Data Loading...
The History of The Great Wall of China Flipbook PDF
By Ian Kerk (7PB)
116 Views
18 Downloads
FLIP PDF 19.58MB
The history of
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
IAN KERK
7PB
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
5
INTRODUCTION The Great Wall of China
6
MAP By Dynasty Era
7
CHANGE & CONTINUITY Construction of The Great Wall of China
18
CAUSATIONS Relationship between cause & effect
21
INTERPRETATIONS & PERSPECTIVES Qin Shi Huang
26
PRIMARY SOURCES Secondary Resources
29
FUN FACTS
32
GLOSSARY
A journey with a thousand miles begins with a single step
LAO TZU
INTRODUCTION The Great Wall of China is the series of walls and fortifications running across the China’s historical northern borders in an east-west line. These walls were built to serve as the country’s defence against the invasions and raids from the different migratory tribes living in the Eurasian Steppe like the Mongols and Russians. The entire Great Wall of China is said to be 21,196 km (13,171 mi) in length.
The Great Wall is one of – if not THE – iconic symbol of China, symbolizing the perseverance and diligence of the Chinese civilization. There simply aren’t many cultural landmarks on the earth that symbolize the sweep of a nation’s history more powerfully than the Wall.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
5
MAP OF THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
6
CHANGE & CONTINUITY Construction of the Great Wall of China
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The construction materials of the Great Wall of China were mainly earth, wood, stones, sand, and bricks, used depending on construction era and construction site with different climate and local materials. Due to the large quantity of materials required to construct the wall, the builders usually obtained materials from local sources. When building over mountain ranges, the stones of the mountain were used, while in the plains, earth rammed into solid blocks was used in construction. In the desert, even the branches of reeds and red willows were layered with sand. Wooden planks were used as the flank wall in some sections. With the development of brick-making techniques, bricks were used from the Tang Dynasty (618 – 907 AD) onwards.
DURING HAN DYNASTY
Sand & Earth
Sand & Branches (Reed & Reed willows)
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
8
BEFORE SUI DYNASTY (7 Cen. BC – 618 AD) As earthen buildings could withstand the strength of cold weapons like swords and spears, and as earth suited the low technology of productivity before the Sui Dynasty (518 – 618 AD), most Great Wall sections of that time were built by ramming earth between board frames. Some of the walls were rammed with earth, lime, sand and small stones. In the desert, some walls were rammed with reeds and red willows and sand layer by layer. At sites around Dunhuang City in Gansu Province, Yulin City in Shaanxi Province and Baotou City in Inner Mongolia, the Great Wall of Qin, Han and Zhao dynasties can be found. The Wall of Zhao was built during the Warring States Period using board frames, and the earth layers can still be clearly seen.
DURING TANG & SONG DYNASTY (618 – 1279 AD) Brick-making techniques developed greatly during Tang and Song Dynasties. However, bricks were quite expensive to produce and distribute at that time, therefore construction could not use them solely. Therefore, passes and the wall around the passes were built with the bricks on the exterior and yellow mud filling the body of the wall. Some places also used stones to build the wall during that period. This kind of Great Wall was more solid than walls built with sun-dried mud brick or rammed earth.
Stones
Brick & Stones HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
9
TIMELINE 220BC
QIN DYNASTY 221 - 207 BC
HAN DYNASTY 202 BC - 220 AD 220 AD
220 AD
JIN DYNASTY 265 - 420 AD
SUI DYNASTY 581 - 618 AD
LIAO DYNASTY 907 - 1125 AD
JIN DYNASTY 1115 - 1234 AD
440 AD
440 AD
660 AD
660 AD
880 AD
880 AD
SOUTHERN & NORTHERN DYNASTIES 420 - 589 AD
TANG DYNASTY 618 - 907 AD
SONG DYNASTY 960 - 1279 AD 1100 AD
1100 AD
1320 AD
1320 AD
YUAN DYNASTY 1368 - 1644 AD
QING DYNASTY 1644 - 1911 AD
1540 AD
1540 AD
1760 AD
1760 AD
1980 AD
1980 AD
PRESENT 1911 - PRESENT
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
10
QIN DYNASTY In 221BC, Emperor Qin Shi Huang unified China for the first time after defeating the other states. As the central plain was constantly assaulted by the northern Huns, Emperor Qin Shi Huang sent the chinese general Meng Tian to defend. At the same time, he ordered that all the different walls created by different states be linked together and extended to form on great impenatrable wall called the 'ten thousand Li-long wall.
The Southern Great Wall of Qin Dynasty ran from Lintao, today's Minxian County in Gansu Province, via Guyuan in Ningxia, Huanxian in Gansu, Jingbian, Hengshan, Yuyang, and Shenmu in Shaanxi, Tuoketuo in Inner Mongolia, and ended at the southern bank of the Yellow River. The Northern Wall started from Langshan Mountain in the west, via Ulanqab in Inner Mongolia, Shangyi, Zhangbei, and Weichang in Hebei, and entered Fushun and Benxi in Liaoning Province. Then, it turned southeast, and ended at the estuary of Qingchuan River.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
11
HAN DYNASTY Great Wall of Han Dynasty spanned over north China, extending from Liaoning in the east to Lop Nur, Xinjiang in the west.
JIN DYNASTY Great Wall of the Jin Dynasty traverses from today's Yangyuan County in Hubei Province to Tateishi in North Korea. Additionally, there is also a section of wall in Linhai, Zhejiang Province along the southeast coast.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
12
NORTHERN & SOUTHERN DYNASTIES Northern Wei
The Northern Wall ran westward from Chicheng County in Hebei to Wuyuan County in Inner Mongolia. The Sai Wei Wall, lower and thinner than the Northern Wall, was erected around the capital city of Pingcheng, today’s Datong of Shanxi. It started from Shanggu in today's Guangling County of Shanxi, and ran northward to Tianzhen County. Then, it turned westward, and ended at the eastern bank of the Yellow River. It started from Maling Garrison to Tudeng near Ningwu County, Shanxi.
Eastern Wei
Northern Chi
Northern Zhou
In order to prevent the attacks of northern Turks and the neighboring Western Wei, the Northern Qi renovated the previous walls built by Northern Wei and Eastern Wei, and added many sections. The whole wall extended from Shanxi in the west to Bohai Sea near Shanhaiguan Pass in the east. After restoring the Northern Qi Wall, the Northern Zhou Great Wall stretched from Shanhaiguan in the east to Yanmenguan in the west.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
13
SUI DYNASTY The wall ran from Shanhaiguan in the east to Gansu Province in the west.
TANG DYNASTY It stretched from Pingcheng in modern Heshun County in Shanxi to Lukou in modern Qixian County in Shanxi.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINAE
|
14
LIAO DYNASTY The Wall traversed the Inner Mongolia in China and finally reached Mongolia via Russia. There is also a section in today's Dalian, Liaoning that was built to defend against the neighboring Bohai Kingdom.
SONG DYNASTY To stop the incursions of Liao, Western Xia, and Jin Dynasties, the Song built a comprehensive defensive system, including forts, water walls, and stone walls. Jin stretched from Pingcheng in modern Heshun County in Shanxi to Lukou in modern Qixian County in Shanxi.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINAE
|
15
LATER JIN DYNASTY The Northern Jiehao Wall started from the Genhe River, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia in the east, and ran westward to Argun River. Then, it went to Russia and Mongolia, and ended at the southern slope of Khentii Mountains.The Southern Jiehao Wall ran from Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner of Hulunbuir in the east, and ended at Daqing Mountains in Wuchuan County of Inner Mongolia.The Wushabao Wall ran from Fengning County of Hebei via Duolun County, Xulun Hoh Banner, Taibus Banner in Inner Mongolia, Kangbao County in Hebei, and Huade County in Inner Mongolia, and ended at Shangdu County in Inner Mongolia
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINAE
|
16
MING DYNASTY The Ming Great Wall ran from Hushan by the Yalu River in the east, and ended at Jiayuguan Pass in China's west Gansu Province.
QING DYNASTY It was built in most provinces to the north of Huaihe River, especially by the Yellow River.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINAE
|
17
CAUSATION
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA CAUSED... The Great Wall of China was built in 221- 206 BC during the reign of the first emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, to protect China from its enemies and invaders from the North, especially the Mongols. The Mongols were a nomadic groups that would often make raids into China. During its construction, the Great Wall of China was called “the longest cemetery on earth”. One million people died, during the build and during attacks of people defending the wall died in masses. Over 70% of China was busy building the wall during the time of war. The Emperor called anyone, including soldiers, prisoners, scholars and commoners to work on the wall. The Great Wall also helped keep people in China from getting out. Emperor Qin Shi huang also thought he should make use of the walls that the individual states built in the warring states period.The Great Wall of China ended up being very useful throughout China’s history. After the death of Qin Shi Huang, other dynasties used and helped to rebuild the wall after battles, those were: Han, Ming, Sing, and any later dynasties.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
19
THE GREAT WALL OF CHINA CAUSED ... The wheelbarrow was invented by the Chinese and it was used during the construction of the wall. The Chinese invented gunpowder, and used it to defend the Great Wall. The Republic of China and the Empire of Japan fought the last battle ever fought at the Great Wall in 1938. The great wall is thought to be a symbol of China’s hard working policies, dedication, architecture and creativity. In the 2008 Summer Olympics, the Great Wall of China was the finish spot for a cycling course. People consider it the greatest human structure in history, and was almost the most expensive project in human history. It has seen all, blood, sweat and tears. Every year, more than 10 million people visit to the Great Wall of China, making it one of the world's most popular tourist attractions.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
20
INTERPRETATIONS & PERSPECTIVES Qin Shi Huang
PERSPECTIVES OF EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANG WHY DID QIN SHI HUANG WANTED TO DEFEAT THE OTHER WARRING STATES? Qin Shi Huang was known for defeating the other states of China and therefore unifying China. He did this because he saw a bigger threat (the mongols) he foresaw that if China would keep on fighting the mongols could easily defeat all the states and conquer China, so he defeated every single state with his own and defended against the north hence building the Great Wall.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
22
INTEPRETATION OF EMPEROR QIN SHI HUANG Qin Shi Huang was the first emperor of China he was known for many things like unifying China and ending the warring states period, here are the different opinions of Qin Shi Huang.
On one hand people view him as a brilliant ruler for many things; he eliminated six countries and got China united as one country and promoted political, economic, cultural communications among different nationalities.He unified characters, currency and length, capacity and weight.He expanded territory and established the first centralized autocratic monarchy in Chinese history. On the other hand, he is famous for tyrannical rule. His burning books and burying Confucian scholars alive both led to great suffering in human being civilizations. He compelled people and consumed countless Human Resources and material resources to build palaces, cemeteries and other things, such as the Great Wall .He created cruel punishment and crucifixion to torture people who disobeyed him.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
23
WHY DID HE SEEK THE ELIXER OF LIFE? As the emperor grew in is middle ages,he grew more and more afraid of death. He became obsessed with finding the 'elixir of life', which he believed would allow him to live forever. The doctors and alchemists started brewing a number of potions, most of them had "quicksilver" (mercury) in them, which probably had the effect of hastening the emperor's death rather than preventing it.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
24
WHY WAS HE SO CRUEL TO EVERYONE WHO DISSOBEYED HIM? Firstly Qin Shi Huang viewed those scholers and confucian historians as threats to him so he burned all the books not related to him as well as the people who wrote them. I personally believe it was due to oppression that he did this,because i think he thought that he might influence others to go against him which was true because those scholers wrote a list of the ten crimes of Qin to show his terrible actions. Secondly,he enslaved alot of the chinese peasents and criminals to help build the Great wall because he was trying to rush the defences of the great wall to avoid an invasion from the north,he also said that he was sacrificing thousands of lives in exchange for millions in one of the ancient scrolls. Finally he created cruel punishment to others because of his origin the Chinese think its fine to treat a person with corporal punishment.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
25
PRIMARY SOURCES
I CAN SEE THAT: - That china recorded events at the time - China had their own language - The text is on wooden strips wraped together
I CAN CONCLUDE FROM THIS THAT: - China was very devoloped at the time because they had their own language and had very good technology at the time. - China has used their natural resources very well in making this text because they had to make the ink and the wooden 'sheet' - China has good access to natural resources since they have made this text. HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
26
PRIMARY SOURCES
I CAN SEE THE/THAT: - The Great wall of China is made out of stone and bricks - The great wall of China is set on a mountainous areas - There are small fotresses throughout the wall
I CAN CONCLUDE FROM THIS THAT: -Northern China is a very mountainous area BOTH PIECES OF EVIDENCE CAN CONCLUDE THAT: -China has used their natural resources very well in making the wall because they used all kinds of materials - China has good access to natural resources since they have made the great wall which would take a lot of materials due to how long it is.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
27
SECONDARY SOURCES https://www.travelchinaguide.com https://www.chinahighlights.com/greatwall/ http://rumibalkhi.com/great-wall-of-china-facts/ http://www.china-mike.com/china-touristattractions/great-wall-china/ https://kidskonnect.com/history/great-wall-china/ http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/engineerin g/greatwallofchina.html https://www.ducksters.com/history/china/great_wall_ of_china.php http://www.great-wallofchina.com/the-great-wall-ofchina-facts-for-kids.html http://www.chinatravellers.com/Artcle_Show.asp? id=167 http://www.history.com/topics/great-wall-of-china
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
28
FUN FACTS
FUN FACTS
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
30
FUN FACTS
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
31
GLOSSARY A.D (anno domini) An abbreviation used showing how many years have passed since the birth of Jesus. It stands for anno Domini , a Latin phrase meaning “in the year of our Lord.” alchemist a person who does alchemy. autocratic relating to a ruler who has total power autonomous a country or region owing the freedom to govern itself or control its own affairs
B.C (before christ) before the Christian era; used following dates before the supposed year Christ was born construction 1. the activity of building something, commonly a large structure. 2. the creation of an abstract entity. comprehensive concerns with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
32
GLOSSARY corporal punishment physical punishment, such as caning or whipping civilization the moment of human social development which is considered in the forefront crucifixion age-old method of execution in which a person was nailed or bound to a cross. dynasty a line of ancestral monarch of a country. eliminate thoroughly remove or get rid of (something) estuary the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream. iconic acclaimed or popular, especially being considered to embody particular opinions or a particular time
landmarks an object or feature of a landscape or town that is easily seen and recognized from a distance, especially one that enables someone to provide their location.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
33
GLOSSARY mercury the chemical element of atomic number 80, a heavy silvery-white metal which is liquid at ordinary temperatures. monarchy a form of government with a monarch at the head reed a tall, slender-leaved plant of the grass family, which grows in water or on marshy ground. mongol a native or inhabitant of Mongolia; a Mongolian. perseverance persistence in doing something although difficulty or delay in achieving success. olympic a set of international sports competitions that happen once every four years: The Olympic Games are held in a different country on each occasion. province a principal administrative division of a country or empire
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
34
GLOSSARY steppe a large area of flat unforested grassland in SE Europe or Siberia.
structure a method where the parts of a system or object are arranged or organized in a certain manner technique a way of carrying out a precise function, especially the execution or performance of an artistic work or a scientific procedure. traversed travel across or through tyrannical exercising power in a cruel or unreasonable action. warring of two or more people or groups in conflict with each other. willow a tree or shrub of temperate climates which typically has narrow leaves, bears catkins, and grows near water.
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
35
HISTORY
OF
THE
GREAT
WALL
OF
CHINA
|
36