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RIVER AR POWERED BOOK
RIVER AR POWERED BOOK
Copyright © 2020 by Teras Berkat (M) Sdn. Bhd All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotations in a book review. Published by: Teras Berkat Sdn. Bhd. No 252, Jalan EcoBusiness 6, EcoBusiness Park 2, Persiaran SAC 81400, Senai, Johor First printing - 2020 ISBN 978-967-18743
To experience the Augmented Reality (AR) features, scan the pages when AR symbol is present.
Available on
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We would like to thank all parties involved to make this book a reality. Having an idea and turning into a book is as hard as it sounds. Furthermore, this mini book comes with augmented reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) modules. The experience is both internally challenging and rewarding.
Technologies Toward Sustainability
2-7 HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
18
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
8
10-17
RIVER ANATOMY RIVER ANATOMY
POLLUTION SOURCES & MANAGEMENT METHODS
20 22
22
RIVER RIVER BEAUTIFICATION BEAUTIFICATION
26-28 24-28 29-30 RIVER ECONOMY RIVER ECONOMY
RIVER AWARENESS & ACIVITIES
FINAL WORDS & REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION River is essential to daily human life. It has many important usages such as source of drinking water, transportation mode, irrigating agriculture, energy generation, habitat for aquatic life, source of food, recreation as well as tourism place. By the year 2025 World Health Organization (WHO) has forecasted that half of the world’s population would be living in water-stressed areas. The effort to protect this essential resource should be continuously embarked to ensure its sustainability. In Malaysia, Department of Environment (DOE) and Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) are the responsible government agencies that oversee matters related to rivers in terms of water quality and water quantity. These departments have made tremendous efforts to protect the rivers in Malaysia. Nevertheless, from the DOE Water quality report in 2017, about 43% and 11% of rivers in Malaysia are categorized as slightly polluted and polluted, respectively. These alarming figures should be taken seriously. Efforts to convey the awareness to the public should be multiplied. This book is the outcome of our effort to give information and awareness to readers on the river story in interactive ways along with revolution in technology. Readers can experience augmented reality (AR) technology at some parts of the book. Utilization of AR technology hopefully can enhance learning experience and improve the understanding of the reader about our rivers.
01
1
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
Processes in Hydrological cycle Evaporation:
Water in various forms travels from the land, sea and sky continuously and creates the hydrological cycle. The hydrological cycle describes how water is exchanged through earth's land, ocean, and atmosphere. Water always exists in all three places, and in many forms as lakes and rivers, glaciers and ice sheets, oceans and seas, underground aquifers, and vapour in the air and clouds. Water influences the intensity of climate variability and change. It is the key part of extreme events such
Evaporation is the process of a liquid's changing to a gas. In the water cycle, liquid water (in the ocean, lakes, or rivers) evaporates and becomes water vapour. The water cycle's evaporation process is driven by the sun. As the sun interacts with liquid water on the surface of the ocean, the water becomes an invisible gas (water vapour). Evaporation is also influenced by wind, temperature, and the density of the water.
as drought and floods. Its abundance and timely delivery are critical for
Condensation:
meeting the needs of society and ecosystems.
Condensation is the process of a gas changing to a liquid. In the water cycle, water vapour in the atmosphere condenses and becomes liquid. Condensation can happen high in the atmosphere or at ground level. Clouds form as water vapour condenses, or becomes more concentrated. Water vapour condenses around tiny particles, which can be specks of dust, salt, or pollutants. Clouds at ground level are called fog or mist. Like evaporation, condensation is also influenced by the sun. As water vapour cools, it reaches its saturation limit, or dew point. Air pressure is also an important influence on the dew point of an area.
It is important that water sources are protected both for human uses and ecosystem health. In many areas, water supplies are being depleted because of population growth, pollution, and development. These stresses have been made worse by climate variations and changes that affect the hydrological cycle. To plan sustainable utilization of water resources, we must understand how the water cycle works at the global and local scales. The amount of water on earth is finite, and the natural water cycle is a system that controls the circulation and redistribution of that resource. In general, hydrological cycle involves multiple processes as illustrated in the next page.
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Precipitation: Precipitation is described as any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth as a result of condensation in the atmosphere. Precipitation includes rain, snow, and hail.
Precipitation
Rain, snow, fog & hail
Condensation
Clouds & water vapor
Sun
Transpiration
from plants & trees Surface Runoff
Surface Runoff
Infiltration & Percolation
Evaporation River Discharge
Sub flow surfac e
Soil/Porous Earth
From sun’s heat
Ground water zone Non-Porous Bedrock
Salty/Brackish Water Zone
Processes Definitions: Evaporation
The transformation of water from liquid to gas phases as it moves from the ground or bodies of water into the overlying atmosphere.
Condensation
The transformation of water vapor to liquid water droplets in the air, creating clouds and fog.
Precipitation
Any liquid or solid water that falls to Earth as a result of condensation in the atmosphere.
Infiltration
Infiltration is the process
by which water on the ground surface enters the soil.
Transpiration
The release of water vapor from plants and soil into the air. Water vapor is a gas that cannot be seen. 03
Infiltration:
Evapotranspiration:
Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It occurs closer to soil surface.
Evapotranspiration is the combined components of evaporation and transpiration. Water is transferred from the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants.
Percolation: Percolation happens when the water soaks downwards into soil or porous rock. Percolation happens at deeper depth when water move vertically to join water table. Surface runoff: Surface runoff occurs when rainfall exceeds a soil's maximum saturation level. The rate of runoff flow depends on the ratio of rain intensity to the infiltration rate. If the infiltration rate is relatively low, such as when a soil is crusted or compacted, and the intensity is high, then the runoff rate will also be high. Groundwater: Groundwater is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock. It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called aquifers. This water may occur close to the land surface, as in a marsh, or it may lay many hundreds of meter below the surface. Transpiration: Transpiration is the process of water vapour being released from plants. Plants release water vapour through microscopic pores called stomata. The opening of stomata is strongly influenced by light, and so is often associated with the sun and the process of evaporation.
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As the Earth's surface water evaporates, wind moves water in the air from the sea to the land, increasing the amount of freshwater on land.
Hydrological Cycle The water cycle's evaporation process is driven by the sun. As the sun interacts with liquid water on the surface of the ocean, the water becomes an invisible gas (water vapour). Evaporation is also influenced by wind, temperature, and the density of the water.
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Hydrological Cycle Precipitation describes any liquid or solid water that falls to earth as a result of condensation in the atmosphere.
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As it falls on the ground, some amount of the rain gets percolated and goes into the ground, some amount of water gets absorbed by the plants and some gets locked between sand and clay particles. Most of the rain goes to the water bodies and gets stored there.
Dew is the moisture that forms at night when objects or the ground outside cool down by radiating, or emitting, their heat.
Transpiration is the process of water vapor being released from plants. Plants release water vapor through microscopic pores called stomata.
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2
RIVER ANATOMY
In general, rivers all over the world have combination of unique features depends on geography and location. This river anatomy section describes general features that can
Headwaters
Stream at the beginning of a river
Snow field
An expanse of snow at the head of a glacier
Waterfall
A stream that flows off the edge of a cliff
exist in rivers worldwide.
SOU
RCE ZON E
Aerial view of river meander. 08 | River - AR Powered Book
Tributaries
Glacier
Streams or rivers that flows into a larger river
Large body of ice moving slowly down a slope
River
Flood Plain
A large long stream
An area of low-lying ground adjacent to a river and subject to flooding
Oxbow Lake
Crescent lake form from a meander
Meander
Twisting & turning of a river’s flow
Bank
The land on the either side of a river
TRA
NSI
TIO
Delta
Collection of rocks & soil at the mouth of a river
Mouth
Where a stream flows to a large body of water
N ZO
NE
FLO
ODP
LAI
NZ ONE
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3
POLLUTION SOURCES & MANAGEMENT METHODS
There are two classifications of water pollution namely Point source
Point Source Pollution is managed by treating the wastewater in
and Non-point source pollution. The pollution will cause imbalance to
wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The wastewater normally is
river ecosystem resulting water quality deterioration. Cost for drinking
treated using biological, chemical or combination of the methods. After
water treatment will increase significantly when river becomes
several treatment stages, the treated wastewater is considered safe to
polluted. The production capacity also will decrease that will introduce
be discharged into the river. The discharge needs to comply with
a water shortage threat to consumer. The figure in the next page
stipulated standards based on the water intake location i.e. Standard A
illustrates the type of pollutions flow into the river.
and Standard B.
3.1 Point Source Pollution Point source pollution is defined as any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe. Examples of point sources include: ▪ Untreated discharges from wastewater treatment plants ▪ Untreated greywater/sullage discharge from wet market, restaurant, housing etc. ▪ Operational wastes from industries and ▪ Sewer overflow
3.2 Point Source Pollution Management Malaysia has set up the Department of Environmental (DOE) in 1972 to spearhead a coordinated program to manage the environment in Malaysia. In 1974 the Environmental Quality Act has been introduced. The EQA is the regulatory that provides the legal foundation for managing the environmental affairs in the country. 10 | River - AR Powered Book
Untreated discharge from wastewater treatment plant.
Houses with Septic Tank
CRO
PLA
ND ANI
MAL
FEE
DLO T
IND
UST
RIA
L DE
VEL OPM
ENT
LA
ND
DE
VE
LO P
ME
NT UR
BA N
DE
VE
LO P
ME
NT
Any single identifiable source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged.
Non-Point Source
Non-point source is triggered by rainfall or snowmelt and comes from many diffuse sources.
N A T B N R E U M B P U O S EL V E
Point-Source
D
TRWAS EA TE TM W EN ATE T R PL AN T
Point-Source
#DesludgingSepticTank
Under the Water Services Industry Act 2006, owners of premises with septic tanks are responsible for the maintenance of the tanks. Septic tanks need to be desludged regularly at least once every two years.
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In Malaysia (excluding Sabah, Sarawak & Kelantan) public domestic WWTP is operated and maintained by Indah Water Konsortium (IWK). IWK will ensure all wastewater treatment plants and network pumping station in good operating conditions and discharging effluent according to stipulated standards.
Point source pollution can be treated in wastewater treatment plan. Wastewater will undergone several treatment stages such as screening, grit and grease removal, aeration, settlement and disinfection.
Industrial effluent from palm oil mill (POME). Biological process is the most common practice for the treatment of POME based on anaerobic and aerobic ponding system. 12 | River - AR Powered Book
After several treatment stages, the treated wastewater is safe to be discharged into the river. Higher quality effluent (Standard A) will be discharge if there is a water intake downstream.
Rainwater
Rainwater
Stormwater sewer leading directly to a river or stream
Greywater from washing machine and dishwater
Wastewater from toilet & bathroom
GREYWATER ISSUES
Greywater from kitchen sink
Common issues that lead to pollution from greywater are, ▪ Wrongly connected greywater pipe into stormwater sewer. ▪ Greywater from trade effluent such as car washes, launderettes and restaurants discharge to stormwater sewer. ▪ Existing regulations that control the stormwater and wastewater sewer: ▪ Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974, Act 133 Part III - Drains Street, Drainage and Building ActSection (SDBA) 45 1974, ▪ Water Services Industry Act 2006m Act 655 (7)Act 133 Section 55
Foul sewer leading to wastewater treatment plant Wrong Connection
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3.3 Non-Point Source Pollution Non-point source pollution is triggered by storm water and comes
debris washed into waterways by precipitation is considered as NPS.
from many diffuse sources. Normally NPS pollution has the largest
Here are some common sources of NPS
impact on water quality because it comes from everywhere NPS starts
▪ Spilling oils, greases and other chemicals on roads, sidewalks and
with rainfall or snowmelt, moving over and through the land. As this water or runoff moves along, it picks up and carries away natural and human made pollutants from our parking lots, roads, yards and
other hard surface. ▪ Sediments due to exposed and loose soil from construction site or agricultural plots.
construction site. This water eventually flows to storm drain, small
▪ Over applying fertilizer, herbicides and pesticides on plants.
ditches and even straight into our lakes, rivers and streams. It can even get into underground source of drinking water. Any chemical or
▪ Unproper maintenance of Septic tank
3.4 Non-Point Source Pollution Management In Malaysia, Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) has produced Urban storm water management manual (Manual Saliran Mesra Alam) with the goal among others is to reduce the impact of NPS. The manual was first introduced in 2000 and in 2012 DID has published its 2nd edition.
As public, we also can contribute to reduce the NPS load with the approach as follows: ▪ Appropriately apply lawn and garden chemicals. Fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides that are over applied or splash onto hard surfaces will be washed onto waterways.
below:
▪ Maintain septic tank regularly and repairs if damage.Under the Water Services Industry Act 2006, owners of premises are responsible for the maintenance of the tanks. Septic tanks need to be desludged regularly at least once every two years.
▪ Quantity control system design – to reduce runoff peak flow.
▪ Building rain garden, wetland and buffer strips.
▪ Quality control system design – to improve water quality.
▪ Harvest rainwater.
▪ Flow conveyance system design.
▪ Cleaning up debris,grass clipping and fertilizer before it flows into
The approach to reduce the impact of NPS among others listed as
▪ Facility planting, maintenance and care.
waterways. ▪ Dispose harmful liquid properly.
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Oil spill on the pavement that cause Non-Point Source Pollution when carries to river by rain.
Non-point source pollution – Muddy water that carries pollutants flows to the river due to heavy rain.
Exposed soil from cropland/construction site that cause Non-Point Source Pollution when carries to river by rain
Retention ponds capture runoff and storm water. Sediments and contaminants settle out of the water when they are trapped in the retention pond thus improve the discharge water quality.
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3.5 Odor in surface water Top 3 categories of the environmental complaints reported most are noise pollution, air pollution and odour issue. There are hundreds of thousands of complaints against odour filed each year around the world. Some of these odour complaints are water-related, about 5% of the total odour complaints are water-related in case of Japan. Even though many of odour complaints may be a mere uncomfortable nuisance, sometimes extraordinary odour can be indicative of serious environmental pollution. Especially if extraordinary odour is detected in a river which is used as water resource, it can imply a serious health threat. Odour issues in rivers have been around for a long time, especially since the urbanization and industrialization around the world. One of the historical incidents, which is called "Great Stink", occurred in the Thames, London, in summer 1858. It was due to the spread of flush toilets and sewer systems, which were dumping untreated sewerage into the river. Unusually hot summer in 1858 and lots of organic matters in the river water caused proliferation of microorganisms and resulted in bad odour.
Londoners were scared of pandemic of
infectious diseases when the Great Stink happened. It was in 1865 when underground sewer system was built in London to bypass the city area, and it was in 1914 when the world first mechanized sewage treatment plant was built in UK. Thames river and London city - 2019.
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Another cause of extraordinary odour in river is accidental dumping of wastewater containing petroleum-based chemicals. Such chemical dumping in river often results in shut down of water intake for water treatment plant and water supply disruption. In 2020 alone, there have been at least 5 major water supply disruptions in Klang Valley due to extraordinary odour in river water. Some disruptions had lasted for a few days and many people suffered. Musty odour in tap water was once a big problem in Japan. It was due to chemical compounds produced by blue-green algae in lakes, reservoirs and rivers. These small algae over grow in hot climate if there are excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the water. This phenomenon of over growth of algae in water body is called eutrophication. Eutrophication can be caused by discharge of untreated or inadequately treated sewerage, or illegal discharge of
Blue green alga can produce chemical compound that cause musty odour in tap water.
wastewater. People are very sensitive to both good and bad odours. One of the chemical compounds causing musty odour is called 2-MIB. You can sense 2-MIB at the concentration as low as 5 ng/L, which is equivalent to 1 gram of 2-MIB dissolved in 200,000 m3 of water. It is not easy to remove compounds present at such low concentration. Advanced water treatment processes such as activated carbon and ozonation are necessary. In general, unpleasant odour in drinking water may have biological or industrial origins. Threshold Odour Number (TON) is the one of the acceptable methods to measure odour in water.
Ozone generator for advanced water treatment processes.
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4
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid wastes are any discarded or abandoned materials generated from
Separation of solid waste at source is according to the following solid
human activities. Though it does not significantly contribute to water
waste composition:
quality deterioration in the river, solid waste can choke the river channel resulting flood problem. Solid waste also gives bad impact to river aesthetic. In Malaysia, the awareness to properly dispose the solid waste needs significant improvement as we still can found large amount of rubbish in the river. Efforts to educate the public should be continuously implemented. The standard hierarchy of waste management involves five crucial steps; reduce, reuse, recycling, recovery and disposal. Currently, the most predominantly employed step in Malaysia is disposal by landfill. According to SWCorp, waste generation is estimated around 38000/day. Out of this amount, 40% of them are recyclabe, however current recycle rate is only less than 5%. Beginning 1 September 2015, The Government has made it mandatory to separate solid waste at source. This ruling will be implemented in stages. This implementation is pursuant to regulations under Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Act 2007 (Act 672) enforced in the following states and Federal Territories: Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya, Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Kedah and Perlis.
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▪ Residual waste includes: Kitchen waste, food waste, contaminated materials, disposal diapers. Residual wastes must be packed neatly into plastic bags/containers and placed inside trash bin. ▪ Recyclable waste includes: Paper, plastic, glass/ceramic, bulky waste, garden waste. Recyclable wastes that are separated must be neatly packed inside suitable plastic bags/containers and placed next to trash bin on collection day.
WASTE RECYCLING Recycling is processing used materials
RECYCLE CENTRE
SEGREGATION
into new, useful products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used
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5
RIVER BEAUTIFICATION
River beautification is a significant component in river development
also significant to ensure sustainability of the project.
project. The land banks along the riverside can be developed and rejuvenated into a liveable place. Rejuvenated river can attract community closer to river and develop a sense of belonging towards them. Unusual activities around the river can be reported by public as they feel responsible to protect their place. Few practices for river beautification are listed in the next page. These efforts have significant impacts such as: ▪ Increase water retention rate ▪ Reduce risk of flooding ▪ Sustain the river ecosystem ▪ Reduce pollution load into the river ▪ Improve aesthetic value of the river ▪ Provide public attractions ▪ Reduce erosion rate of soil ▪ Encourage riverside activities such as walking, running and cycling ▪ Make river lively River beautification program should be carefully planned to suit local conditions. The economic and maintenance aspects of such project are
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River beautification improves river’s economic and commercial value.
River Beautification 1. Water Quality Improvement 2. River Banks Stabilization 3. Tree & Shrubs 4. Walkways/Pavements 5. Benches 6. Viewing Deck 7. Trails
Reforestration & tree planting 3
Gazebo/ Pavillion
7
Riverbank Stabilization
6
Ponds
5 1
2 4
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6
RIVER AWARENESS & ACTIVITIES
Public awareness and mindset are essential to ensure the goal to
Drainage Malaysia (DID) in 1993, to educate the public on the
preserve our river can be achieved. The perceptions of some people
importance of rivers and the environment in our lives while
that river is a dumping site should be changed. Malaysia government
consequently highlighting the critical state of pollution faced by our
through various agencies is continuously promoting environmental
rivers. This campaign included River Cleaning, River Beautification,
awareness and affection for our river campaigns. The Love Our Rivers
Pollution Rehabilitation, River Adoption and Education Programs targets
Campaign was first launched by the Department of Irrigation and
individuals, corporate bodies and the public sector. As a responsible citizen, we have an important role to play to help achieve this goal. Some initiatives that can be done by us are: ▪ Support government initiatives by participating in their campaign ▪ Prevent waste disposal directly to any drainage and rivers premises or domestic wastewater treatment plant ▪ Inculcate environmental awareness to children, family and community ▪ Practice sustainable development ▪ Join river cleaning activity consistently ▪ Report any illegal dumping, unusual discharge from industrial ▪ Organize a visit to water and wastewater treatment plant There are also many activities that can be done at the river such as fishing, running, rafting, cycling etc.. We can also do river cruise to see river and its surrounding.
Kids enjoying themselves playing in the river.
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River Awareness & Activities Rivers are important to humans. We are not the only species that benefits the water from the river, we are in fact sharing it with other animals and trees as well. Therefore, it is highly important for us to help in ensuring that the rivers aren’t polluted. Activities such as river cleaning is one of the way to conserve the cleanliness of a river.
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7
RIVER ECONOMY
River has contributed to significant economic development throughout
The use for agriculture irrigation, aquaculture, fisheries, energy
the world. It's the presence of rivers, after all, that gave birth to many
generation, navigation mode, extractive and recreation has made river
great cities, feeding their transport and trade, providing drinking and
an important component of nation’s economic development. Mekong
washing water and much needed recreational space. Cities such as
River for example, functions as a lifeline for people, business and
Porto (Douro River), London (Thames River), Budapest (Danube River),
ecosystems in all four countries of its lower basin i.e. Vietnam, Laos,
New Orleans (Mississippi River), Frankfurt (Main River) and many others
Cambodia and Thailand.
have developed fabulous city river-scapes view. The river provides key resources such as water, sediment and nutrient In Melaka for example, Sungai Melaka riverine development has
flows and wild fisheries. From an economic perspective, the countries
contributed significant economic benefits for the state government.
of the Mekong River are connected by physical flows (such as water,
The Melaka government had invested some RM350 million in
sediment and fish), as well as trade in economic goods (such as food,
infrastructure projects to revive and rejuvenate the river that runs
electricity and manufactured products). Sustainable management of
through the historical city. The efforts are paid off. In recent years,
river-related resources, including improved governance and alignment
thousands of tourists pay good money to take boat rides along the river
between the countries and sectors, is necessary to ensure a viable
as they learn more about Melaka. Property value had increased; creating
economic future in the river basin.
job opportunities and the city has attracted many investors. This example gives the proof that river rehabilitation and protection contribute significant growth to economy.
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Putrajaya Lake Putrajaya Lake was created by inundating the valleys of Sungai Chuau and Sungai Bisa.
The
construction was started in 1998 and fully completed in 2002. It is considered as one of the attraction centre of the administrative
city
where
people can do all sorts of recreation activities. 25
SUCCESS STORIES OF RIVER ECONOMIC GENERATION Paseo del Río (River Walk), San Antonio Texas San Antonia is a major town in South-Central Texas, USA. The Fort Alamo, where Battle of the Alamo was fought between Texas and Mexico in 1836, is in this town. The city is also famous for its Paseo del Río, which means the River Walk in Spanish, along the San Antonio River. Central parts of the River Walk are populated with many coffee shops, restaurants, and historical sites. The plan of River Walk started in 1920s as a disaster risk management urban planning after the major flood that hit San Antonio in 1921. The
Riverwalk - San Antonio Texas, park walkway along scenic canal.
original proposal included a flood protection scheme, a park scheme, and an urban design. After struggles, the 1938 "San Antonio River Beautification Project", which began the development of the 4 km site into today's River Walk, was launched. However, by early 1950s the areal environment deteriorated and had become an unsafe place for people to gather. The project was reorganized in 1955 and succeeded in making the River Walk Greenway safe, popular and beautiful place again, which has been attracting people and business to this day.
Tourists riding in tour boat and eating at restaurants along The Riverwalk. 26 | River - AR Powered Book
Kamogawa River, Kyoto Kyoto is an old city in Western Japan. Capitol of the nation was moved from Nara to Kyoto in 794 AD. The town has been developping since then along the Kamogawa River that flows in the middle of the city. The oldest market street in Japan, which is called Nishiki Street,
is in
Kyoto and still very active. Many shops in the street have a basement with well. The shops can use plenty of clean ground water thanks to the river in their daily business. The Kamogawa River has its own rive walk, too. People enjoy walking along the river or playing in the water in Spring, Summer and Autumn. Until recently, the Kamogawa River was not a quiet river. Both of the Kamogawa River, and the Takano River, which merges to
the
Kamogawa River, have flooded the town occasionally. It is said that about 1000 years ago the Emperor of the era sighed and said "the water
Kamo River is popular activity spots for residents and tourists.
of the Kamogawa River, the dice, and the monk soldiers in Mt Hiei just don't follow my will". Water in the Kamogawa River was once polluted by dye and starch used in traditional textile industry called Yuzen Some dyeing. However, due to the efforts by the people of Kyoto and enactment of Water Pollution Act in 1970, water quality has been improving drastically. The people's participation to keep the watershed clean has been promoted, organized and supported by the city, students of universities in the city, and voluntary groups of people of Kyoto. One of the oldest volunteer's groups, called "Keep Kamogawa Clean", started its activities as early as in 1964. Whereas the textile industry installed dye wastewater treatment system at their factories and they stopped washing their products in the river. These days, people do not hesitate to play in water in summer. People's participation to keep the watershed clean in Kamo river of Kyoto Japan 27
RIVER ECOTOURISM ACTIVITIES IN MALAYSIA In Malaysia, there a plenty river ecotourism available in place such as: ▪ River rafting: Sungai Kampar, Sungai Selangor (Kuala Kubu Bharu), Sungai Sedim and Sungai Kadamaian(Kota Belud) ▪ Watch the fireflies: Kampung Kuantan (Kuala Selangor), Sungai Johor (Kota Tinggi), Matang Mangroves (Taiping) and Krian River (Nibong Tebal) ▪ River cruise: Tasik Putrajaya, Sungai Melaka, Sungai Kuantan, Sungai Marang, Sungai Muar and Sungai Kinabatangan ▪ Kampung Sungai Melayu Johor, Eco tourism ▪ Sungai Menyala Eco-tourism, Negeri Sembilan ▪ Royal Belum state park ▪ Taman Negara Kuala Tahan and many more.
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FINAL WORDS As nation continues to develop, environmental impacts should be sustainably managed to ensure our essential resources are well protected. The United Nations has outlined in Sustainable Development Goal (no 6) the need to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Government, NGOs and communities have crucial role to play to ensure the goal can be achieved by 2030 and national agenda for environment preservation turn into success. Rivers all over the world have given significant economic growth to nation. Sustainable development along with river preservation should always be the key consideration for any development projects. River education and awareness program should become a routine
at
all levels from
kindergarten,
primary and
secondary schools, higher institutions, NGOs, communities, government agencies as well as private sectors. Technology advancement such as augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) can be utilized to enhance the deliverable of the program.
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8 REFERENCES WEBSITE https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdgs https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/drinking-water https://www.water.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/685?mid=335 https://www.doe.gov.my/portalv1/en/ https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/hydrologic-cycle/ https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/overview-total-maximum-daily-loads-tmdls https://www.kpkt.gov.my/separationatsource/en/ https://waste4change.com/
BOOK 1. Wallis S. River Thames from source to sea, 2016. 2. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3. Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127), Regulations, Rules & Orders, ILBS 2015. 4. Department of Irrigation Malaysia, Urban Storm water Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA), 2000. 5. Department of Irrigation Malaysia, Urban Storm water Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA 2nd Edition), 2011.
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THE RIVER
OF LIFE Teras Berkat (M) Sdn Bhd No 252, EcoBusiness 6, EcoBusiness Park 2, Persiaran SAC, 81400, Senai, Johor, MALAYSIA
www.terasberkat.com [email protected] terasberkat terasberkat