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The ICE manual of bridge engineering gives an overview of the core principles of bridge engineering. This second edition
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ICE manual of bridge engineering SECOND EDITION
Edited by Gerard Parke and Nigel Hewson
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Published by Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD, UK. www.thomastelford.com
Distributors for Thomas Telford books are USA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400, USA Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132, Victoria
First edition published 2000 This edition published 2008 Future titles in the ICE Manuals series from Thomas Telford Publishing ICE manual of construction materials ICE manual of geotechnical engineering ICE manual of structural design www.icemanuals.com
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-0-7277-3452-5
# Thomas Telford Limited 2008 All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Director of Knowledge Services, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD, UK. This book is published on the understanding that the authors are solely responsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that its publication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinions are or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort has been made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed in this publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibility can be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.
Typeset by Academic + Technical, Bristol Index created by Indexing Specialists (UK) Ltd, Hove, East Sussex Printed and bound in Great Britain by Latimer Trend & Company Ltd, Plymouth
Contents Preface
ix
List of contributors
xi
The history and aesthetic development of bridges D. Bennett The early history of bridges Eighteenth-century bridge building The past 200 years: bridge development in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries Aesthetic design in bridges
1 1 6 8 15
Loads and load distribution M. J. Ryall Introduction Brief history of loading specifications Current live load specifications Secondary loads Other loads Long bridges Temperature Earthquakes Snow and ice Water Construction loads Load combinations Use of influence lines Load distribution References Further reading
23
Structural analysis N. E. Shanmugam and R. Narayanan Fundamental concepts Flexural members Trusses Influence lines Plates and plated bridge structures Grillage analysis Finite-element method Stiffness of supports: soil–structure interaction Structural dynamics Concluding remarks References Further reading
49
Bridge dynamics A. Hodgkinson and P. Cooper Introduction Principles of structural dynamics Earthquake induced vibration Human and vehicle induced vibration
23 23 26 30 31 33 37 38 39 39 40 40 40 42 45 45
49 53 65 69 71 88 94 100 106 110 110 112
Collision References Further reading
141 143 144
Seismic response and design A. S. Elnashai and A. M. Mwafy Introduction Modes of failure in previous earthquakes Conceptual design issues Brief review of seismic design codes Closure References
145
Substructures P. Lindsell, C. R. I. Clayton, M. Xu and N. Hewson Introduction Types of abutment Abutment design calculations Construction Bridge columns and piers References
165
Design of reinforced concrete bridges P. Jackson Introduction Solid slab bridges Voided slab bridges Beam and slab bridges Longer span structures Design calculation Conclusions References
185
Design of prestressed concrete bridges N. Hewson Introduction Principle of prestressing Materials Prestressing systems Prestress design Design of details Bridge construction and design References Further reading Appendix I. Definitions Appendix II. Symbols and notation used
195
Design of steel bridges G. A. R. Parke and J. E. Harding Introduction Truss bridges Plate and box girder bridges
235
145 146 150 158 159 162
165 165 172 177 178 183
185 185 186 187 188 189 194 194
195 195 195 196 199 212 216 231 232 232 232
113 113 113 129 136
ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers
235 235 240
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Connections Fatigue Bibliography
Contents
269 274 280
Composite construction D. Collings Introduction Future trends Materials Basic concepts Structural forms Precast concrete composites Steel–concrete composite beams Construction methods Steel–concrete composite box girders Steel–concrete composite columns Prestressing of steel–concrete composite sections Fatigue References
283
Design of arch bridges C. Melbourne Introduction Types of arch bridge Typical structures Analysis Design Masonry arch construction Assessment of masonry arch bridges Alternative methods to the modified MEXE method The influence of masonry materials Analysis of masonry arch bridges Specification Defects and rehabilitation References Further reading
305
Aluminium in bridges P. Tindall Introduction Why aluminium? Alloys and product forms Design and details Design standards Fabrication Fatigue Fire safety Historic and recent bridges Bridge decks and furniture Corrosion behaviour Coatings and finishes Sustainability Future trends References Further reading
345
Cable stayed bridges D. J. Farquhar Introduction Stay cable arrangement Stay oscillations Pylons Deck Preliminary design References Further reading
357
Suspension bridges V. Jones and J. Howells Introduction Cables as structural elements Analysis of cables Analysis of suspension bridges Structural arrangement and design Suspended deck structure Cable supports and attachments
383
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283 283 284 284 284 288 291 295 298 300 302 302 302
305 305 307 313 316 317 317 320 321 325 334 335 343 344
345 345 346 347 349 350 350 350 351 352 353 353 354 354 355 355
357 358 364 367 372 376 380 381
383 385 388 394 395 399 402
Towers Anchorages Aerodynamics Construction References
409 411 412 413 418
Movable bridges C. Birnstiel Introduction Types of movable bridges Structural forms and mechanical–structural interaction Span drive machinery Stabilising machinery Prime mover and controls Significant movable bridges Movable bridge design Construction support Construction inspection Periodic inspection of movable bridge machinery Future trends Conclusion Acknowledgements References Further reading
421
Footbridges P. Clash and M. Wells Introduction Brief/general Context and setting out Footbridge types Bridge details Decks and walkway surfaces Materials and finishes Construction Aesthetics Towards a critical method of design Ten bridges Future considerations References Further reading British Standards and European norms
459
421 422 434 438 440 444 447 452 454 454 455 455 455 455 456 458
459 461 463 465 470 470 473 474 475 477 477 482 483 483 483
Advanced fibre polymer composite materials and their properties for bridge engineering 485 L. C. Hollaway Introduction 485 Reinforcement mechanism of fibre-reinforced polymer composites 486 Advanced polymer composites 493 Adhesives 500 References 500 Advanced fibre polymer composite structural systems used in bridge engineering L. C. Hollaway Introduction New bridge structures FRP bridge decks Steel-free bridge deck Bridge enclosures and fairings The rehabilitation of the civil infrastructure Internal reinforcement to concrete members Elastomeric bridge bearings Intelligent structures Appendix References Bearings I. Kennedy Reid Design Installation Inspection and maintenance Replacement Illustrations of practice References Further reading
503 503 503 506 507 508 509 521 523 524 525 526
531 531 536 540 543 545 551 551
ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers
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Contents
Bridge accessories I. Kennedy Reid, P. A. Thayre, D. E. Jenkins, R. A. Broom and D. J. Grout Introduction Parapets Expansion joints Drainage Waterproofing References Further reading
553
Protection M. Mulheron Introduction Water management Materials selection and design Coatings systems Active protection of metals from corrosion Protection from physical processes Summary References
567
Bridge management P. R. Vassie and C. Arya Introduction Project and network level bridge management Project-level bridge management Network-level bridge management Other techniques used in the management of bridges References
591
Deterioration, investigation, monitoring and assessment C. Abdunur Main causes of degradation Evaluation and testing methods Residual strength evaluation procedures Conclusion References
615
553 553 556 560 561 564 565
567 569 573 577 583 585 587 587
591 591 592 598 607 612
615 623 649 656 656
ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers
Inspection and assessment I. Kennedy Reid Maintenance inspection Acceptance inspection Health and safety for inspection Environmental aspects for inspection Access for inspection Good practice for inspection Inspection of different types of structure Introduction to assessment Levels of assessment Preferred methods of analysis for assessment Common problems in carrying out assessments Seeking additional strength from assessments Realistic models Global models Mathematical models Orthotropic action in stiffened web and flange plates Non-linear finite-element analysis and initial imperfections First principles Yield line Compressive membrane action Surfacing Shear in prestressed concrete flanged beams Inclined neutral axis Bearing clamping References
659
Repair, strengthening and replacement J. Darby, G. Cole, S. Collins, L. Canning, S. Luke and P. Brown Introduction Repair and strengthening of concrete structures Repair and strengthening of metal structures Repair and strengthening of masonry structures Replacement of structures References Further reading
695
Index
729
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659 661 661 661 661 661 662 665 665 666 667 669 669 669 670 672 673 679 682 684 687 688 690 691 692
695 695 701 707 719 727 728
vii
Preface The ICE manual of bridge engineering gives an overview of the core principles of bridge engineering. This second edition contains all the key information which made the first edition (published in 2000) such a successful reference guide: concept, analysis, design, construction and maintenance; and adds to it a wealth of new information. It was a pleasure to work with many of the same contributing authors as for the previous edition. They have enhanced and updated their original chapters with great insight and skill. The second edition has also given us the chance to work with many new contributors who have lent the manual their expertise in many pioneering and innovative sectors of the field. We are pleased to include seven entirely new chapters: bearings, footbridges, bridge inspection and assessment, dynamics, advanced fibre polymer materials and their properties, advanced fibre polymer composite structural systems and aluminium bridges. The manual aims to give a clear presentation in plain, straightforward language of all the information necessary for a firm grasp of the principles of bridge engineering. Each chapter is written in sufficient depth to enable young engineers to gain an understanding of the subject matter and more experienced engineers to refresh their memories or learn something new. Numerous references are available which can be explored for more in-depth or extended information. This second edition of the ICE manual of bridge engineering is not only a definitive stand alone reference book; it is also the first in a new series of ICE manuals. This series of books will ultimately cover every branch of civil engineering and will provide a core of foundation knowledge for the profession. The ICE manuals will be available both in print and online and will deliver a comprehensive, authoritative and accessible package for those working in civil engineering. We are proud to be part of what will prove an invaluable collection of engineering knowledge. Creating this second edition has been a rewarding experience and a gratifying reminder of the great breadth of talent and expertise that exists within the field. We would like to thank all the contributing authors for lending us their time so generously and for the excellent work they produced. We are also grateful to the team at Thomas Telford for all their hard work and judicious editing. Gerard Parke, University of Surrey Nigel Hewson, Hewson Consulting Engineers Limited
ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers
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List of contributors C. Abdunur, Consultant Engineer, Paris C. Arya, University College London, London D. Bennett, David Bennett Associates, Old Harlow C. Birnstiel, Consulting Engineering, Forest Hills R. A. Broom, Atkins Global, Epsom P. Brown, Oxfordshire County Council L. Canning, Mouchel Consulting Ltd P. Clash, Clash Associates Ltd C. R. I. Clayton, University of Southampton, Southampton G. Cole, Surrey County Council D. Collings, Benaim Group, London S. Collins, Mouchel Consulting Ltd P. Cooper, Consultant to Hewson Consulting Engineers Ltd, Guildford J. Darby, Consultant to Mouchel Consulting Ltd, Ilfracombe A. S. Elnashai, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA D. Farquhar, Mott Macdonald D. J. Grout, Atkins Global, Epsom J. E. Harding, University of Surrey, Guildford N. Hewson, Hewson Consulting Engineers Ltd, Guildford A. Hodgkinson, Hewson Consulting Engineers Ltd, Guildford
ICE Manual of Bridge Engineering # 2008 Institution of Civil Engineers
J. Howells, High Point Rendell, London L. C. Hollaway, University of Surrey, Guildford P. Jackson, Gifford and Partners, Southampton D. E. Jenkins, Atkins Global, Epsom V. Jones, High Point Rendell, London I. Kennedy Reid, Atkins Global, Epsom P. Lindsell, Consultant S. Luke, Mouchel Consulting Ltd C. Melbourne, University of Salford, Manchester M. Mulheron, University of Surrey, Guildford A. M. Mwafy, UAE University, Al Ain, UAE R. Narayanan, Duke University, North Carolina and Manhattan College, New York G. A. R. Parke, University of Surrey, Guildford M. J. Ryall, University of Surrey (retired), Guildford N. E. Shanmugam, National University of Malaysia P. Tindall, Hyder Consulting (UK) Ltd, London P. A. Thayre, Atkins Global, Epsom P. R. Vassie, University College London, London M. Wells, Techniker Ltd, Consulting Structural Engineers, London M. Xu, Tsinghua University, Beijing
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