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DIGITAL TEXT Sarika. S Social science Second year B ed SNTC Nedunganda
SOCIAL SCIENCE Standard |X
CONTENT Viceroys of india
LORD CANNING-1858-1862 After the assumption of the Indian administration by the British crown in 1858 following the revolt of 1857,Lord canning,The then governer general of india was appointed the first viceroy of india to represent the sovereignty of the british crown.lord canning was a liberal minded humanitarian ruler. It was during the administration of Lord canning that compilation of the Indian penal code and the criminal procedure code begun by Lord Macaulay was completed.In 1861 one high court was established in each presidency in place of the former supreme court and other courts of law. During Lord canning,s administration the universities of Calcutta,Bombay and Madras were established. He introduced income tax in india at the first time.
LORD ELGIN - 1862-1863 On the retirement of Lord canning ,Lord ELGIN came as viceroy THE only noteworthy thing of his period of administration was lie suppression of the wahabi muslim section in north west frontier.In 1862 the first high court established during the time of ELGIN.The first high court established in Calcutta.
SIR JOHN LAWRENCE-18641869 Before his appointment as viceroy,SIR John Lawrence had earned a name as an administrator in india.In the revolt of 1857 he had recovered Delhi and saved Panjab from the rebels and there by saved British interest in india.An important incident in the time of Lawrence was the outbreak of famine in orissa(1866);it extended from Bengal to Madras. The government of Madras made adequate arrangements.But government of Bengal and india did practically nothing to help people.During the administration of Lawrence the American civil war was going on.This increased the demand of Indian cotton.The bank of Bombay began to issue loans.When in1865 the American civil war came to an end there was a great business slump and the bank of Bombay crashed.It was Lawrence again who caused the Punjab tenancy bill to be drafted ,which became law after him.
LORD MAYO-1869-1872 Lord mayo,an irish by birth,took over as Governor general and viceroy from Lord Lawrence in 1869.He formed a council to which he handed over the administration of the state of Slower where there was virtual failure of administration.He settled the problem of the small states of parties at judiciously.At Ajmeer he established a college which came to be known after him as mayo college.At Lahore and Rajkot he had likewise established colleges.He also made initiative to senses in india in1872.In 1872 Lord mayo went to visit the Andamans persons transported for life were kept.There he was stabbed by a Pathan convict to death
LORD NORTHBROOK-18721876 On Lord Mayos sudden death at the hands of an assassin in the Andamans,Lord Northbrook was appointed as the viceroy of india.He was an efficient administrator.But his character was neither attractive nor impressive.It was during Lord Northbrook administration that the Prince of Wales came to visit in india.During his administration a terrible famine broke out in Bihar (1873-1874) In 1876 Lord Northbrook resigned his office due to his differences with the British cabinet.
LORD LYTTON-1876-1880 It was on the suggestion of Lord Lytton to Disraeli that queen Victoria was invested with the title of Kaiser-i-hind .Empress of india by the Royal Title Act.On January 1,1877 a Durbar was held at Delhi and queen Victoria was formally declared Kaiser I hind.lord Lytton possessed deep knowledge in economics.He changed the existing policy of duties of cotton and seaborne goods.He made the duty on salt uniform all over the country.ln 1878 he in order to put a stop to the criticism on British gov: passed the famous vernakular press act by which publication of anything that might create hatred against the British government.He also had suggested the introduction of gold standard in Indian.
LORD RIPON-1880-1884 Tipton was a mid Victorian liberal.He belonged to the liberal party of Gladstone.He became the viceroy of india in 1880.The important reforms made by Ripon were Decentralisation of administration,Tariff and Revenue,Freedom of the press ,Education,Treatment of the NativeStates and social reforms.In municipal administration he gave the Indians right of self government.He established Local Boards and placed the rural administration,public health,construction and maintenance of roads,e t c.In 1872 Local self government was established in Bombay presidency and gradually the system was extended to other presidencies.He abolished tariffs from all commodities except salt,wine,arms and ammunition.He repealed the vernacular press act.He appointed a commission under sir William Hunter ‘s chairmanship to review the progress of education under the new policy followed pursuant to woods despatch of 1854.
LORD DUFFERIN-1884-1888 Lord differ in had long experience as the under secretary of state for india,as governer general of Canada,British emissary at Russia and Turkey ,commsooner of Egypt e t c before coming as India’s governer general and viceroy .He had also a name as a diplomat and an orator.duffrins wise policy soon succeeded in removing the bitterness that had been engendered in the Indian minds by the Illbert bill controversy.He did not believe in allowing any special power or status to anybody on the basis of racial origin or social status.ln 1885 he passed the Bengal tenancy act .in 1887 he passed similar tenancy act for punjab
LORD LANSDOWNE-18881894 Under Lord Lansdowne a few very important reforms measures were enacted .The factory act earlier passed by Lord ripon was amended to make eleven hours to be the maximum hours that a woman labourer could be made to work in a factory.He cancelled the special civil exam conducted for Indians and he divided the Indian Civil service into imperial,provincial and subordinate.In1892 he passed Indian council act.He appointed Durant commission for separating British india and Afghanistan
LORD CURZON-1899-1905 In January 1899lord ELGIN laid down his office and was succeeded by Lord Curzon.Curzon had visited india four times,and had visited Ceylon,China,Persia,Korea e t c.He was the first viceroy who visited thiruvithamkoor for the first time.He started an agriculture research centre in Delhi.lnorder to prevent fragmentation of land he passed the Punjab land alienation act.He established the department of archaeology and desired the preservation of ancient monuments.ln1902 he set up a university commission. Most important of all steps taken by Curzon was the partition of Bengal (1905).in the same year Curzon had serious differences with Lord Kitchener and he resigned and left to England.
LORD MINTO -1905-1910 The administration of Lord MINTO is noted for anti partition movement and the revolutionary terrorism .In 1909 the council act was passed , separate electorate was granted to the Muslims and Anglo Russian convention was signed.He was the viceroy during the time of formation of muslim league at Dhaka in 1906.Indian council act 1909 is known as the mintomorly reforms.
LORD HARDINGE-1910-1916 During the administration of Lord Harding,george fifth and his queen empress Mary,came to visit india(1911).The famous Delhi Durbar was convened on that occation in which it was decided to transfer the capital of india from calcutta to delhi.ln the ceremonial procession at the time of entry into the new capital of indiadelhi,a bomb was thrown on Harding ,He was injured but his life was saved.Towards the end of the administration of Lord Harding the first world war began.
LORD CHELMSFORD-19151921 In order to suppress revolutionary terrorism and all political unrest British government passed Rowlat act 1919 by which the government assumed power to imprison persons without trial.under Chelmsford administration the reform act of 1919 on the basis of the Montagu Chelmsford report was passed.montague Chelmsford reforms implemented starchy in British Indian provinces.In1917 he appointed saddler education commission
LORD READING-1921-1926 The incident of chauri chaura took place during Lord reading time.swaraj party was formed.In 1921 Ahmedabad session of INS was being held.He was the first viceroy who believed in Jewish religious.TheRowlat act was withdrawn by him.He separated railway budget from common budget in 1924.Prince Wales visited india during his time.
LORD IRWIN-1926-1931 Lord Irwin was the thirteenth viceroy of india.He was the viceroy in the time of arrival of Simon commission (1928).The important events during his period were Nehru report,Hannah’s 14 points,murder of Saunders in 1929,bomb throw in assembly hall in Delhi by bhagath sing,foundation of H S R A,death of lala lajapath ray ,execution of Bharat sing,civil disobedience movement,dandi march(1930) ,first round table conference,Gandhi Irwin pact,demand for poornaswaraj in Lahore session.
LORD WELLINGTON-19311936 The important incidents during his time were,Gandhi and ambedkar signed Pune agreement in 1932.proclamation of Ramsey muckdonald communal award.Acharya narendranath and Jayaprekash narayan formed congress socialist party.Reserve bank of india formed in 1935.In 1937 first election held in British india on the basis of 1935 government of india act.
LORD LINLITHIGOW-19361943 Lord linlithi how was viceroy of india from 1936-1943 and his eight years period was longest reign as viceroy of india. During this period parts of government of india act 1935 came into force in 1937. Other incidents included resignation of congress ministers to protest the involvement of Indians in world war second,resignation of subhash Chandra Bose and foundation of forward block.jinnahs two nation theory,Atlanta charter,August offer(1940) ,foundation of Indian national army ,Cripps mission ,launch of quit india movement,demand of divide and quit,Bengal famine 1943.
LORD WAVELL-1943-1947 Lord wavell was born on 5 May 1883 at Colchester.He became a major general in 1933. At the out break of second world war in 1939 he was the British commander in chief in the middle East. His first task as the viceroy was to check the Bengal famine in 1943. He suppressed a naval mutiny in Bombay in early 1946 ,which served as an eye opener to the inherent weakness of the british power in india. He also received the cabinet mission in 1946. The congress and the Muslims league did not ultimately accept its proposals.wavell then formed an interim government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru. He died in London on 24 May 1950.
LORD MOUNT BATTEN-19471948 He was the last viceroy of india. He formed India’s freedom laws. He was the viceroy at the time of passing of Indian independence act and partition of india. He appointed a commission headed by radclif to find boundaries of india and Pakistan
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