THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY DURING POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD 1946 - 2022

1946 - 1948

Manuel A.

ROXAS

Roxas was the fifth president of the Philippines; third under the Commonwealth and first under the Third Republic of the Philippines - the New Republic after World War II. He ranked 1st in the Philippine Bar Exam of 1913 and under his reign, the Congress accepted the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and Philippine Trade Act. During his term, he displayed profound statesmanship and intelligence, making his mark as a master of economics. He was among the “ seven wise men “ who drew up the Constitutional Convention. As he was inaugurated after gaining the country's independence, he began his presidency with reconstruction from war damages and life without foreign intrusion. Figure: Post-World War 2 Reconstruction

He is featured in the 100 Philippine peso currency bill, Old Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas building in Intramuros, Manila, Inauguration of the Third Philippine Republic Figure: 100-peso bill of the Philippines

elpidio R.

QUIRINO 1946 - 1948

He was the 6th president of the Philippines and the 2nd president of the Third Republic. He became the president after the death of the late president, Manuel A. Roxas. He completed his Bachelor of Law from the University of the Philippines in 1915. In that same year, he ranked as the 2nd placer in the Philippine Bar Exam. He became the Dean of the College of Law at the Adamson University in 1941 to 1946.

Figure: Hukbalahap Rebellion Flag

During his presidency, the Hukbalahap rebellion was active. The communist guerilla movement was formed by the farmers of the Central Luzon. Its initial plan was to fight against the occupation of the Japanese. However, it extended to fight the Philippine government.

He created the Social Security Commision which is popularly known as Social Security System which collects contributions and pays benefits for the social insurance program.

Figure: Hukbalahap men

Figure: SSC logo

He created the Integrity Board to monitor graft and corruption and the Quezon City became the capital of the Philippines during his term in 1948.

"I believe that he who has less in life should have more in law." Ramon Magsaysay Sr. 1953 - 1957

He led to defeat the Hukbalahap movement and became the chairman of the Committee on Guerilla Affairs. During his term, the Philippines was referred to be in its 'golden years' for its lack of corruption. The country was ranked second in Asia’s clean and well-governed countries during his presidency.

Figure: Magsaysay's planecrash

He established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) among other agrarian reforms. The Philippines became a member of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization through his move.

Ramon Magsaysay Sr. was the 7th president of the Philippines and the 3rd president of the Third Republic. He was the first president to take the oath wearing the national costume of the Philippines, Barong Tagalog. He died boarding the presidential plane due to aircraft disaster.

Carlos P. Garcia (March 18, 1957-December 30, 1961)

-administration(November 4, 1896-June 14, 1971) 8th president of the Philippines and fourth president of the Third Republic. He was a lawyer, poet, and professor and served as a guerrilla leader during the Pacific War. He served as vice president under Ramon Magsaysay and as secretary of Foreign Affairs for four years.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CONTRIBUTIONS) UNDER GARCIA’S PRESIDENCY:

ANTI-COMMUNISM Garcia signed the bill into law as Republic Act No. 1700 or the Anti-Subversion Act on June 19, 1957. It declared the CPP illegal as an organized conspiracy to overthrow the FILIPINO FIRST POLICY government for the Delivered on January 25, purpose of establishing 1960. This policy is in the Philippines a designed to regain totalitarian regime. economic independence. It is a national effort to the end that Filipinos obtain major and dominant participa­tion in their own national economy. AUSTERITY PROGRAM A program of economic controls aimed at reducing INTERNATIONAL RICE current consumption so as to improve the national RESEARCH INSTITUTE economy especially by Garcia, with the strong increased exports on advocacy of Agriculture and Natural Resources March 3, 1960. Secretary Juan G. REPUBLIC CULTURAL Rodriguez established AWARD Began in 1960 as it was the International Rice instituted by the Research Institute in administration of Garcia 1960 by the Ford and that put emphasis on Rockefeller reviving Filipino culture, so Foundations with the the Republic Cultural Award help and approval of the Government of the was created. Philippines.

Diosdado P. Macapagal (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)

(September 28, 1910April 21, 1997) 9th president of the Philippines He was a lawyer and economist, the sixth vice president, serving from 1957 to 1961. He also served as a member of the House of Representatives, and headed the Constitutional Convention of 1970.

-administration-

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (CONTRIBUTIONS) UNDER GARCIA’S PRESIDENCY:

suppress graft and corruption and stimulate the Philippine economy. introduced the country’s first land reform law, placed the peso on the free currency exchange market, and liberalized foreign exchange and import controls. Featured in the 200-peso bill

MAJOR LEGISLATION SIGNED:

LAND REFORM LAW Republic Act No. 3844, an act to ordain the agricultural land reform code and to institute land reforms in the Philippines. First Land Reform Law, allowing for the purchase of private farmland to be distributed in inexpensive, small lots to the landless. MINIMUM WAGE LAW Republic Act No. 4180, an act amending republic act numbered six hundred two, otherwise known as the minimum wage law, by raising the minimum wage for certain workers, and for other purposes PHILIPPINE VETERANS BANK

Republic Act No. 3518, an Act Creating The Philippine Veterans' Bank, and For Other Purposes.

Ferdinand E. Marcos (December 30, 1961 – December 30, 1965)

-administration(September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) 10th president of the Philippines and the last president of the Third Republic He ruled the Philippines for 21 years

MARTIAL LAW

restore peace and order.

Military strength grew from about 55,000 in 1972 to approximately 200,000 in 1984.5. By 1980, the Philippine GNP was four times greater than 1972 - esti-­ mates placed GNP at P220 billion at current rates, four times the 1972 GNP level.

Built more schools, roads, bridges, hospitals, and other infrastructure.

Projects include the North Luzon Expressway, South Luzon Expressway, Maharlika Highway, Circumferential Roads 1-10, San Juanico Bridge, and MactanMandaue Bridge.

Notable medical institutions were also built during Marcos’s regime, such as the Philippine Heart Center, Lung Center of the Philippines, and National Kidney and Transplant Institute.

The Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP), Folks Arts Theater, Philippine International Convention Center (PICC), National Arts Center, Nayong Pilipino, and the People’s Park in the Sky were constructed during Marcos Sr.’s regime to promote Filipino heritage and culture.

Marcos Sr. signed the Emancipation of Tenants from the Bondage of the Soil (Presidential Decree No.27) in 1972.

FIFTH REPUBLIC OF THE

PHILIPPINES

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CORAZON C. AQUINO A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

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PROCLAMATION OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 128 ( J A N U A R Y

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Under Pres. Corazon C. Aquino's Administration, the Technology Application and Promotion Institute (TAPI) was extablished from being the former National Science and Technology Authority.

The said reorganization of the institute was for the formulation and implementation of policies, plans, programs and projects for the development of science and technology and promotion of scientific and technological activities for both the public and private sectors, and ensure that the results of scientific and technological activities are properly applied and utilized to accelerate economic and social development.

NATIONAL SCIENTIST CONFERMENT ( A U G U S T

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In her speech, the late President Aquino conferred the title of National Scientist on Dr. Paulo Campos for his outstanding work in medicine for pioneering research on the genetic factor in endemic goiter which earned for him international fame and a Nobel Prize nomination.

Six outstanding young scientists namely, Drs. Efren Abaya, Christopher Bernido, Virginia Cuevas, Candida Adalla, Alfinetta Zamora, and Mary Ann Lansang were given an honorary award. The confernment held was to honor and support the awardees' and aspirants' strategies for the modernization of all sectors of the economy, in upgrading the Research & Development capabilities, development of science and technology infrastructure, including manpower training.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7459 ( A P R I L

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The Investors and Invention Incentives Act of the Philippines provided incentives to Filipino inventors and expanding the functions of the technology application and promotion institute, appropriate funds therefor, and for other purposes”

This national policy was enacted to give priority to invention and its utilization on the country's productive systems and national life; and to this end provide incentives to investors and protect their exclusive right to their invention, particularly when the invention is beneficial to the people and contributes to national development and progress.

FIDEL V. RAMOS A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENDA FOR NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (STAND) ( 1 9 9 3 )

Science And Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) was established which was significant to the field of Science & Technology.

The said program prioritized the following areas of exporting winners identified by DTI, domestic needs identified by the President's Council for Countryside Development, support industries, and coconut industry development.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7687 ( 1 9 9 4 )

The Science and Technology Scholarship Act of 1994 was enacted into law for fast tracking of more science, technology, and engineering graduates by offering scholarships to deserving students in these courses in their third year of undergraduate study, based on their competitiveness and merit.

This law aims to give priority to research and development, invention, innovation and their utilization. It also offers additional incentives to attract the graduates of this scholarship program into teaching science, mathematics and technology courses in a public or private high school.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293 ( J U N E

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Under the Ramos Presidency, the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines was passed into law.

The act aims for an effective intellectual and industrial property system and development of domestic and creative activity, facilitate transfer of technology, attract foreign investments, and ensure market access for local products. This law will protect and secure the exclusive rights of scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.

JOSEPH E. ESTRADA A D M I N I S T R A T I O N

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GAD PLANNING AND BUDGETING ( 1 9 9 9 )

The NCRFW developed tools for effective GAD planning and budgeting.

Among the tools developed were GAD Mainstreaming in the Philippines, Gender-Responsive Planning Towards Proper Implementation of the GAD Budget Policies, and GAD Mainstreaming at Subnational Levels

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8792 ( J U N E

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The Electronic Commerce Act aims to facilitate domestic and international transactions through the utilization of electronic mediums and technology to recognize the authenticity and reliability of electronic documents.

This law recognizes the vital role of information and communications technology (ICT) in nation-building, the need to create an information-friendly environment which supports and ensures the availability, diversity and affordability of ICT products and services.

GLORIA

MACAPAGAL-ARROYO

2001-2010

Philippine Science Heritage Center Act (2001) Republic Act 9107 The Act affirms the Government's commitment and policy to continually support and encourage the development of the country's science and technology program and to promote the Philippines' scientific contributions to the world by identifying the academy as the Government agency that would manage operate, and maintain the center, document works, ideas, inventions and products of Filipino scientists and other accomplishments in the field of Science and Technology, establishing a display area for samples of inventions, scientific products, memorabilia, references and library materials, producing printed materials to be used by the academe in teaching values with scientific insights and which may be used as a source of information by the general public, serving as the core of the network of science museums in the Philippines, and performing such acts as may be necessary for the effective implementation of this Act.

National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP) (2002) Long-term indicative plan which defines, in broad strokes, the direction of science and technology (S&T) development in the Philippines for the next 18 years. It is the S&T community’s response to the national leadership’s call for S&T to be the foundation of future economic development in the country. The area thrusts for S&T development during the plan period are agriculture, forestry, and natural resources; health/medical sciences; biotechnology; information and communication technology ICT); microelectronics and mechatronics; earth and marine sciences; fisheries and aquaculture; environment; natural disaster mitigation; energy materials science and engineering; and manufacturing and process engineering.

Philippine Innovation Strategy “Filipinnovation” (2007) Provided a broad framework for innovation policy and is the main national initiative to boost innovation in the country. As the National Science and Technology Plan, it had specific support from President Arroyo. However, the broad framework became a hindrance to fully fulfill its goals, which leads to the 8 point action agenda to better focus STI programmes and other initiatives much in line with Filipinnovation and LED.

1) Science-based know-how and tools that enable the agriculture sector to raise productivity to world-class standards 2) Innovative, cost-effective and appropriate technologies that enable MSMEs to develop and produce competitive products that meet world-class standards 3) State-of-the-art facilities and capabilities that enable local industries to move up the value chain and attain global competitiveness

4) Idea of the Philippines as a global leader in Information Technology - Business Process Management Services)

5) ICT-based transformation of governance broadening access to government services (i.e. health and education) for those in the countryside

6) Improved quality healthcare and quality of life thru science, technology and innovation

7) Highly skilled and globally competitive S&T human resources in support of the national S&T programs

8) Science-based weather information and climate change scenarios with associated impact assessments that enable concerned agencies to develop appropriate mitigation strategies for a disaster and climate change resilient Philippines

BENIGNO

AQUINO III

2010-2016

PAGASA Modernization Bill (2015) Republic Act 10692 The law obliged the weather bureau, to modernize its technological operational capacity and strengthen its role as the premier national weather agency to attain its vision as a center of excellence for weather-related information services. raw appropriate response for disaster risk reduction.

Department of Communications Technology (2016) Aims to provide every Filipino access to vital ICT infrastructures and services, while also ensuring the sustainable growth of ICTenabled industries.

RODRIGO

DUTERTE

2016-2022

Balik Scientist Law (2018) The enacted law strengthen the implementation of the Department of Science and Technology’s (DOST) Balik Scientist Program which was first established in 1975 but was only implemented in 1986. Since its implementation, several scientists have come back to the country to mentor science and engineering students and faculty along their line of expertise through research and development, teaching, and other activities. This sharing of expertise significantly contributed to the acceleration of the scientific, agro-industrial and economic development of the country.

Other Notable Milestones During President Duterte's Administration - His administration adopted a "technology neutral" approach and included renewable sources of energy such as hydroelectric, geothermal, wind, and solar in the power producing mix. - Early in Duterte's term, the administration maintained that coal remains the most viable source of energy if the Philippines is to accelerate industrialization - Boracay Clean-up - Universal Healthcare Act (2019) - Approved a DOST developed tech that locates hazards (2019) - Doktor Para sa Bayan Act (2020) - Lifted the moratorium on oil and gas exploration in the West Philippine Sea to seek for new energy during 2020 - Approved the inclusion of nuclear power in the country's energy mix last February 2022

FILIPINO

SCIENTISTS

and

THEIR

INVENTIONS

Here is a list of some Filipino scientists and inventors, together with their contributions in shaping the science and technology of the Filipino nation.......... 1 DR. ARTURO ALCARAZ

Dr. Arturo Alcaraz is a volcanologist specializing in geothermal energy development. In 1967, Arturo Alcaraz and team powered an electric light bulb using steam-powered electricity. This was the first geothermal "FATHER OF GEOTHERMAL power generated in the Philippines. ENERGY DEVELOPMENT" 2 JULIAN BANZON Filipino chemist, Julian Banzon researched methods of producing alternative fuels. He experimented with the production of ethyl esters fuels from sugarcane and coconut.

"ALTERNATIVE

FUEL"

3 PEDRO ESCURO

Filipino scientist, Pedro Escuro is best known for his isolation of nine rice varieties, thus was renowned by developing rice breeding in the country.

"nine rice varieties" The Pedro Escuro rice varieties are: Milpal 4, HBD-2, Azmil 26 and C-22 and C-18, C4-63, C4-137, C-168 and C-12. 4

FELIX MARAMBA

"coconut oil-fueled power generator" Felix Maramba built a coconut oilfueled power generator. He also is the developer of one of the world's most profitable biogas systems. 5 DR. FRANCISCO FRONDA

Dr. Francisco Fronda is known as the Father of poultry science in the Philippines. Francisco Fronda has improved methods of production for the poultry and livestock industry. "Father of Philippine Poultry Industry"

6

LUZ OLIVEROS BELARDO

Filipino chemist, Luz Oliveros Belardo researched the phytochemical properties of plants in the Philippines for natural products, essential oils, and the medicinal qualities.

7

EMERITA DE GUZMAN

Filipino scientist Emerita De Guzman researched the propagation of pure macapuno trees. Her research led to the faster propagation of pure macapuno trees and increased macapuno nut production from 3-5 macapuno nuts to 14-19 nuts (1980). She also invented tissue culture techniques for the rapid propagation of abaca and banana plants.

8 DR. FE DEL MUNDO

Filipino doctor, Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that lead to the invention of an improved incubator and a jaundice relieving device.

"INCUBATOR"

"ZARA" EFFECT 9 GREGORIO ZARA

Famous Filipino Scientist, Gregorio Zara invented, made improvements to, or discovered the following: invented the two way television telephone or videophone (1955) patented as a "photo phone signal separator network"; discovered the physical law of electrical kinetic resistance called the Zara effect (around 1930); invented an airplane engine that ran on plain alcohol as fuel (1952).

AGAPITO FLORES

"fluorescent lamp"

EDUARDO SAN JUAN

"lunar rover"

DANIEL DINGEL

"water powered car"

OT HE R DIOSDADO BANATAO

"GUI (graphical user interface)"

ANGEL ALCALA

" artificial coral reefs"

I NV

ROBERTO DEL ROSARIO " karaoke"

NARCISO MOSUELA

V E NT I ONS

"superkalan"

RAMON BARBA

" plant physiology and breeding"

JUAN SALCEDO JR

" enriched rice"

REFLECTION

WHAT DO YOU THINK are the major contributions of SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

to Philippine nation-building

The rise of civilization marked the beginning of the world's innovation. However, it is up to the people who remain whether the beginning will lead somewhere great or end without a blaze.

L

ERRICA ELE E ICA

G

HA

H LL

In conclusion, science and technology have been with us since the beginning of time. We may overlook its significance and existence, but it has aided us in many ways that we are unaware of, and it has benefited the growth of the Philippine system.

O RA M . G . MORALE

LES

Science and technology are the systematic organization of knowledge and the application of techniques and processes gathered in order to obtain information or create innovation. It has aided in the development of nations, particularly the Philippines, over the years. The mentioned presidents, inventors, and people from the past and present will not have a better life if the advanced printing press, communication methods, and accessible information are not available. Because of the various contributions and inventions made, the government and agencies can develop a systematic program to address the needs of its citizens. They were able to develop strategies to improve people's well-being and lifestyle. They are capable of protecting their countrymen and establishing national security. Local contributions help to establish a name for the country, giving it pride. It aided in the preservation of natural resources and treasures, culture and tradition, and historical discoveries.

Since the pre-colonial to postcolonial periods, the Philippines has progressed in terms of Science and Technology by the innovations and discoveries of many individuals. And with these innovations and discoveries, it paved the way for enormous advancements from ancient to modern society, as well as the reinforcing progress of Science and Technology, which influenced and contributed to the Philippine nation building.

Ocop, Lovely

Science and Technology serves and holds a key to the progress and development of the Philippine nation building. Major contributions created by individuals most especially several Filipinos open the door for Filipinos to promote the prosperity of human lives and address different difficulties facing society, particularly in agriculture, handicrafts, and medicine. These contribute in improved quality of life, the generation of new knowledge, recognition of Filipino scientists and inventors, economic development, wealth creation, and social transformation in the Philippines.

Orbista, Siril Gio S. Looking back, we cannot deny that science and technology have been great companions to every individual in the Philippines. From the earliest days of Filipino life to the colonization of multiple countries and up to the current republic period. Through timelines, history books, and researching, we discovered how our own methods of daily living transformed into modern ones such as in the form of counting, measuring, writing, and in the aspects of medicine, agriculture, transportation, and communication. In today's pursuit of knowledge, adapting and cultivating what science and technology can truly supply goes beyond the ideal lifestyle that a country desires for its citizens. Science and technology, in fact, lead a nation like the Philippines into a developed one, and through continuous advancement, research, and innovation, we are able to capitalize on the skills and talents of our local people in order to improve every aspect of our community, such as the economy, engineering, health, agriculture, education, poverty alleviation, and even local community development. Without also the people of a nation, we cannot utilize science and technology, and this gives justice to what our former Vice President Leni Robredo said, “Sa ating mga sarili magsisimula ang pagbabago. Hindi iisang tao lamang ang kailangan ng bayang ito para magbago. Hindi iisa – kundi bawat isa”, thus, it is simply a must that we, as citizens of the nation with full responsibility for its growth should provide ourselves most especially the young ones to be inclined in research and development and support them as the future of our country is in their hands and they will be the ones that may transform our nation to a more advanced nation than what it is today.

Palma, Melissa L.

With all the progress in our country's Science and Technology, it's important to note how essential it is to also focus on education. Innovation and development comes from great minds, to ensure that there will always be "great minds" to follow and keep the progress running, we must find ways to make sure that we're not also being left behind in terms of having quality education. Continuous learning is always helpful in whatever field, we can't be too contented on what we have and be stagnant because Science and Technology is changing and progressing constantly globally.

Panganiban, Juliette Heloise E. Science and technology have played an important role in our country's development. It resulted in scientific and technological advancements, discoveries, and innovations in Philippine industries and enterprises, which had a direct impact on the growth of the economy, job creation, and wealth creation, as well as paved the way for people to live better. Also, science and technology for nation-building keeps us successfully and conveniently communicated, informed, updated, and connected to the world, allowing us to be more internationally competent and competitive.

REFERENCES http://goodnewspilipinas.com/2009/10/04/the-pride-of-philippine-science/ http://inventors.about.com/od/filipinoscientists/Filipino_Inventors_and_Filipino_Scientist s.htm http://pinoysline.blogspot.com/2012/01/ang-galing-pinoy.html http://travelman 1971.hubpages.com/hub/Filipino-Inventions-and-Discoveries-thatShaped-the-World https://philpad.com/presidents-philippines-achievements-contributions/ https://soapboxie.com/world-politics/Presidents-of-the-Philippines-and-theirAchievements-and-Contributions https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/manuel-roxas-11282.php https://sea-eu.archiv.zsi.at/facts/sea/philippines.html https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/44-2015-news/852-pnoysigns-pagasa-modernization-bill.html https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1073911 https://www.dost.gov.ph/knowledge-resources/news/49-2018/1414-president-dutertesigns-balik-scientist-law.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1989/08/01/speech-of-president-corazon-aquinoon-the-national-scientist-conferment/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2013/08/23/republic-act-no-10612/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1987/01/30/executive-order-no-128-s-1987/ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2000/06/14/republic-act-no-8792-s-2000/ https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6b/entry-3853.html https://pcw.gov.ph/joseph-estrada/ https://philpad.com/presidents-philippines-achievements-contributions/

THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY DURING POSTCOLONIAL PERIOD 1946 - 2022