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Morphology Ebook
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MORPHOLOGY A SIMPLE GUIDE TO UNDERSTANDING LINGUISTIC MORPHOLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE MEANING
CHAPTER TWO INTERNAL STRUCTURE
CHAPTER THREE MORPHEMES
CHAPTER FOUR WORD FORMATION
01 M E A N I N G
01
What is Morphology?
A
The study of principles specifying how language is used
B
The study of the internal structure of words
C
The study of meaning in language
A
r
w e s n
A
Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words
02 I N T E R N A L S T R U C T U R E
02
Words, like sentences
and clauses, have a
predictable structure
Meyer, 2009, pp. 150
Internal Structure
x i f e r P A prefix is an affix that is placed before the base word. If a prefix is added to the base word, it can change its meaning. Examples: im-, Imposter non-, Nondescript a-, Atypical hyper-, Hyperactive mis-, Misguided sub-,Subordinate
e s a B
x i f f u S
A base word is a standalone word that prefixes and suffixes can be added to create new words.
A suffix is an affix that is placed after a word. If a suffix is added to a base word, it will add grammatical/lexical information.
Examples: Cardio Love Phobia Legal Graph Super
Examples: -al, Coastal -ty, Activity -ive, Aggressive -less, Childless -ship, Friendship -ious, Vicious
03 M O R P H E M E
03
What is a morpheme?
A
Arrangement of words and phrases to create sentences
b
the smallest meaningful units in a language
c
THe study of speech sounds
A
r
w e s n
B
Morphemes are the smallest meaningful units in a language
Morphemes Free morphemes can stand alone as words. EX: Talk, Dance, Create, Buy, Stand, etc.
Free Morpheme
Inflectional
Inflectional
morphemes indicate some kind of
Morpheme
grammactical relationship. Derivational morphemes can
Bound Morpheme
change the meaning of Bound morphemes cannot stand on their own. They must be attached to a free morpheme. Ex: -like, pre-, -ful, -ation
Derivational
a word or part of speech.
Inflectional and Derivational Morphemes Inflectional In the English language, there are eight inflectional affixes (suffixes):
-s/ -s', plural/Possessive -s, 3rd person, single present tense -ing, Progressive -ed, past tense -er, comparative -est, superlative -en, past participle
Derivational Both inflectional and derivational affixes have suffixes. Inflectional affixes only have suffixes, no prefixes.
In the English language, derivational affixes consist of prefixes and suffixes. derivational morphemes are bound morphemes. there are hundreds of derivational morphemes in the English language:
Frighten glorify Unbelievable reform Speechless
04 W O R D F O R M A T I O N
04
what is word formation?
A
Processes that provide general templates for the creation of new words
b
The investigation of pitch and stress across groups of words within one tone
c
Meaning that is determined by context
A
r
w e s n
A
Word Formation is a series of processes that provide general templates for the creation of new words
Process of adding affixes to roots or bases in order to vary function, modify meaning
Combining two free morphemes to create a new word/meaning Letters of the first words of a phrase used to create a new word
Compounding Affixation abbreviation Acronym
Word Formation
Clipping
Back Formation Reverse process of affixation to create new words
Blending Borrowing
Adopting words from other languages
functional Shift
Changing parts of speach rather than its form
New words that are created by combining the parts of two words
Words that have been shortened
Word FOrmation Examples AFFIXATION
Affix + Free Morpheme or base word
ABBREVIATION/ACRONY N
BLENDING
Free morpheme + Free morpheme
First letter of each word in a phrase. Either pronounced as a new word or each letter is pronounced
Part of free morpheme + part of free morpheme
Afterburn
NAACP
Interpol
COMPOUNDING
Justify (Just + -ify)
Antecendent (Ante- +cendent)
Telephone (Tele- +phone)
Triangle (Tri- +angle)
Co-exist (Co- +exist)
(After + Burn)
(Abbreviation)
(Cheese + Burger)
(Acronym or Abbreviation)
(Tax + Payer)
(Acronym)
Cheeseburger Taxpayer Goodnight (Good + Night)
LOL
YOLO
IDGAF (Abbreviation)
(International + Police)
Workaholic (Work + Alcoholic)
Tex-Mex (Texas + Mexican)
Gargantuous (Gargantuan + Enormous)
Word FOrmation Examples FUNCTIONAL SHIFT
BACK FORMATION
BORROWING
CLIPPING
Changing the function of a word
Reducing word to change its function
Words taken from another language
Word reduction
Solicit
Espresso
Ad
Smooth (I need to smooth out the lumps of this cake)
Narrow
(I had to narrow down my thesis topic)
Adult
(I don't want to adult anymore)
(Solicitation)
Babysit (Babysitter)
Transit (Transition)
Calculate (Calculation)
(Italian)
(Advertisement)
(French)
(Cockroach)
(Japanese)
(Penitentiary)
(Chinese)
(Rhinoceros)
Cafe Karaoke Feng Sui
Roach Pen
Rhino
The end
References Meyer, C. (2009). Introducing English linguistics. Cambridge University Press.