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PAPER – I : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Flipbook PDF
PAPER – I : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVE: To improve the attitude of higher learning and enhance their aptitude to fin
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PAPER – I : RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OBJECTIVE: To improve the attitude of higher learning and enhance their aptitude to find new ideas from the existing once, in their academic research activities and its developments. UNIT I: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Meaning of Research – Objective of Research – Motivation in Research – Types, Approaches and Significance – Methods versus Methodology – Research and scientific methods – Research Process – Criteria for Good Research – Problem Encountered by Research in India – Funding Agencies. UNIT II: RESEARCH DESIGN Research Problem: Selecting the Problem – Necessity of Defining the Problem – Techniques Involved in Defining the Problem – Research Design – Needs and Features of Good Design – Different Research Designs – Basic Principles of Experimental Designs. UNIT III: DATA COLLECTION AND USE OF COMPUTER AND INTERNET The Methods of Measurement – Date Types – The Sources of Measurement Different Error Sources – Characteristics of Sound Measurement – Primary Versus Secondary Data Analysis – The Use of Computers in Research – The Library and Internet – Use of Search Engines – Virtual Libraries – Keeping in Track with Your Research. UNIT IV: RESEARCH COMMUNICATION Meaning of Research Report – Allocable Time – Essentials of a Scientific Report Types of Report – Write – Up Steps in Drafting Reports – Presentation of Sampling Error in the Report – Presentation of Inconclusive Results in Report – Components of Research Report. UNIT V: THESIS WRITING Writing the Abstract – The Literature Review – (Purpose, Stage, Style and Subdivision)The Nature and Varieties of Thesis – Characterization of Good Thesis – The Intellectual contents of the Thesis – Layout of the Thesis- Procedure of Submitting the Thesis – Publishing the Research Findings in Academic Journal – The Structure of the Viva – Defending the Thesis. BOOKS FOR REFERENCE: 1. C.R.Kothari, Research Methodology methods and techniques, wishwa Prakasam Publications, Secound Edition. New Delhi. 2. P.Saravanavel – Research Methodology, Kithab Mahal, Sizth Edition. 3. Ross, “Research An Introduction” 4. Donald R. Cooper And Pameela S.Schinder, Business Research Methods, Tata Megrew Hill Edition, Sixth Edition. 5. N.Subramanium – “Introduction To Computers” 6. Paul Oliver “Writing your Thesis” – Vistaar Publication, New Delhi. 7. Turabian, K.L. Revised by Grossman, J. and Bennert,A. (1996). A Manual for writers of term papers, theses and Dissertation, 6th Edition, Chicago-II: University of Chicago Press.
PAPER – II : ADVANCED PHYSICS OBJECTIVE: To make the students to familiarize with various topics in Physics, has to enable him to do research in any topic of his choice. UNIT – I : QUANTUM MECHANICS Second quantisation of Schrodinger field – system of bosons and fermions. Second quantisation of K.G fields – covariant commutation relations for K.G field. Second quantisation of Dirac field – Covariant anti-commutation relation for Dirac field. UNIT – II : SUPER CONDUCTIVITY Flux quantisation – Thermodynamics of Superconducting transitions – Josephson effect (A.C) – B.C.S theory – High Tc superconductors. Perovskite superconductivity – electronic structure of BaPh1-x BixO3 – One electron structure of La2 CuO4 and Yba2 Cu3 Oy-x. UNIT – III : THIN FILMS Preparation of Thin Films- Vaccum deposition techniques-R-F Sputtering technique- UV method of measuring thickness(by Interference)- Langmur- Blodget films- Preparation – Transfer mechanisms- Dielectric, Electric and Optical properties of Thin Films. UNIT – IV : SPECTROSCOPY FT-NMR principle and experimental set up – applications to biological specimens and structure determination of Polycrystalline materials – absorption spectra for metals and liquid metals. ESR – instrumentation – theory of hyperfine structure – interpretation of ESR spectra of transition metals – ion complexes. Mossbauer Spectroscopy-Principle-instrumentation- Chemical isomer shift- Quadrapole splitting-Hyper fine interaction-Application to Biological samples. UNIT – V : PHYSICS OF NANO PARTICLES Introduction-Historical perspective of nano particles- Classification of nano materialsNano rods- Nano tubes -Nano particle- Nano material preparation- Plasma arching- Chemical vapour deposition- Sol-gel electro deposition- Ballmilling technique. BOOKS FOR REFERENCE : 1. Spectroscopy Volume I, II & III, Second edition – B.P.Straughan and S.Walker – Chapman and Hall – 1976 2. Solid State Physics- RL.Singhal, Kethar Nath Ram Nath & Co., Meerut, 2001. 3. Quantum Mechanics- L.I.Shift, Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Tokyo,2000. 4. A Text Book of Quantum Mechabnics- P.M.Mathews and K.Venkatesan, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2002. 5. Nano Scale Materials in Chemistry- Kennath J. Klabunde, A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publications, 2001. 6. Physics and Chemistry of Metal Cluster Compounds- De Jongh j., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Pordrecht, 1994.
PAPER – III : SPECTROSCOPY / APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY/ MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper to give clear understanding about various spectroscopic techniques and instruments as well its applications to physical, chemical and biological problems. UNIT – I : Emission and Absorption Spectroscopy : Emission : Principles – Description of modern AE spectrometer – Qualitative and quantitative estimation of elements – Internal standard method – Application of AES to mineral identification. Absorption
:
Instrumentation –
Block
diagram
of Atomic absorption
spectrometer – Sample preparation for estimation of typical elements like Mg, Fe, Ca, Al, K & Na. UNIT – II : Infrared Spectroscopy : Features of infrared spectra – Instrumentation – Double beam spectrometer – FTIR spectrometer – Description – Sample preparation – Gases, Liquids and Solids – Quantitative analysis of IR spectra. UNIT – III : Raman Spectroscopy : Principle and instrumentation of FT Raman spectroscopy -Laser Raman spectrophotometer- Instrumentation CARS and their applications- Basic ideas on SRS, Hyper Raman and Inverse Raman Spectroscopy. UNIT – IV : Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy : Principles of NMR – the Chemical shift – spin spin coupling – Instrumentation of FT NMR - Applications to structure determination. Principle and instrumentation of ESR – Theory of hyper fine structure – Applications to Biological Problems.
UNIT – V : Mossbauer and Flourescence Spectroscopy : Principle and instrumentation – Chemical isomer shift – Quadrupole splitting – Application to structure determination. Principle and instrumentation of Fluorescence-Single and Double beam filling Flurimeters-Applications to Flurimeters. Books for Reference : 1.
Molecular Spectra and Structure - G.Herzberg - Vol.I & II – Second edition – 1963 – Vol.III – third edition – 1996 – D.Van Nostrand Company
2.
Introduction to IR and Raman Spectroscopy – B.Norman Colthup, H.Lawrance Daly and E. Stephen Wiberly – Academic press – 1975
3.
High resolution NMR – Popple et.al – Prentice Hall
4.
Mossbauer Spectroscopy – Bankroft
5.
Spectroscopy Vol I – Straughan and Walker, Chapman and Hall Company.
6.
Instrumentation-Dr.V.Ramamsamy, Soumi Publications.
PAPER – III : CHEMICAL PHYSICS OBJECTIVE: This paper provides detailed information about various dielectric and Infra red studies of molecular interaction in liquid phase. UNIT-I : Theories of Static Permittivity The molecular origins of permittivity and loss- Polarization types-Deby’s theory of static permittivity- Onsager’s theory of the internal field and permittivityKirkwood’s theory and Frohlich’s theory for non-polarizable dipoles- relation between Kirkwood’s and Frohlich’s theory. UNIT-II : Dipole Moment Studies Dipole moment- Experimental determination- Debye’s method and Onsager’s method- Application to molecular structure – Dipolemoment of molecular complexesFew and Smith method and Huyskens method. UNIT-III : Frequency domain and Time domain Techniques X-band microwave bench- Principle- Experimental arrangement - Dielectric relaxation- Higasi’s and Cole-Cole plot methods- Rate theory of dielectric relaxation and viscosity.-Time domain Reflectometry – Principle- Experimental arrangementprocedure- dynamic permittivity- Davidson- Cole model, Havariliak- Negami modelApplications. UNIT-IV : Fundamentals of H-bonding studies Nature of H-bonding- models of hydrogen bonding ( Elctrostatic model, Quantum mechanical models)- Potential energy Curves and Symmetrical hydrogen bonds- Proton transfer and ion pair formation- Thermodynamics of H-bondingEquilibrium constant. UNIT-V : IR Spectra in H-bonding Application of IR Spectra in the study of H-bonding- Determination of equilibrium constant- Nash method- Whetsal and Kagarise method- Thermodynamic properties- Dipole moment derivatives- Enhancement of intensity in H-bonding system.
Books for Reference: 1.
Dielectric properties and Molecular behavior- Nora.E.Hill.- Van Nostrant Company, London. (Unit-I)
2.
Dielectric behavior and Molecular structure – C.P.Smyth – McGraw Hill Publications.
3.
Electric Dipole moments – J.W.Smith – Butter worth publications.
4.
I.R.Spectra of complex molecules – L.J.Bellamy
5.
Hydrogen Bond – G.C.Pimental – Freeman, Sanfrancisco
6.
Hydrogen Bonding – S.N.Vinogradov – Nastrand Reinhold.
7.
X-band Microwave bench- Laboratory manual- Sisodia, M.L. , Raghuvansi,G.S., Wily Eastern Ltd., New Delhi.(1987)
8.
Molecular Interactions- Vol.2- Rataj C zak and Orville- Thomas- A Willy-Inter Science Publications.
9.
The theory of Rate processes- Glasstone, S.Laider, K.J. and Eyring ,H- Mc Graw Hill, New Delhi (1941)
10.
Application Note- Fellner-Fldog, HP Co, Polo, Auto California (1972)
11.
Dielectric Materials and Applications- Vonthippel.A.R., John Wiley and Sons Inc., Newyork (1974)
PAPER – III : ULTRASONICS OBJECTIVE:
This paper aims at providing the fundamentals of Ultrasonics and propagation of Ultrasonic waves in liquids and solids in order to understand the Physico-chemical properties and also the applications of Ultrasonics in various fields. UNIT – I : Generation ,Detection and Propagation of Ultrasonic Waves :
Production of Ultrasonic waves – Low and High frequency waves – Longitudinal and transverse modes – Piezoelectric and magnetostriction transducers- Detection of ultrasonic waves-Crystal receivers. Propagation of low amplitude waves
in liquids-Measurement of
Ultrasonic velocity and absorption – Progression wave method – Optical method – acoustic interferometer – Pulse technique – Impedance method. Relaxationthermal and structural relaxation in liquid mixtures. UNIT – II : Molecular Interaction in Liquids and Liquid Mixtures :
Theory
of
Physical
and
thermodynamic
properties
-Adiabatic
compressibility, Molar sound volume, inter molecular free length, free volume, internal pressure, acoustic impedance and their excess properties. Aqueous and non aqueous solutions – Apparent molal compressibility, Apparent molal volume – Viscosity B-coefficient-Hydration number. Complex formation-Types of bonding in liquids – Hydrogen bonding – Nature of H-bond– Detection of H-bonding using ultrasonic method. UNIT – III : Propagation in Solids :
Velocity and attenuation measurements in solids – Stationary and continuous wave method – Pulse echo method – Stress, Strain and Displacement relations – Elastic constants – Equation of motion - Their solutions –Propagation of ultrasonic waves in ferromagnetic and Ferro electric materials – Absorption due to lattice imperfections- Pressure and temperature dependence on velocity and attenuation.
UNIT – IV : Preparation and analysis of Glasses: Types of glasses- Metallic glasses – bioactive glasses- Composition and preparation of glass specimen- Measurement of Debye temperature and micro hardness- XRD,DSC, DTA analysis. UNIT-V Applications and Introduction to New Materials:
NDT – Its importance in characterization of materials– Flaw Detection and thickness Gauging – Metallurgical applications with special reference to soldering and welding- Biological and medical applications- Ultrasonic flow meter –Ultrasonic delay lines- UTT (Ultrasonic Trans Tomogram) Nanomaterials- Synthesis and characterization of micro and nano fillersOrganic/Inorganic hybrid materials- Macro and Micro composites- Shape memory alloys. Books for Reference : 1.
Fundamentals of Ultrasonics – Jack Blitz – Butter Worths – London(1967).
2.
Introduction to Chemical Ultrasonics – M.J.Blandamer – Academic press, London
3.
Absorption and Dispersion of Ultrasonic waves – A. Litvoitz and K.F.Herzfeld – Academic Press, London(1959).
4.
Ultrasonics – Bemsomcarlin – Tata McGraw Hill
5.
Ultrasonic methods in solid State physics – Rohntruell, Charlleselabaum and Bruce B.Chick – Academic press
6.
Molecular interaction – H. Ratajczak and W.J.O.Thomas – John Wiley and Sons, Britan
7.
The Hydrogen Bond – G.C.Pimental and A.L.Mc Cledlan
8.
Physical Acoustics – W.P. Mason – Academic press.
PAPER – III : MATERIALS SCIENCE / CRYSTAL GROWTH OBJECTIVE: To make the students to understand the properties of materials with their structure at the electronic, atomic and micro level as well as the behavior of variety of materials. UNIT – I : Material Characterization
X-ray diffraction studies-
Powder and Single crystal method –
Interpretation of data- Scanning electron microscopy-Principle, Experimental methods
and
sample
preparation-
Thermal
analysis-Thermogravimetry-
Differential thermal analysis-Differential scanning colorimetry-Interpretation of thermograms. UNIT – II : Magnetic and Dielectric Properties
Magnetic susceptibility – Theory and Principle of Measurement of Magnetic
susceptibility and Magnetic anisotropy – Curie Balance and
Krishnan’s Torsion method. Dielectric Constant –Non polar and Polar molecular crystalline solidsMeasurement of dielectric constant- Microwave and Bridge method. UNIT – III : Thin Films Preparation of thin films- Vacuum evaporation-Vapour source ion platingSputtering-Chemical Methods-Electroplating-Spray Pyrolysis-Solution growth. Characterization of thin films-thickness measurement-Microbalance methodMultiple beam interferrometry- Optical properties of thin films. UNIT – IV : Super Conductivity Superconductivity – Flux quantisation in super conducting ring – BCS theory (Quantum Mechanical Treatment)
- Josephson’s effect – High Tc superconductors -
La-Ba-Cu-O, Y-Ba-Cu-O, Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O preparation. Formal valance in cupurates – One Electron structures of La2, CuO4 and Yba2 Cu3 O7-x.
UNIT V: Nano Materials Introduction-Nano rods- Nano particles-Nano material preparation-Plasma arcing- Chemical vapour deposition-Sol-gel electro deposition ball milling technique. Synthesis of metal nano particles and Structures- Background on quantum semiconductors-
Background
on
reverse
Miceller
solution-
Synthesis
of
semiconductors- Cadmium telluroid nano crystals-Cadmium sulfide nano crystalsSilver sulfide nano crystals- Nano manipulator- Nano tweezes- nanodots. Books for Reference : 1.
Crystal
Growth
process
and
method-
Dr.P.Santhan
Raghavan
&
Dr.P.Ramasamy 2.
The Growth of Crystals from Melt -J.C.Brice, John Wiley &Sons, Newyork.
3.
Growth of Crystals from Vapour -M.M.Faktor & I.Garett, John Wiley & Sons, Newyork
4.
Modern Magnetism - L.F. Bates – Chapter IV – Cambridge Uni. Press
5.
Solid State Physics – A.J.Dekker – Prentice Hall – 1951
6.
Solid State Physics – Singhal
7.
Solid State Physics – Saxena, Gupta, Saxena
8.
Instrumentation methods of analysis-Willard, et al., CBS Edition
9.
Thin
film
Technology(X-Rox)-Robert
W.Berry
D.Van
,NOSTRAND
Company(CANADA) Ltd,1968 10.
The use of Thin Film and Physical Investigation (X-Rox) -I.C.Anderson, Academic Press, Newyork.
11.
High Tc Superconductors-J.C.Phillips-Academy Press, Newyork.
12.
Nanotechnology-Wilson.M, Kannangara.K, Smitt.G, Simmonss.M & Boguse.B, 2005- Overseas Press.
13.
Nanosystem - E.Dexler, John Willey, Newyork
14.
Nanomaterials & Mechanics - W.Kamliu et.al. 2006,John Willey.
NANO MATERIALS UNIT-I :INVESTIGATING AND MANIPULATING MATERIALS IN THE NANO SCALE Introduction–Electron microscopies-Scanning Electron MicroscopyTransmission electron Microscopy-STEM-Image collection in electron MicroscopesScanning probe Microscopies –Scanning tunneling Microscopy-STM-atomic force Microscopy-Scanning probe Lithography (SPL)-Optical microscopies for Nanoscience and Technology-confocal Microscopy-photo electron spectroscopy-vibrational spectroscopies-Dynamic light Scattering-X-Ray Diffraction. UNIT-II : QUANTUM SIZE EFFECT Electron confinement in infinitely deep square well, confinement in two and one dimensional well. Idea of quantum well structure. Quantum dots. Quantum wires. Determination of particle size, increase in width of XRD peaks of nanoparticles, Shift in photoluminescence peaks. Variations in Raman spectra of nanomaterials. Different methods of preparation of nanomaterials, Bottom up: Cluster beam evaporation, Ion beam deposition, chemical bath deposition with capping techniques and Top down: Ball Milling, Littography. UNIT –III : CARBON NANOTUBES Introduction-synthesis and purification-Filling of nanotubes-Electronic structure Transport properties-Mechanical Properties-Physical propertiesApplications. UNIT-IV: CLASSIFICATION OF LIQUID CRYSTALS Symmetry, structure and classification of liquid Crystals, polymorphism in tan thermotropics. Reentrant phenomena in liquid crystals, Blue phases. Polymer liquid crystals, Distribution functions and order parameters, macroscopicand microscopic order parameters. Measurement of order parameters magietic resonance electron spin resonance, Raman Scattering and X-ray diffraction). UNIT –V :NANO BIOLOGY Introduction-Interaction between Bimolecules and nano particle surface electronic effects of bio molecule nanoparticle interaction-Different types of inorganic materials used for the synthesis of hybrid nano bio assemblies- semiconductor Nanocrystals-Magnetic nanoparticles-Application of Nano in Biology-Diagnositc Applications of immunotargeted nanoparticles-Targeted Drug delivery Using Nanoparticles.
BOOKS FOR REFERENCE : 1. Nanotechnology molecularly designed materials by Gan-moog chow, Kenneth E. Gonsalves, American chemical society, 2000 2. Quantum dot heterostructures by D. Bimerg, M. Grundmann and N.N. Ledentsov, Jon Wiley and Sons. 1998. 3. Dexler. E. 1992; Nanosystem, John Willey CNY. 4. Physics of Nono Structures by K.P. Jain narosa 1997. 5. NANO: the Essentials by T.Pradeep 2007. Tata MC Graw – Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
6. Introduction to liquid crystals: physics and chemistry 1997. Tayler and Francis.
PAPER-III: BIO-PHYSICS Unit -I Proteins Organisation of Protein - Primary structure- Secondary structure Tertiary structure -Quaternary structure - Sequencing of proteins. Nucleic acids Organisation of Nucleic acids - Primary structure of DNA - Secondary structure of DNA - Tertiary structure of DNA - Structure of RNA - Sequencing of Nucleic acids.
Unit -II Microscopy Principles - Phase contrast Microscope - Polarization Microscope Fluorescence Microscope - Electron Microscope - Transmission Electron Microscope - Scanning Electron Microscope - Atomic Force Microscope Confocal Microscopy.
Unit -III Centrifugation Principles of Centrifugation - Ultracentrifugation centrifugation -Density gradient centrifugation.
-
Differential
Chromatography Principles of Chromatography - Paper Chromatography - Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) - Gas Liquid Chromatography - High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Electrophoresis Principles - Factors affecting the migration of substances - Supporting media in Electrophoresis - Gel Electrophoresis. Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) - Sodium dodecyl Sulphate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE).
Unit-IV Beer - Lambert’s law - Calorimeter - Spectrophotometer-Double beam Spectro photometer - Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy - Origin and Theory of UV Spectra -Instrumentation - Applications. Principle of Fluorescence Instrumentation -Applications.
-
Spectrofluorimeters
-
Principle
and
Unit -V Infrared spectroscopy - Basic concept of IR spectroscopy - IR spectrometer - Principle and Instrumentation - Sample handling techniques FTIR – Principle - Instrumentation -Applications. Raman spectroscopy - Raman spectrometer - Instrumentation and working -Applications.
Books for Reference 1. Bio Physics by M A Subramanian, MJP Publishers, 2005. 2. Bio Physics by Dr. S. Thiravia Raj, Saras Publication, 2009. 3. Bio Physics by P.S. Mishra, VK Publication, 2009. 4. Bio Instrumentation by L. Veerakumari, MJP Publishers, 2006. 5. Biotechniques Theory & Publications, 2010.
Practice by S.V.S.
*****
Rana,
Rastogi
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
M.PHIL PHYSICS
SYLLABUS (2013-2014)
PAPER – III : PETROPHYSICS OBJECTIVE: Earth crust is a treasure of Minerals. The syllabus is intended to understand a clear view of the earth crust and the methods of measuring the contents. UNIT-I : Rocks Classification –Basic concepts-mineral: Classification-silicate, Non-silicate Minerals- Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals. Thin section: Preparation and Analysis-Polarizing Microscope-Working. UNIT-II : Remanent Magnetisation Natural
remanent
mechanism-Neel’s
magnetization-Thermo
theory –Models-PTRMS-CRM,
remanent DRM,
VRM,
magnetization Piezo
–
remanent
magnetization-ARM. Identification of magnetic minerals in rocks using curie temperatures and spontaneous magnetization methods. UNIT-III : Laboratory and field instruments for magnetic Measurements Astatic Magnetometer-Spinner Magnetometer-Optical pump Magnetometer-Flux gate Magnetometer and
Proton Precession Magnetometer: Theory, Practice and
Applications. UNIT-IV : Dating Methods Radioactivity principle-Decay components and half lives- The radio activity of elements and minerals in lithosphere-The special distribution and migration of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium in the Earth Crust. Geochronology: Uranium-Thorium series Method-Rubidium-Strontium MethodPotassium-Argon Method-Thermo luminescence Dating.
UNIT-V : Spectroscopic Applications X-ray Spectrometry: Diffraction Technique- Powder Method-Application to Polycrystalline Materials. Gamma Ray Spectroscopy: Principle and working of Gamma ray spectrometerSample preparation –Counting spectra – Efficiency factor Scanning Electron Microscopy: Principle - SEM Instrumentation-OperationSample preparation- Applications. Books for Reference: 1. Text Book of Geology by Santhosh Kumar Garg. 2. Introduction to Geophysics by G.D. Garland 2nd Edition Sandur’s Book Company. 3. Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting by Dobrin, Mc Graw Hill Book Company. 4. Gravity and Magnetic Methods of prospecting by Rama Rao and Murthy, Arnold Heinemann publishers, India. 5. Spectroscopy by Walker and Straughen, Chapman and Hall. 6. Mossbauer Spectroscopy by G.M. Bancroft, Mc Graw Hill Book Co., 7. Elements of Nuclear Physics – Pandiya and Yadav. 8. Nuclear Physics by D.G. Tayal. 9. Methods in Poleomagnetism by D.W.Collinson, K.M.Creer and S.Runcorn, Elsevier Pub. Com. 10.Petrophysics by V.V.Kuzhetsov, Mir Publishers, Moscow 11. Instrumentation by V.Ramasamy, Sowmi Publications, Chidambaram
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
M.SC. PHYSICS(cbcs)
SYLLABUS (2013-2014)
ANNAMALAI UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
M.sc. PHYSICS(integrated)
SYLLABUS (2013-2014)