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Place of articulation: A point at which the airstream can be modi!ed to produce a different sound. ... ‘snored’ [naʕar] ‘
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PLACE OF ARTICULATION 9/17/10
1
Recap ❖
Transcription: IPA
❖
Why do we use phonetic transcription? ★
Avoid problems with orthography
★
Compare languages easily
2
Recap ❖
Producing sound: ★
Sound production mechanism: ★
Air supply (lungs)
★
Sound source (larynx, vocal folds)
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Sound filters (vocal tract: pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity): place and manner of articulation
3
Recap ❖
States of the glottis: voicing and voicelessness
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Voiced and voiceless sounds ★
Is [a] voiced or voiceless?
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Is [s] voiced or voiceless?
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What is the state of the glottis in [a] ? ★
★
vocal folds are closed and vibrating
What is the state of the glottis in [s] ? ★
vocal folds are open; no vibration 4
Glottal states
5
To come ❖
❖
In the next couple of classes, we’ll discuss other ways to describe sounds: ★
Sound classes (consonants vs. vowels)
★
Place of articulation
★
Manner of articulation
We’ll also learn how to listen and transcribe sounds using the IPA
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LARYNGITIS
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Question from last time ❖
What causes you to lose your voice?
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It’s simple—your best guess is probably right
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★
vocal folds swell or get growths
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impairs the vocal folds’ vibrations
What can obstruct the vocal folds?
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Excess mucus
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Infection
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Polyps
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Cancer
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Obstructed vocal folds
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A somewhat gory and technical video: http:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=sNpwHKREg
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SOUND CLASSES
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Sound classes ❖
Sound classes: way of grouping sounds based on the phonetic properties they share.
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One example we already know?
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Sounds grouped by voicing
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★
Class of voiced sounds: [a, z, b, i] etc.
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Class of voiceless sounds: [s, p, f, k] etc.
Another basic division: vowels and consonants 15
Consonants/Vowels ❖
Articulatory difference: ★
★
Consonants: Complete closure or narrowing of the vocal tract ★
Airflow is momentarily blocked (as in stops) or restricted so as to create noise as air passes through (as in [s]-like sounds)
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Can be voiced or voiceless
Vowels: Little obstruction in the vocal tract ★
Usually voiced 16
Consonants/Vowels ❖
Acoustic difference: ★
Acoustic phonetics: study of physical properties of sound
★
Vowels: more sonorous = more acoustically powerful
★
★
Vocal tract more open and less obstructed, so more air passes through
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Results in sounds that are more intense, louder
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Sounds that are sung
Consonants: less sonorous 17
Consonants/Vowels ❖
Syllabic and non-syllabic sounds
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Vowels = more sonorous ★
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Can form the basis of syllables
Syllable: peak of sonority surrounded by less sonorous segments ★
Nucleus of a syllable: the segment that is the peak of sonority in the syllable (= the most sonorous sound, usually a vowel)
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Consonants/Vowels ❖
❖
panda [pændə]: how many syllables? ★
Two: pan [pæn] and da [də]
★
[æ] and [ə] are the peaks (loudest, most intense segment) in each syllable (=vowels)
★
[p], [n], and [d] are less sonorous than [æ] (=consonants)
How many syllables? How many vowels? ★
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a, go, laughing, telephone
When counting syllables, we are (roughly) counting vowels 19
Consonants/Vowels Consonant-initial
Vowel-initial
take
above
cart
at
feel
eel
jump
it
think
ugly
bell
open
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Consonants/Vowels Consonants
Vowels
Voicing
Voiced or voiceless
Voiced
Articulation
Are produced with complete closure or narrowing of the vocal tract
Are produced with relatively little obstruction in the vocal tract
Acoustic
Less sonorous
More sonorous
Syllabic?
Non-syllabic
Syllabic
21
Consonants/Vowels ❖
❖
Glides: show properties of both consonants and vowels ★
[j] = y sound in yet, boy
★
[w]= w sound in wet, now
Glides are rapidly articulated vowels: ★
Their articulation is like that of a vowel
★
But they pattern as consonants: never syllabic, quick articulation
★
Sometimes called semivowels or semiconsonants 22
Consonants/Vowels
❖
We will also see that some consonants can be syllabic: ★
How many syllables? How many vowels? ★
Bottle, butter
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CONSONANT ARTICULATION
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Consonant articulation
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Another way that sounds can be classified is by their articulation
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Place of articulation: the points at which the airstream is modified in the vocal tract to produce phones. ★
Placement of tongue, positioning of lips
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Vocal tract
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The tongue
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The primary articulating organ
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It can be raised, lowered, thrust forward or retracted, rolled back
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The sides can be raised or lowered.
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The tongue ❖
Five areas of the tongue
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Tip: Narrow area at the front.
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Blade: Area at front of tongue, just behind the tip.
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Body: Main mass of the tongue.
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Back: Hindmost part of the tongue that lies in the mouth.
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Root: Part of the tongue that is contained in the upper part of the throat.
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The body and the back together form the dorsum. 29
Place of articulation ❖
Place of articulation: A point at which the airstream can be modified to produce a different sound. ★
Lips
★
Within oral cavity
★
In the pharynx
★
In the glottis
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Labials ❖
Labial: Any sound made with closure or near-closure at the lips.
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Bilabial: Any sound involving both lips. ★
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[p, b, m]: peer, bin, month
Labiodental: Any sound involving the lower lip and the upper teeth. ★
[f, v]: fire, vow
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Labials (1st word)
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Dentals ❖
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Dental: Any sound made with the tongue placed against or near the teeth. ★
European French: temps, dire, sept, zizi
★
[s, z] for some English speakers
★
Nunggubuyu (Australia): ★
[t̪arag] ‘whiskers’
★
[tarawa] ‘greedy’
Interdental: Any sound made by placing the tongue between the teeth. ★
English [θ, ð]: thing, this 35
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Alveolars ❖
Alveolar: Any sound made by touching the tongue to or near to the alveolar ridge.
❖
Alveolar ridge: a small ridge protruding from just behind the upper front teeth. (bumpy part at the front of your mouth) ★
[t, d, s, z, l, n]: top, deer, soap, zip, lip, neck
★
Spanish [r]: touch tongue to the alveolar ridge repeatedly. (= trilled [r])
★
Toda (India): [kar] ‘border’ 37
Alveolars (2nd word)
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Alveopalatals ❖
Alveopalatal: Any sound made by touching the tongue to or near the alveopalatal area.
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Alveopalatal area: region of the mouth just behind the alveolar ridge where the roof of the mouth rises sharply. ★
[ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]: show, measure, chip, judge
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Palatals
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Palatals: Any sound made by touching the tongue on or near to the palate.
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Palate: The highest part of the roof of the mouth. (smooth) ★
[j]: yes
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Velars ❖
Velar: Any sound made by touching the tongue to or near the velum.
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Velum: The soft area toward the rear of the roof of the mouth. ★
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[k, g, ŋ]: call, guy, hang
Labiovelar: A sound made by raising the tongue to the velum and rounding the lips at the same time. ★
[w]: wet 44
Velars (3rd word)
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Uvulars ❖
Uvular: Any sound made by touching the tongue to or near the uvula.
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Uvula: The small fleshy flap of tissue that hangs down from the velum in the back of the mouth. ★
Not in English
★
French [r]: rouge ★
★
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ course/chapter/french/french.html
Quechua (Peru/Ecuador): ★
Velar [k]:
[kujui] ‘to move’
★
Uvular [q]:
[qaʎu] ‘tongue’
★
http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ course/chapter/quechua/quechua.html 47
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Pharyngeals ❖
Pharyngeal: Any sound made by retracting the tongue or constricting the pharynx.
❖
Pharynx: The area of the throat between the uvula and the larynx. ★
Not in English
★
Hebrew: ★
[ħor] ‘hole’
[ʕor] ‘skin’
★
[naħar] ‘snored’
[naʕar] ‘made a donkey noise’
★
[laħ] ‘humid’
[naʕ] ‘moved’ 49
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Glottals ❖
Glottal: Any sound made using the vocal folds as the primary articulators. ★
[h, ʔ]: hog, uh-oh
★
[h]: open vocal folds, no other articulation
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[ʔ]: vocal folds closed tightly, no other articulation
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Pay attention to place of articulation
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