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THE ROLE OF ARAKKAL KINGDOM IN MALABAR TRADE PROJECT REPORT VI SEMESTER BA DEGREE HISTORY NOVEMBER 2019 - MARCH 2020
Rishana K
GT17AHIR002
Riswana M
GT17AHIR003
Sareena V P
GT17AHIR006
Abhina CP
GT17AHIR004
Abdul Rakeeb P
GT17AHIR035
UG Department Of History Government College Thalassery Course Work Assigned Kannur University 2017 Admission
Declaration We do by declare that the project work entitled 'ARAKKAL KINGDOM IN MALABAR TRADE' has-been prepared by submitted by us to Kannur university in partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of bachelor of arts degree in history, is a record of original work clone by us under the guidance and supervision of SHIMYA guest lecture, department of history, government college, Thalassery, Chokli We also decline that this project report has not been submitted by anyone of us fully or partially for the award of any degree, and diploma, title recognation before, and has not been published in any format. To this submission, it has also been tried our best to make free from plagiarism, and the expects taken from authentic works and quotes are shown as foot notes / end notes.
Department of history
Rishana K
GT17AHIR002
Govt college thalassery chokli
Riswana M
GT17AHIR003
673313
Sareena V P
GT17AHIR006
Date
Abhina CP
GT17AHIR004
Abdul Rakeeb P
GT17AHIR035
Acknowledgement Our study entitled: The role of Arakkal kingdom in Malabar trade' is a successful accomplishment of our collective effect as a partial fulfillment of undergraduate level course work assigned by university of Kannur for the award of BA degree history department 2017-2020. We are grateful to several personalities, faculties and institutions for their previous service, suggestions guidance. We extend our sincere thanks to former a historical expert Mr. Sivadhasan Madathil assistant professor of Department Of History, Preman KP assistant professor and HOD of Department Of History for their valuable suggestions and technical guidance to enrich our work with proper research methodology and fruitful information. We express our heartfelt gratitude to our internal guide SHIMYA guest lecture, department by history for her valuable guidance and suggestions rendered to this project, to be completed on time, we use this occasion of express our sincere thanks to university center library kannur and sanskrit university library to prepare this project report.
Certificate This is to certify the project entitled: ‘The Role Of Arakkal Kingdom In Malabar Trade' is a bona fide record of micro studies at undergraduate level done by Riswana M, Rishana K, Sareena VP, Abhina CP, Abdul Rakeeb P under my guidance and supervisions in partial fulfillment for the award of degree in bachelor of arts history university of Kannur of year 2017-2020. HOD
Supervisor
Preman KP
Shimya
Assistant Professor
Guest lecture
Dept of history
Dept of history
Government College Thalassery, Chokli
Government College Thalassery , Chokli
Contents I. Declaration II. Certificate III. Acknowledgement IV. Introduction
Chapter 1: Arakkal Dynasty Chapter 2: Historical background of Arakkal kingdom Chapter 3: Foreign relations of Arakkal Chapter 4: In the role of Arakkal kingdom in Malabar trade Chapter 5: Conclusion, Glossary Chapter 6: Illustrations, appendix Chapter 7: Questionnaire Chapter 8: Bibliography
Chapter 1 Introduction Kerala was divided in to more than one hundred small principalities before the establishment of British power in India. These kingdoms were more our less self in dependent with its own traditional production and distributions system inclusive of trade and commerce. All these kingdoms were matrilineal originated under peculiar social political and economic situations in Kerala. When all other matrilineal dynasties had their senior most male member as ruler, the Arakkal dynasty was headed by the senior most members irrespective of gender. If the ruler was male, he was popularly known as Ali Raja and if the ruler was female she was known as Arakkal Beevi. There are many stories relating to the origin of the Arakkal family. Among these, the situ related to the pilgrimage of Cheraman Perumal to Makkah has got prominence in the Arakkal family whatever may be the origin, the family records. Suggests that continues existence if the dynasty starts from 12th century AD in the early years of its existence it was subordinate to the kolathiri rulers and later chirakkal rulers but from 15th century it became independent and powerful thanks to its maritime enterprises. When the Portuguese came to Malabar they we helped Kolathiri and Arakkal . They permitted the Portuguese to build a fort at Kannur , known as fort St. Angelo. Fort was built by Francisco Almeida. But after the establishment the fort the Portuguese overpowered Arakkal and they were forced to compromise. With the Portuguese power, were they when replaced by the Dutch in the middle of the 17th century, they had a peaceful trade relation with Arakkal. After about one hundred years of friendly co-existence the Dutch sold the Kannur fort to the Arakkal famiy in 1770 AD for 1 Lakh Rupees. With the possession of the Kannur fort and their alliance with the Mysore rulers, Arakkal become the most powerful rulers of the Malabar during the period. Bit this situation had been changed by the entry of the British power in this region who where against the Mysore rulers. After the first Mysore war of 1769 the British general Aber Comby defeated the Arakkal army and took Kannur fort. Soon the rulers of Arakkal offered peace and entered in to an agreement with the English.
The Arakkal family was forced to surrender the Kannur fort and had to pay a huge amount for the compensation. The English also claimed Laccadive island which where possessed by the Arakkal dynasty from 15th century. The dispute lasted for more than hundred years. The final agreement was signed on 15th December 1909 by which the family was given and annual amount of RS 23000 as Malikhan the ruler was also given a title of respect a sultan however the ruler of the dynasty finally came to a half of 15th August 1947. The same amount of Mali khan is still given to the Arakkal family annually.
Hypothesis The arakkal kingdom one and only muslim empire in kerala . Left year more significant contributions for the Renaissance of the Muslim Kerala the Arakkal family follows a matriarchal system of descent and chooses the oldest the member of family has it's head and ruler.
Aims and objectives • To know the history and cultural heritage if Arakkal family if north Malabar. • To explore their contributions in Kerala society • Investigate their trade relations with other countries • To find out old rulers of dynasty
Scope of the study In the study consists of trade relations of Arakkal kingdom, and how the dynasty behaved with other dynasties in Kerala.
Methodology The methodology used for the study is mainly qualitative our the descriptive and analytical method. Both primary and secondary data used for study.
Published works, magazines, Arakkal records ethics were also used for the study . Field visit and interview with the curator was conducted as a part of the study.
Review of literature The following are the major source used in the topic the role of Arakkal kingdom i. Malabar trade, the Ali rajas of Canannore by a doctor K K Kurupp in this book detail of Ali rajas contributions in Kannur . Kannur kanan, ariyaan (Malayalam) written by Sathyan Edakkad, constraining the historic approaches of the kingdom mainly with history.
Chapterization The study consists of 5 chapters including introduction and conclusion. 1st chapter is Arakkal kingdom - an introduction, 3nd chapter deals with historical background of Arakkal family. The 3rd chapter discusses the foreign. Relation of Arakkal. The fourth chapter explore the role of Arakkal kingdom in Malabar trade. Final chapter is conclusion.
Marumakkathayam Marumakkathayam is a special system of matrilineal inheritance which was Arab families who were in tie with Malabar coastal dwellers Marumakkal in the Malayalam language means nephew and nieces. Thuhfathul Mujahedeen states that "the system of inheritance in a Nair class family. Is vested upon sisters, their oft springs and relatives of mother home. This system is called Marumakkathayam. It is usually being enacted northern provinces of Kerala, copied actually from Hinduism Ibnu Bathutha has explicated such a system in south Africa. Kozhikode, Ponnani, Parappananangadi, Tellichery, Kannur are main centers of this system. It was also seen in chirakkal, kottayam, kurumbranad and southern most provinces of Kasargod, Chiayinkeezh, Paravur and other place's. The Arakkal rulers had also followed a system of knot by Muslim girls with Arabians to satisfy them. Keyis (Tellicherry), koyas (calicut), Arakkal family (cannanore), Baramis Tammis and malabaris were the main followers of this system. The Arakkal family followed a matrilineal system. Puthiyappla (husband) will stay in wife house PP Muhammad Koya states That "even through this system refutes the islamic laws of inheritance, they got the approved from The current ottoman emperor. Says that "the Monday assets (personal assets ) of the family were distributed based on the Muhammedan law of inheritance and while Friday asset (family assets ) were on the basic of matrilineal system of Nairs. Sheikh Zainudheen makhdoom says that the high educated, expert Muslim nobles of Malabar had followed a Hindu matrilineal system and abandoned the whole rights of their oft springs. But Leela duohe states that "These Muslims followed Muhammeden laws along with these system of inheritance.
Marumakkathayam Act According to the laws of Mappila inheritance all Marumakkathayam families should distributed their personal assets for oft springs and other relatives. But when the Sharia act of 1937 was enacted it aimed only the up graduation of women personal laws Gradually, this law entitled the Muslim relics as anomalous Although the protests were helped the madras legislative
assembly enacted marumakkathayam law (1939) Based on the laws of the majority is in favor, they can never distribute mansion assets it regarded Mappila as Hindus and Muslim in family and personal assets respectively it also intended that nobody can buy or purchase any asset of these mansion bereft of majority of elders and nobles
Arakkal palace and Architecture The palace of the Arakkkal Rajas which used to be Their Madministrative head quarters. Later because the office of the collection of Malabar. Today it is under the department of Archaeology and Tourism
Architecture The palace complex of Arakkal Kettu comprise many independent unit around a large open courtyard. It includes mosques and building which was once used as an administration office. Arakkal kettu is build of late rite blocks and wood, the intricate wood work on most of the house in the palace complex is striking the palace which has long verandahs in the front has a distinctive look that speak of a combination of local Architecture with a colonial system. The main palace building is two stored and the upper floor has large halls with wooden floors. The double sheltered windows of the palace have coloured glass panes. That look lovely when they catch light. One of the blocks is considered scared and a lamp is always kept lit there. Such lamps, used by the the Hindu community of kerala as well are called kedavilakku a lot and a chair are also kept at this block.
Arakkal museum Arakkal museum helps to know about the Arakkal dynasty. The one and only Muslim dynasty of kerala. Arakkal kings were known as sea kings. and their regime ruled a wide geographic territory including Lakshadweep island and Maldives. They had controlled a hug member of mosques and kept domination in trade and commerce
The Arakkal palace located in kannur city. Facing to sea line. later it became property of government of kerala and converted it as a museum. Remaining and documents related to Arakkal dynasty is displayed here for public appearance the granaries and mosques near arakkal museum helped to understand glories and important of Arakkal dynasty
CHAPTER -3 FOREIGN RELATION OF ARAKKAL The ARAKKAL family had strong relationship with Sultanates and dynasties in and out of kerala
ARAKKAL-Portuguese Relation The ARAKKAL family had enjoyed blissful reign in Malabar cost. By the descent of Portuguese, the family turned prone for plenty of admonitions and chastisements. They sought aid from Kolathiri family to stand against Arakkal family. Kolathiri king allowed them to construct a fort at Cannanore city. This fort, however, turned at Cannanore toward the Arakkal. The fort named st. Angelo became the main commercial center with constrained the sea trade of malabar levying high tax along with Portuguese affidavits. The brutality of Portuguese against the Malabar Muslims had transcended all it's limits on their commercial trade. Kunghali-Maraker brave leader of zamothiri fleet and Ali Raja engrossed in pitched battles against them for Arakkal family. When the governor Albuquergne invaded Goa in 1510, kolathiri and his minister Mammali sought aid from sabag- the king of Goa. By his unexpected denice, the governor declared Goa for Portuguese and levied tax on Mammali. He sentenced the verdict to offer of coir from Cannanore and cochin. ARAKKAL -Maldives Relation Ali Rajas of Arakkal were the dictators Maldives who have the might to appoint governor. In of co-operation, the Portuguese pre ceived to tackle Maldives Sultan Kalu Muhammad. This effort was fulfilled not at all. The sultan was under the supremacy of Ali Raja in 1494.Ali Raja occupied some right in maldives and he started to export some valuable goods from island like coir and dry fish. He impoted silk dress, rice and pots from Cannanore. Gradually mammalis entrenchment in maldives and the denise of Albuquerque simplified the later events in Cannanore kolathiris reign was demolished and Mommali crowned as the ruler of cannanore.
The eminent historian picard Dilavell says that the later invasions of portuguese and their resistance against ARAKKAL family forced them to be in truce with their policies. In those days, the Ali Rajas were known as sultanul Bahr (the lord of the sea ).the ruler Ali Raja was a malabar native who dealt his subjects in a good manner of Maldives.they levied jagir rule on Lakshadweep and other neighbouring islands especially Andaman and nicobar Gradually, the Arakkal family turned as an independent muslim royal family in Malabar coast with whole control over maldives and Lakshadweep.they owned plenty of ships, lands and forts by which they eventually became richest Muslims family in Kerala Malabar coast. The Portuguese were kni lt down under his supremacy and later they had been allowed to construct a single fort at Cannanore
ARAKKAL-LAKSHADWEEP Relation The Arakkal family is well known for their long lasted rule in Laccadives (Lakshadweep) is lands like agati, kalpeni, Androth and minicoy.the chirakkal family was the first rulers of these islands and later offered Arakkal.when the chirakkal king offered her daughter Sri- devi Fathima beebi) some owned land of cannanore, he allowed them to rule on Lakshadweep and its other sub islands. The Lakshadweep products and goods are very mainly exported to Cannannore under the full supervisory of Arakkal officiates namely kargakkar- a royal clint who was admired as supreme of an islands. Gradually, Arakkal saved a lot of Gold coins, coir, coconut and other small industry products.unfortunately, the merchants were not saved much sufficient profit from Arakkal merchant Lobbies even they vied high taxes for their cheap product like merchant tax and these officials mode them to feel arrogant on the rule of Arakkal family
Arakkal- mysore Relation The mysore sultanate and Arakkal family had tried a firm relation which eased the military, financial and commerce co-operation and coexistence. Mysore city was the main trade route of Portuguese and Dutch. Hyder Ali the emperor was a "terror" moreover, this firm relation was
commenced in 1766 when Hyder Ali invaded Kolathiri and defeated the king of canara Regonut the english were absolutely helpless on kolathiri for the relentless fleet of Hyder Ali. In 1706 february, Hyder Ali reached Kolathunadu along with his 400 cavalry and 8000 armies through Mangalore. When he reached Cannanore, The Ali Raja kunhi Hamza Adhi Raja warmly hosted him with all military protocols. He offered him some valuable price which made him be in strong convince with Ali Raja. A luxurious ship bought from Calicut and silver table worth 400 rupee were one of them precious, gradually, by the demise of Chirakkal king, Ali Rajas occupied chirakkal palace and properties. After conquering chirakkal, kottayam and later Kadathunad, Hyder Ali appointed Ali Raja as supreme of kolathiri provinces and chirakkal king sought solace in Tellicherry fort. He was rationed five kilogram Rice from one day. Gradually, when the English military at Tellicherry sought from Hyder Ali to abdicate him from kolathunad supremacy, Hyder Ali admired their opinion. The main reason of this argument was belonged to the Portuguese at Tellicherry and Cannanore and the frustration that they had argued was it? Absolutely real. However, when Hyder Ali acquainted himself about these problems and arguments that arouse against the Arakkal king, he admired kolathiri by giving reign of kolathunadu back to them (1777).Later, he handed over kingdom of kottayam to the Chirakkal family. These were turned actually as a sudden crash hit by the Arakkal family. Moreover, Ali Raja had assured his post as kolathunad. Governor is Mysore sultanate and was offered a free naval fleet in Arabian sea.
CHAPTER 4 THE ROLE OF ARAKKAL KINGDOM IN MALABAR TRADE
Trade Relation with Dutch Following the Portuguese, the Dutch also participated in the competition for the Dutch conquered the Portuguese fort at Cannanore on 6th February. 1663 by forced the Dutch were eager to seek the friendship of the Ali Raja, has he was very helpful to the company against the Portuguese. The Dutch claim of trade monopoly was against his interest and therefore all the treaties the Dutch made with him relating to trade proved infructuous. The English who had mutoh leave from the Dutch and Ali Raja had their ware house at Tellicherry. Garrisoned by the nagar soldiers of the Kolathiri it was only when Robert Adomas become chief of the Tellicherry factory that friendly relation were established with Ali Raja. It happens that Ali Raja had taken advantage of the trouble in the kolathiri. royal family to established his independence from his suzee, in by the begging of the 18th century. Alexander Hamilton, who was visited Malabar in 1705, mentions the Adi Raja (Ali Raja) A Muhammedan 'Malabar prince ' and his possession of the town of Cannanore, Together with Dharmapattanam island. the acquisition of the strategic Dharamapattanam island. was the first step in the in the independence of the Ali Raja from his suzerain in the independence of the Ali Raja from his suzerain. In spite of the Dutch monopoly of the spice trade, the Ali Raja carried on a substantial trade in now monopoly goods. Along the coast from cochin to Surat and with the Arabian cost. this increased the substantial income from trade made by the Arakkal house. About this time the Ali Raja was recognized by the Arakkal house. About this time the Ali Raja was recognized by the muslims of Malabar as their national leader. The Dutch captain at cochin center visscher (1717-23) wrote "the most powerful of all the noors, who may be regarded almost as an independent princes resides at Cannanore. he is entitled Ali Raja, king of island, being the law full foreign of all Lakshadweep, which were ceded to him by colastre"
The increase in the power of the Arakkal house naturally corroded the Loyalty of the house towards the kolathiri. This strained relations very soon led to armed conflict between the Ali Raja and the Kolathiri. The Kolathiri with the assistance of the English and the Kottayam Raja occupied Dharamapattanam island. His aim was the complete subjugation of the Arakkal house Apprehending the impossibility of with standing his (prenueregents) arms, the Ali Raja was induced to approach the cannanore king for aid against the kolathiri.
Trade Relation with English when an English factory was established at cottacunnu (Hill fort) on Balipatanam river in 1969, the english factor also tried to establish friendly relation with the Ali Raja but soon capture occured among them on account of the in land duty. The English were asked to give some masjid dues to the moplahs at Cannanore this was protested by the English and caused a Britain in their smooth relations. Ali Raja and the Dutch supported a junior prince of kolathiri against the prince Regent of kolathunadu also was in friendship with the English. The Ascendancy of this junior price was much feared by the English the English chief requested the surat council for permission of dissolving their factory at Ballapattanam. It was permitted by Aungier and his council on 20th march 1675.Dharamapattanam was a moplah center, where Ali Raja desired to consolidate his authority. He desired to be the curtow (governor ) of Dharamapattanam however he did not succed in getting the post and by the end of August (1682) had been driven out by the later curtows rightfull successor.(Although the kolathiri claimed his authority on account of this the Ali Raja desired to extend his authority over it, which was unsuccessful as he was defeated in this attempt. However by 1683 he had established some authority in Dharamapattanam the English sent their complimentary message to him when they occupied the French wone-house or Bancassal at Tellicherry. the english had much fear of the Ali Raja and the Dutch that the warm-house at Tellicherry was garri send by the soldiers at kolathiri.when Robert Adams assumed the office os the chief for English affairs of malabar he enuminated a policy of appeasement toward the Arakkal house also and established friendly relationship with them. By the begging of 17th century the house of Arakkal became practically independent of their sovereign kolathiri. Alexan Hamilton
and interlopers who visited Malabar in 1703 had given as interesting description on of this house. He stated " town (cannanore) with the cirumjacent country under the government of Adhi Raja Ali Raja a Mohamadan Malabar prinu, who upon occasions an being near 2000 men into the field. As he was a Muslim ruler, perhaps he was given due allegiance by Muslims in this area. However the respect of he commanded as chieftain was considered. A peculiarity of his government was also noted by Hamilton. He described it's government is not absolute, nor is it hereditary and instead of giving him the trust of the teasing which comes by taxes and merchandise, they have chest made on purpose with holes made in their lids and their coins being all gold whatever is received by the treasure is put into those chests by these hole and each chest has for locks, and there keys are put in the handle at the Rajah, the Commissioner of trade, the chief judge and the treasure, and when there is occasion for money were can be taken out neiehout all these four be present or their deputies. the existence of officers like the commission of trade, the chief judge and the treasure should that the house had an organized govt at the turn of 18th century. the affluence of the further, at this time, the house had its control over Dharmapatanam. The reconciliation between the English and the Ali Raja was soon broken again Beebi knew that the English as traders and political opportunities were the dead enemies of her principality Her men made an attempt to land at mammamunu in Dharmaptam, where the English erected a parapet at may lane to resist such attempt but those attempt were replaced by the English. One of the both of the English was captured by the Ali Raja she made its creue prisoners and cut off the nose and ears of a moplsh sailor who had been formerly in her sevice. the moplahs again made another attempt to invade the fortress at madakkara, possessed by the English with the assistance of the prince Regent. the government of the prince regent was then passing through a revolution.the young prince ockoo was the rebel leader who was even supported by Nair regiment.prince Regent Kunhimahoma requested for the assistance of kunhi Hamza Alli Raja against the rebels. But Ali Raja did not give him much help. Himself was placed amidst very complicated political affair. he was made a state prisoners by the molplah heads of Cannanore. the people of the several bazaars assembled at Cannanore and made some arrangements for the government. According to this "the sovereign is not have eight principal men to assist him in the administration with chose approbation he is to governor in the usual manner. the matters of consequence, were to be consulted with a body of 400 presion and decided by the majority. The
background of this political drama was unknown. However it as an attempt by the big merchants of cannanore who had been adversely affected by the animo sity of the ruling house toward the english to check the arbitrary activities of their government. But the animosity of the Raja towards the English still continued. The Austrian succession war in Europe between the French and the English had.its effect on the political affairs of Malabar also. The Ali Raja, wholeheartedly decided to support the French against his bitterest enemy, the english "under his instigation and help the French were able to enlist 1500 moplahs in their army The French even "prepared to say mass at Tellicherry" After the captured of madras when the French fleet arrived Mahe. Ali Raja visited Mahe with a retire of 500 men between 27 February 1747 and 1 march 1747. He was however surely dejected when the fleet sailed away without attacking Tellicherry. Thus being disgusted the Ali Raja again sought the friendship of the British. step were being taken by him to settle an outstanding loan refundable to the English. The loan amount obtained by his predecessors including interest was nearly 310556 fanams. He offered that an amount of Rs 15000 should be paid by poque moosa marakkar being the first installment to the English. He further requested that he vest of the amount be relinquished. This was accepted by the English and they remained the Ali Raja that he " behavior in future will be comfortable to that of your predecessors " so peace was established between the Arakkal House and the english for some time and the grievances related to the non restoration of Dharamaptam were forgotten by the moplahs.
Agreement with the English When hostilities commenced in Europe between England and France in 1756, immediately the french and the English Malabar costs also strengthened their own company. meanwhile the molahs invaded the fort at of maylure in Dharanapatam belonging to the english. But it was recaptured by the english. The prince Regent who had now broken his friendship with the Ali Raja adjudged that this aggression on maylure was made by Arakkal house. But most others fleet that it was by the men hired cowdoth pacquy, the principal pepper merchant to the French at Mahe who desired to cause a disturbance between the prince Regents people and the english. The english expected a war on Malabar cost also against the French and therefore they
wanted. To make allies among the Malabar chieftains. The financial difficulties now felt by the Ali Raja were a sum of Rs 13000 as advance, for while he had to furnish pepper at Tellicherry factory. if it was not fulfilled by him the English were permitted to take his vessels. According to the clauses of this agreement he had to assist the English against the French or any other native incursions. On them by 300 armed calliquilones (moplah soldiers) whose expenditure should be met by the English. This was an unnecessary burden or responsibility imposed by the Ali Raja on himself without any gain or profit. Like so many other treaties example of their folly and luck of farsightedness. But for the English this was a master stroke diplomacy engineered by T Hodages the English chief at Tellicherry. Following the full of Pondicherry the French at Mahe were also persuaded to accept the terms of capitulation in February 1761. They surrounded their forts in the worth except mount Deer and Ramanthali prince capu of Tambran of kolathiri this possession of forts by kolathiri prince was disliked by the Ali Raja immediately without giving any notice to the english factors of his intention, he surprised the French fort on Chikolam point at mount deli and most cruelly massarned the garison of 20 men. The fort near then banded over to the English. In 1762, the English neithdrew their out posts and handed over Madakkara to the king Regent of Kolathunadu. This was also a terrible blow to the ambition of the Ali Raja. Thuse ever through the war between the French and the English had been settled fresh cause of dissension was created between the Ali Raja and the kolathiri. This hatred had for fetching effects on the course of the history of Kerala throughout the period under discussion the policy of the Ali Raja was inconsistent. His friendship was always instable. He treated self interest as the best interest. But, this always created fresh troubles for him. On account of this flippant character and the policy of a weather cock he was always referred to by the English. In their documents as treacherous. This consisted policy of this dynasty in this period was the hatred towards in Kolathiries. This was motivated not by religion was also not left unexploited. A jihad against the canarese was wedged to safeguard the political interests of this dynasty. Thus the ruler had no far-reaching policy to execute, especially when the foreigners used to intrude in kolathunadu and establish there own settlement.
CONCLUSION Through this study we have attempted to explore the legacy of Arakkal dynasty in the socio-cultural and political history of North Malabar. Arakkal is one and only Muslim dynasty in Kerala. like other Hindu dynasties Arakkal also following matriarchy from succession. A unique feature we can find is Arakkal family is the eldest person whether it is male or female ascended to the throne, it is a male, he is known as Ali Raja and if it is a female, she called Arakkal Beevi. Many epics refers about the origin of the Arakkal dynasty. All these source given different views regarding its origin. The terms Ali Raja derived from the Malayalam word Samudra Raja which means ruler of ocean. When we analise the relation of Arakkal with foreign countries, this relation itself led to the decline of Arakkal dynasty in fact the European colonisation gave a death blow to this dynasty. Arakkal dynasty lost the power in the later period. The expansion of British power in the Malabar led to several changes in social and economic life of Malabar. As a part of this the Arakkal dynasty also declined. But Arakkal palace still stand as a part of this legacy. No doubt the Arakkal palace, its history and its legacy is an interesting area of study history students. Arakkal palace also promotes the tourism industry of North Malabar.
GLOSSARY • Moplah- Mappila muslim • Marumakkathayam-inheritance by sister’s children as opposed to sons and daughters. • Adhi Raja- supreme lord • Thamburatty vilakku- queen lamb • Hijra - muslim calendar
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Secondary source Book Reference Book in English Dr. K.K.N Kurup : The Ali Rajas of cannanore Calicut university press, 2002 CA Innes
: Malabar Gazetter, Thiruvananthapuram, The state Editor Kerala Gazetters, 1997
Ibrahim Kunj
: Mappila muslim of Kerala Thiruvananthapuram, sandhya publication 1989.
William Logan:
Malabar manual volume 1 New Delhi Asian education Service, 1951
Muhammad Fayis CH:
The Role of Arakkal kingdom in Malabar muslim Empowerment
Books in Malayalam Sathyan Edakkad : Kannur Kanan Ariyan, Kannur, 2010
Website wikipedia.org Kerala tourism.org timesofIndia.com
QUESTIONNAIRE
1.who is the current ruler of Arakkal dynasty? 2.there are various myths found regarding the origin of Arakkal dynasty. describe a myth which has more authenticity than other? 3. What is the connection between Arakkal and Chirakkal kingdoms? 4. Describe about the power ceremony? 5Does government of India still providing privy purse?