar - voice, sound, tune, note, vowel

taiyari /f - preparation

tantra /m - system, mechanism, network

suntala - tangerine

svar Jayanti - /m - golden jubilee

tajjub /m - surprise, astonishment

tap - penance, heat, ascetism

supari - areca nut, betel nut

svarajya /m - self-rule, independence

tajurba /m - experience

tapari - plate made of leaves

sur I /m - god, deity

svarg I /m - heaven, paradise, sky

tak - time, hour, opportunity, chance

tapke - frying pan

sur II /m - musical note, tone

svarg II /m - pleasant site

tak I /f - reflection, light

tapman /m - temperature

suraksa/suraksh /f - security, protection

svargas/svargavas /m - death, demise

tak II /f - gazing, staring

tapu /m - island

suraksabal /m - security force

svargiy /m - deceased, "the late"

tak III /f - looking with closed eyes

taqlif/takaliph - trouble, pain, affliction

surat /f I - face, appearance, condition

svarglok /m - realm of heaven, paradise

tak IV /f - expectation, vigilance

tar - cream

surat /f II - memory, recollection

svarn niyam /m - golden rule

takhna /m - ankle, fetlock

tara /m - star, eye pupil

surat /f III - consideration, deliberation

svarn padak /m - golden medal

takht /m - sitting platform

tarah /f - way, kind, type

surkhi /f - headline

svarnayug /m - golden age

takiya /m - pillow

taranga - wave, whim, vibration

surti - tobacco

svarth /m - selfishness, self interest

takkar /f - collision

tarbuz/tarbuja /m - watermelon

tarf/taraf /f - side, direction

thaila /m - bag

titri - a sour fruit, tamarind

uday/udaya - rising, ascent, dawning

tari /m - palm tree

thakai - fatigue, weariness, exhaustion

tiy /f - woman [dialectical, Rare]

Udayvars /m - japan

tari khet - terraced field

thakan /f - tiredness

tohfa /m - gift, present

uddeshya/udesh I /m - aim, objective

tarif /f - praise, price, commendtion

thal - plate

tokri /f - basket

uddeshya/udesh II /m - wish, intention

tarikh /f - western calendar date

thali /f - platter, food tray

toli - small group, batch, party, team

uddhar - kindness, charity

tariko sag - mustard greens [small]

thalni - beginning, commencement

tondi /f - navel, belly button

udgar - exclamation, statement

tariqa/tarika /m - way, method, means

thalo I - levelled land, high place

top /f - gun, cannon, 'big shot'

udhar /m - loan

tark /m - reasoning, logic, argumentation

thalo II - land, place

topi /f - hat

udus - bedbug

tark virtak /m - debate, argument

than /m - udder [of an animal]

tori - mustard

udyog - industry, enterprise, diligence

tarkari - vegetable curry

thana /m - police station/post

tota /m - parrot

udyogikran /m - industrialization

tarul - yam

thand /f - cold

tran - protection, defense, safety

udyogpati - industrialist

tarun/taruno - young man, youth

thanda marubhumi /f - tundra

tranga - caprice, emotion

ugli /f - finger

tasalli /f - consolation

thar - clan, tribe, sub caste

tribhuj - triangle

uhan - pronoun, he, she [very polite]

tash /m - playing cards

thath /m - grand, magnificence

Trivim mudran /m - 3d printing

ukali/ukalo - steepness

tashrif /f - honorific expression

thati - pawn, stake, postponement

triyakalap - function, task

ukhan - proverb, saying, aphorism

taskar - smuggler

thaun - place, spot, opportunity

truti /f - error, defect

ukhu - sugar cane

taskari - smuggling

theka /m - contract

tu tu, mai mai /f - trading insults

ukti /f - statement, expression, saying

tasvir /f - picture

thekedar /m - contractor

tufan /m - storm

uljhan /f - entanglement, complication

tat /m - shore, bank, beach, coast

thela /m - cart, hand cart

tukra - /m - small piece, bit

ullangghan - violation, contravention

tato - mark, spot, scar, stain

thes /f - hurt, shock

tulna/tulana /f - comparison, similarity

ullas - joy, delight

tato pani - hot water, warm water

thiti - lass, girl, young women

tupi - pigtail

ullekh - reference, description

tatti /f - faces, stool

thiti - order, custom, regulation, usage

tyag I /m - desertion, abandonment

ullu /m - owl, fool

tattva/tathya I /m - element, substance

thiti riti - custom, regulation

tyag II /m - renouncing, resignation

ulti /f - vomiting

tattva/tathya II /m - truth, reality, essence thito - lad, boy, young man

tyagpatra /m - resignation letter

umas /f - humidity, heat

tattva/tathya III /m - bringing to existence thopo - drop, speck

tyauhar /m - festival

ummid /f - hope

tau - sheet of paper

thuddi /f - chin

ub /f - boredom

ummidvar/ummedvar /m - candidate

tauko - head

thunse - large basket

ubjani - production, productivity

umra/umer /f - age, length of life

taur/tavar /m - way, mode, method

tighra - thigh

ucc sadan /m - upper house

umraqaid /f - life imprisonment

tava /m - roti griddle

tihun - vegetable stew

ucca parvatiya - alpine

un/uni /f - wool

tayarima - readiness, preparation

til - sesame

uccaran /m - pronunciation

uncai - height, tallness, summit

tej I /m - spirit, vigor, life

tila /m - hillock, mound

uccha yog /m- high commission

uni kammal - woolen blanket

tej II /m - luster, sheen

tinka/trin /m - grass, blade of grass, straw ucchayukt /m - high commissioner

unmad /m - hysteria, mania

tekne lauro - staff, walking stick

tippani - annotation, critical remark

udaharan /m - example, illustration

unmulan - destruction, eradication

tel /m - oil

tippanikar - commentator

udan - act of flying or fleeing

unnati I /f - progress, rise, advancement

telbij/telhan - oilseed

tirsana I - hunger, thirst

udarta /f - generosity, nobleness

unnati II /f - prosperity, elevation

terhi khir /m - tricky task

tirsana II - desire, ambition

udarvad - liberalism

unnayak - up lifter, reformer, leader

tesro dhrava - third pole

tirth /m - pilgrimage pond

udarvadi - liberal, liberalist

unnayan - uplift, development

tezi /f - sharpness, speed

tirth yatra /f - pilgrimage

udasi II /f - discouragement, despondency upa usnakatibandhi - subtropical

thag/thagaha - cheat, knave, swindler

tithi - astrological calendar date

udasi III /f - boredom

upabhog - enjoyment

thaha - knowledge, information

titli /f - butterfly

udasi IV /f - nostalgia

upabhokta - consumer, user

upacar - remedy, treatment, care

uthal puthal - overturning, change

vanbhoja - picknick

vat /m - banyan tree

upadesh - instruction, counsel, lesson

utpadan - production

vani /f - speech, voice, sacred text

vatan /m - homeland, one's country

upadhi /f - title, attribute, degree

utpatti - origin, production

vanijya - trade, commerce, business

vatanparast /m - homeland worshiper

Upadhyay /m - teacher, guru

utpidak - oppressor

vanko dhan - forest resources

vatavaran I /m - condition, circumstances

upahar - present, gift

utpidit - persecution, harassment

vansha - clan, dynasty, lineage, genus

vatavaran II /m - environment, ambient

upaj - crop, produce, product

utpidit varga - oppressed class

vanshavali /f - genealogy, family tree

vatavaran III /m - atmosphere

upakhyan - legend, proverb, saying

utsah/utsaha /m - enthusiasm, zeal

vaqalat /f - law practice

vayuyan /m airship, air vehicle

upakram I /m - beginning, preparation

utsarjan /m - emission, release, discharge vaqil /m - lawyer

vazan /f - weight

upakram II /m - plan, program

utsav /m - festival celebration, festivity

vaqt /m - time

Vedna /f - suffering, pain, anguish

upakram III /m - initiative, enterprise

utsukta /f - enthusiasm, eagerness

vardan - boon

Vella /m - inaccurate/lazy/useless person

upalabdhi I /f - achievement

uttar I /m - answer, reply

vardi /f - uniform

veshya /f - prostitute, whore, harlot

upalabdhi II /f - accomplishment

uttar II /m - north

varga - class, kind, series, row

veshyavritti /f - prostitution

upalakshya - implication, purpose

uttaradhikari - heir, successor

varga mil - square mile

vetan /m - pay, wage, salary

upama - comparison, simile, likeness

uttararddh /m - later half, upper body

vargahin samaj - classless society

vibhag /m - section, division, department

upanisad - theological part of the vedas uttardayitva /m - responsibility, duty

vargikran /m - classification, organization vibhajan - section, part, department

upanisadvadi - upanishads follower

utthan - progress, emancipation

varn I /m - category

vicalan - deviation, unsteadiness

upansanhar - conclusion, summary

uttolak /m - lever [physics]

varn II /m - color

vicar I /m - consideration, observation

upanyas /m - novel

vacan /m - word, promise, speech

varn III /m - class

vicar II /m - idea, opinion, judgment

upanyaskar /m - novelist

vad - theory, dispute, controversy

varn IV /m - letter

vicardhara /f - ideology

uparastrapati - vice president

vad vivad /m - debate, dialogue

varn V /m - caste

vida /f - departure, leave taking

uparna - scarf, shawl

vada /m - promise

varn VI /m - phone [phonetics]

videsh /m - foreign country

upasabhapati - vice chairman

vadya /m - musical instrument

varnamala /f - syllabary, alphabet

videshi /m - foreigner

upasak /m - worshipper

vadyayantra /m - musical instrument

varnan /m - description, narration

videshi sahayata - foreign aid

upasthiti /f - presence, attendance

vahak /m - porter, bearer, carrier

varnaviprayas /m - anagram

vidhan - legislation, regulation, rule

upatya - valley

vahan /m - vehicle

vars/varsa /m - year, annum

vidhansabha /f - legislative assembly

upay /m - way, means, scheme

vair /m - enmity, hostility

varsa /f - rain, rains, rainy season

vidheya /m - necessary deed

upayogita - usefulness, utility

vajah /f - reason

varta/vartalap - discourse, dialogue

vidheyak - legislative bill

updesh /m - lesson, sermon

vajracarya - tantric guru/priest

vartani /f - spelling, orthography

vidhi /f - method, procedure, law, rule

upeksa /f - indifference

vakta /m - speaker, lecturer

vasant/vasanta /m - spring

vidhva /f - widow

upeksha - indignity, disregard, scorn

vaktavya - speech, statement, topic

Vash /m - power, control, command

vidvan - scholar, learned, wise

upiyan - flea

vakya /m - sentence, clause

vasi - inhabitant, dweller

vidya I /f - knowledge, a discipline

upmahadvip /m - subcontinent

vakyagian /m - semantics

vasiyat /f - will, restraint

vidya II /f - attainment, learning

upvas /m - fasting, fast

vakyaracna /f - syntax

vasna /f - desire, passion

vidyabhyas - practice of learning

upyog/upayog /m - use, application

vamanapanthi /m - leftist, left-winger

vasp / m - vapor, steam

vidyalay/vidyalaya /m - school, academy

uran /f - flight

vamapanth /m - leftism, left-wing

vaspikran /m - evaporation, vaporization

vidyarambha - initiation into studies

urosti /f - sternum, breastbone

van /m - woods, forest, jungle

vaspotsrajan /m - transpiration [botany]

vidyarthi /m - student

usa - dawn, daybreak

van biralo - wild cat

vastavikta - reality, truth

vidyarthi gatividhi - student movement

usadi I /f - sorrow, sadness, dejection

van upabhokta - forest users

vastu I /f - substance, object, structure

vidyashram - boarding school

ustad /m - maestro, teacher

vanar /m - ape, monkey, primate

vastu II /f - essential property, cattle

vidyut /f - electricity, lightning

ut/unta /m - camel

vanaspati - vegetation, greenery

vastukala /f - architecture

vidyutdanu /m - electron

vighatan - dissolution, destruction

vishes nam - proper name

vyangya citra - cartoon

yogdan/yogadana I /m - contribution

vigyan - knowledge, wisdom, science

vishesagya - expert

vyanjan I /m - consonant

yogdan/yogadana II /m - cooperation

vijay/vijaya /f - victory, conquest

vishesan /m - adjective

vyanjan II /m - cooked food, dish

yogyata I /f - power, strength, talent

vijaya - the goddess durga

vishlesan /m - analysis

vyapar /m - trade, business, industry

yogyata II /f - suitability, ability

vijaya dashami - durga festival

vishva /m - universe, the whole world

vyapari /m - trader

yojna/yojana /f - scheme, plan, planning

vijayi vijeta- conqueror, vanquisher

vishvabhasa /f - world language

vyatha - suffering, distress, injury

yuddh /m - war

vijnan/vigyan /m - science

vishvamari /f - pandemic

vyavahar /f - behavior, conduct, manner

Yuddh kala /f - martial art

vijnani/vigyani /m - scientist

vishvas /m - belief, faith, assurance

vyavasay /m - occupation, engagement

yuddhabandi /m - prisoner of war

vijnapan/vigyapan /m - advertisement

vishvasghati /m - defector, traitor

vyavastha I /f - arrangement

yuddhak viman /m - fighter jet

vikalp /m - option

vishvasniyata - reliability, creditability vyavastha II /f - system, method

yuddhakal /m -wartime

vikar /m - deviation, deterioration

vishvaspatra - reliable person, confidant

vyavastha III /f - affairs, regulations

yuddhaksetra /m - battleground

vikas /m - development, expansion

vishvavidyalay /m - university

vyavasthapan - organizing, systemizing

yuddhaniti /f - war strategy

vikendrikaran /m - decentralization

vishvayuddh /m - world war

vyayam /m - physical exercise

yuddhapot /m - battleship, warship

vikhandan - fission, fragmentation

viskambhak - interlude (in a drama)

vyuha /m - position, tactic, array

yuddhasthal /m - battlefield

vikriti I - defilement, mutilation

vismay /m - daze, surprise

vyuhracna /f - organization, configuration yug /m - historical age, period, era

vikriti II - deformation, defect

vismayadibodhak - interjection

warsa rtu - rainy season

yug-yugantar /m/pl - long period of time

vilas - luxury, sensuous/sexual pleasure visphot - outburst, eruption, smallpox

Yaar /m- friend, dud, mate, bro

yuropiya sangh /m - European market

vilayat - foreign land, europe, england

yad /f - memory

yuvak/yuva /m - youth, young man

viman /m - airplane, aircraft. Airliner, jet visyavastu /m - theme, content

yaddasht /f - power of memory

yuvankal /m - puberty, maturity

viman-pattan /m - airport

vivad - debate, dispute, controversy

yadgar /f - memorial, souvenir

yuvati - young woman

vimansthal - airfield, airstrip

vivah/vivaha /m - wedding, matrimony

yagya - religious sacrifice, oblation

yuvavastha /f - youth

vistar /m - extension, expansion, spread

vinash - destruction, ruin, disaster, loss vivaran - description, statement

yagyakarta /m - conductor of the sacrifice zaban /f - tongue, language

vir/bir /f - hero, warrior

yantra /m - machine, appliance, gadget

zabardasti /f - high handedness

virah/viraha /m - separation, parting, loss vrat /m - vow, fast

yantramanav /m - robot, android

zahar /m - poison

viram /m - stop, ending, pause, comma

vrddhi I/ f -increasement, augmentation,

yantravidya /f - mechanics

zakhm /m - wound

virasat /f - inheritance

vrddhi II /f - gain, profit

yaqin /m - confidence, faith

zamana /m - period, time

virodh I /m - hostility, antagonism

vrddhi II /f - progress, growth

yash /m - fame

zamin /f - land

virodh II /m - opposition

vriddhashram /m - retirement home

yashogan - eulogy, singing of praises

zamindar /m - landowner

virodha - revolt, mutiny, treason

vriddhavastha / f - old age

yatayat /m transportation, traffic

zanjir /f - chain

Virya /m - semen, sperm

vriksha - tree

yatharth /m - reality

zarurat /f - need

vis /m - poison

vriksharopan - tree plantation

yatharthavad /m - realism

zevar /m - item of jewelry

visamlaingikta /f - heterosexuality

vritti /f - instinct, habit, occupation, use

yatim /m - orphan

zevarat /m - jewelry

visanu/wisanu - virus [biology]

vrshcik /m - scorpion

yatimkhana /m - orphanage

zid /f - obstinacy

visay /visaya /m - subject, topic, article

vyakaran /m - grammar

yatra /f - voyage, journey, pilgrimage

zikra /m - mention

visaya kram - table of contents

vyakhya - explanation

yatri /m - traveler, pilgrim, tourist

ziladhhis /m - district collector/magistrate

visayantar - outer subject/topic

vyakhyan - speech, lecture, exposition

yauvan - youth, adolescence, puberty

zillat /f - humiliation

visayapravesh I - introduction, preface vyakti I /m - person, individual

yavsharkara /m - type of barley sugar

zimmedari /f - responsibility

visayapravesh II - preliminary

vyakti II /m - manifestation

yayavar - nomad, wanderer

zindagi /f - life

visayavastu - subject matter, debate

vyaktitva /m - personality, individuality

yog /m - joining, union, connection, yoga zor /m - force, strength

vishes adalat - special court

vyangya /m - sarcasm, irony, innuendo

yogaphal - the sum total

vividhta - diversity, variety, variation

zukam /m - common cold, head cold

borrowed terms

barbarta /f - barbarity

coklet /m- chocolate

eyarlain /f - airline

acadmic /adj - academic /saiksik

bas /f - bus

cvois /m - choice, will /cuninda

faiks /m/f - fax

afsar/aphisar /m - officer /Adhikari

bas seva /f - bus service

dabal /adj - double duguna

faiktari /f - factory karkhana

akauntent /m - accountant /lekhakar

bataliyan /f - battalion

dabal roti /f - bread [colloquial]

fail /f - file [computing]

angrezi/angreji I - englishman, european batan /m - button

dantko burus - tooth brush

fantasi - fantasy /Kalpana, vaham

angrezi/angreji II - english language

bathroom I /m - bathroom /gusalkhana

daraz/daraj /f - drawer, cupboard

fesbuk /m - facebook

ainstiniyam /m - einsteinium

bathroom II /m - washroom /snanghar

darjan /f - dozen

film /f- film, movie /calcitra

airan /m - earing /bali

Bej /adj - beige

daunlod - /m - download

fis /f/pl - fee, payment, charge /sulk

aisd /adj - iced /barfila

Bekri /f - bakery

dayari /f - dairy [personal writing]

fiziks m/pl - physics /bhautik shastra

aiskrin /f - ice cream

Benc/benci /f - bench

daynasor /m- dinosaur

flait /- apartment, flat

ajenda /m - agenda /karyavil

bhisa /m -visa

deta /m - data /ankra

foloar /m - follower /anugami

akadmi /f - academy

bigul /m - bugle [musical instrument]

detabes /m - databes

fomula /m - formula /sutra

aksijan - oxygen /f - pranvayu

bil /m - bil [check, law]

dikki /f - car trunk

fon /f - phone

albam /m/f - album [photo, music]

biradar /m - brother

dilli /f - delhi

foto /m - photo /citra

amrican/amriki /m - american

biskut/kuki /m - biscuit, cookie, cracker

dimand /f - demand, order /mang

foton /m - photon /prakashanu

amrika /m - America

biyar /m - beer /jand

dipartament stor /m- department store

gailan /m - gallon

angla /m - alglo, English /angrezi

Bolivud /m - Bollywood

dipti- /m - deputy

gaisolin/benzin /m - petrol, gasoline

anime /m/f - anime [animation]

Bord /m/f/- board

dipti siem /m - deputy chief minister

ge /m - gay, homosexual

ankal/ankal ji /m - uncle /caca

Boriyat /m - boredom /ub

diyu /m - delhi university

gem /m - game /khel

lantrim /adj - interim

Bot /f - boat /nav

dizal /m - diesel

gilas/glas /m - tumbler glass

apil /f- appeal, contradiction objection

botal /m - bottle

doktar /m - doctor, physician /cikitsak

glaider /m - glider [aircruft]

aplod karna verb/- upload

Bucar /n - butcher /qasai, badhak

donat /m - doughnut, donut

godam /m - storage, godown

appointment /m - appointment /nyukti

buk /f - book /kitab, pustak, pothi

draivar /m - driver

grenait /m - granite

ararot /m - arrowroot plant

bulet tren /f - bullet train

drama /m - drama, play /natak

gud moning - god morning

ardali /m - orderly, attendant

bulletin /m - buletin

eciton - acetone

gugal - google

aspatal /m - hospital /cikitsalaya

burjua I /m - bourgeoisie

edvayzari /f - advisory /paramarsh

haidrojan /m/f - hydrogen /udjan

Astabal /m - horse stable

burjua II /adj - bourgeois

edz/eds - aids

haikar /m - hacker

asthama /m - asthma [pathology]

But /f - boot, shoe /juta

ejensi /f - agency

haipartekst /m - hypertext [internet]

avard /m - award /puraskar

Buth /m - booth [voting, changing, etc.]

ejent /m - agent /abhikarta

hait /m - hat /top, topi

ayan /m - ion [physics, chemistry]

Byuro /m - bureau

ekar /m- acre

half paint /f - shorts

Baig /m - bag /thaila

caik I /m - cheque

elyuminiyam /m - aluminum

Helo/halo - hello

baink /m - bank

caik II /m - checkmark

embulens /m - ambulance /rogi vahan

hantar /m - whip /cabuk /kora

Baira /m - waiter, porter [bearer]

caina /m - china /cin

emele /m - legislative assembly member

harmoniyam /m - harmonium [organ]

Baitry /f - battery

cait /f - chat [internet] /gap, batcit

endroid /noun - android

haus /m - house, home /ghar, grh

bajet/bajat /m - budget

canslar /f - chancellor

eproc - approach

hekteyar/haiktar /m - hectare

baks, bakas, baksha /m - box, case

carc /m- church /girjaghar, kalisiya

eshiyali/esiyayi - asian

helikoptar/m - helicopter

balamter /m - volunteer

ceri /f - cherry /alubalu, gilas, olci

esiton /m - acetone

hezalnat /f - hazelnut

Balgam /m - phlegm, mucus /kaph

cimni /f - chimney

eskeletar /m - escalator

hilliyam /m - helium /yanati

bam /m - bomb

ciyars - cherrs!

esosieshan /m - association /sangh, samuh hitar /m - heater /tapak, usmak

barbar - barbarian, savage

ciz /m- cheese

etiem /m/f atm /svacalit ganak mashin

hotal /m - hotel, restaurant

hvisky /f - whiskey

Kaman afsar /m - commander

krim /f - cream /malay

Mistar /m - sir /mahoday, janab, sriman

iglu /m - igloo

kamarsial /adj - commercial /vyapari

krismas m/f- christmas

Mobail /m - mobile phone

igzam /m/f/- exam /pariksha, imtihan

kament /m - comment /tippani

kristal /m - crystal

Mobility /f - mobility /gatisilta

Ilveyar /m - malware [computing]

kameti /m - committee /samiti

kuki /m - cookie

moren - moraine

imel /f - email

kamishan /m - commission /ayog

kvarantin /m - quarantine /sangrodh

Motar /f - motorcar, a motor

imoji /m - emoji, emoticon

kamishnar /m- commissioner /ayukt

kvartz/kvartj - quartz

nambar /m - number, turn, chance, phone

imoshan /m - emotion, feeling /bhavna

kampani /f - company, firm /samparka

kvintal /m - quintal, 100 kg

nars /f - nurse /paricarika

inch /m - inch, 1/12 of a foot

kampu /m - camp, tent /shivir, chavni

laib/leboretri /f - laboratory /prayogsala

nektai /m- necktie

indsatri /f - industry /udyog

kamputar /m - computer /sangnak

lain I /f - Line /Rekha

netvark /m- network /sanjal

injan /m - engine

kandaktar /m - conductor /savahak

lain II - line, queue /katar, pankti

notbuk /f - notebook, laptop

injecshan /m - injection /antahksep, sui

kandishnar /m - conditioner

lain III - path, way /rasta, marg. path

note /m - note, comment, money/tippani

injiniyar /m - engineer

kangres /m - congress

laisens /m - license

notis /f - notice /sucna, vigyapi

inspektar /m - inspector /niriksak

kangresi /m -congress party supporter

lait /f - light, electricity, current /batti

nyuz /m/f/- news /khabar, samacar

intarfes m/f/- interface

kankrit /m - concrete

lalten /f- lantern

ogazm /m - orgasm

intarvyu /m - interview /saksatkar

kap /m- cap, glass

lankilat /m - longcloth

olampic /m/f - olympics

istam /m - postage stamp, stamp duty

kapi /f - copy, notebook

lesbiyan /f - lesbian

olampik khel /m/f - olympic games

istar /m - easter

kaptan /m - captain, leader, head

lidri /f - leadership /netagiri

olimpiyad /m - olympiad

iyarphon - earphone, hearing aid

kard /m - card, credit card

limited /adj - ltd /summit

padri - Christian priest, missionary, jesuit

jaiguar /m - jaguar

kargo /m - cargo

list /f- list, shopping list

paiket /m - packet, package /Pulinda

jaiket /m - jacket

karnal /m - colonel

litar /m - litre

paket - pocket /jeb, ganth

jaj /m - judge [law] /nyayadhis

kartoon /m - cartoon /vyangyacitra

lokdaun /m - lockdown

paint/patlun /m - pants, trousers

jankshan /m - junction [transport]

kauli - cauliflower

Machin /f - machine /yantra

palastar /m - plaster

janral /m - general /senapati

kaunsil /m - council

Macis /m - matchsticks /salai

paltan /f - battalion, platton, gang

jaz /f - jazz music

ketli/kitli /f - kettle

Maic /m - a match [sports]

pamp /m - pump

jel I - jail, prison

kican /m - kitchen /rasoi, rasoighar

Maik/maikrofon /m - microphone

pared /m/f - parade, parade ground

jel II - gel

kilo /m - kilo

malgodam /m - warehouse, storehouse

park I /m - park /udyan, upvan

jins /m- jeans

kilogram /m - kilogram, kilo

Malid /m - molibdenium

park II /m -garden /bag, bagica, upvan

jokar /m - circus clown

kilomitar /m - kilometer

Maniordar /m - money order /dhanadesh

parsek /m - parsec [astronomy]

kag /m- cork

kiraci /f - bullock cart [caroche]

Mansun /m - monsoon /cuamasa

parti I - party [political] /dal

kaimra - /m - camera

kirasan /m - kerosene /mitti ka tel

Marfia /m- morphine /ahiphenasav

parti II- party [gathering]

kaindy /m- candy

klab /m - club, nightclub

Market /m - market, mall /bazar

pasport /m - passport, parpatra

kainsar /m - cancer /karkat rog

klark /m - clerck /lipik, munsi, moharrir

Mashrum /m - mashroom /kukumutta

pasta /m - pasta

kaintin /m- canteen, cafeteria

klas /m - class, subject /kaksa

Mask /m - mask

patlun /f - pants

kairam /m/f - carom [board game]

komedi /m - comedy /hasya

Mel /f - mail /dak

paund /m - pound

kaitholic /adj - roman catholic

kophi/kaphi /f - coffee /qahva

Meyar /m - mayor /mahapaur

paylat /m - pilot /vayuyan valak

kaitolik /m- catholic

kort I /m - court [law] /nyayalay, adalat

Midiya /m/f - media /sancar madhyam

pej /m - page /panna, kagaz, pristhi

kalaktar /m - collector /zilandhis

kort II /m - court [field] /angan

Mil /f - manufacturing plant

pen /m - pen

kalij /m - college, university

kot /m - coat

minat /m - minute

penshan /f - pension /nivritti vetan

kalikuletar /m - calculator

kota /m - quota

Misail /m - missile /praksepastra

pensil /f - writing utensil

kaman /f - command, rule, control

kriketar /m - cricketer

Misez /f - mrs /Srimati, begam

pesta - pestachio nut

petent /m - patent

rediyo /m - radio

sinet /f - senate [ucc sadan]

tethoskop /m - sthetoscope /parishravak

petrol /m - petrol, gasoline

rel /m- railway, train /relgari

sinetar /m - senator

thai /m/f /- thai [language, people]

petrol pump - gas station, filling station

relve /m - railway /relmarg

sistam /m - system [tantra]

ti sart /m - t-shirt

phalalain /m - flannel

rikord /m - record [information, vinyl]

sit /f - seat

tijory /f - vault/safe/treasure box

pharna /m - fern

rikshaw /f - rikshaw

skart /f - skirt [gaghra]

tikat /m - ticket, stamp

pharnicar /m - furniture /sajja

riport /f - report

skrin /f - screen

tim /f- team /toli

phosporas /m - phosphorus

riportar /m - reporter /savaddata

skul /m - school [Vidyalaya, pathasala]

tin /m - tin

phrencaiz /m - franchise

rizalt I /m - result, outcome /parinam

skuli /adj - pertaining to scool

tirpal - /m - tarpaulin, tarp

piem /m - prime minister /pradhan mantri rizalt II /m - result [grade]

slais /m - slice [bread etc.]

tofu /m - tofu

pikcar - /f - movie, film /calcitra

robot /m - robot /yantramanav

sofa /m - sofa, couch

tost I /m - toasted bread

pilas /m - pilers, pincers, tongs

rod /m - road /sarak, marg, path

softaveyar /m/f - software

tost II /m - cheers

piric /m - saucer /thali, tastari

rum /m - room /kamra/kaks

sosej /m - sausage

trak /m - truck

piriyad I /m - period /avdhi, der

sabun /m - soap

soshlist /m/f - socialist /samajvadi

tram /f - tram, tramcar, trolley car

piriyad II /m - menses /masik dharma

sabunko gaj/phinja - soap foam

spagheti /m/f - spagehetti

trasdi /m -tragedy

piyano /m - piano [music]

saikand /m - second

spainish/speni /f - Spanish [language]

trektar /m - tractor

plet /m - plate

saikil/saikal /f - bicycle, bike /gol, vritt

star /m - star, celebrity /sitara

tren /f - train, rail /relgari

pliz - please

saman /m - salmon [fish]

stedyam /m stadium /akhara, maidan

turup /m - trump [card games]

politikal /adj - political /rajnatik

samit /f - summit, conference /sammelan

steshan /m - station

tuthpest /m - toothpaste /dantmanjan

pop /m - pope [head of catholic church]

sar /m - sir

stetas /m - status [internet]

tvit /m - tweet

porsilen /m/f - porcelain, china

sarjan /m - surgeon /shalyacikitsak

sumnit karna /verb - submit /daxil karna

Tyumar /m - tumor

port /m - port /bandargah

sarkas /m - circus

sunami /f - tsunami

tyushan /f- tuition /adhyayan

post /f - post [military/mail]

sarvar /m server [computing], waiter

sutkes /m - suitcase

Universiti f - university /vishvavidyalay

pres I /m - printing press /mudranalay

sarvis /f - service, duty, work /seva

svaig - swag [slang]

vai fai /f - wi-fi

pres II /m - the media

sayukt rajya amrica - u.s.a

syukt rastra amrika/yues /m - u.s.a

vaskat /f - waistcoat

prins /m - prince /rajkumar, shahzada

seks - /m/f - sex [maithun]

tab /m- bathtub, tub

vatar [prefix] - water heater, water supply

prisikutar /m - prosecutor /abhiyokta

sel /m - small battery

taiks - tax /kar

vayolin /f - violin

program I /m/f - program /karyakram

sensarship /f- censorship [abhivecan]

taim /m - time

vebsite /f - website /jalprsth

program II /m/f - computing /kramanudes senti /adj - sentimental [bauvak. Jazbati]

tainkar /m - tanker [nautical]

vel/hvel /m - whale

prostet /m - prostate /purahsth granthi

setelait /m - satellite [upagrah]

taknik /f - technique /tariqa, dhang

ventilator /m - respirator [medicine]

protin /f - protein /probhujin

sho /m - show, program /pradarshan

takniki /adj - technical

vidiyo /m - video

pub /m - pub, bar /madhusala

shuting /f - filming, film making

tamatar /m- tomato

vidiyo gem /m - video game

pulis /f - police

shva /f - schwa or it sounds

tambako/tamakhu /m - tobacco

vikend /m - weekend /saptahant

pulisvala /m - policeman

Shyar bazar /m- share/stock market

tamtam /m - tandem, electric rikshaw

vikipidia /f/m - Wikipedia

rabar /m - rubber

sigar /m- cigar /curot, sutta

tan /m - ton [weight unit]

virtual /adj - virtual /abhasi

raifal /f - rifle

sigret /m - cigarette [curot]

tanel /f - tunnel /surang

vitamin /m - vitamin

Rajistar /m - a register

siling - ceiling

tanki /f - tank

viza /m - visa

raket/roket /m - rocket

silk rod /f - silk road

tarminal /m- terminal /antim steshan

vot I /m - vote

ran /m - reclaimed land, ran

silpat /m - slipper

tarpin /m - turpentine

vot II /m - watt

Rangrut /m - recruit [newly enlisted]

sinema /m - cinema, movie, film

tauliya /f - towel

Yureniam /m - uranium

rasan /m - ration [fix amount] /rasad

sinemaghar /m - movie hall, cinema

tebal tenis /m - table tennis, ping pong

yuropeli - European

figures of speech

deewana - one who is madly in love

kamar torna - to break the back

pahad tut padna - get into big trouble

aber bhayo - it is late

Dhincak - swag wannabe

kament karna - make a comment

paint pahanna - to wear pants

akash patal ka antar - sky, earth variance

dilli abhi dur hai - still much work left

kan katnu - cut down to size

palle nahin parna - go over one's head

ande ho kya - are you blind

dimag ki dahii - bother irritate, frustrate

kasle lagyo - who has taken it?

pani pareka vela - when it rains

ande ka shazada - unexperienced person

doodh ka dhula - unsaintly

katna - scrap along, barely able to survive par gin kaun rahā hai - but who's countin

ankehin ka tara - apple of one's eye

dua karna - to pray

khabar lena - deal with, settle, account for pattar ki lakir - be firm on the decision

ankhehin churana - not like to be seen

ek duje ke vaste - made for each other

khatma karna - to finish, murder

pet me chuhe kudna - be very hungry

ant sant - nonessential, rubbish [slang]

euta tukra jagga - a small plot of land

khichdi karna - make a mess

phat jana - afraid, scared, frightened

apna ullu siddha karna - act selfishly

fanne khan - coward, show off, braggart

khulkar bat karna - talk freely/openly

photo khichna - to take a photo

apni gali me - one own's alley

farzil bat - bullshit

khun ka badla khun - eye for an eye

poila janu - run away with a man

aqla ka dushman - an idiot

gehe bagahe - from time to time

khun sukhna - to feel terrified

pranam karna - to greet respect

asman par chadna - to be proud

gale lagana - hug, force against one's will kucch to bolo - say something

prathana karna - to pray

astin ka sanp - camouflaged snake

god lena - to adopt, take in

kura talnu - avoid the word, disobey

pura ka pura - complete, entire, whole

badnam karna - slander, speak ill of

goli dena - deceive, humiliate, let down

kya ap samajhe - do you understand?

ram kahani - long tale of woe

bakcodi karna - chat while wasting time

gup marna - to gossip

kya ap shadishuda hain - are you married? ran me zor hona - be masculine

bal bal bachne - escape by close margin

gyaan batna - share knowledge/gossip

kya cal rah ahai - what's new?

rat parcha - it's getting dark

banda bhayo - it is closed/shut

ha me ha milana - to feign agreement

Luka-cupi - hide and seek

ratta mama - memorizing by repetition

bas me - one's ability/decision

hairan hunu - at their wit's end

mac mac karana - keep arguing

rin tirnu - to convey his gratefulness

bat nahi bani - it does not work

hat ke hat me ana - extremely frightened

machine chalana - turn on the machine

roshni - knowledge of light

bat pakki hona - agree on the matter

hath jorna - to greet hello

machis jalana - light a match

rozi roti - bread and butter, livelihood

baval machana - making a scene

hath me hona - under control of

main nahin janta hun - I don’t know

sanjha paryo - it became evening

bhagvan ki krpa se - by the grace of god

hath pav calna - work hands and feet

main samaj gaya - I understand

sans lena - feel free after much work

bhains ki ankh - get surprised

hava se bate karna - run at high speed

main tumharri yad karta hun - I miss you Sar khana - pester, annoy, bore

bhar pet khana - to eat one's fill

Hum ko gaya hai - I'm lost

makkhan lagana - suck up, butter up

bigul phukna - sound the alarm

id ka cad hona - be seen after long time

makkhicus /m - miser [flies in tea sucker] sath/sang gana - to sing along

carh jana - climb up, get high

int se int bajana - dismantle someone

mare bina svarg nahi milta - one must act shabd cor - plagiarist, words thief

cehra utarna - have long face, be sad

Jag jana - to become enlightened

mase bhigna - enter adolescence

sikander [alexander] - winner, king

chakke chudana - to defeat

jagrit ho jana - to become enlightened

mast maula - careless/content person

sina caura hona - fill the lungs with pride

chakma dena - to deceive

jagrit hona - to become enlightened

mera saubhagya hai - my pleasure

sucnaon ka adan pradan - info exchange

meyar ka cunav - mayoral election

takkar baith jana - give up, loose hope

chati cuari hona - fill the lungs with pride jaisa ki mai ka raha ta - as i was saying

Sarkar ka damad - favored person

chati phulna - fill the lungs with pride

Jaldi se thik ho jao - get well soon

muh mein pani ana - be tempted by food

tori ka phul dekhnu - to be astonished

Cor-police - hide and seek

jan par khelna - to be fearless

muh mitha karna - share happiness

tukka - headless arrow, uninformed guess

cuna lagana - harm, damage, deceive

jasto dekhincha - it looks

muhtor javab - the final word/answer

tukur tukur [slang] - staring with focus

cup rahna - be quiet, accept the situation

jasto sunincha - it sounds like

mujhe akel cod do - leave me alone

Ugli mat kar - do not interfere!

dal me kuch kala hona - something fishy

jhand karana - to ruin a plan

mujhe nahin pata - I don't understand

ullu bana diya - to be made a fool

dal nahi gali - wasted attempt

jigra ka tukra - most beloved

nak katna - to be disgraced, dishonored

ullu banana - to make a fool, prank

dam mein dam ana - relief from fear

...ka artha kya hai - what does…means?

nak par makkhi na baithna dena - pride

ullu ka pattha - son of an owl, fool

dant khate karna - defeat someone badly

...kaise kahate hai - how do you say…?

nako cane cabvana - to confuse, perplex

ulti ganga behna - be unusual [happening]

dant se dant bajana - feel very cold

kaleja patar ka hona - be mentally strong

nam kamana - gain fame, become reputed vat lagana - be in a mess/trouble

danto tale ungali dabana - get surprised

kamar tcutna - feel disappointed

nikal jana - leave, remove, discharge

watt lag gayi - we're screwed