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· TERZAGHI · RANKINE · CASAGRANDE · SEED · FRÖHLICH · PECK · GAUTIER · SKEMPTON · DOKUCHAEV · WROTH ·
soil
mechanics `
January 2021 Theme 7
INTRODUCTION TO GEOTECHNICAL & SOIL MECHANICAL
FATHERS KARL VON TERZAGHI Fathers of soil mechanics & geotechnics
of
SOIL MECHANICS &
GEOTECHNICS
ARL VON TERZAGHI
FRÖHLICH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THEME 7
I. INTRODUCTION Table of Content
2
Geotechnical & Soil Mechanics
3
II. FATHERS OF SOIL MECHANICS & GEOTECHNICAL Karl Terzaghi
4-5
William John Macquorn Rankine
6-7
Vasily Dokuchaev
8
Albert Mauritz Atterberg
9 - 10
Arthur Casagrande
11 - 13
Alec Skempton
14 - 15
Harry Bolton Seed
16 - 17
Peter Wroth
18 - 19
III. FINALE References
20
STUDENT FROM SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UTM
HEAD EDITOR: NURIN NABIHAH
EDITOR: WINNIE WONG
EDITOR: NUR AINA SABRINA
EDITOR: NORHASLISA GIMBUN
FATHERS OF SOIL MECHANICS & GEOTECHNICAL
2
INTRODUCTION OF GEOTECHNICAL & SOIL MECHANICS Soil mechanics is an engineering discipline related to
Geotechnical issues are historically classified into three
soil
major
as
a
material
for
building.
Soil
mechanics
is
a
areas:
problems
and
problems (the permeability of the soil to liquids and
of
gasses). Geotechnical engineering, meanwhile, involves
The
base engineering along with other components in the
mechanical
concepts.
geotechnical
general
The
engineering
physical
scientific
is
soil
basis
mechanics.
with soil mechanics, i.e. the response to external impact
pertaining to soil is dealt with. For example, it involves
defined
Soil
how best you to evaluate the soil properties for the
Mechanics deals with the dynamics of soil. It may be
given problem at hand, how best you can build a soil-
quite abstract as in how under varying conditions such as
interacting system (such as pillars, trenches, etc.) so that
applied loading, infiltration, etc. a particular type of soil
the
behaves with specific boundary conditions such as the
structure to collapse.
and
hydraulic
laws.
soil
does
not
functional
behave
(in
flow
sense
mechanical
anything
and
behavior of the interior of the soil is mainly concerned
by
that
stiffness)
strength),
explained
by
(soil
(soil
problems
interpreted
deformation
stability
comparatively new science that in the 1930s-1960s was and
with
with
adversely
engineering)
allowing
the
soil is behind a retaining wall or underneath a base, etc.
HISTORY OF GEOTECHNICAL & SOIL MECHANICS 1) GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PRIOR TO THE 18TH CENTURY The
record
of
construction engineering
a
person’s
material terms,
the
is
first
lost
in
use
of
soil
antiquity.
understanding
of
In
as
3) CLASSICAL SOIL MECHANICS—PHASE I (1776– 1856) a
During this period, most of the developments in the area
true
of geotechnical engineering came from engineers and
geotechnical
scientists
in all
France.
In
theoretical
the
pre-classical
considerations
period,
engineering as it is known today began early in the 18th
practically
used
in
century. For years, the art of geotechnical engineering
calculating lateral earth pressure on retaining walls were
was based on only past experiences through a succession
based on an arbitrarily based failure surface in soil.
of experimentation without any real scientific character. Based on those experimentations, many structures were built—some of which have crumbled, while others are
4) CLASSICAL SOIL MECHANICS—PHASE II (1856– 1910)
still standing. Several experimental results from laboratory tests on sand appeared in the literature in this phase.
2) PRECLASSICAL PERIOD OF SOIL MECHANICS (1700–1776)
5) MODERN SOIL MECHANICS
This period concentrated on studies relating to natural
In this period, results of research conducted on clays
slope and unit weights of various types of soils, as well
were published in which the fundamental properties and
as the semi-empirical earth pressure theories.
parameters of clay were established.
3
Karl von terzaghi FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS & GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
4
The Legend of Karl von Terzaghi
Karl Terzaghi, (born Oct. 2, 1883, Prague—died Oct. 25, 1963, Winchester, Mass., U.S.), civil engineer who founded the branch of civil engineering science known as soil mechanics, the study of the properties of soil under stresses and under the action of flowing water.He studied mechanical engineering at the Technical University in Graz, graduating in 1904, then worked as an engineer for several years; he was awarded a doctorate in engineering by the same institution in 1911. After visiting the United States, he served in the Austrian Air Force during World War I, but in 1916 he accepted a position with the Imperial School of Engineers, Istanbul. When the war was over, he took a post (1918–25) with Robert College, a U.S. institution, also in Istanbul. Much research had been done on foundations, earth pressure, and stability of slopes, but Terzaghi set out to organize the results and, through research, to provide unifying concepts. The results were published in his most noted work, Erdbaumechanik (1925; Introduction to Soil Mechanics, 1943–44).In 1925 he went to the United States, where—as a member of the faculty of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge—he worked unceasingly for the acceptance of his ideas, serving also as consulting engineer for many construction projects.In 1929 he accepted the newly created chair of soil mechanics at Vienna Technical University. He returned to the United States in 1938 and served as professor of civil engineering at Harvard University from 1946 until his retirement in 1956. His consulting practice grew to encompass the world, including the chairmanship of the
ān High Dam
Board of Consultants of Egypt’s Asw
"Unfortunately, soils are made by nature and not by man, and the products of nature are always complex"
project until 1959.
KARL VON TERZAGHI
5
MECHANICAL ENGINEER CONTRIBUTED TO CIVIL ENGINEERING, PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN RANKINE
6
BIOGRAPHY
"The law of conservation of energy is already known,viz. that the sum od actual and potential energies in the universe is unchangeable." William John Macquorn Rankine, (born July 5, 1820, Edinburgh, Scot.—died Dec. 24, 1872, Glasgow), Scottish engineer and physicist and one of the founders of the science of thermodynamics, particularly in reference to steam-engine theory. He trained as a civil engineer under Sir John Benjamin MacNeill, Rankine was appointed to the Queen Victoria chair of civil engineering and mechanics at the University of Glasgow (1855).
One of Rankine’s first scientific works, a paper on fatigue in metals of railway axles (1843), led to new methods of construction. His Manual of Applied Mechanics (1858) was of considerable help to designing engineers and architects. His classic Manual of the Steam Engine and Other Prime Movers (1859) was the first attempt at a systematic treatment of steam-engine theory. Rankine worked out a thermodynamic cycle of events (the so-called Rankine cycle) used as a standard for the performance of steam-power installations in which a condensable vapour provides the working fluid.In soil mechanics his work on earth pressures and the stability of retaining walls was a notable advance, particularly his paper “On the Thermodynamic Theory of Waves of Finite Longitudinal Disturbance.”
WILLIAM JOHN MACQUORN RANKIE
7
VASILY DOKUCHAEV
FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICS
Born: 1 March 1846 Milyukovo, Russia Died: 8 November 1903 (57), St. Petersburg, Russia
russian geologist and geographer
Dokuchaev became a curator of geology at
University
1879, and
he
entered
developed geology
Petersburg
a
Privatdozent geology
first
taught
Institute to
St.
the
the
reorganized
1892
of
became
a
and
by
In
geology
faculty in
and
Quaternary He
Novo-Aleksandr
and
adding
plant
1872.
in
university.
directed
Agriculture
1895
sciences
at
and
of
course
in
Forestry
departments
phycology.
He
from
of
soil
was
the
one who introduced the term of chernozem to describe rich
black
that
latitudes.
VASILY known
VASILIECH
to
be
Mechanics
one
and
DOKUCHAEV
of
the
fathers
geotechnical
in
was Soil
engineering.
Vasily came from a family of village priest. He had his elementary education at school in Vyazma, a town in Russia. He then continued to study at Smolensk seminary and graduated in
1867.
Vasily
Petersburg
had
been
Ecclesiastical
accepted
Academy
at
but
St. then
left from became priest to enter physics and mathematics University.
industry Vasily
at
graduated
Petersburg with
master’s
degree in 1871. Dokuchaev carried out some researches alluvial
and
was
deposits
near
was
Kachna
River,
the
Volga.
His
connected
with
devoted his
on
the
to
birth
former
study
place
upper
scientific his
the
of
which
reaches
of
activity
was
university
and
other societies such as the Society of Natural Scientists,
the
Mineralogical Assembly
Free
Economic
Society,
of
and
Society,
the
Agriculturists.
the
Petersburg With
the
supports he get from these societies, he then carried out research on the Russian plain and in the Caucasus.
8
soil,
occurs He
in
viewed
interaction
between
climate.
1898,
soil
In
carbonate Russia’s soil
as
organisms,
he
classification
and
the
temperate result
bedrock
implemented that
humus-
a
of and
Russian
illustrated
that,
depending on the climate, identical bedrocks give rise to different soils. The biome theory was
predicted
by
his
focus
on
between bedrock, climate, and organisms.
relationships
ALBERT MAURITZ ATTERBERG scientist who created Atterberg Limit
FATHER OF SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL
9
Albert
Atterberg
received
his
Ph.D.
in
chemistry from Uppsala University in 1872 and stayed there as a lecturer in analytical chemistry until 1877, during which time he toured Sweden and aboard to study the latest developments in organic chemistry. In 1877, he director of the Agricultural Research Institute in Kalmar. He then went on to become the principal of the Chemical Station and
Seed
Control
Institute
at
Kalmar,
publishing numerous papers on agricultural research dealing with the classification of varieties of oats and corn between 1891 and
Born on March 19, 1846 in Härnösand. He passed away on April 4, 1916 in Kalmar. He was a Swedish chemist and agricultural scientist who created the Atterberg limits that are commonly referred to by geotechnical engineers and engineering geologists today.
1900. He
began
to
focus
his
efforts
on
the
classification and plasticity of soils, of which he is most remembered for at the age of fifty-four while continuing his work on
Atterberg’s work on soil
chemistry. Albert Atterberg was apparently
classification gained formal
the first to suggest the limit