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Aksharangalude acharian Flipbook PDF

Aksharangalude acharian

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A£-c-ßfpsS BNmcy≥

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ (dh. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Ah¿I-fpsS jjvTn-]q¿Øn kvamcI {KŸw)

AKSHARANGALUDE ACHARYAN (MALAYALAM) (Shashtipoorthi Smaraka Grandham - Rev. Fr. Dr. Joseph Cheeran)

sI. kn. tem^vk¨ Fw. F., Fw. FUv. (F-Un-‰¿˛C≥-˛-Nm¿÷v)

Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn ]ªn-tjgvkv, Ip∂w-Ipfw hne 50 cq]

Editor-in-charge K. C. Laughson M.A., M.Ed. Copy right reserved Published by : Atmaposhini Publishers, Kunnamkulam, Akkikkavu, Karikkad P.O., Pin - 680 519. Ph : 04885 - 281231 First Published : June 2005 Price : Rs. 50/Copies : 2000 Cover Designed by : Rev. Fr. Sunny Chacko Type Setting : Anilkumar V. S., Mazhuvanchery Printed at : U.K.C., Offset Printers, Kunnamkulam

IrXn-Iƒ1) A£-cß - f - psS BNm-cy≥

{]km[I-°p-dn∏v Ip∂w-Ipfw {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚-dns‚ ÿm]I {]kn-U≠pw CS-hI ]{XnI amkn-I-bpsS No^v FUn-‰-dp-amb {]nb-s∏´ Noc-\-®s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn 15-˛5-˛2005 Rmb-dmgvN Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-bn-ep≈ Fw. sP. Un. kvIqfn¬ {]tXyIw Xøm-dm°nb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znhm-∂m-tkymkv \K-dn¬ sh®v BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥ km[n-®-Xn¬ Rßƒ°v henb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. Ime-tZ-imhÿ ]nc-an-Xn-Iƒ BtLm-jß - ƒ°v Gsd AXn-cp-Iƒ krjvSn®p F∂Xv t\cpX-s∂. F∂m¬ Ime-tZ-im-h-ÿ-bpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-I-fn-√mØ Hcp temIØv jjvTn-]q¿Øn BtLmjw \S-Øp-hm≥ Rßƒ Xocp-am-\n-®Xv AXp-sIm-≠mWv. B Xocp-am\w A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ F∂ Cu jjvTn-]q¿Øn kvamcI {KŸ-Øns‚ {]Im-i-\-Øn-eqsS BtLm-j-]q¿∆w \nd-th-‰p-I-bm-Wv.

(j-jvTn-]q¿Øn kvamcI {KŸw) 2005

2) PK-Zoiv N{µ-t_mkv

(Po-hN - c - n{Xw) 1980

3) C·m-Øn-tbm-kns‚ k]vX teJ-\ß - ƒ

(hn-h¿Ø-\w) 1990

4) k`m-tPym-Xnkv ˛ (P-\d- ¬ FUn-‰¿)

(te-J\ - ß - ƒ) 1991

5) am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥

(Po-hN - c - n-{Xw) 1992

6) C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`

(k-`m-Nc - n-{Xw) 1993

7) ae-¶c k`bpw tIcf kwkv°mchpw

(]-T\ - w) 1994

8) a - e-¶c - b - psS {]hm-NI - ≥

(Po-hN - c - n{Xw) 1998

9) k`-bnse {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ ˛ ]T\w

(te-J\ - ß - ƒ) 1999

10)- `m-cXØnse {]mNo\ ss__nƒ

({]km-[\w, ]T\w) 2000

11) h´-t»cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv (k-l{- K-ŸI - m-c≥)

(Po-hN - c - n{Xw) 2001

12) C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw (k-l{- K-ŸI - m-c≥)

2002

13) Hcp ]c-tZ-ib - m-{X-bpsS IY ˛ bm{Xm-hn-hc - Ww

ÿe-Im-e-hn-t[-b-amb BtLm-j-Øn¬ \n∂v hn´p-\n∂ ]e-h-enb a\p-jycpw Cu ]pkvX-I-Ønse teJ-I-cmbn kss[cyw AWn-\n-c-∂-Xn¬ Rßƒ°`n-am-\-ap-≠v. ssIh-i-ap≈ hni-dn-sIm≠v kqcy-{]-Im-isØ imiz-X-ambn {]Xntcm-[n-°m-\m-hn√ F∂ kXyw B¿°mWv Adn-™p-Iq-Sm-Ø-Xv? A£cw A\iz-c-am-Wv. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cys\ A\-iz-c-X-bnte°v ssZhw kzoI-cn-®n-cn°p-∂p.

(]T\w) 2003

14) ss__nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-Xb - n¬

(K-th-jW - {- ]-_‘ - w) 2004

15) Ip∂w-Ipfw ; Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw

(N-cn-{Xw) (A®-Sn-bn¬)

16) Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]≈n-∏m-´p-Iƒ

(]-T\ - w) (A-®S- n-bn¬)

17) ae-¶c k`m Ncn-{X-Ønse ]Sn-tbm-eI - ƒ

(]T-\w) (A-®S- n-bn¬)

18) k`m Z¿i≥

(k`m Ncn{Xho-Untbm Imk-‰v) 1995

19) {]Xn-hm-cN - n-¥I - ƒ

Cu DZy-a-Øn¬ Rß-tfmSv kl-I-cn-®-h-tcmSv Rßƒ Gsd IrX-⁄-X-bp≈-h-cm-Wv. \nß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\bpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ß-fpw taenepw D≠mhp-sa∂v Rßƒ°v Dd-∏p-≠v. 2005 Pq¨am-ksØ CS-hI ]{XnI \nß-fpsS A\p-hm-Z-tØmSpw Bio¿∆m-Z-tØmSpw IqSn jjvTn-]q¿Øn kvamcI {KŸambn {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈-s´.

2005

20) alm-ﬂm-hmb I¿Ω-tbm-Kn- (N-cn{Xw)

(kw-tim-[\ - w, hymJym-\w) 2005

21) ae-¶c - b - psS alm-\mb am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv 22) ]{Xm-[n-]° - p-dn-∏p-Iƒ

(Po-hN - c - n{Xw) 2004 (A-®S- n-bn¬) CDs & Cassets Part.I 2005

23) F°md (km-[m-cW s]cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ, Rmb-dm-gvNI - ƒ)

Ip∂w-Ipfw 6˛6-˛2005

F. Fkv. tPmbv {]km-[-I≥, Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn ]ªn-tjgvkv

3 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

IV

24) F°md

IqZmi {Ia-ßƒ

CDs & Cassets Part.II

25) F°md

B≠p-XIvkm

CDs & Cassets Part.III

26) F°md

I¥o-em, Il-ss\Øm

CDs & Cassets Part.IV

27) F°md

ta¬∏-´ÿ - m-\m-tcm-lWw

CDs & Cassets Part.V

28) F°md

I»o-im-]´w

CDs & Cassets Part.VI

V

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

{]kw-Kt- h-Zn-bn¬

D≈-S°w BapJw ˛ sI. kn. tem^vk¨

1

BNm-cy≥ (`mKw ˛ I) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Biwk ˛ H.G.bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ anen-tØmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Biwk ˛ H.G.kJ-dnbm am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Noc-\® - t- \mSv (I-hn-X) ˛ Fkv. hn. sska¨ A£-tcm-]m-k\ - b - n-eqsS A\-iz-cX - b - n-te°v ˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ {]Xn-`m-[\ - \ - pw kXym-t\z-jn-bp-amb BNm-cy≥ ˛ s{]m^. tUm. kn. kn. G{_lmw aevt^mt\m Zo¬ (Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥) ˛ Uo. …o_m tPm¿÷v A£-cß - f - psS BNm-cy≥ ˛ ^m. kÆn Nmt°m ssZh-\S- Ø - n-∏ns‚ Adp-]Xv h¿j-ßƒ ˛ tagvkn tPm¿÷v & {]kmZv Noc≥ dh. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Hcp {]ÿm\w ˛ tUm. F. hn. Xºn Nn¥-bpsS Znim-t_m[w ˛ kn. BZ¿iv

5 7 8 13 25 28 32 skan-\m¿-˛{- ]-_‘ - m-hX - c - Ww (tIm-´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn)

35 39 43

skan-\m¿-˛{- ]-_‘ - m-hX - c - Ww (B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-eb - psS A -ep-am-bn, Ip∂w-Ipfw)

A£-c-ßƒ (`mKw ˛ II) 11. ae-¶c k`bpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw ˛ H.G.]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ 12. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ ˛ tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥ 13. alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ˛ ^m.-tUm.-tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ 14. ^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]° - p-dn-∏p-If - pw ˛ tUm. ^m. sI. Sn. amXyqkv 15. Kth-jW {]_-‘s - Ø-∏‰n ˛ tUm. kmhp-th¬ Nµ-\∏ - ≈n 16. ae-bmf \ho-\I - Y - b - nse ss__nƒ kzm[o-\X ˛ tUm. Fw. Fw. _jo¿ 17. ss__nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-Xb - n¬ A\yq-\a - mb Kth-jW - {- ]-_‘w ˛ tUm. Ipi-eI - p-amcn 18. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-Nc - n-{X-Kt- h-jW - - \`- nse ip{I-\£ - {Xw ˛ AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ 19. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{Xhpw, kwkvIm-chpw ˛ ^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w 20. awK-tfm-]l - mcw 21. jjvTn-]q¿Øn ˛ Hcp Ah-tem-I\w ˛s{]m^. kn. kn. C´q∏v

46 49 53

]utcm-lnXy cP-XP - q-_nen (tIm-t´m¬) adp-]Sn {]kwKw

60 70 71 73 75 82 92 95 am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ]T-\t- I{µw DZvLm-S\ thZn

4 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

VI

VII

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

BapJw

BapJw sI. kn. tem^vk¨ Ip∂w-Ipfw {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚-dns‚ {]kn-U≠pw CS-h-I-]-{XnI No^v FUn-‰-dp-amb _lp-am-\-s∏´ tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn Bcpw Adn-bmsX IS-∂p-t]m-I-cpXv F∂v {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚-dns‚bpw CS-h-I-]{XnI amkn-Ib - p-sSbpw {]h¿Ø¿ Nn¥n-®X - ns‚ ^e-ambn CS-hI ]{XnI hm¿jnI-tØm-sSm∏w _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn sIm≠m-Sp-hm\pw Hcp jjvTn-]q¿Øn ]pc-kvImc {KŸw Xøm-dm-°p-hm\pw Xocp-am-\n-°-s∏-´p. A£-cß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ F∂ Cu {KŸw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™X - n¬ kvt\lkz-cq-]-\mb k¿t∆-iz-cs\ kvXpXn-°p-∂p. A≤ym-]-I≥ (]-e-t∏mgpw dntkmgvkv t]gvk¨), {]`m-j-I≥, kwLm-S-I≥, Kth-j-I≥, Ncn-{Xm-Jym-Xmhv, Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {]i-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BZ-c-Wo-b-\mb Cu Kpcp-h-cys‚ _lp-apJ Ign-hpIsf hnhn[ tImWp-I-fn¬ \n∂v t\m°n-°≠v hni-Z-amb ]T-\-ß-fn-eqsS A\phm-NI - sc ]cn-Nb - s - ∏-Sp-Øp∂ teJ-\ß - f - psS kap-—b - a - mWo {KŸw. {[ph \£{XsØ hy‡-ambn ImWp-hm≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp sSe-kvtIm∏v Bbn amdphm≥ Cu {KŸ-Øn\p Ign-™m¬ CXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂h¿ [\y-cm-bn. \m¬∏Xv h¿j-ßƒ an{kbow cmP-sIm-´m-c-Øn¬ Pohn®p h∂ tamsisb kz¥w P\w (bn-{km-tb¬) FXn¿Ø-t∏mƒ (]p-d-∏mSv 2:15) cmP-Iob kpJßƒ XyPn®v Adn-b-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-\mbn anZym-\n¬ Ign-™p-Iq-Sn. B Ime-L´w bn{km-tb-ey-cpsS hntam-N-I-\mb tamsi-bpsS Hcp-°-Imew B°n-b-Xp-t]mse Xqtbmt_m Ign™v Adp-]-Xns‚ \nd-hn¬ A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ IqSpX¬ {]tim-`n-X-\m-Im≥ k¿∆-i-‡≥ Ir]-\¬Is´ F∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. A¿∏W _p≤n-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°v {]mb-tam, tcmKtam H∂pw {]Xn-_-‘-a√ F∂v Ncn{Xw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. temI-Øn\v hne-s∏´ kw`m-h\ \¬Ip-hm≥ ]e alm-ﬂm°ƒ°pw Ign-™n-´p-≈Xv {]mbm-[n-Iy-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂psh∂v temI-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbpw. 20 hmey-ßfp≈ Cw•ojv \nbaw ]cn-jvI-cn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ tPmen lm≥kv_¿Kv {]`p Bcw-`n-®Xv 90˛m-asØ hb- n-em-bn-cp∂p t]mepw! FAUST F∂ IrXn KtY cNn-®Xv 82˛m-asØ hb- n-em-Wv. Keo-en-tbm-bpsS G‰hpw henb I≠p]n-SpØw 72˛m-asØ hb- n-em-bn-cp∂p. tkmt^m-¢okv CuUn-∏kv F∂ {KŸw cNn-®Xv 90˛mw hb- n-em-bn-cp∂p. XnXn-b≥ F∂ hniz-Ie - m-Im-c≥ At±-lØ - ns‚ Nne amÃ¿]o-kp-Iƒ cNn-®Xv 85˛m-asØ hb- n-em-bn-cp∂p. “Age is a matter of the mind. If you don’t mind, it doesn’t matter”. A`n-hµy bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS injy\mbn \njvT-tbmsS k`m-Po-hnXw Bkz-Zn® _lp. tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®\n¬ At\-I¿ Hcp \√ Kpcpsh Z¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. I»o-imbn ]´w sI´n-b-Xns‚ tijw A[n-I-\mƒ Ign-bpw-aptº am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Im¿ΩnA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 1

5

sI. kn. tem^vk¨ I-\mbn \S∂ ]´w-sImS ip{iq-j-bn¬ {]m[m\ klm-bn-bm-bn-cp∂ bph sshZnIs\ Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n∂pw am‰p-hm≥ km≤y-a-√. IrXy-ambpw Nn´-bmbpw \S∂ ]´w-sImS ip{iqj Hcp A\p-`hw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tNe-°c Pn√-bpsS ks≠-kvIqƒ C≥kvs]-IvS-dmbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn°p∂ Ime-b-f-hn¬ _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®s\ ASp-Ø-dn-bp-hm≥ `mKyw e`n-®p. `{Zm-k\ A≤ym-]I Iymºv ]Xn-hp-t]mse \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvXX thWsa∂ Nn¥-tbmsS A∂sØ `{Zm-k\ ks≠-kvIqƒ Ub-d-IvS¿ _lp-ams∏´ {io. kn. hn. D√mkv amÃ-tdm-Sp-IqSn _lp. A®s‚ hk-Xn-bn¬ \S-Ønb Zo¿L- a mb N¿® C∂pw Ahn- k v a - c - W o- b - a mb Hcp Hm¿Ωbmbn Ah- t ijn-°p-∂p. 1991 ¬ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bpsS 175-˛mw Nc-a-hm¿jnImtLmjw \S-Øp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ Iema-’-c-ßfpw skan-\m-dp-Ifpw thW-sa∂v ks≠-kvIqƒ `{Zm-k\ FIvkn-Iyq´ohv IΩn‰n tbmK-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ°p ss[cyw e`n-®Xv _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®s‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ti-jn-bnep≈ hnizmkw-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®s‚ kmlnXy krjvSn-I-fpsS ta∑ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™Xv 1991 se {]_-‘-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-tØm-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p. (k-`m-tPymXn- v) 1993 ¬ Rm≥ sabn≥ tdmUv sk‚ v {KntKm-dn-tbmkv tkmh\o-dns‚ Npa-X-e-tb-‰-t∏mƒ ]g™n ks≠-kvIqƒ iXm_vZn tkmh-\o¿ ImWp-hm\pw Noc≥ tPmk^v siΩm-i≥ FUn-‰-dmbn {]h¿Øn® hn[hpw sImc´n kntbm≥ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øn-d-ßn-bn-cp∂ amkn-I-bpsS FUn-‰-dmbpw siΩmi-\m-bn-cns° {]h¿Øn® hnh-chpw Adn-bm≥ CS-bm-bn. tkmh-\o-dn-te°v {]kn≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ F\n°p X∂ ]utcm-ln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn®v F∂ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂p≈ X¿÷na hmbn®v Fsd Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°p-hm\pw _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-hm\pw Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn. Ip∂wIpfw \K-c-k-`-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Hcp Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-W-sØ-°pdn®v ao‰nwKv \S-∂-t∏mƒ Ip∂w-Ipfw Ncn-{X-sØ°p-dn-®p≈ {KŸ-Øns‚ No^v FUn-‰¿ _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®-\m-IWw F∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sm≥ F\n°v ss[cyw e`n-®Xv Noc≥ A®s‚ Ncn{-X Ah-Km-lhpw Kth-jW ssien-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Fs‚ ]cn-an-X-amb Adn-hp-amWv. ]n∂oSv F°md ¢m nse Ffnb injy-\mbn Xocm≥ `mKyw kn≤n-®Xpw ad°m-\m-hmØ A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. “]pkvXIw aq∂v ]I¿Øo-Sn¬ ‘aplq¿Øw’ ‘aq{X’a- m-bnSpw” F∂v F°m-d-bnse Hcp \ndw Nne¿ t`Z-K-Xn-I-tfmsS sNm√p-∂-Xmbn ]d™-t∏mƒ At±lw ]d-™Xpw Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. h¿j-ßƒ°p tijw CS-hI]{Xn-I-bpsS ks≠-kvIqƒ ]w‡n Fgp-Xphm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´-t∏mƒ AXn-\p≈ {]m]vXn-bn√ F∂ Imc-W-Øm¬ Hgn-hmIm≥ {ian-®Xpw \n¿_-‘n-®t- ∏mƒ Fgp-Xn-bXpw BZysØ amkn-Ib - v°p≈ am‰¿ A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 2

BapJw ˛ sI. kn. tem^vk¨ hmbn®p t\m°n t{]m’m-ln-∏n®v ]d™ hm°p-Ifpw C∂pw ad-∂p-t]m-bn-´n-√. Aev]-sa-¶nepw km[y-X-bp-≈-hsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p∂ _lp-am-\-s∏´ A®s‚ Ignhv kvXypXy¿l-am-sW∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. cm{Xn-Isf Zn\-ß-fm-°nbpw Xoh-≠n-bm{Xmthf-Isf ]T\ka-b-ambn {IaoI-cn°pIbpw sNbvX Kth-jW hnZym¿∞nsb ASp-Ød- n-bp-tºmƒ kabw D≠mIn√ F∂pw kabw D≠m-°-W-sa-∂p≈ Noc-\-®s‚ hm°p-Iƒ ]e-t∏mgpw Fs∂ Nn¥n-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. GsX-¶nepw Ipdhv hi-ßƒ D≈-Xmbn A\p-`-h-s∏´m¬ AXv IrXy-ambpw hrØn-bmbpw ]d-™p-X-cp-hm-\p≈ Cu Kpcp-h-cys‚ Ignhv «mL-\o-b-am-Wv. k`m-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ th≠{X Xo{h-X-bn-√msX {]h¿Øn°p-∂Xv ImWp-tºmƒ B alm-a-\ v thZ-\n-°p-∂-Xmbn a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign™n-´p-≠v. FXn¿°p-∂X - n\p ]Icw ]e-t∏mgpw tXm‰p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ {InkvXp-hns‚ am¿§w Pohn-X-Øn¬ {]mh¿°n-I-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ Ct±lw icn F∂v tXm∂p∂ Imcy-ßƒ°p-th≠n XymK-Øn\p apXn-cp-hm≥ aSn-Im-Wn-°m-dn-√. sX‰ns\ Xpd∂v hna¿in-°p-∂- ssien-aqew ]e-t∏mgpw i{Xp-°ƒ s]cp-Im-dp-≠v. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ _lp-am-\-s∏´ tUm. Noc-\®s‚ _lp-apJßƒ A\m-h-cWw sNøm≥ {ian-®n-´p-≠v. jjvTn-]q¿Øn BtLm-jn-°p∂ _lp-am-\-s∏´ Kpcp-h-cy\v Biw-k-Iƒ A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠pw teJ-\-ßƒ X∂pw CXv `wKn-bmbn ap{ZWw sNbvXp-X∂pw Ih¿ Unssk≥ sNbvXpX∂ Gh-tcmSpap≈ IrX-PvRX {]Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \n¿Ø-s´. {InkvXp-hn¬ Ffnb {]h¿Ø-I≥ sI. kn. tem^vk¨ (F-Un-‰¿ C≥ Nm¿Pv, CS-h-I-]-{XnI)

A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ (]-´w-sIm-S)

]. HutK≥ I Imep-I-gp-I¬ ˛1969 (CStØ A‰w)

hn. Ip¿∫m\ ]Sn-™m-tdm´v A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Fgp-∂≈ - n-°p-∂p.

hnhml IqZm-ib - n¬

6 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

3

4

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ _. Noc-\-®s‚ Adp-]Xmw P∑-Zn-\-Øn¬ At±-lØn\v Biw-k-Iƒ t\cm≥ F\n°v AXy-[n-I-amb kt¥m-j-ap-≠v. Ip∂wIpfw {InkvXy≥ÃUn sk‚¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-® A\p-tam-Z-\-tbm-K-Øn¬ A≤y£w hln®v kwkm-cn-°m≥ F\n°v Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-bn. Hcn-°¬°qsS _.-No-c-\®\v Adp-]-Xns‚ Biw-k-Ifpw Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb Zo¿Lm-bp-kn-\p≈ {]m¿∞\-bpw. “CS-hI ]{XnI” amkn-I°pw AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-I¿°pw hmb-\-°m¿°pw Fs‚ lrZ-bw-K-a-amb Biw-k-Iƒ Adn-bn-°m\pw Cu kµ¿`w hn\n-tbm-Kn°p-∂p. kvt\l-]q¿∆w

MALANKARA ORTHODOX SYRIAN CHURCH DIOCESE OF THRISSUR “GEDSEEMON” MANNUTHY THRISSUR KERALA INDIA - 680 651 Ph. (0487)2371039 Fax. E91(487)237148 E-mail : [email protected] June 3,2005.

F{Xbpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ “CS-hI ]{Xn-I-”bpsS {]h¿Ø-I¿°v {InkvXp-tb-ip-hn¬ Ir]bpw kam-[m-\hpw {]nbtc \nßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ amknI Rm≥ apS-ßmsX hmbn-°p-∂p-≠v. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-]-c-hpw, k`m Ncn-{X-]-chpw Bb [mcmfw hnj-b-ßƒ hnZ-Kv[-ambn ssIImcyw sNøp∂ amknI k`m {]kn-≤o-I-cW cwKØv AXp-ey-amb ÿm\w hln-°p-∂p. ASpØ e°w amknI _lp.-tPm-k^v Noc≥ A®s‚ jjvTy-_vZ-]q¿Øn hnti-jm¬ ]Xn-∏mbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xmbn Adn-bp-∂-Xn¬ AXy-[nIw kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. _.-No-c-\-®≥ Ct∏mƒ Xriq¿ sa{Xm-k-\-Ønse CS-h-I-Ifn¬ kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh\w \n¿∆-ln-°p∂p F∂Xv CØ-cp-WØn¬ kvacn-°p-∂p. ]cn-ip≤ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS kpdn-bm\n ss]Xr-I-tØmSpw AtX kabw Xs∂ Xt±-io-b-X-tbmSpw AXns‚ {]tXy-I-XI-tfmSpw BZ-chpw Xmev]-cy-hp-ap≈ _.-A-®≥ C°m-cy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Gsd ⁄m\hpw Ah-Km-lhpw t\Sp-hm≥ ]cn-{i-an-®n-´p-≠v. ae-bmf `mjm kmlnXy-Øn¬ tUmIvS-td‰v t\Sn-bn-´p≈ _.-A-®≥ ]t£ k`m Ncn-{X-Ønepw, kpdnbm\n `mj-bnepw KoXm-em-]\ coXn-bnepw kz]-cn-{iaw sIm≠v AKm-[-amb Adnhv B¿÷n®n-´p≈ hy‡n-bm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ hmZ-K-Xn-Isf FXn¿°p∂-h¿°p-t]mepw At±-lsØ Ah-KW - n-°m≥ ]‰m-Øh - Æw hy‡-am-bpw, ImcyIm-cW kln-Xhpw sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØm-sSbpw hnj-b-ßƒ Ah-Xcn-∏n-°m≥ km[n°pw hn[-Øn¬ D≈ Ah-Kmlw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠v. F∂m¬ Fs‚ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ adn-®p-≈ hmZ-ßƒ Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®m¬ Xs‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Isf Xncp-Øp-hm≥ Hcp-°-ap-≈-bm-fp-amWv At±-lw. Ahn-sSbmWv _.-A-®≥ icn°pw Hcp hnZym¿∞n-bm-Ip-∂-Xv. ap≥[m-cW-I-fpsS ASn-aXz-Øn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂-hsc sIm≠v \nd-™n-cn-°p∂ Cu temI--Øn¬ CXv Xo¿®-bmbpw Hcp khn-ti-j-X-bmWv. Xriq¿ sa{Xm-k-\-Ønse _.-A®s‚ Npa-X-e-bn-en-cn-°p∂ CS-h-I-I-fn¬ \n∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ip{iq-j-sb°p-dn®pw CS-s]-S-en-s\-°p-dn®pw hfsc \√ A`n-{]m-b-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. At±l-Øns‚ ip{iq-jm-Im-cy-Øn-ep≈ ipjvIm-¥nbpw k`-bpsS N´-ß-tfmSpw \S]-Sn-{I-a-ß-tfmSpap≈ _lp-am-\hpw Ah F{Xbpw IrXy-ambpw Nn´-bmbpw \S°Ww F∂p≈ Xmev]-cyhpw Ah¿ FSpØp ]d-bp-∂p. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 5

bqlm-t\m≥ tam¿ aneotØmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

7 6

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

\º¿

t^m¨ : (0480) 2732023 (Office) (0480) 2734818 (Personal)

ssZh-Ir-]-bm¬ sIm®n sa{Xm-k\ CS-h-I-bpsS kJ-dnb am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂pw

Noc-\-®-t\mSv ˛{kmºn-°¬ sska¨ Adp-]-Xn≥ ]Sn-I-S∂p sN∂-h≥ Adnhv tXSp∂ ]c-a-ssh-Zn-I≥ Adn™ Imcy-ßƒ ]d-™n-Sp-∂-h≥ Dd-™p-Xp-≈p-t∂m≥ A\oXn am‰p-hm≥

\ap-s°-{Xbpw {]nb-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ \ΩpsS Noc≥ tPmk^v IØ-\m¿°v hmgvhv. {]nb-t\, t£a-sa∂v I¿Øm-hn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hcp henb Ime-bfhv ]n∂n´v A®≥ Ct∏mƒ jjvTy-_vZ-nbn-te°v {]th-in-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wt√m! {]mbsØtbm imco-cn-I-amb t£a-sØtbm KWn-°msX ico-chpw a\ pw k`m-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn Dgn-™p-sh® A®s‚ Xqen-I, kzm\p-`-h-ßsf k`mkvt\-ln-I-ƒ°v ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xn¬ \mw AXn-bmbn kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. ]gb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I-\mb Zoh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥, Fw.-Un.-sk-an-\mcn ÿm]-I-\mb Zoh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a≥ BZn-bmb ].-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ ]m›m-Xyan-j-W-dn-am-cpsS hne-ßp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw ].-k-`sb F{]-Imcw c£n-®p-sh∂pw a‰p-ap≈ Imcy-ßƒ km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ A®s‚ {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°v Ign™p F∂p-≈Xv \nkvX¿°-am-Wv. AtXm-sSm∏w icn-sb∂v tXm∂p∂ kzm`n-{]m-b-ßƒ FXn¿∏p-Isf Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v sXfnhp-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ A®s‚ ]mShw A`n-\-µ\o-b-hp-am-Wv. A®\v jjvTy-_vZn-bpsS F√m Biw-k-Ifpw \mw t\cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w A®s‚ injvSm-bp- nse {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ssZh-Ir] [mcm-f-ambn e`n-°p-amdm-I-s´-sb∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Btcm-Kyhpw B¿÷hhpw D≈ Hcp `mhn-Po-hnXw Biw-kn-®p-sIm≠v Npcp-°p-∂p. ssZhw A\p-{Kln-°-s´. 2005 Pq¨ 2˛mw XoøXn sImc´n kotbm≥ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v

kJ-dnb am¿ At¥m-Wn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

7

Ncn{X ]WvUn-X≥ Kth-j-I-{]n-b≥ Acn-s®-Sp-°p∂p k`-bn¬ kXy-ßƒ {]hc ]WvUn-X≥ k`bv°v amWnIyw {]Wm-a-a¿ln°pw {]K¤ \mb-I≥ Kpcp-hns\tØSn-h-cp∂p injy-∑m¿ hc-a-cp-fpI \nd-™- Xp-jvSn-bm¬ ]Tn-s®-SpØp \o ]e-Xp-a-ßns\ iTn-®n-Sm-sXm´pw hn\-b-]q¿Æ-\mbv ae-¶-c-bvs°mcp ]hng ]pjv]-ambv Ae-¶-cn-°-s´-b-hn-SpsØ Rßƒ IpXn®p tIdpI Xf¿∂n-SmsX \o ]Xn®p hmßpI ]pXnb ]oT-ßƒ Acp-fp∂p Rßƒ kap-®-b-ß-fmbv A\-h[n Zo¿L kakvX PohnXw Icp-W-tb-Is´ btlm-hbmw ssZhw Xcp-Wamw tim` \nd™ \mfp-Iƒ XpS¿∂p \¬Is´ ]pXnb ]mX-Iƒ XpSßn shbv°pI \h-k-c-Wn-Iƒ **************

8 8

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

Uo. tPmk^v Noc≥ ˛ hnhml IqZmi (]-g-™n, 1972 s^{_p-hcn 6) Im¿Ωn-I≥ ˛ A`n. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

`mKw ˛ I

BNm-cy≥

9 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

9

10

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

dh. ^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc≥ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Xriq¿ `{Zm-k\ - Ø - nse hmgm\n am¿ {KotKmdn-tbmkv ImtXm-en-t°‰v sk‚-dnepw Bem-bv°¬ Ipfºv sk‚ v tacokv ]≈nbnepw kl-]´- ° - m-c\ - mbn tkh\w sNøp∂ ^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc≥ 2005¬ Adp-]Xv hb v ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p. A[ym-]I - ≥, {]`-mj - I - ≥, Kth-jI - ≥ - , {KŸIm-c≥, kwLm-SI - ¿ F∂o hnhn[ \ne-If - n¬ {]i-kvX\ - mb Ct±lw Ahn-`‡ sIm®n `{Zm-k\ - Ø - n¬ ]g™n sk‚ v tacokv henb ]≈n CS-hI - b - n¬ 1945Nnßw 1\v P\n-®p. ]g-™n henb ]≈n-bn¬ Bbp-jvIme hnImcn-bm-bn-cp∂ dh.-^m.Ko-h¿Kokv Nocs‚ ]p{X≥ amØ-∏≥ ]nXmhpw tNe-°c sNdp-hØ - q¿ C´q-∏ns‚ aIƒ Ip™m-Øncn amXmhpw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]g™n, ]pXp-\K - c - w, tImßmSv, Ip∂w-Ipfw F∂n-hn-Sß - f - nse sslkv°qƒ hnZym-`ym-kØ - n\pw Xriq¿ tIcf-h¿Ω tImtf-Pnse {]obq-Wn-th-gvkn‰n hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\pw tijw ]´mºn kwkvIr-Xt- Im-tf-Pn¬ \n∂v Ahn-`‡ tIc-fk - ¿∆-Ie - m-im-eb - psS H∂mw-dm-t¶mSp-IqSn hnZzm≥ _ncpZw t\Sn. A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ - Ø - n\v tijw s]cn-¥¬aÆ, ^tdm°v tImtf-Pv, Xriq¿ F∂n-hn-Sß - f - n¬ A[ym-]I - \ - mbpw tÃ‰v C≥Ãn‰yq´v Hm^v FPyq-t°-js‚ dntkmgvkv t]gvkW - mbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. \nc-h[n tdUntbm ¢m p-Ifpw tdUntbm {]`m-jW - ß - f - pw \S-Øn. ss{]h-‰mbn _ncpZhpw _ncp-Zm-\¥ - _ - n-cp-Zhpw t\Sn. {ItaW Bephm bqWn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ tImtfPn¬ s{]m^-k¿ Bbn. AhnsS sh®v alm-ﬂm-Km‘n k¿h-Ie - m-im-eb - n¬ \n∂v ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ Kth-jW - _ - n-cpZw t\Sn. B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-Xb - n¬ ss__nfns‚ kzm[o\w- ˛ AXm-bn-cp∂p Kth-jW - h - n-jb - w. Ct∏mƒ dnk¿®v ssKUmbpw t]mÃv tUmIvSd- ¬ Kth-jW - h - n-Zym¿∞n-bmbpw ]T-\ß - ƒ XpS-cp∂p. 1968¬ BZy-]´- hpw 1972¬ I»o-im-]´- hpw Znhw-KX - \ - mb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkthd-nt- bmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bn¬ \n∂v kzoI-cn-®p. At±lw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p apJy-ssh-ZnI Kpcp. Xriq¿ ˛Ip∂w-Ipfw ˛ sIm®n `{Zmk\ß-fn¬- Xriq¿, sNºq-°m-hv, s\{lp-\K - ¿, Icn-∏° - p-∂v, sImc-´n, Nh-dm-ºm-Sw, aW-en-Ød- , ]d-ºmbn, A°n-°m-hv, s]cp-¥p-cp-Øn, aßm-Sv, tImt´m¬, sNm∆-∂q¿, tIm´-∏Sn XpSßn hnh[ CS-hI - I - f - n¬ hnIm-cn-bmbpw kl-hn-Im-cn-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. Ahn-`‡ sIm®n-bnse bph-P\ - {- ]-ÿm\w `{Zm-k\ kn{I-´d- n, sshZn-Ik - n-{I-´d- n, Iu¨kn-ewKw F∂o \ne-If - n¬ {]h¿Øn-®p. sIm®n-bnse BZy-Ime iº-f°-Ωo-js‚ P\-d¬ I¨ho-\dpw kotbm≥ ktµiw amkn-Ib - psS apJy-]{- Xm-[n]cpw Bbn-cp-∂p. ]g™n (i-Xm-_vZn) ks≠-kv°qƒ kph-\o¿, am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv \hXn kvac-Wn-I, sNm∆-∂q¿ Ub-dI - vSdn F∂n-hb - psS apJy-]{- Xm-[n]¿ Bbn-cp-∂p. am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠-j≥, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]T-\tI{µw, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Ncn{X kanXn F∂n-hb - psS ÿm]-Im-[y-£\pw Ip∂wIpfw Ncn-{X-k-an-Xn, kn.-Fw.-F- v. sslkv°qƒ dn´. A[ym-]I t^mdw ChbpsS ÿm]I kn{I-´d- n-bp-ambn {]h¿Øn-®p. Ct∏mƒ Ip∂w-Ipfw ÃUn sk‚dns‚ sNb¿am\pw CS-hI ]{XnI amkn-Ib - psS No^v FUn-‰dpw Bbn {]h¿Øn°p-∂p.

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

11

10

hn]p-ea - mb injy-hr-µØ - ns‚ Kpcp-hmb Ct±lw Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Ncn{Xw, Bcm-[\ - , `-cW - w, kwkv°mcw F∂nh hnj-ba - m°n Ccp-∂q-tdmfw KthjW teJ-\ß - ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv (tIm-´bw ]-gb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥), skan-\m¿ {]_‘-ßƒ, PK-Zoiv N{µ-t_m-kv, C·m-tXym-kns‚ k]vX-te-J-\-ßƒ, C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`, ae-¶c - k - `: Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-ch - pw, am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv, k`-bnse {]Xn-k‘ - n-Iƒ, {]mNo\ ae-bmfw ss__nƒ, Hcp ]c-tZ-ib - m-{XbpsS IY, C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`˛ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-ch - pw, tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkym-kv(] - c - p-ae skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥), h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Zoh-∂mtkymkv, alm-ﬂmb I¿Ω-tbm-Kn, Ip∂w-Ipfw: Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-ch - pw, Hm¿ØtUmIvkv ]≈n-∏m-´p-Iƒ, ae-¶c - k - `- m-Nc - n-{X-Ønse ]Sn-tbm-eI - ƒ F∂n-ßs\ H∂c- U-k\ - n-e[ - nIw {KŸ-ßf - pw aq∂v aWn-°q¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ Hcp k`m-Nc - n{X hoUntbm Imk‰pw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. ae-bmf Ihn-Xbpw ss__nfpw F∂ t]cn¬ Kth-jW {]_‘w {]kn-≤L - o-Ic - n-®n-´p-≠v. jjvTn-]q¿Øn-bpsS `mK-ambn Ct±-lØ - ns‚ Hcp-{]-kw-Kk - a - m-lm-ch - pw (-N¿®v ho°nenbn¬ {]Xn-hm-cN - n-¥I - ƒ F∂ io¿j-IØ - n¬ {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øn-bXv) sXcs™--SpØ {]_-‘ß - f - p- sS GXm\pw kam-lm-cß - f - pw {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p-∂p-≠v. hotcm-en-∏mSw kvIqƒ slUvan-kv{S- mbn dn´-b¿ sNbvX sI.-hn.-Ge - nbm-Ωb - mWv ]Xv\n. lb¿ sk°-≠dn kvIqƒ A[ym-]nI tagvkn aIfpw Ig-°q´w ssk\nI-kvIqƒ A[ym-]I - ≥ tUm.-]n.-sF.-tPm¿÷v Pmam-Xmhpw Beph bqWn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pn¬ Iºyq-´¿ hn`mKw A[ym]-I≥ {]kmZv sP.-kn. aI\pw Zo]m-{]-kmZv kv\pj-bp-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ hS-°m-t©-cn-°S- pØp sX°pw-Ic - b - n¬ hn{i-aP - o-hnXw \bn-°p-∂p. ae¶-ck - `- m-Nc - n{X Kth-jW - Ø - n\v bpssW-‰Uv t_m¿Uv Hm^v {InkvXy≥ lb¿ FPyq-t°-j≥ C≥ Gjym F∂ kwL-S\ - b - psS kvtImf¿jn∏v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ae-¶c - k - `- m-hn-⁄m-\t- Im-iw, sIm®n `{Zmk\ Ub-dI - vSdn F∂n-hI - f - n¬ {]ap-Jte-J-I-\mbn {]h¿Øn® ^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Nocs‚ eLp-Po-h-N-cn{Xw tI{µkm-lnXy A°m-Za - n-bp-sSbpw tIc-fk - m-lnXy A°m-Za - n-bp-sSbpw lq Cukv lq Hm^v C¥y≥ ssdt‰gvkv F∂n-ßs - \-bp≈ d^-d≥kv {KŸ-ßf - n¬ tN¿Øn-´p≠v. 1972 apX¬ 1990 ]Xn-s\´p sIm√w bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ Bbn {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v. am¿ {KotKm-dntbmkv hnZym¿∞n-{]-ÿm-\Ø - ns‚ iXm_vZn {]am-Wn®v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ÃUn ss__nƒ t{]mP-IvSns‚ `mK-ambn {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-°p∂ kXy-th-Z] - p-kvXI - Ø - ns‚ `mjm hnZKv[ kan-Xn-bw-Ka - mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. _lp. Noc-\® - s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn Ip∂w-Ipfw {InkvXy≥ k‰-Un-sk‚-dns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ 2005 sabvamkw 15 \v Rmb-dmgvN hnhn-[ ]cn-]m-Sn-It- fmsS BtLm-jn-°p-∂p. ]cn-]m-Sn-If - psS `mK-ambn jjvTn-]q¿Øn kvamc-I{- KŸw {]kn≤o-Ic - n-°p-hm\pw k`m-Nc - n-{X-sk-an-\m¿ kwL-Sn-∏n-°m\pw Xocp-am-\n-®n-´p-≠v. Imcy\n¿h-lW - Ø - n\v th≠n ^m.-tUm.-tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sNb¿am≥ Bbpw s{]m^. kn.-kn.-C´- q∏v, sI.-kn. tem^vk¨ F∂n-h¿ I¨ho-\¿am-cmbpw F.-Fkv.t- Pmbv sk{I-´d- n-bmbpw Hcp IΩn‰n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. 12

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v (k-`m-Nc - n-{X-Kt- h-jW - Ø - ns‚ A£-bJ - \ - n) shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk-^v, tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ (kvacy ]pcp-js‚ CS-hI hnIm-cn, Kpcp, am¿§-Z¿in F∂n-ßs\ ASp-ØnS-]-g-Inb BfmWv teJ-I≥, arZp-e-a-√mØ s]cp-am-‰w-sIm≠pw k`m-N-cn-{X-hnj-b-ß-fn-ep≈ Xmev]-cy-ßƒsIm≠pw A\-\y-Npw-_n-X-amb Bi-b-ßfpw Nn¥IfpwsIm≠v thdn´ hy‡nXzw F∂ \ne-bnepw kvacy-]p-cp-js\ ]e-t∏mgpw Bth-iw-sIm-≈n® BfmWv teJ-I≥ ˛ ]{Xm[n-]¿) Adp-]Xv hb- ns‚ \nd-hn¬ _lp. Noc-\-®≥ FØn-\n¬°p-∂p. At±lw ÿm]-Im-≤y-£-\mb Ip∂w-Ipfw {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚-dns‚ {]kn-≤o-I-cW hn`m-K-amb Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn Hcp kvamcI {KŸw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂p F∂ Adnhv kt¥mjw Xcp-∂p. Rß-fpsS ap≥ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ ]g™n sk‚ v tacokv ]≈n-bnse aq∏-®-\m-bn-cp∂ Znhy{io Noc≥ Koh-dp-Kokv IØ-\m-cpsS {]nb ]u{Xs\ Ip´n-°mew apXte Adn-bmw. ks≠kvIq-fn¬ F√m ¢m p-I-fnepw H∂mw kΩm\w hmßp∂ B _mes\ At∂ CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂mw hb- p-ap-X¬ hn. aZv_-lm-bnse ip{iq-j-bv°mbn {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈XpapX¬ B CjvSw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. Npa-X-e-Iƒ Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm\pw \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm\p-ap≈ ipjvIm-¥n, IrXy-\n-jvT, ]≈n ip{iq-j-I-fn¬ ap≥ssI FSp-°p-hm≥ D’m-lw, sse{_-dn ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn-°p-hm-\p≈ B¿Øn (A-°m-eØv ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ kmam\yw t`Z-s∏´ sse{_dn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p) Ch-sb√mw. tPmkn¬ ˛ AXm-bn-cp∂p t]¿ ˛ At∂ {i≤n-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]gb Noc-\-®s‚ ss]XrIw Cu Ip´n-bn¬ hmk-\m-cq-t]W {]I-Sa - m-hp-∂X - n¬ kt¥mjw tXm∂n. {]iv\-k-¶o¿Æ-amb Krlm-¥-co-£-Øn-emWv tPmkv hf¿∂-Xv. \mep-h-b p-≈-t∏mƒ AΩ acn-®p. ASp-Ø-sIm-√w ]nXmhv ]p\¿hn-hmlw sNbvXp. AtXmsS ho´n¬ sFIyw XI¿∂p. kam-[m-\m-¥-co£w \jvS-s∏-´p. BZyw sNºp-]-Wn-°m-c-\pw, ]n∂oSv sNºv ]m{X-ßƒ ]-Wn-bn®v ]me-°m-t´°pw a‰pw Ib‰n Ab-°p∂ hym]m-cnbpw Bbn-cp∂ ]nXmhv ]Wb hym]m-cw, ]\-¶pcp hym]m-cw, ]pI-bne jm∏v XpSßn ]e hym]mcßfnepw {]th-in-®p-sh-¶nepw ho´nse k¶o¿Æ-X-I-tfm, kmº-ØnI ÿnXntbm sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-™n√. Cu Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bn-emWv tPmkv _meyw X≈n-\o-°n-b-Xv. HSp-hn¬ Fßns\-sbm-s°tbm kvIqƒ ss^\¬ ]-co-£bpw {]o bqWn-th-gvkn‰n ]co-£bpw ]m mb tPmkv sshZn-I-sk-an-\m-cn-bn-te°v {]th-i-\-Øn\v At]£ Ab-®p. ip]m¿i-If - p-ambn At]£ Ab-®p-sIm≈mw F∂ hyh-ÿb - n¬ hnImcn A®≥ At]-£-hm-ßn. \o≠ Hcp ip]m¿i ItØm-Sp-IqSn At]£ A∂v sIm®nbpsS XmevIm-enI Npa-Xe hln-®n-cp∂ Zm\n-tb¬ am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømbv°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. (bm-Zr—n-I-ambn Cu IØv sImc´n Ac-a-\bn¬ sh®v Is≠-Sp-°p-hm≥ Rßƒ°v Ah-kcw e`n-®p). skan-\mcn {]thi\w ImØv tImtfPv {]th-i\ - Ø - n\v At]-£n-°m-Xn-cp∂ tPmkn\v Hcp-sIm√w

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

13

11

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ \jvS-am-bn. A∏s‚ acWw ho≠pw Pohn-XsØ ISpØ {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-°n. ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]´mºn kwkvIr-X-tIm-tf-Pn¬ tN¿∂ tPmkv AhnsS\n∂v H∂mw dmt¶msS hnZzm≥ ]co£ ]m m-bn. DS-s\-Øs∂ A¨s{Sbn≥Uv A[ym-]-I-\mbn tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in-®p. 1966 ¬ BWnXv. As°m-√amWv Fs‚ hµy-Kpcp IqSn-bmb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØ sIm®n `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn Npa-Xe G‰-Xv. `{Zm-k-\Ønse sshZn-I-cpsS £maw ]cn-l-cn-°p-hm≥ GXm\pw sshZn-Isc \nb-an-°p-hm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂p-sh∂pw A\p-tbm-Py-cmb Bfp-Isf \n¿t±-in-°W - s - a∂pw At±lw sshZn-I tbmK-Øn¬ Blzm\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ Fs‚ a\- n¬ tPmkns‚ t]¿ Hm¿Ω-h-∂p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ kpdn-bm\n ]Tn-°p-hm≥ B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n®v tPmkv Fs∂ kao-]n-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-eØmWv tPmkn-t\m-sSm∏w A`n. ]ueqkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkpw (A∂v t]mƒ) ]n. kn. tPm¨Ip-´nbpw F\n°p injy-s∏-´-Xv. kpdn-bm\n `mjbpw cmKhpw ]Tn-°p-hm≥ tPmkv ImWn® AXyp-’mlw Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Gsd-°mew ]T\w \S-∂n-√. tPmkv ]T-\-Øn\v ]´mºn-bn¬ t]mbn. t]mƒ Xr»q¿ sk‚ v tXmakv tImtf-Pnepw ]T\w XpS-ßn. GXm\pw t]¿°v ]´w sImSp-°p-hm≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ B{K-ln-°p∂ hnhcw Adn-bn® am{X-bn¬ tPmkv Xs‚ k∂-≤X Fs∂ Adnbn-®p. Rm≥ Hcp ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ IØp-ambn tPmkns\ sImc-´n-bn-te°v Ab-®p. sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ ivloΩm \a-kvImcw ]Tn-°-W-sa∂v \n¿t±-in-°p∂ Hcp IØp-ambn tPmkns\ Ip∂w-Ipfw Im°-t»cn tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m-bpsS ]°-te-°-b-®p. tcmKn-bm-bn-cp∂ A®≥ Aku-I-cy-ßƒ ]d-s™¶nepw tPmkns‚ AXyp’mlw I≠-t∏mƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ kΩ-Xn-®p. Ggp bma-ßƒ AS-ßnb Hcp Znh-ksØ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ]m´p-Iƒ sNm√n-s°m-Sp°pw. ASpØ Znhkw AsXms° sNm√n-t°ƒ∏n-°Ww. A®≥ D∂-bn® Cu hyhÿ tPmkv Hcp sh√p-hn-fn-bmbn kzoI-cn-®p. Hcp Znh-ksØ Ggv bma-ßfn¬ GXm≠v ap∏Xv cmK-ß-fp-≠v. Bdp Znh-k-ßƒsIm≠v tPmkv ivloΩm \a-kvImcw ]Tn-®Xv Im°-t»-cn A®s\ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. C°mcyw tcJ-s∏-SpØn A®≥ Hcp IØv tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-°-b-®p. Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS IØv e`n-®-Xn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v Rm≥ tPmkn-s\bpw Iq´n 1968 Pqsse-bn¬ sImc-´n-bn-seØn. BKÃv 10 \v sImc-´n-bn¬ sh®v BZy-]-´-ta-ev°p-hm≥ sImc-´n-bn-se-Øphm≥ At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p. siΩm-i-\mb tijw Hcp sht°-j≥ ˛ c≠pamkw ˛ tPmkv sImc-´n-bn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-sSm∏w Xma-kn-®p. siΩmis‚ HutZym-KnI hnZym-`ymkw CtXmsS Ign-™p. I≠pw tI´pw Kpcp-hn-t\mSv kw-ibw tNmZn®pw AXn-ep-tasd km[\ sNbvXpw siΩm-i≥ t\Snb Adnhp-Iƒ Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. ip{iq-j-I-fpsS L´-ßƒ, a¿Ω-ßƒ, kq£vaamb hni-Zm-iw-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw Kpcp-hn¬ \n∂pw {Kln® siΩm-i≥ Kpcphns‚ Bbp-jvImew apgp-h≥ At±-l-Øns‚ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ÿm\Øv {]h¿Øn-®p. GsX-¶nepw ]´w-sIm-Stbm ]≈n IqZm-itbm \n¿∆-ln-t°-≠n-hcp-tºmƒ Kpcp injys\ Adn-bn°pw, injy≥ B \ntbmKw inc m hln®v Kpcp Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ ip{iq-j-I-fn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms‚ ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°pw. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 14

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v sIm®n `{Zm-k-\-Ønse apgp-h≥ sshZn-Icpw siΩm-is\ A¬∏w- BZ-cthmSpIqSnbmWv ho£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A°m-eØp siΩm-i≥ bph-P-\-{]-ÿm-\Øns‚ `{Zm-k\ sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw kotbm≥ ktµiw amkn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]c-cmbpw {]h¿Øn-®p. A°m-eØp Xs∂-bmWv Rm≥ sIm®n `{Zm-k\ sk{I-´-dn-bmbn sXc-s™Sp-°-s∏-´-Xv. Ahy-h-ÿn-X-am-bn-°n-S∂ `{Zm-k\ Hm^okv Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw ^b¬ {Iaw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw sse{_-dn, Hm^o-kv, sk{I-´-dn-bpsS apdn Ch {Iao-I-cn-°p-hm\pw siΩm-i≥ Fs∂ Imcy-ambn klm-bn-®p. Hm^okv kwhn[m\w Gsd-°psd ]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ siΩm-i≥ B al-Ømb Bibw ˛ `{Zm-k\ Ub-d-IvSdn \n¿ΩmWw ˛ Ft∂mSv Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-in-®p. ]e {]K-¤-cmb ap≥Km-an-Ifpw Gs‰-SpØv ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw thsd Nne AXn-{]K-¤-∑m¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ `b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX {]h¿Ø-\-amWv Gs‰-Sp-°phm≥ siΩm-i≥ Fs∂ kkvt\lw t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. Rm≥ hnjbw `{Zm-k\ Iu¨kn-en¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Bibw Ah¿ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Hcp ]{Xm[n] kanXn cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. c≠v {]iv\-ß-fmWv Ub-d-IvSdn krjvSn®-Xv. H∂v ]W-s®-e-hv. c≠v ]≈n-I-fp-sSbpw sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw a‰pw Ncn-{X-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°¬. CXn¬ c≠m-asØ Imcyw siΩm-i≥ Gs‰-Sp-Øp. Fs‚ klmbn F∂ \ne-bn¬ ]≈n-I-fp-ambpw sshZn-I-cp-ambpw \S-Øp-hm-\p≈ sa{Xm-t∏meo-Øm-bpsS Iev]-\-Ifpw Fs‚ IØp-I-fpw Hs° siΩm-i≥ £am-]q¿∆w Ah-[m-\] - q¿∆w Xøm-dm-°n. tPmenÿe-Øp-\n∂v F√m hmcm-¥y-Ønepw siΩmi≥ \m´n-se-Øpw. ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ hSs° sI´n-S-Ønse Fs‚ apdn-I-fnsem-∂n¬ siΩm-i≥ Xma-kn°pw AsXmcp ]Xn-hm-bn. At∏m-tg°pw sshZnI-cp-sSbpw ]≈n-I-fp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-ßƒ h∂p-Xp-S-ßn. ]e Ncn-{X-ßfpw HcpPohNcn-{X-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw D≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp F4 s‚ Hcp tImfw Hcp sshZn-I\v t^mt´m Dƒs∏sS F∂pw Hcp F4 t^mt´m Dƒs∏sS Hcp ]≈nbv°v F∂pw kmam-\y-ambn \n›-bn-®p. FUn-‰¿ Bbn Fs‚ t]cmWv Hu]-Nm-cn-Iambn tN¿Øn-´p-≈-sX-¶nepw Ub-d-IvS-dn-bpsS FUn-‰nwKv tPmen an°-hmdpw sNbvXXv siΩm-i≥ BWv. sImc-´n-bnse kµ¿i-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw Xncp-ta\n kµ¿in-°p∂ ]≈n-I-fnse {]ap-J-scbpw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn ]ckyw tiJcn®v Ub-d-IvS-dn-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-hiw `{Z-am-°p-hm-\mWv Rm≥ apJy-ambpw {ian-®Xv. c≠p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpw hnNm-cn-®-Xn-s\-°mƒ hnP-bn-®p. Ub-d-IvSdn ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ siΩm-is‚ hnhmlw Ign-™p. ]´w G‰v ]≈n-®p-a-X-e-I-fn¬ ˛ ]m¿´v ssSw ˛ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]{¥-≠psIm√w Xr»q¿ kn. Fw. Fkv. sslkvIq-fn¬ siΩm-i≥ A≤ym-]-I-\mbn {]h¿Øn-®p. A°m-eØmWv siΩm-i≥ ss{]h-‰mbn Fw. F. Un{Kn FSp-ØXv. At∏m-sgm∂pw Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bntem Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bntem A®≥ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. 1984 ¬ Bephm bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]I - \ - mbn tPmen-bn¬ {]th-in-®X - p-ap-X¬ At±lw ]T-\hpw Kth-jW - hpw {][m\ tPmen-bm-°n. tImtf-Pnse sse{_-dnbpw A¥-co-£hpw AXn\v klmb-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]Øv h¿jw Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw N¿®v ho°n-en-bnse Fgp-ØpA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 15

12

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ A®≥ {it≤-b-\m-bn. k`-bpsS Ncn{Xw, hnizm-kw, Imt\m≥, Bcm-[\ F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßƒ N¿®v ho°nen-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´Xv hnkvabw hnS¿∂ angn-I-tfmsS Rm≥ t\m°n-°-≠p. ]n∂oSv Hcp hymg-h´- ° - m-eØ - n-\nSbn¬ Ccp-]t- Xmfw ]pkvXI - ß - ƒ A®≥ FgpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. A®s‚ {KŸ-ßsf apJy-ambn c≠v hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp-Ømw. Poh-N-cn-{X-ßƒ Hcp-hn-`m-Kw, k`m-N-cn{Xw c≠mw `mKw. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ (tIm-´bw ]gb skan\m-cn ÿm]-I≥), bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbm-kv, ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥, h´-t»-cn¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂n-h-bmWv BZy-hn-`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`, ae-¶-c-k-`bpw tIcf kwkvIm-c-hpw, Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw F∂n-h-bmWv k`m-N-cn{X IrXn-Iƒ. c≠v hn`m-K-Ønepws]´ cN-\-Ifpw {it≤-b-amb Kth-j-W-Øns‚ tcJIƒ BWv. k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏´ c≠v alm-c-Y-∑m-cmb ]nXm-°∑m-cmWv tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I\pw ]cp-ae skan-\mcn ÿm]-I\pw. Ah-cpsS Ime-L´- s - Ø-∏‰- ntbm, Ah-cpsS kw`m-h\ - I - s - f-∏‰- ntbm bmsXmcp ]T-\hpw Kuc-h-]q¿∆w \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. B cwK-tØ-°mWv Noc-\-®≥ {]thin-°p-hm≥ ss[cy-s∏-´-Xv. a‰m-cp-sSbpw ssIh-i-an-√mØ Nne Kth-jW D]-Ic-W-ßƒ (tools) Noc-\-®≥ tiJ-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fw, hs´-gp-Øv, I¿tkm-\n, Xan-gv, kpdn-bm-\nbpsS ]uc-kvXy-˛-]m-›mXy cq]-ßƒ, kwkvIr-Xw, Cw•ojv F∂o `mj-Iƒ Bh-iy-\p-kc - Ww {]tbm-P\ - s - ∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ tijn-bm-bn-cp∂p B D]-I-c-W-ßƒ. tIm´bw ]gb skan-\m-cn-bnepw sXmgn-bq¿ B¿ss°-hvknepw, Xncp-h-√-bn¬ am¿tØmΩmk-`-bpsS Bÿm-\-Øpw, tIm´bw kodn-bnepw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ]´w Ac-a-\-bn-epw, kq£n-®n-cp∂ {]mNo\ ssIsø-gpØp kpdnbm\n {KŸ-ßƒ A®≥ ]cn-tim-[n-®p. Bcpw {i≤n-®n-´n-√mØ ]pcm-tc-J-Isf Is≠-Sp-Øp. ]gb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ hmbn®v ka-Ime km£y-ßƒ tiJ-cn®pw Ahsb A]-{K-Yn-®pw ]pXnb Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ e`n-®p. ]q¿∆-Ime Ncn-{X-Im-c∑m¿ tNmZn-°msX t]mb tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn®v Ahbv°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb kam[m-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øn. Cu X]-ky-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ cN-\-bpsS A\-\y-amb kuµ-cy-Øn\v apJy-tl-Xp. \ncWw {KŸ-h-cn-bpw, I≠-\mSv {KŸ-h-cn-bpw, ]g™n ss__n-fpw, B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpw, I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsa√mw Hcp Ncn{X hnZym¿∞n-bpsS Zml-tØmsS ap≥hn-[n-I-fn-√msX Noc-\-®≥ A]{K-Yn-®p. ]I-tem-a‰w sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS ImesØ ]≈n-{I-a-ßƒ, Ah-cpsS Nne kpdn-bm\n IØp-Iƒ, A_vZpƒ Peo¬ _mhm-bp-sSbpw (1665), am≥ Cuhm-\ntbm-kn-s‚bpw (1685) kpkvXm-Øn-t°m-\p-Iƒ F∂n-hbpw ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠nse Nne kpdn-bm\n ssIsø-gpØp Iev]-\-I-fpsS ]I¿∏p-Ifpw A®≥ Bth-i]q¿∆w ]cn-tim-[n-®p. anj-\dn cPn-Ã-dp-Ifpw anj-\-dn-am-cpsS ImeØv \S∂ IØn-S] - m-Sp-Ifpw A®≥ hkvXp-\n-jvTa - mbn ]Tn-®p. ]e k`m-Nc - n-{X-ßfpw kuIcy-]q¿∆w hn´p-I-f-™p-t]mb A[ym-b-ßsf krjvSn-°p-hm\pw a‰p-Nn-e-hsb ]p\xkr-jvSn-°p-hm\pw At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e, I≠-\mSv A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 16

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v ]Sn-tbme F∂n-h-bpsS icn-bmb ]mTw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-hm\pw B¿Øm‰v ]Sntbm-e-bpsS aqew Is≠Øn AXv hs´-gp-Øn¬ \n∂v ip≤-a-e-bm-f-Øn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-hm\pw Ign-™p. I¿tkm-\nbn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Nne clky-ßƒ hmbn®v k`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ Nne cl-ky-∏q-´p-Iƒ Xpd-°p-hm≥ Ign™p. Cu Kth-jW NmXp-cnbpw X]-kybpw a\-\hpw A]q¿∆ hkvXp\n¿ΩmW£a-amb {]Xn-`-bp-amWv Noc-\-®s\ \man-∂-dn-bp∂ {KŸ-Im-c-\m°n am‰n-bX - v. Fs¥m-s°-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-kw-`m-h-\-I-sf∂v \ap°v ]cntim-[n-°mw. 1) kpkvØm-Øn-t°m-\p-I-fpsS Is≠-Ø¬ :˛ 1665 ¬ tIc-f-Ønse-Ønb A_vZp¬ Peo¬ am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv At¥ym-Jy≥ {]Xn-\n[n BsW∂pw At±-l-am-Wn-hnsS At¥ym-Jy≥ Bcm-[\ {Ia-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv F∂p-ap≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Noc-\-®≥ sXmgn-bq¿ {KŸ-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v {KotKm-dn-tbm-kns‚ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ Is≠-Sp-Ø-tXmsS Xncp-Ø-s∏-´p. Ad-_nIv Km¿ kp\n-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m-s\-∏‰n ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS Zn\-∏-{X-Øns‚ sIm®n≥ FUn-j≥ (A∂v Xr»q¿ ˛ ]me-°mSv FUn-j-\p-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂n√) ]pdw t]Pn¬ ]IpXn t]Pv Cu I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ kNn-{X-te-J\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p. as‰√m ]Xn-∏p-I-fnepw B kNn-{X-hm¿Øm teJ\w {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu Is≠-Ø-temsS am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv At¥ymJy-tbmSv _‘-ap≈ sbcp-itew ]m{Xn-b¿°okv A√ F∂Xv hy‡-am-bn. amtdm\oØm k`-bpsS sbcp-itew sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ BWv At±lw F∂v Nnc-\-®≥ A`yq-ln-®-Xv. \mfn-Xp-hsc Bcpw FXn¿Øn-´n-√. Cu kpkvXm-Øn-t°ms‚ Cw•ojv hnh¿Ø\w ]n¬°m-eØv temI ss{IkvXh {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ {]m[m\yw \¬In {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. 1685 ¬ b¬sZm am¿ _t -en-tbmkv a{]n-bm\ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv F∏nkvt°m-∏msb sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bmbn \nb-an-°p∂ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m-\n¬ sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ømsb aqtdm≥ IqZmi \n¿∆-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v A[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-am¿°p hn. aqtdm≥ IqZmi \n¿∆-ln-°p-hm≥ A[n-Im-c-ans√∂mWv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-k-∑m-¿ AwKo-Imcw \¬Inb lqZmb Imt\m-\n¬ (18 A°w) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. X∑qew b¬sZm am¿ _t -en-tbmkv a{]nbm\ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn _‘-s∏´ a{]n-bm\ BsW-∂p≈ sFXn-ly-ßƒ Ahm-kvX-h-sa∂v Noc-\-®≥ kn≤m-¥n-®p. 2) b¬sZm am¿ _t -en-tbmkns‚ ]≈n-{I-a-ßƒ :˛ 1685 ¬ tIc-f-Ønse-Ønb ]. b¬sZm am¿ _t -en-tbmkns‚ ]≈n-{I-a-]p-kvX-I-ßƒ BWv Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-SpØ as‰mcp tcJmk©-bw. 1665¬ ]m›mXykpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw Ad_n Km¿kp-\n-bnepambn Fgp-X-s∏´ Cu {KŸØn¬ \n∂v Ncn{Xw Xncp-Øp∂ Nne hkvXp-X-Iƒ At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. F) tImX-aw-Kew _mh F∂v {]kn-≤-\mb am¿ _t -en-tbmkv a{]n-bm-\bn¬ ImtXm-en°m ÿm\hpw a{]n-bm\ ÿm\hpw H∂n-®n-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en°mbpw a{]n-bm-\bpw F∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ HutZym-KnI \maw tcJ-s∏-SpA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 17

13

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂X - v. _n) Ip¿∫m\ {Ia-Øn¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠nb ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ Hm¿°p-∂Xmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. t]¿jy≥ ImtXm-en° A°m-eØv At¥ymJy≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kpambn-´-√ Ae-Ivkm-{≠nb≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kpam-bn-´mWv _‘-s∏-´-sX∂v Noc-\-®≥ CXns‚ ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-®p. kn) ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´nse aq∂mw am¿tØm-Ωmsb F∏n-kvtIm∏m Bbn ]´w-sI-´nb hnhcw a{]n-bm-\-bpsS ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hnhcw Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-Øn. CtXmsS Hc-`yqlw am{X-am-bn-cp∂ B ]´-sImSbv°v B[n-Im-cnI tcJ-bpsS ]n≥_-e-am-bn. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n `mj ae-¶-c-bn¬ {]th-in-®Xv bqbm°ow Iqdn-temkns‚ hc-thmsS 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ am{X-am-sW∂v Nne {KŸ-Im-c-∑m¿ \ncmkv]-Z-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ an°-hmdpw Fgp-Xs∏´ Cu ]≈n-{Ia ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-Øn-b-tXmsS B {]kvXm-h\Iƒ Xnc-kvIr-X-am-bn. C∂v \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ F√m ]≈n-{I-a-ßfpw ]Xnt\gmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X-se-¶nepw ae-¶-c-bn-ep-≈-Xmbn A®≥ Cu Is≠-Ø-ens‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sXfn-bn-®p. b¬sZm am¿ _t -en-tbm-kn-s‚-Xmbn ae-¶-cbn¬ Ah-ti-jn® GI tcJm-k-©bw F∂ \ne-bn¬ am¿ t]mfn-°m-¿t∏mkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS {KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-SpØ Cu tcJm k©bw AXpey {]m[m\yw A¿ln-°p-∂p. Un) am¿tØmΩ \mem-a≥, A©m-a≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ImeØv ae-¶-c-bn-ep≠m-bn-cp∂ B`y-¥c X¿°-ßƒ°v F¥mWv ASn-ÿm\w F∂v k`m-N-cn-{XIm-c-∑m¿°p IrXy-amb Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. am¿tØmΩm \mem-as\ F∏nkvtIm∏m Bbn-´√ C¥y apgp-h-s‚bpw I»oim Bbn-´mWv am¿ Cuhm-\ntbmkv (1695) ]´w-sIm-Sp-Ø-sX∂pw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ Ime-tijw At±lw F∏n-kvtIm-∏m-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ {]tbm-Kn®p F∂pw X∑q-e-amWv k`-bn¬ hnhm-Z-ßƒ Bhn¿`-hn-®-sX∂pw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv D]-tbm-Kn® a{]n-bm-\-bpsS ]´w-sImS ]pkvX-I-Ønse tcJ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Noc-\®≥ ka¿∞n-®p. 3) aq∂v kpdn-bm\n IØp-Iƒ : 1738 epw 1745 epw 1746 epambn am¿tØmΩ A©m-a≥ Fgp-Xnb aq∂p kpdn-bm\n IØp-I-fm-Wv Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-SpØ as‰mcp {][m\ tcJ. Cu IØp-Isf XpS¿∂mWv 1751 se hntZi k`m-≤y-£∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv. Cu IØp-Iƒ \memw am¿tØmΩm At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn-\-b-®-Xm-sW∂pw Hcp At¥m-Wokv siΩm-i≥ aptJ\ Ab® Cu IØp-IsfØpS¿∂mWv 1751 se tae-≤y-£-∑msc ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab-®sX-∂p-amWv C. Fw. ^nen-∏n-s\-Øp-S¿∂v \ΩpsS k`m Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn-´p-≈-Xv. Ct∏mƒ I≠p-In-´nb IØp-Iƒ Nne ]pXnb hnh-c-ßƒ k`m-N-cn-{XØn\v \¬Ip-∂p. F) am¿tØmΩ \mem-a-\√ A©m-a-\mWv Cu IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. _n) Cu IØp-Iƒ bYm-{Iaw 1745, 1750, 1750 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ s_{km Xpd-ap-J-ØmWv FØn-t®¿∂-Xv. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 18

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v kn) IØp-In-´nb h¿j-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv bu\mb h¿j-Øn-em-Wv. Un) sIm®n-bn¬ \n∂v _mX-jvIm-bpsS aI≥ aqkm BWv IØv s_{kmbn¬ FØn-®-Xv. C) At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-sb-∏‰ntbm IØn¬ ]cm-a¿in® a‰p k`-I-sf--∏‰n tbm teJ\ I¿Øm-hn\v kmam\y t_m[-ta-bp-≈q. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ hy‡n\maw Fßpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. Cu IØp-I-fp-sSbpw A°m-eØv Icn-bm-‰n¬ butk∏v aev]ms‚ thZX¿°w F∂ IrXn-tbbpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n i{I-≈-_mh t]¿jy≥ a{^n-bm\bpw am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv A¿Ωo-\n-b≥ sa{Xm\pw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv kpdnbm\n sa{Xm\pw BsW∂v _lp. Noc-\® - ≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ch-cn¬ ko\nb¿ Bbn-cp∂ c≠p-t]-cp-sSbpw \ncymW tijw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv bmt°m_mb {Ia-ßƒ ae-¶-c-bn¬ {]N-cn-∏n®p F∂ \ncWw {KŸ-h-cn-bnse ka-Ime {]kvXm-h-\-bmWv Cu \nK-a-\-Øn\v B[m-cw. Chsc ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Ab®p F∂Xv ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ D≠mb hmZ-K-Xn-bm-sW∂pw Bdmw am¿tØmΩmsb hmgn-°p-hm-\p≈ kpkvXm-Øn-t°m≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv sImSp-Ø-b®p F∂v ]d-bp∂ tcJ-Iƒ ]n¬°m-eØv Na-bv°-s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂pw {]amW klnXw sXfn-bn-®p. 4) t]sdZvbqØm:-˛ C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ t]sdZvbqØm F∂t]-cn¬ lqZmb Imt\m≥ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ ÿm\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn CXmZy-ambn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. 1665 ¬ h∂ am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Ab® Hcp kpdnbm\n Iev]-\-bpsS ]I¿∏nepw tXmΩm A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ (H∂mw am¿tØmΩ) tdman-te-°-b® IØnepw Cu ÿm\n-sb-∏‰n kwt_m-[\m cq]-Ønepw k`m-ÿm-\n-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bnepw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-sb∂v Noc-\-®≥ shfn-s∏-Sp-ØpIbpw {]kvXpX ]cm-a¿i-ßƒ AS-ßnb `mKw Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ (C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`) {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sa{Xm-∑m-cn-√m-Xncp∂ ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ Cu t]sdZvbqØ∑mcmWv ]´w-sIm-S-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂sX∂pw ÿnc-ambn ChnsS sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS km∂n≤yw D≠m-bt- ∏mƒ B ÿm\w AkvX-an®p t]mb-Xm-sW∂pw F. Un. 1600 hsc ae-¶ck`-bnse Hcp ]≈nbnepw GsX-¶nepw Hcp sa{Xms‚ I_-dnSw ImWm-Ø-Xns‚ ImcWw CXmsW∂pw t]sdZvbqØmbv°p I»o-im-]´w sImSp-°p-hm≥ Imt\m-\n-Ia - mbn A[nIm-c-ap-s≠∂pw At±lw k{]-amWw ka¿∞n-®p. 5) ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ _‘w:˛ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]q¿∆oI _‘w At¥ymJybpam-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v C. Fw. ^nen∏v kn≤m-¥n-®p. F∂m¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ _‘w Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1665 apX-em-sW∂pw AXn-\p-apºv t]¿jy≥ k`-bp-am-bn-´mWv C¥y≥ k`bv°p _‘-ap≠mbn-cp-∂-sX∂v tUm. ^m. hn. kn. imap-th-ens\t∏mep≈ B[p-\nI k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hmZn-®p. F∂m¬ AXn-\p-apºv ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`-bp-ambn _‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂pw F. Un. BZy-iX-I-ßfn¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠nb ˛ s]m∂m\n Xpd-ap-Jßsf tI{µo-I-cn® hntZihym]mcNcn{Xw Nq≠n-°m´n Noc-\-®≥ ka¿∞n-®p. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ thZ-im-kv{X-⁄-\mb ]m‚o-\-kns‚ kµ¿i\w (190) AeA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 19

14

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k©m-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ tImkva-kns‚ kµ¿i\w (F. Un. A©mw \q‰m-≠v) ]´-°m¿ ]´-°msc hmgn-®n-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ A\p-I-cWw, 1653 se Iq\≥Ip-cniv {]Xn-⁄- I-gn™v sa{Xm-∑m¿°mbn ae-¶c-k` Ab® IØn\v adp-]-Sn-bmbn Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k` Hcp sa{Xms\ ]´wsI´n Ab-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n B k`-bn-ep≈ tcJ-Iƒ, F∂o kw`-h-ßƒ sk°pe¿ lnÃ-dn-bp-sSbpw k`m Ncn-{X-Øn-s‚bpw ]n≥_-e-tØmsS Noc-\-®≥ CXn\v Dt]m¬_-e-I-ambn Nq≠n-°m-´n. 6) kwL-Im-esØ tIcf kwkvImcw :˛ {InkvXp-h¿jw BZy-i-X-I-ßfmWv kwL-Imew. C°m-eØv Bcy-a-X-amWv tIc-f-Ønse {]_-e-a-X-sa∂mWv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ hniz-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ F. Un. 6˛7 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-emWv BcyaXw tIc-f-Øn¬ {]th-in-®-sX∂pw ssih-˛-ssh-jvW-h-˛-{_m-“W hn`m-K-ßƒ tN¿∂v lnµp-aX cq]-h-XvI-cWw. F. Un. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ i¶-cm-Nm-cy-cpsS {ia-^-e-am-bmWv kw`-hn-®-sX∂pw F. Un. H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP-\-˛-{In-kvXp-a-X-ßƒ BWv tIc-f-Ønep≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX∂pw Hcp {]mNo\ {InkvXp Ncn{Xw H∂mw \q‰m-≠p-apX¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂psh∂pw kwL-Im-e-a-X-sØbpw kmln-Xy-sØbpw kwkvIm-c-sØbpw cq]-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ {InkvXp-a-Xhpw Cu kphn-ti-jhpw \n¿Æm-bI ]¶p-h-ln-®psh∂pw Noc-\-®≥ ka¿∞n-®p. tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ aX-]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvX {_m“-W-cm-sW∂ ]mc-º-cy-hn-izmkw Noc-\-®≥ AwKo-Icn-®n-√. blq-Z-˛-_p-≤-˛-ssP\ aX-°m-cn¬ \n∂p-amWv BZyIme {InkvXp-aXw tIc- f - Ø n¬ cq]- s ∏- ´ - s X∂v At±lw ka¿∞n- ® p. ]Xn- ‰ p- ] Øv F∂ {]mNo\kwLIrXn-bn¬ tNc≥ sN¶p-´-h≥ Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ kw_-‘n®p F∂ tamdokv sP. sP. bpsSbpw tIkcn _me-Ir-jvW-]n-≈-bp-sSbpw (N-cn-{X-Øns‚ ASn-th-cp-Iƒ) A`n-{]m-bØ - n-s‚bpw AXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p∂ F≥. hn. IrjvWhm-cn-b-cp-sSbpw a‰pw {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv hnπ-hm-ﬂ-Iamb A`n-{]mbw Noc-\-®≥ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n´p-≈-Xv. \ºq-Xn-cn-am¿ ⁄m\-kv\m\w sNbvXv {InkvXp-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw-`n®p F∂Xv ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m-≠nepw AXn-\p-ti-jhpw D≠mb tIc-tfm¬∏Øn°Y-I-fnse ]c-ip-cma ]cm-a¿iwt]mse sFXnlyw am{X-am-sW∂v At±-l-Øns‚ Kth-jW ]T-\-ßƒ sXfnbn-®p. Noc-\-®s‚ Cu \nK-a-\sØ B[p-\nI sk°p-e¿ Ncn-{X-]-T\w icn-shbv°p-∂p-≠v. {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A∏≥, ]≈n XpS-ßnb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ°v Bcym-[n-\n-th-i-Øn-\p-ap-ºp≈ {ZmhnU kwkvIm-chpw Xangv `mj-bp-am-bn-´mWv _‘-ap-≈-sX∂v At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw Kpcp-hm-bq-c∏≥, G‰p-am-\q-c-∏≥ XpS-ßnb {]tbm-K-ßƒ ImWp-tºmƒ Bcpw kzoIcn-®p-t]m-Ipw. 7) ]meq¿ ˛ ]me-bq¿ : ]mebq¿ F∂ ÿeØv am¿tØm-Ωm-«ol ]≈n ÿm]n-®X - mbn {]N-cn-°s - ∏-´p-t]m-cp∂ IY hymP-am-sW∂pw am¿tØmΩm «olm ÿm]n® tZhm-ebw ]meq¿˛Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-sc-bp≈ ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Ønse ]≈n-bm-sW∂pw Noc-\-®≥ ÿm]n-®p. AXn\v At±lw Ah-ew-_n-°p∂ sXfnhp-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. F) ]me-bq¿ F∂ t]¿ 1800 \v tijw t_m[-]q¿∆w krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 20

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v 1800 ¬ t]mepw C∂sØ ]me-bq¿ ]≈n Nmh-°mSv ]≈n F∂ t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-sX∂v tUm. {^m≥kokv _p°m-\≥ 1800 segp-Xnb {KŸsØ ({^m≥kokv _p°m-\s‚ tIcfw hnh¿Ø\w tUm. kn. sI. Icow) {]am-Wam°n A®≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. _n) hnhmZ ]≈n 1800 \v tijw t]mepw am¿ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ ]≈n F∂mWv ItØm-en°m tcJ-I-fn¬ t]mepw ImWp-∂-Xv. F. Un. \memw \q‰m-≠nse hn. ]nXm-hmWv Ipcn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm. X∑qew H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ am¿tØmΩm «ol \memw \q‰m-≠nse hnip-≤s‚ \maØn¬ ]≈n {]Xn-jvTn®p F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn icn-bm-Im≥ Xc-an-√. kn) BZyw B ]≈n am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´p F∂pw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXv Ipcn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ am‰n {]Xn-jvTn-°p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂ hmZ-KXnbpw kzoIm-cy-a-√. {InkvXp injys‚ ]mh\ \maw Hcp ]n¬°me hnip-≤s‚ t]cn-te°v am‰n F∂Xv Ahn-iz-k-\ob-am-Wv. Un) ]me-bq¿ ]≈n-bpsS ÿm\Øv [mcmfw t£{Xhn{Klßƒ In´n-sb∂pw X∑qew {_m“-W¿ {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn®t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS t£{X-Øns‚ ÿm\Øv ]≈n ]WnXp F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn km[p-h-√. tIc-fØn¬ F. Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t£{X-an-√. t£{X-sa∂ ]Zw-t]mepw Bcy-`mj-bpsS F´mw \q‰m-≠n\v tij-ap≈ kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv. blqZ kn\-tKm-Ip-Ifpw _p≤-˛-ssP\ ]≈n-Ifpw am{Xsa F. Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ D≈q. `K-hXn Imhp-I-fpw, ssZhm-e-b-ßfpw k¿∏-°m-hp-Iƒ t]mepw aq∂mw \q‰m≠n\v tijta cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂p-≈q. tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw {]mNo-\-amb t£{Xßƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-∂Xpw F. Un. Ggmw \q‰m-≠n\v tij-am-sW∂pw Ah-bpsS ÿm\sØ ]q¿∆-cq-]-ßƒ _p≤-hn-lm-c-ß-fmbncp∂p-sh∂pw F. {io[-c-tat\m≥ tIcf Ncn-{X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv Noc-\-®≥ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂p. C) F. Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ C∂sØ ]me-bq¿ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ {]tZ-ißƒ IS-en-\-Sn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p F∂pw Ahn-SsØ aW¬`qan CXn\v sXfn-hp\¬Ip∂ps≠∂pw ]me-bq¿ Xoc-{]-tZ-ia - m-bX - n-\m¬ Nne¿ {]N-cn-∏n°pw t]mse AhnsS PqX-°p∂v Hcp-Im-eØpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂pw s]m∂m\n IS¬ XocØv BZyw ImWp∂ Ip∂v B¿Øm‰v Ip∂m-b-Xn-\m¬ Ahn-sS-bmWv PqX-tIm-f\n ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-sX∂pw PqX-∑msc tXSn am¿tØmΩ FØn-bXv ]meq¿ F∂v A∂v t]cp-≠m-bn-cp∂ B¿Øm‰v {]tZ-iØ - m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw PqX-∑m-cpsS kn\-tKmKv cq]-t`-Z-s∏-SpØn ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn¬ sk‚ v tXmakv ÿm]n® ]≈n-bmWv B¿Øm‰v C∂v ImWp∂ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc]≈n-sb∂v Noc\-®≥ ÿm]n-®p. F^v) Ct∂°v Ccp-\qdv h¿jw apºp-hsc c≠p-Iq-´-cp-sSbpw s]mXp-ssI-hi-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ ]meq¿-˛-Nm-´p-Ipf-ßc ]≈n X¿°w-aqew i‡≥X-ºp-cms‚ a≤y-ÿ-X-bn¬ \dp-°n-´-t∏mƒ ssIhn´p t]mI-bm¬ ]m∏m hn`mKw A∂v sNdptZ-hm-e-b-am-bn-c∂ Nmh-°mSv ]≈n-bn¬ {[pho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xe-∏-≈n-bmbn-cp∂ ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bpsS sk‚ v tXmakv ]mc-ºcyw NmhA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 21

15

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ °mSv ]≈n-bn-te°v {ItaW kw{I-an-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-sX∂pw A®≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Xe-∏≈n Dƒs∏´ {]tZiw F∂ A¿∞-ØnemWv Xe-∏≈n cmP-hw-ihpw Xmeq°pw D¤-hn-®-sX∂pw Xe-∏n≈n F∂ hntijW {]tbmKw ]n¬°me krjvSn-bm-sW∂pw Nne aWn-{]-hmf Imhy-ßsf Nq≠n-°m-Wn®v A®≥ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ ss{IkvXh tI{µw C∂sØ B¿Øm‰v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]meq¿ ˛Nm-´p-Ip-f-ßc {]tZ-i-amsW∂v tIc-f-Øn-ep≈ {]ivkvX ss{IkvXh IpSpw_ Ncn-{X-ß-sf Bkv]-Zam°n A®≥ ÿm]n-®n-´p-≠v. 8) Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-temkv :˛ sXmgn-bq¿ ]≈n ÿm]-I≥ IqSn-bmb Im´pa-ßm´v Iqdn-temkpambn Bdmw am¿tØmΩ \S-Ønb hyh-lm-c-ßƒ ]p\-c-htem-I\w sNbvXv sXmgn-bq¿ Ncn-{X-Ønse sshcp-≤y-ßƒ A®≥ Nq≠n-°m-´n. Iqdn-tem-kns‚ kz¥w ssI∏-S-bn¬ ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Ip¿∫m\ XIvkm-I-fpsS ]pkvXIw A®≥ tIm´bw kodn-bn¬ \n∂v Is≠-SØp. Hmtcm XIvkm-bpsSbpw HSp-hn¬ ]I¿Ønb h¿jhpw ÿehpw ]I¿∏pIm-cs‚ t]cpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ahn-S-ß-fn-se√mw Fgp-Øp-Im-cs‚ t]¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv Iqdn-temkv Imiotim F∂v am{X-am-Wv. Cfb _mh Fgp-Xn-bX - mbn sXmgn-bq¿ Bÿm-\Øv kq£n-®n-´p≈ {KŸ-ßf - nepw Iqdn-temkv Dƒs∏´ kzk-tlm-Z-c-ßsf sshZnI ktlm-Z-c-ß-fmb Iqdn-temkv...... F∂nß-s\-bmWv hnh-cn®n´p-≈-Xv. F∏n-kvtIm∏m Ft∂m, sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Ft∂m am¿ F∂p-t]mepw Iqdn-tem-kns\ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-´n-√. Cu ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ At±-l-sØ-∏‰n sXmgn-bq¿ Ncn{Xw Cu \q‰m-≠n-se-gp-Xnb IY-Iƒ hkvXp-XIƒ°p \nc-°p-∂X - s - √∂pw ka-Ime k`m-t\-Xm-hmb Bdmw am¿tØmΩmbpsS Iqdn-tem-kn-s\-Xn-cmb Btcm-]Ww (Im´p-a-ßm´v Iqdn-temkv sa{Xm≥ ]´w G‰n´n√ F∂v Bdmw am¿tØmΩ AsX-∏‰n ]cmXn ]d-™X - mbn Iqdn-temkv I¿tkm\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xnb Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v sXmgn-bq¿ B¿ss°hvkn¬ Noc-\-®≥ KthjW {ia-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ I≠-Xmbn km£n-®n-´p-≠v.) icn-bm-sW∂pw C°m-cyØn¬ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ ]gb skan-\m-cn-bnse {]mNo\ kpdn-bm-\n-˛I¿tkm\n tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n® dºm≥ Iqdn-tem-kn-s‚bpw B ]c-º-c-bn¬ sa{Xm≥]-´t- a‰ a‰p-≈h - c - p-sSbpw ]´Xz km[p-Xsb∏‰n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb hkvXpXI-tfmSv hntbm-Pn-°p-hm≥ \ymbw ImWp-∂n-√ F∂pw sXmgn-bq¿ k`-tbmSpw AXns‚ A≤y-£-∑m-tcmSpw hfsc ASp-∏-ap≈ Noc-\-®≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. 9) B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme :˛ 1806 segp-Xnb B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbmebpsS e`yamb cq]w hnI-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXns‚ A¿∞w hymJym-\n-°pI {]bm-k-am-bncp-∂p. Noc-\-®≥ Kth-j-W-{i-a-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ sNtº-Sn¬ hs´-gp-Øn-se-gp-Xnb ]Sn-tbme Is≠-Øp-Ibpw AXns‚ icn-bmb ]mTw Xøm-dm°n {]kn-≤o-I-cn°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. k`m Ncn-{XØn¬ B ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw FSp-ØpIm-´n-bXpw hs´-gpØp tcJ BZyw IrXy-ambpw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXpw At±lw Xs∂. 10) B¿Øm‰v c‡-km-£n-Iƒ :˛ ae-¶c k`m-Nc - n-{X-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØmsX t]mb Hcp A≤ym-b-amWv B¿Øm‰v c‡-km-£n-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 22

A£-tcm-]m-k-\-bn-eqsS A\-iz-c-X-bn-te°v B¿Øm‰v kµ¿in® t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-t\mSv ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ C°mcyw Adnbn-®-Xmbn At±-l-Øns‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Ifn¬ D≠v F∂v (sa-tΩm-tbgvkv Hm^v _p°m-\≥) Noc-\-®≥ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS Cu A]q¿∆ hm¿Ø {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS \Kcw F∂v hnti-jn-∏n°s∏´ (ZotØmZvskml-sZ) Im¿tØ-Pn\v BtKm-f-k-`m-N-cn{X-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\-Øn\v kam-¥-c-am-Wv c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS tI{µ-amb B¿Øm‰n-\p-≈-sX∂v At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Sn∏p-kp¬Øms‚ ]S-\m-b-I-∑m¿ 1789 Xß-fpsS hnizm-k-\m-b-Isc Cu hr£-in-J-c-ß-fn¬ sI´n-Øq°n sIm∂p F∂v B¿Øm‰v \nhm-kn-Iƒ _p°m-\t\mSv hnIm-tcm-tZz-K-tØmsS Adn-bn® kw`hw At±lw As∂-gp-Xn-sh-®n-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ imiz-X-ambpw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ \n∂v am™p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v Noc-\-®≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. 11) I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme :˛ I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme A[n-I-amcpw I≠n-´n-√. C´q∏v ssd‰¿ Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Cu ]Sn-tbme Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ C´q∏v kz¥w \ho-I-cW Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°\p-k-c-W-ambn I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbmebn¬ ]e-`m-KØpw hyXym-k-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-Xmbn Noc-\-®≥ I≠p-]nSn-®p. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbmebpsS ka-Ime ]I¿∏v Kth-j-W-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ Is≠Sp-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-t∏m-gmWv C´q∏v ssd‰¿ \S-Ønb Ir{Xn-a-ß-fpsS ]q¿Æ-kzcq]w At±-l-Øn\v {Kln-°m≥ Ign-™-Xv. XpS¿∂v C´q∏v ssd‰-dpsS ]mThpw ssIsø-gpØp IrXn-bmbn e`n® ]mThpw Hcp Xmc-Xay ]T-\-tØmsS A®≥ {]kn-≤s - ∏-Sp-Øn. ]n¬°m-eØv I≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn At±lw Is≠-Øn-bt- ∏mƒ AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ]mThpw ssIsø-gpØp ]mT-hp-ambn tbmPn-®n-cp-∂-sh∂v At±lw Is≠-Øn. XpS¿∂v I≠-\mSv ]SntbmebpsSbpw B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bp-sSbpw aqey-ßsf B[m-c-am°n N¿®Iƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw B[p-\nI Ime-tØmfw \ofp∂ kzm[o-\-ßƒ k`m-N-cn-{XØn¬ sNep-Øp-hm≥ Ah klm-b-Iam-b-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-{X-ßfn-eqsS kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn k`m-N-cn{X hnZym¿∞n-Isf t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. 12) G‰hpw HSp-hn¬ Bt±lw Is≠-Øn-b-Xn¬ G‰hpw {][m\ tcJ-bmWv I≠-\mSv {KŸ-hcn. sIm®n-bpsS {]Ya sa{Xm≥ Imtcm-´p-ho-´n¬ sia-hq≥ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Fgp-Xnb B ssIsø-gpØp k`m-N-cn{Xw Is≠-Øn-btXmsS ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse k`m-kw-`-h-ß-fpsS ka-Im-e-tcJ e`y-am-bn. A°m-esØ k`m kmc-Yn-bm-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂mtkymkv ZznXo-b≥ ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-sb-∏‰n \ho-I-cW k`m-N-cn-{X-Imc-∑m-cpw Ahsc A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn®v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw FgpXnb \ncm-kv]-Z-amb Btcm-]-W-ß-fpsS ]n∂nse \nKqV Xmev]-cy-ßƒ _lp. Noc-\-®≥ ad-\o°n ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-∂p. tIc-f-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\ \mbI\mbpw 250 tesd kvIqfpIƒ, ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, H∂m-asØ Zb-dm, \mep sshZnI skan-\m-cnIƒ, sshZn-I¿, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, A`y-kvXh - n-Zy¿ F∂n-h¿°pth-≠n-bp≈ kwL-S-\-Iƒ, ae-bm-f-Ønse c≠m-asØ k©mc kmln-Xy-IrXn, tIc-f-Ønse H∂m-asØ kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S\ F∂n-h-bpsS ÿm]-IA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 23

˛ shcn. dh. sI. kn. tPmk^v tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏ \mbpw B ]. ]nXm-hns\ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah-K-Wn-°s∏´pw tXtPm-h[w sNø-s∏-´p-an-cp∂ Hcp ]nXm-hns\ ]pI-a-d-bn¬ \n∂v Ncn-{XØns‚ {]Im-i-Øn¬ ]p\-c-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Noc-\-®\v Ign-™p. 13) Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ßƒ :˛ ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b≥ _mh 1875, 76 Ifn¬ tIc-fØn-se-Øn-b-t∏mƒ Bcm-[-\-I-fn¬ hcp-Ønb ]cn-jvIm-c-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw AhbpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw BZyw Dds° Nn¥n-®Xv Ct±-l-am-Wv. as‰mcp k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw C{X-tØmfw Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb k`m-N-cn{X KthjWw \n¿∆-ln-®-Xmbn I≠n-´n-√. Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-SpØnb Hcp Imcy-ap≠v ; Noc-\-®≥ Xs‚ Kth-jW ^e-ßsf hnhn[ {KŸ-ß-fn-eqsS {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°phm≥ XpS-ßn-bn´v ]Øp ]Xn-\©p h¿j-ß-fm-bn. Hmtcm ]pkvX-I-ßƒ Cd-°ptºmgpw Xs‚ Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fn¬ Fs¥-¶nepw t]mcm-bva-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ sXfnhp-Iƒ klnXw Nq≠n-°m-´p-hm≥ At±lw hmb-\-°m-tcmSv Bh-iy-s∏-Sm-dp≠v. F∂m¬ CXp-hsc Bcpw At±-l-Øns‚ A`n-{]m-b-ßsf {]amW klnXw Xncp-Øp-hm≥ {ian-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n-√. Noc-\-®s‚ Kth-j-Whpw \nK-a-\-ßfpw At±lw Ncn-{X-Øn-te°p \¬Inb kw`m-h-\-Ifpw AXp-eyhpw A\-\y-hp-amsW∂Xt√ AXns‚ A¿∞w? A®≥ B{K-ln-®Xpw A¿ln-®-Xp-amb ]e Hu]-Nm-cnI ÿm\-ßfpw At±l-Øn\v e`n-®n√ F¶nepw A\u-]-Nm-cn-I-ambn A®\v ssZhw \¬Inb Ahk-c-ß-fn-eqsS IqSp-X¬ auen-Ihpw tkmt±-iy-hp-amb k`m-tk-h\w \n¿∆-ln°p-hm≥ A®\v Ign™p F∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ F\n°p kt¥m-j-ap≠v. \nc-¥-c-amb At\z-jW _p≤n. Xf-cmØ Bﬂ-hn-izm-kw, Dd® e£yt_m-[w, \nkvX{µ-amb X]- v, ITn-\a - mb ]cn-{i-aw F∂o ]©-kn-≤n-Iƒ A]q¿∆ hkvXp-\n¿ΩmW£a-amb {]Xn-`t- bmSv ktΩ-fn-®t- ∏mƒ Noc-\® - ≥ F∂ A]q¿∆ hy‡nXzw cq]-s∏-´p. Fs‚ \m´n¬ \n∂v Fs‚ injy≥ IqSn-bmb Cu {KŸIm-cs\ ssZhw Fgp-t∂-ev]n®p F∂-Xn¬ Rm\pw Fs‚ CS-h-Ibpw A`nam\w sIm≈p-∂p. Adp-]-Xn-se-Ønb Cu BNm-cy≥ Ip∂w-Ipfw ˛ ]g™n {]tZ-i-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xhpw kwkvIm-chpw Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ At\z-j-W-ß-fn¬ apgp-In-bn-cn°p∂p F∂v At±lw No^v FUn-‰-dmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p∂ CS-hI ]{Xn-Ibn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂p. Ah-bpsS aqeyhpw {]k-‡nbpw Fs∂ ]e-t∏mgpw BI¿jn-®n-´p-≠v. Kth-jW {ia-ßƒ XpS¿∂pw \S-Øp-hm\pw AXns‚ Is≠Ø-ep-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw _lp. A®\v Btcm-Kyhpw Zo¿Lm-bp pw \¬Is´ F∂v Bﬂm¿∞-ambn {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p. A£-c-Øns‚ D]m-k-\-bneqsS A\-iz-c-X-t\-Snb A®\v Hcp Kpcp-hns‚ lrZbw \nd™ {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw A`n-\-µ-\-ßfpw Biw-k-I-fpw.

16 24

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

{]Xn-`m-[-\-\pw kXym-t\z-jn-bp-amb BNm-cy≥

{]Xn-`m-[-\-\pw kXym-t\z-jn-bp-amb BNm-cy≥ ˛s{]m-^. tUm. kn. kn. G{_lmw (tIcf A{Kn-Iƒ®-d¬ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bnse (Xr-»q¿) Uo≥ Bbn dn´-b¿ sNbvXp. Xr»q¿ Pn√-bn¬ aÆp-Øn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂p. {]ikvXnbm¿÷n® Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥. AwKo-Imcw t\Snb imkv{X Kth-j-I\pw imkv{X teJ-I\pw. CShI-]-{Xn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n] kanXn AwKw ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-Im-e-Ønse kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hmWv jvjvTn]q¿Øn k`-I-fnepw kaq-l-ß-fnepw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ sshZn-Isc kw_‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Cu L´-Øn\p hfsc IqSp-X¬ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\y-hpap≠v. hy‡n-]-camb t\´-ßƒ t{ImUo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Bﬂ-]-cn-tim-[-\-bn-eqsS ]n¬°me {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw `mhn-I¿Ω-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq{XWw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ kph¿Æm-h-k-c-am-Wn-Xv. dh. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Xs‚ _lp-ap-J-amb {]h¿Ø-\-a-WvU-e-ßfnse√mw Xs∂ anIhpw hy‡n-ap-{Zbpw ]Xn-∏n-®n-´p≈ BNm-cy-\m-Wv. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`msshZn-I≥, k`m-kvt\-ln, k`m-N-cn-{Xm-t\z-jn, BNm-cm\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ ]WvUn-X≥, {]K-¤-\mb Iem-imem A≤ym-]-I≥, kmln-XyIm-c≥, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-I≥ F∂o \ne-If - n-se√mw At±-lØ - n\p anI-hp‰ {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ ImgvN-sh-bv°m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≠v. A®≥ P∑w \¬In, ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n®v hf¿Øn anI® \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-®n-´p≈ CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-bpsS {]kn-≤o-I-cWw Bcw-`n-®-Xns‚ c≠mw hm¿jn-Ihpw At±-l-Øns‚ jjvTn-]q¿Ønbpw Htc ka-bØp Xs∂ BN-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv Hcp ip` kqN-\mbn IcpXmw. Cub-h-k-c-Øn¬ amkn-I-bpsS Hcp {]tXyI ]Xn∏v kvac-W-bmbn {]kn-≤o-Icn-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw DNn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. k`m-N-cn-{Xw, Bcm-[m-\, hnizmkw, Imt\m-\p-I-ƒ F∂n-h-bpƒs∏´ k`m hn⁄m-\ob taJ-e-I-fn¬ (Ecclesiology) CuSp‰ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, {]_-‘-ßƒ, teJ-\ß - ƒ, apX-emb 250 ¬∏cw {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ß - f - psS DS-ab - m-Wv Noc≥ A®≥. Ch-sb√mw t¢i-I-c-amb Kth-j-W{]h¿Ø\-ß-fpsS ]n≥_-e-Øn¬, kmlnXy-`w-Kn-tbmsS cNn-®n-´p≈hbm-Wv. GIm-{K-amb ]T-\ß - fpw Bghpw ]c-∏p-ap≈ hmb-\m-io-e-hp-an-√msX {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ shfn®w ImWp-I-bn-√ F∂p {]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠X - n-√t- √m. tIcf kwkvIm-cØ - ns‚ ]›m-Øe - Ø - n¬ {InkvXpa-X-Øns‚ \nkvXqe kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{ImUoI-cn-°p-∂X - n\pw A®\p km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠nse ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse t{]mPze Xmc-ßƒ F∂ _lp-aXn t\Sn-bn-´p≈ `mKy-kva-c-Wm¿l-cmb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥, ZznXo-b≥ F∂ c≠p-Xn-cp-ta-\n-am-cp-sSbpw Poh-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn cNn®v {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv Noc≥ A®s‚ hne-s∏´ kw`m-h-\-I-fm-Wv. A®s‚ kXym-t\z-jW k]cy k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønepw _‘-s∏´ {]mtZ-inI

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

25

17

˛s{]m-^. tUm. kn. kn. G{_lmw Ncn-{X-]-T-\-ß-fn-ep-am-Wv IqSp-X¬ hym]-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, Bcm-[\m {Iaw (Liturgy), `cW kwhn-[m\w F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Aaq-ey-ßfmb \nc-h[n tcJ-Iƒ A®≥ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. CXn-\p-th≠n At±lw \nch[n tZhm-e-b-ßƒ, sa{Xm-k-\-ßƒ, ]ptcm-lnX `h-\-ßƒ, B¿s°-hvkv (Archives), ssIsø-gpØp {]Xn-I-fpsS tiJcw (Manuscript Library) Ch-sb√mw kµ¿in-®n-´p-≠v. ss]Xr-I-ambn \ap°v e`n-®n-´p≈ tcJ-Iƒ, ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, Ch-Xcw Xncn®p th≠-co-Xn-bn¬ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwhn-[m-\-sam-∂p-an√mØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-Øns‚ ¢njvSX \ap°v Duln-°m-hp∂-Xn\-∏p-da - m-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS am·m-Im¿´- F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ B¿Øm‰v (1806), I≠m\m-Sv (1809) ]Sn-tbm-e-I-fpsS ]m›m-Ø-ew, kmwK-Xyw, kzm[o\w F∂nh shfn®Øp sIm≠p-h-cp-∂-Xns‚ ]n∂n¬ A®s‚ A{im-¥-]-cn-{i-a-ap-≠v. ]c-kv]-cß-fmb Ak-Xy-kq-N-\-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p Cu ]Sn-tbm-e-Isf∏‰n BZy-Ime Ncn-{XIm-c-∑m¿ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu sshcp≤y-ß-fpsS ]m›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ D≈-S-°Øns‚ \nP-ÿn-Xn, B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p A®s‚ {iaßƒ ]q¿Æ-ambn hnP-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzX-{¥-X, hy‡-ambpw Ak∂n-KvZ-ambpw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n B¿Øm‰v ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ˛ ]meq¿ CS-h-Imw-K-ßƒ FSpØ ZrV-{]-Xn-⁄-bm-Wt√m B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS kmcmw-iw. `mc-X-k`-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ I≠-\mSv ]Sntbme, k`m `c-W-Im-cy-ß-fnse ka-{K-amb \nb-am-h-en-bm-Wv. kpdn-bm\n aqe-`m-j-bn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø-\hß-fpsS ad-hn¬ ]£-]m-X-]-cambn hnizm-k-hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb Xc-Øn¬ \S-Øn-bn-´p≈ ]e samgn-am-‰-ßfpw A®s‚ Bg-Øn-ep≈ Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW ]T-\-ßƒ shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-∂n-´p-≈Xv \ΩpsS {]tXy-IX {i≤-b¿ln-°p-∂p. k`m-cm-[\m {Ia-ß-fnepw BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw Imt\m≥ hyh-ÿ-Ifnepw a‰p-ap≈ A®s‚ ]mWvUn-Xyw AZzn-Xo-b-am-Wv. `mKy-kva-c-Wm¿l-\mb A`n-hµy bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS injy-\mbn At±l-Øns‚ ]mZ-]o-T-Øn-en-cp∂p t\cn´p Cu taJ-e-I-fn-se√mw ]Tn-°m≥ km[n®-Xp-sIm-≠mWv C{X-tØmfw Ah-Kmlw ssIh-cn-°m≥ km[n-®n-´p-≈Xv. At±lw C{]-Imcw t\Sn-bn-´p≈ hn⁄m-\-Øns‚ Hcp DZm-Ø-amb DZm-l-c-WamWv A®≥ ]mSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈ kpdn-bm\n cmK-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ F°mdm kn. Un. {InkvXy≥ ÃUn sk‚¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ F°m-d-bpsS (hmfyw 1) XpS¿®-bmbn IqSp-X¬ cmK-k-am-lm-c-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]Wn∏p-c-bn-emWv A®≥ Ct∏mƒ. Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fnepw a‰pw Be]n-°p∂ Bcm-[\m KoX-ßƒ, hyXy-kvX-amb kpdn-bm\n cmK-ß-fn-emWv (F°m-d) ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Zo¿L-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS Nn´-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Nm{In-I-ambn cmK-ssh-hn-≤y-tØmsS Be-]n-°p-tºmƒ cmK-ß-fpsS Bh¿Ø\ hnc-kX (Monotony) amdn Ch IqSp-X¬ Bkzm-Zy-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. 26

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

{]Xn-`m-[-\-\pw kXym-t\z-jn-bp-amb BNm-cy≥ ]meq¿ ˛ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n F∂p \ΩpsS Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in°p-∂Xv ae-¶-c-bpsS amXr-tZ-hm-e-b-amb (X-e-∏-≈n) B¿Øm‰p ]≈n-bm-sW∂v A®≥ sXfn-hp-If - psS ASn-ÿm-\Ø - n¬ ka¿∞n-°p-∂Xv Nn¥-If - n¬ Hcp ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w \¬Ip-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ap≥hn-[n-I-sfm-∂p-an-√m-sX, DZmØamb ]cn-t{]-£y-tØm-sS-bp≈ kXym-t\z-j-W-ßƒ \qX-\-amb Ncn{X kXyßƒ A\m-h-cWw sNøp-sa∂v A®s‚ Ncn{X Kth-j-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. C{]-Imcw shfn-®Øp hcp∂ kXy-ßƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ Nne [mc-W-Iƒ°pw hnizm-kß - ƒ°pw lm\nI-ca - m-bn-cn-°p-∂X - p-sIm≠v _‘-s∏-´h - ¿°p Aln-Xhpw A{]n-b-hp-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-i-bn-°m-\n-√. hn. am¿tØmΩm «olm sImSpß-√q¿ Agn-ap-JØp h∂n-d-ßn-b-Xm-bn-´m-Wt√m ]c-s°-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ [mc-W. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu kw`hw \S-∂Xv as‰mcp {]tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂mWv A®s‚ \nK-a-\w. s]m∂m\n apJy Xpd-apJhpw ap∂q D]-Xp-d-ap-J-ßfpw (]t£, Nmh-°m-Sv, tNµ-aw-K-ew, sNdm-bn) tN¿∂ {]mNo\ apNn-cn-˛-ap- n-cokv kap®b-Ønsemcn-SØv Cu hnip-≤≥ h∂-Xm-bn-´mWv Nne sXfn-hp-If - p-sSbpw ]n≥_e-tØmsS A®≥ A\p-am-\n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu \nK-a\w Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I¿°n-S-bn¬ hfsc Xmev]-cy-ap-f-hm-°n-bn-´p-≠v. Zo¿Lm-bp-t m-Sn-cp∂p Xs‚ hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ aqew _lp. Noc≥ A®\v ae-¶c - k - `sb Bﬂo-ba - mbpw kmaq-ly-ambpw [\y-am-°p-∂X - n-\p≈ Ahk-cß - ƒ e`n-°p-∂X - n\p ssZhw kwK-Xn-bm-°s´ F∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw Biwkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kXy-tØmSp {]Xn-_-‘-X-bp≈ ]WvUn-X-h-tc-Wy-\mb A®\v kvt\l-˛-{]-kq\ amey-ßƒ A¿∏n-°p-∂p. ******************

aevt^mt\m Zo¬ (Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥) Uo°≥ …o_m tPm¿÷v ]\-bv°¬

18 ktΩ-f\w {io. Sn. hn. N{µ-tam-l-\≥ Fw. F¬. F., D¬Lm-S\w sNøp-∂p.

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

27

(Ip∂w-Ipfw kztZ-in. Bbph bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v _ncpZw t\Sn. Fd-Wm-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-tky-js‚ sk{I-´-dnbpw {Sj-d-dpw. Pn⁄mkp-hmb sshZnI hnZym¿∞n ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) Noc-\-®-s\∂v BZ-c-]q¿∆w hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ dh. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ hcp-Ønb am‰-ßfpw sNep-Ønb kzm[o-\-ßfpw kvacn°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Ah-kcw e`n-®-Xn¬ ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Ys\ BZyw Rm≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv At±lw Fgp-Xnb ]pent°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ (tIm-´bw ]gb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥) ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw hmbn-®n-´m-Wv. sFXnly-ß-fpsS ]pI-a-d-hn-¬ Hcp tIƒhn am{X-am-bn-cp∂ Imew-sNbvX A®s\ ˛ B t]cn-emWv At±lw Ip∂w-Ip-fØv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv ˛ ]‰n bp‡n-]q¿∆hpw kXy-k‘ - h - p-amb Hcp Ncn{Xw Kth-jW _p≤ym cNn-°p-hm≥ At±lw {]Z¿in∏n® Xm¬]cyw Fs∂ A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ip∂w-Ipfw {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v Cßs\ Hcp A®t\m? Xo{h-amb I£n-h-g°v \ne-\n-∂p-t]m∂ Hcp CS-h-I-bnse AwKw F∂ \ne-bn¬ adp-`m-KsØ Hcp sshZn-Is\∏‰n A∂v IqSp-X-sem∂pw At\zjn-®n-√. 1997 Pq¨, Pqsse amkw Un{Kn°v th≠n-bp≈ At]-£- sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ Bephm bqWn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ tImtf-Pn¬ t]mbn. ko‰v e`n-°ptam F∂ Bi-¶ a\- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂p. Ãm^v dqan¬ Ccn-°p∂, sh´n-sbm-Xp-°mØ \c® XmSn-bpw aoibpw tXmfn¬ Hcp IdpØ _mKp-ambn Hcp I»o-i. X\n sh≈ ]m‚ vkpw IΩo-kp-am-bn-cp∂ thjw. kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse A®-∑msc I≠m¬ A⁄m-X-amb Hcp BI¿jWo-bX F\n°v F∂pw tXm∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. DSs\ sN∂v At±-lsØ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p. Ip∂w-Ip-f-Øp-Im-c≥ A®≥. F\n°v kt¥mj-ambn. Rm\pw Ip∂w-Ip-fØ - p-Im-c≥. Rm≥ ASp-Ø- amkw siΩm-i∏ - ´w kzoIcn-°p-I-bmWv Fs∂ms° ]d-™-t∏mƒ A®\pw kt¥m-j-am-bn. Ft∂mSv Hcp aaXbpw hm’-eyhpw B hm°p-I-fn¬ kv^pcn-®p. a™-\n-°c Zb-dm-bn-emWv Rm≥ sshZnI hnZym-`ymkw \S-Øp-∂s - X-∂d- n-™t- ∏mƒ kz¥w Kpcp-hmb bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS _‘p-hm-bn-cp∂ amS-∏m´v bmt°m_v dºm®-s\-∏‰n (bmt°m_v am¿ bqen-tbmkv) bpw AhnsS ]Tn® kz¥w kplr-Øp-°-sf-∏-‰nbpw A\p-kva-cn-®p. tImtfPv {]th-i-\-Øn\v amt\Pvsa‚ v tIm´-bn¬ {]th-i\w e`n-°p-hm≥ Bh-iy-amb t\¿h-gn-Iƒ Fs∂ D]-tZ-in-®p. t\¿h-gn-bn-eqsS F∂-Xn\v {]tXy-I A¿∞-ap-≠v. Noc-\-®≥ sa{Xm≥I-£n, Rm≥ _mhm I£n ]mc -sh-bv°ptam? F∂ kwibw kzm`mhn-I-ambpw D≠m-bn. ]s£, AXv Fs‚ Cfw a\- n¬ IS∂p IqSnb anYym-[mc-W-bm-bn-cp-∂p F∂v {ItaW a\- n-em-bn. lnÃ-dn sF—nI hnj-b-ambn FSpA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 28

aevt^mt\m Zo¬ ˛Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥ °p-hm≥ sN∂ F\n°v {]th-i\w e`n-®Xv ae-bmfw hn`m-K-Øn¬. AXv Fs‚ ssZh-\n-tbm-Kw. Bephm bq. kn. bn¬ ]Tn®v {]i-kvX-cmb ]e alm-∑m-scbpw Ipdn®v tI´ncp-∂p. Ejn-{]-`m-h-\mb sI. kn. Nmt°m km¿, \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xnsb Pohn-XØn-te°pw al-Xz-Øn-te°pw ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Ønb ‰n. hn. tPmW-®≥ Hcp ImeØv a™-\n-°c Zbm-dm-bnse aev]m≥ Bbn-cp∂ ssZh-im-kv{X-⁄≥ ^m. tUm. hn. kn. imaq-th¬, tUm. ]ueqkv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kv, tIm´bw skan-\m-cn-bnse s{]m^. ^m. Sn. sP. tPmjz, ^nen-t∏mkv am¿ butk-_n-tbmkv, tUm. _m_p t]mƒ F∂n-ßs\ Nne t]cpIƒ tI´n-cp-∂p. Ahsc cq]s∏-Sp-Ønb B Iem-e-b-Øn¬ Rm\pw sNs∂-Øn. Fs∂ F√m-hcpw …o_m F∂v hnfn-®p. Hcp amkw Ign™v siΩm-i-\mbn h∂-t∏mgpw …o_m hnfn XpS¿∂p. A≤ym-]-I¿°pw Rm≥ …o_m am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. siΩm-is‚ ]q¿Æth-j-Øn¬ tImtf-Pn¬ t]mIp-hm≥ Fs∂ ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Noc-\-®≥ Xs∂. sXm∏n-t]mepw am‰n-sh-bv°msX ¢m nepw Un∏m¿´v sa‚nepw bm{X-Ifn-epw Hcp ]q¿Æ sshZn-Is‚ cq]-kw-hn-[m\ Nmcp-X-Isf A`n-am\ ]q¿∆w [cn-°p∂ A®≥ A°m-cy-Øn¬ t{]c-W-bm-bn. Cw•ojv _n. F. bv°p tN¿∂ A¶-am-en-°m-c≥ Pokv siΩm-i\pw Cu amXrI A\p-I-cn-®p. tImtf-Pn¬ sshZnI hkv{Xw [cn® F\n°v GI B{ibw Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw \nc-¥cw Bh-iy-Øn\pw Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-Xn\pw Fs∂ siΩm-i-s\∂v hnfn-®p. {ItaW kl-]m-Tn-Ifpw …o_m hnfn am‰n. …o_m siΩm-i≥ F∂ t]¿ AwKo-I-cn-®p. hn{ia thf-I-fn¬ Ip∏m-b-an´ F\n°v kl-]m-Tn-I-tfmSv CS-s]-Sp-hm≥ B{K-la - p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ah-cpsS Xmev]c - y-ßt- fmSpw hnt\mZ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfmSpw CW-ßn-t∏m-Im≥ F\n°v {]bm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p. A[ym-]I¿ hn{i-an-°p∂ Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw AXym-hi - y-ßf - p-s≠-¶n¬ hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v {]th-i\w A\p-h-Zn®ncps∂-¶nepw Ahn-sS-bn-cn-°p-hmt\m IqSp-X¬ kabw sNe-h-gn-°mt\m A\p-hmZw \¬Im-dn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Fs‚ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ a\- n-em-°nb Ah¿ Un∏m¿´vsa‚n¬ F\n°v kzmX{¥yw \¬In. F{X kabw thW-sa-¶nepw kabw sNe-h-gn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-amdv Hcp Itkc kz¥w ÿm\-tØmSv tN¿∂v {Iao-I-cn-®p. F\n°pw Nne-t∏mƒ Pokv siΩm-i\pw Cu kzmX{¥yw hen-sbm-c-f-hn-¬ A\p-{K-l-am-bn. Hcp Xmh-f-sa∂ \ne-bn-emWv Cu A`-b-tI-{µsØ BZyw I≠-Xv. Hgnhp ka-b-ß-fnepw Im‚o-\n¬ `£Ww Ign°p-tºmgpw Rßƒ Hcp-an-®m-bn-cp-∂p. kwkmc hnj-b-ßƒ kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n®v imtJm-]-im-J-I-fmbn ]¥-en-°pw. c≠p I£n-Ifpw Dƒs∏´ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`, kpdn-bm\n `mj, Imt\m≥, k`m-N-cn-{Xw, ssZh-im-kv{Xw, Bcm-[-\, hn. {KŸw, IqZm-i-Iƒ, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Ncn{Xhpw IrXn-I-fpw, k`bnse -I-£n-hg-°ns‚ {]-iv\ßƒ, k`bnse hyh-lm-cßƒ XpSßn Rßƒ kwkm-cn-°mØ hnj-b-ßƒ C√-. CXn¬ hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-ZßƒXs∂ \S-°m-dp-≠v. Fs‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ i‡n-bmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv At±lw {i≤n°pw. AXns‚ bp‡n-`-{Z-amb hmZ-ap-J-ßsf At±-lw A`n-\-µn-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

29

19

˛Uo°≥ …o_m tPm¿÷v ]\-bv°¬ °pw. a‰p Imcy-ßƒ At±lw JWvUn-°pw. Imt\m-\n¬ \n∂pw Bcm-[\m kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw BtKmf k`m ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {]am-W-ßƒ D≤-cn-®mWv At±lw kwkm-cn-°p-I. Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn® Imcy-ßsf ASpØ Znh-k-ßfn¬ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ImWn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øpw. A\n-tj-[yamb sXfn-hp-Iƒ!! hnhmZ hnj-bß - f - n¬ Id-Xo¿∂ ]T-\w. A°m-cy-Øn¬ At±lsØ A`n-\-µnt® aXn-bm-hq. Hcp kw`hw Hm¿Ω-bn¬ hcp-∂p. At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ A\p-{K-lm-io¿∆m-Z-ß-tfmsS hntZ-iØv A®-Sn® lqZmb Imt\m≥ F\n°v In´n. hnhcw Rm≥ Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Ys\ Adnbn®p. Hm¿ØtUmIvkv `mKw AwKo-I-cn® Imt\m≥ F. A°hpw ]m{Xn-b¿°okv `mKw AwKo-I-cn® lqZmb Imt\m≥ ]Xn-s\´°hpw BW-t√m. Noc-\-®s‚ ssIhiw c≠v kpdn-bm\n ssIsø-gpØv Imt\m-≥ ]I¿∏p-If - pw, tIm\m-´® - ≥ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ae-bmfw Imt\m\pw sh´n-°¬ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ \n∂v {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® ]Xn-s\-´°w Imt\m\pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ioa-bnse Imt\m≥ I≠t∏mƒ At±lw AXv ho´n¬ sIm≠p-t]mbn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Xn-s\-´°w Imt\m\n¬ ImWp∂ \qdp-I-W-°n\v hyXy-kvX-X-Iƒ ioa-bn¬ A®-Sn® Imt\m-\n-en-√m-bn-cp∂p F∂v At±lw Fs∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ klnXw ImWn®v t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. tIm\m-´-®≥ X¿÷a sNbvX Imt\m\pw ioa-bn¬ A®-Sn® Imt\m\pw H∂p Xs∂. skan-\mcnt°kn¬ Imt\m-\n¬ tN¿Ø ]{¥-t≠m, ]Xn-aqt∂m t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ kpdn-bm\n A®-Sn-bn¬ A\p-_-‘ambn tN¿Øn-cp-∂Xpw A®≥ Fs∂ ImWn-®p. At±-lØ - ns‚ ]T-\hpw kzX{¥ Nn¥-Ifpw B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°m-\m-hp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXmWv At±-lsØ aev]m≥ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Øp-∂-Xv. A®-\p-am-bp≈ iutØm ^ptkm (hn. Ip¿∫m\m kw_-‘-Øn\v hn. ]nXm-°-∑m¿ sImSp-°p∂ Hcp hnti-j-W-am-Wn-Xv. Hcp ico-c-Øns‚ Awin-Iƒ KmV-_-‘w, kw_-‘w, F∂o A¿∞-ßƒ \¬Imw) Fs∂ kzX-{¥amb Hcp h - y-‡n-Xz-Øns‚ DS-ab - m-°p-hm≥ klmbn-®p. ap≥hn[n IqSØ Nn¥m-tijnbnte°v Fs∂ D]-\-bn-®p. X∑qew ]pXn-bhbpw Bg-ta-dnb-Xp-amb ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-If - n-te°v hf-cp-hm≥ F\n°v kml-Nc - y-sam-cp-°n. B kmlN-cy-Øns‚ cq]-amWv ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥. aq∂v h¿jsØ kmlnXy ]T-\-tØ-°mƒ D]cn hnip≤ k-`m-Km-{X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ skan-\mcn ]T-\-amWv Rm≥ \n¿∆-ln-®-sX∂v A©p h¿j-Øn\p tijw Rm≥ Xncn-®-dn-™p. skan\mcn ]T-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-ambn Hcp aev]m≥ k{º-Zmbw Bb-t∏mƒ AXn-s‚- ta∑ H∂v thsdØ-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A®s\ ImWp-tºmgpw t^mWn¬ kwkm-cn-°p-tºmgpw Rm≥ XpS-°-Øn¬ _msdIvtam¿ ]dbpw ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-°s´ F∂v A®≥ {]Xn-hN - n-°pw. Fs‚ kwi-b-ßƒ, Nn¥-Iƒ Rm≥ C∂pw ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂Xv A®-\p-ambn \S-Øp∂ t^m¨ kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. _. A®-\p-am-bp≈ Cu NßmØamWv Fd-Wmw-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkmtky-j≥ F∂ kwL-S-\-bmbn hf¿∂-Xv. A®≥ Is≠-Sp-ØXpw Bap-J-te-J\-sa-gp-Xn-bX - p-amb `mc-XØnse {]mNo\ kphn-tijw shfn®w I≠Xv Cu kwL30

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

aevt^mt\m Zo¬ ˛Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥ S-\-bn-eq-sSbmWv. Hgnhp ka-b-ß-fn¬ tImtfPv Nm∏-en¬ HØp-tN¿∂v F°md ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-hm≥ A®≥ t\XrXzw \¬In-sb-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n-√. F∂mepw henb t\mºm-cw-`n-°p∂ Xn¶-fmgvN ip_vt°mt\m ip{iqj \S-Øp-hm\pw aq∂p t\mºnepw henb t\mºnepw D®-\-a-kvImcw Nm∏-en¬ \S-Øp-hm\pw I£n-t`Z-sat\y hnZym¿∞n-I-sfbpw A[ym-]-I-scbpw ]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-hm\pw Rßƒ°p Ign-™p. I∏-tZm-Iy≥ ]nXm-°-∑msc `qtemI (km¿∆-{Xn-I) aev]m-∑m¿ F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ae-¶c aev]m-\mbn Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥ hnf-ßp-∂p. hnf-ßs´ F∂v Biw-kn-°p-∂p. A®s‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ {]I-S-amb apJw kpXm-cyXbm-Wv. D`-b-ap-JXzw A®-\n-√. ]pdw t]mse AI-hpw. AI-sØm-c-`n{]m-bhpw ]pdØv thsdmcp A`n-{]m-b-hp-an-√. k`-bnse A\m-I¿j-Ihpw A\`n-a-X-hp-amb Imcy-ßsf \J-in-Jm¥w hna¿in-°pw. AXn¬ I£n-t`Zw If¶w Nm¿Øm-dn-√. Cu hna¿i kz`mhw A®\v hf-sc-tbsd i{Xp-°sf D≠m-°n-bn´p-≠v. F∂m¬ \n¿`-bXzw At±-lsØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-∂p. e`n-°p-am-bn-cp∂ ]e ÿm\-ßfpw _lp-aX - n-Ifpw At±-lØ - n\v \jvSs - ∏-´X - ß - n-s\-bm-Wv. A®s‚ Cu kpXm-cy-Xbpw B¿÷-hhpw hnZym¿∞n-I-fmb Rßƒ°v Ft∏mgpw Hcp A\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Rß-fpsS _m®n¬ G‰hpw ka¿∞-\mb BZ¿iv (A®≥ Abmsf BZ¿i-hmt\ F∂mWv hm’-ey-]q¿∆w hnfn-°p-I) .bm-{X-b-b∏ns‚ Hu]-Nm-cnI Iq´m-bvab - n¬ F√m A≤y-]I - s - cbpw km£n \n¿Øn {]kvXmhn-®p. Rms\mcp A[ym-]-I-\m-bm¬ A[ym-]\ ssien-bnepw hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSp≈ kao-]-\-ß-fnepw amXr-I-bm-°pI Noc-\-®s\bmbn-cn-°pw. {]IrXym apjn∏\pw t\ms´-gp-X¬ sIm≠v aSp-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb k_vkn-Un-bdn t]∏¿ tIcf kwkvIm-csØ Rßƒ°v {]nb-s∏´ hnj-b-am-hm≥ ImcWw B hnjbw ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ A®≥ {]-Z¿in-∏n® A]q¿∆-X-bm-Wv B A`n-{]m-bØn\v t{]cW \¬In-b-Xv. _ncp-Z-Øn¬ B hnj-b-Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ am¿°p-t\Sn-bXv Rm\msW∂v A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w Hm¿°p-∂p. AS-®p-]q-´n-bn-cp∂ a\- n-s‚bpw _p≤n-bp-sSbpw hmXm-b-\-ßƒ Xpd-∂n´v hmbphpw shfn-®hpw sIm≠v AhnSw ip≤o-I-cn-°p-hm\pw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-hm\pw ssZhw Hcp-°nb Ah-kc - a - mbn Cu aev]m-\p-am-bp≈ kwk¿§sØ Rm≥ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. C∂pw Rm≥ _mhm I£n-°m-c≥ Xs∂. ]s£, F{Xtbm hyXy-kvX-\mb _mhm I£n-°m-c≥. CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bnse ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw kwib \nhm-cW ]w‡n-Ifpw a‰pw hmbn-°p-tºmƒ bp. kn. bnse Fs‚ F√m \√-\m-fp-I-sfbpw t{ijvT-amb Kpcp-k-º¿°-sØbpw Rm≥ ho≠pw ho≠pw A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bmsW∂v Rm≥ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. cmPm-hpw \n_n-bp-amb Zmho-Zns‚ ap∏-sØm-ºXmw akvaq-dm-bn¬ aq∂mw hmIy-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. Fs‚ [ym\-Øn-¶¬ Xo I-Øn. At∏mƒ Rm≥ \msh-SpØp kwkm-cn-®p. Adp-]-Xns‚ \nd-hn¬ \n¬°p∂ Fs‚ Kpcp\m-Ys‚ [ym\w, a\-\w, ]T-\w, Btem-N\ F∂nh Hcp ]pØ≥ Xo bpsS A\p-`h - Ø - n-te°v DPz-en-°s´ F∂ {]m¿∞-\] - q¿∆w Biw-kn-°p-∂p. _msdIv tam¿.

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

31

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

20

^m. kÆn Nmt°m (A°n-°m-hn¬ (Xr-»q¿) Xma-kw. ]g™n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ]≈n hnIm-cnbm-bpw, Ip∂w-Ipfw `{Zm-k\ sshZnI sk{I-´-dn-bm-bpw, Bcy-`´ tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbpw tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ ]n. F®v. Un. _ncp-Z-Øns‚ Kth-jW hnZym¿∞n-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ]uckvXy Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv bphP\ {]ÿm\w tPmbn‚ v sk{I-´-dn-bm-bpw, bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠-js‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmbpw {]h¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v. Ih¿ Unssk-\nw-Kn¬ {]tXyI sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≠v ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) A£c k]-cy-bn-eqsS A\m-Zr-i-amb taJ-e-I-fn¬ A\-\y-amb ssieo`mhw hf¿Øn-sb-SpØ A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ ˛ Fs‚ Kpcp-\m-Y≥ IqSnbmb tUmIvS-d-®-s\-∏‰n Fgp-Xp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Fs‚ a\- n¬ BZyw Db¿∂p-h-∂Xv Cu Nn¥-bm-Wv. Kth-j-W-Øn-eqsS Adn-hm¿÷n-®-h¿ \nc-h[nbmWv. F∂m¬ Adn-hns\ hn⁄m-\-am°n A£-c-Øn¬ ]I¿Øp-hm-\p≈ IrX-l-kvXX; {]`m-j-W-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ B¿÷hw; Cu KpWK-W-ß-fpsS ktΩ-f\w A]q¿∆-am-Wv. Ch c≠pw HØn-W-ßnb A]q¿∆ hy‡nXzw AXmWv jjvTn-]q¿Øn-bpsS ]Iz-X-bn-seØnb dh. tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®≥. teJ-\ß - f - n-em-bmepw {]`m-jW - ß - f - n-em-bmepw A\m-bmkw Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ hm°p-Iƒ; ]c-Øn-∏-d-bmsX t\cn´v Imcy-ß-fn-te°v IS-°p∂ ssien; A\phm-N-Is‚ Bkzm-Z-\-tØ-°mƒ hm°p-I-fpsS kXy-k-‘-X-bn-ep≈ Du∂¬; Bi-b-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±sØ AXn-Po-hn-°p-hm-\p≈ A≤zm\w; CsXm-s°-bmWo BNm-cys‚ A\-\y-X. Nne _ncp-Z-ßƒ Nne¿°v Ae-¶m-c-sa-¶n¬ tUmIvS-d-®s‚ tUmIvS-td-‰v B _ncp-Z-Øn-\mWv Ae-¶mcw. 1982 emWv _lp. Noc-\-®-s\-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv. A∂v Rm≥ skan-\mcn hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1984 ¬ Fs‚ CS-hI hnImcnbmbn _lp. A®≥ \nb-an-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ _lp. A®-\p-ambn \nc-¥cw kº¿°-Øn-te¿s∏Sm≥ Ign-™p. kº¿°w-sIm≠v Nne-tcm-Sp≈ ASp∏w Ipd-bm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ A®≥ AXn-\-]-hm-Z-am-Wv. A®-\p-am-bp≈ N¿®-Ifpw Bib kwhm-Z-ßfpw HSp-hn¬ FØn-t®-cpI GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn⁄m\ imJbpsS hnkvar-X-ßfmb Ime-L-´-ßsf A\m-h-cWw sNø-W-sa-∂p≈ sh√p-hnfn kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ {]tNm-Z\w \¬In-s°m-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. IqSmsX Gs‰-Sp-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ \n¿∆ln-°m-\mbn Xs‚ injy-\nepw kl-{]-h¿Ø-I-cnepw A®≥ \nc-¥cw t{]cW sNep-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn°pw. `mjm-≤ym-]-I-s\-¶nepw k`m-N-cn{Xw Bcm-[\ F∂o taJ-e-I-fn-emWv A®s‚ hnlmc cwKw. k`m-N-cn{X Kth-jWw Gsd {ia-I-c-am-Wv. {]`h kma32

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ {Kn-I-fpsS A`m-hhpw D≈h Xs∂ kwc-£n-°m-\p≈ hnap-J-X-bpw, tIc-fo-bcpsS Ncn-{X-t_m-[a - n-√m-bvabpw HØp-tN-cp-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-\n¿ΩnXn Bbm-k] - q¿Æam-Ipw. F∂m¬ ae-¶-c-bpsS k`m-N-cn{X \n¿Ωn-Xnbv°v as‰mcp XSkw IqsSbp-≠v. t_m[-]q¿∆-amb sXfnhp \in-∏n-°¬. 16-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-Ønepw, 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`n-Ønepw B¿®v _nj∏v Ae-Ivknkv Un. sas\-knkv ]pcm-X\ tZhm-e-b-ß-fnse Bcm-[-\m-{I-a-ßfpw, Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fpw Xncp-Øp-Itbm, Xobn´v \in-∏n-°p-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. Cß-s\-bp≈ taJ-e-I-fn¬ IS-∂pI-bdn {]`h kma-{Kn-Isf Is≠-SpØv A¿l-amb {]m[m-\y-tØmsS Ah-X-cn∏n®v ae-¶-c-bpsS Ncn-{X-\n¿Ωn-Xnbv°v sNdp-X-√mØ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Ip-hm≥ _lp. A®\v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. CXn-sems° Kpcp-X-c-amb Hcp Ah-ÿ-bmWv B[p-\nI k` t\cn-Sp∂ Ncn{X-]c-amb {]Xn-k-‘n. th≠{X Ncn-{X-t_m-[-tam, Kth-j-Wtam C√msX k`m Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ F∂ {]mam-Wn-IXzw kzbw kzoI-cn®v HutZym-KnI Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ Na™v {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Ncn-{X-Im-c≥am-cpsS(?) Ncn-{Xm-Jym-bn-Iƒ {]`-h-km-a{Kn-I-sf-∏-‰n Bg-Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-hm-t\m, e`y-am-Im-\n-S-bp≈ tcJ-I-sf-∏‰n At\zjn-°p-hmt\m hne-bn-cp-Øp-hmt\m {ian-°msX Nne Ncn{X \pdp-ßp-Isf Bkv]Z-am°n Nne¿ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn (?) \S-Øp∂ {]I-cWw. ap≥hn-[n-tbm-sS-bp≈ Ch-cpsS Ncn-{X-Øns‚ ]p\¿ hmb-\-Iƒ ImWp-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS \n -lmbXtbm¿Øv kl-X-]n-°mt\ Ign-bq. Hcp ImcWw faith, seeking, understanding F∂ ssZh-imkv{X coXn-im-kv{X-amWv ]ecpw k`m-N-cn-{X-Ønepw ]I¿Øp∂-Xv. BZyw Is≠-Ø¬, ]n∂oSv At\z-j-Ww. c≠m-a-tØ-XmWv CXnepw {it≤b-amb Imc-Ww. ae-¶-c-bpsS k`m-N-cn{X {]`h kma-{Kn-Iƒ an°-hbpw kpdnbm\n `mj-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWncn-°p-∂Xv. AXn-\m¬ k`m-N-cn{Xw Kth-jW-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿°v Bhiyw Adn-™n-cnt°≠ Nne an\naw tbmKy-X-I-fp-≠v. H∂v ]pcm-X\ en]n-Iƒ hmbn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv, c≠v kpdn-bm\n `mjbnep≈ Ah-Km-lw. AXp-Xs∂ Fkv{Sw-tKe en]nbn-ep≈ kpdn-bm\n, ]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n, ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n IqSmsX aebmf `mj kpdn-bm\n en]n-bn-se-gp-Xp∂ I¿tkm-\n. Ch Xs∂ A®-Sn-`m-jbn¬ e`n-°p-sa∂v Icp-Xp-hm≥ hø. an°-hmdpw F√mw Xs∂ ssIsø-gpØp {]Xn-I-fm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ ivloam \a-kvImcw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ sNm√n-b-Xp-sIm≠v Cu hI {KŸ-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p-hm≥ Ign-b-W-sa-∂n-√. Chn-sS-bmWv tUmIvSd-®s‚ A\-\y-X. \nc¥c ]cn-{i-a-Øn-s‚bpw km[-\-bp-sSbpw ^e-ambn At±lw B¿÷n® Cu {]Xn` t\Sn-bh - ¿ hnc-fa - m-Wv. kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ {]mhoWyw t\Sn-b-h¿ \ap-°p-≠v. Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-Øn¬ {]mK-¤y-ap-≈-hcpw \ap-°p-≠v. F∂m¬ c≠nepw Hcp-t]mse {]mhoWyw t\Snb Noc-\-®-s\-t∏m-ep-≈ {]Xn-`m[-\¿ C√-X-s∂. {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\-b® {KŸw FUn‰v sNbvXv teJ-\-Øn-sem-Xp-°n-bXpw ho≠pw FUn‰v sNbvXt- ∏mƒ AXv hmN-It- a-fb - nse D≤-cW - n-bm-bXpw Hcp-]s£ AXn-i-tbm-‡n-bm-bn-cn-°mw. F∂m¬ ]e-cp-sSbpw {KŸ-ßƒ hmbn-°p-tºmƒ

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

33

˛^m. kÆn Nmt°m AXm-tWm¿Ω -h-cn-I. F∂m¬ _. tUmIvS-d-®s‚ {KŸ-ßƒ CXn-s\m-c-]-hm-Zam-Wv. AXnse Hcp hms°-¶nepw Hgn-hm-°nbm¬ B hmN-I-Øns‚ ]q¿ÆX \jvS-s∏-Spw. an\naw hm°p-I-fn¬ hy‡-amb Nn¥-Iƒ. A®s‚ Hmtcm ]pkvXIhpw aqt∂m \mtem ]pkvX-I-ß-fmbn hni-Zo-I-cn-°-Ø° hn[-Øn¬ Bib kºp-jvSa - m-Wv. Hcp {]`m-j-I-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ Hdn-Pn-\m-en-‰n-bp≈ {]hm-N-I Z¿i-\-ß-fmWv A®s\ hyXy-kvX\ - m-°p-∂X - v. {]kw-Kt- h-Zn-bn-eqsS Ah-Xc - n-∏n®v hnim-ea - m°nb Nn¥-Iƒ ]e-t∏m-sg√mw {]`m-jW Nn¥-I-fmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v. {]tXyIn®v N¿®v ho°n-en-bn¬ BgvN-I-tfmfw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® {]kw-K-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ. Ch-bn-se√mw e£yw sh°p-∂Xv Hcp ]pØ≥ kmaq-ly-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bm-Wv. am¿Ivkn-s\-t∏mse h¿§-kn-≤m-¥w, Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ D≈-h\pw C√m-Øh\pw F∂Xv Adn-hp-≈-h\pw C√m-Ø-h\pw F∂v hyXymk-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂v am{Xw. Cßs\ _lp-apJ {]Xn-`-bmb tUm. tPmk^v Noc-\-®s\∏‰n A£-c-Øn¬ ]-I¿Øp-hm-\p≈ ]cn{iaw Xs∂ kml-k-sa-∂-dn-bmw. F¶nepw Hcp hn\oX injys‚ {]Xn-I-cWw B A¿∞-Øn¬ Icp-Xn-bm¬ aXn. Hcp {]kn-≤-amb Cw•ojv ]g-samgn Hm¿Øp-sIm≠v D]-kw-l-cn-°-s´. “He knows that he knows is wise”

D]-lmc ka¿∏Ww Bem-bv°¬Ip-fºv

D]-lmc ka¿∏Ww am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ]T\ thZn

21 awK-f] - {X ka¿∏Ww Fd-Wm-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-tky-j≥ 34

1997 se ]utcm-lnXy cP-X-Pq-_nen D]-lmcw (]-g™n Pn√ O.S.S.A.E.)

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏ns‚ Adp-]Xv h¿j-ßƒ

ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏ns‚ Adp-]Xv h¿j-ßƒ tagvkn tPm¿÷v & {]kmZv tPmk^v Noc≥ KX-Ime Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Bg-Øn¬ ]Z-aq-∂n-s°m≠v hcm-\n-cn-°p∂ ImesØ XnI™ Dƒ°m-gvN-tbmsS {]h-Nn-°pI F∂Xv {ia-I-c-amb Hcp ZuXy-tØmsSm∏w Hcp henb ssZh-\n-tbmKw IqSn-bm-Wv. Rß-fpsS ]nXm-hns\ icm-i-cn°m-cn¬ \n∂p-b¿Øn Hcp Akm-[m-cW {]Xn-`-bm-°p-∂Xv Cu Ncn{X \ntbm-KamWv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ \nc-¥-c-amb kΩ¿±-ß-ƒ hnP-b-I-c-ambn AXn-Pohn® Cu Adp-]Xmw h¿jw At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Ønse Hcp \mgn-I-°-√p-Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu thf-bn¬ \µn-\n-d™ lrZ-b-tØmsS ssZhsØ al-Xz-s∏-SpØp-Ibpw \s√mcp `mhn-°mbn lrZbw ap´n {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hnhm-lm-\-¥cw sshZn-I-hr-Øn-bn-te°v {]th-in® At±-lw c≠v taJ-e-Isfbpw AX-Xns‚ {]m[m-\y-tØmSpw DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-tØm-Sp-amWv I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_-Po-hn-X-Ø-∏‰n hfsc hy‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-SmWv At±-l-Øn-\p-≈Xv. Xm≥ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ Ip∂w-Ipfw kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ h‡m-hm-Im≥ \ntbmKw e`n® At±lw Xs‚ hcpw Xe-ap-dbpw Ahsb ]n≥Xp-S-c-W-sa∂ i‡-amb A`n-{]m-b° - m-c\ - m-Wv. Icp-Xe - p≈ Hcp IpSpw_ \mY-\m-Wt- ±-lw. IpSpw-_Ø - nse Hmtcm ]≤-Xn-Ifpw hfsc Zo¿L-ho-£-W-tØm-sS-bmWv πm≥ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. IpSpw-_mw-Kß - ƒ XΩn-ep≈ A`n-{]mb hyXym-kß - ƒ Xpd∂ N¿®-bn-eq-sS-bmWv ]cn-l-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A`n-{]mbw ]d-bm≥ hfsc sNdp-∏w-ap-Xte a°-fmb Rßsf t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. IpSpw_ N¿®-I-fn¬ k÷o-h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°phm\pw AXp-hgn icn-sX-‰p-I-sf ]‰n hy‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSnse-Øm\pw Cu N¿®-Iƒ Rßƒ°v hgn-sbm-cp°n. D]-tZ-iß - sf ]e-t∏mgpw IYm-cq-t]-Wb - mWv At±lw Rß-fpsS a\- n-te-s°-Øn-®-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ah Rß-fpsS a\- n¬ ambmØ hgn-Im-´n-I-fmbn C∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. IpSpw-_-Øn-se-∂Xp-t]mse GsXm-cp {]ÿm-\-sØbpw hnP-b-Øn-te-s°-Øn-°p-∂Xv AXnse AwK-ß-fpsS Hcp-abpw A®-S-°-hp-amsW∂v At±lw hniz-kn-®p. a°ƒ F∂ \nebv°v At±-l-Øns‚ I¿°i \ne-]m-Sp-I-tfmSv ]e-t∏mgpw s]mcp-Ø-s∏Sm≥ _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw kz¥w hm°nepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw Ahsb A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ {]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-°nb At±-lØ - ns‚ AXn¿ hc-ºp-Iƒ - ewLn°m≥ Rßƒs°m-cn-°epw km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn ho´n¬ \n∂v AI∂v tlmÃ-ep-I-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºmgpw kvt\l \n¿`-chpw BImw£m-`-cn-X-hp-amb \o≠ IØp-I-fn-eqsS Rßƒ°v t{]m’m-l-\hpw ss[cyhpw ]I¿∂p-X-∂n-cp-∂Xv C∂pw Hm¿°p-∂p. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xm¥m-ßƒ°v In´nb Xme-¥p-Isf Xncn-®-dn™v ]Øpw AºXpw \qdpw ta\n-bmbn sImø-W-sa∂v Rßsf DXvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp PohnX ho£Ww D≠m- t I- ≠ - X ns‚ Bh- i y- I - X - s b- ∏ ‰n Rß- f pw XnI®pw t_m[- h m- ∑ m- c m -bn-cp-∂p. Ip∂w-Ip-fsØ ]g-™n-bn¬ P\n®v Hcp XnI™ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv hnizm-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

35

22

˛tagvkn tPm¿÷v & {]kmZv tPmk^v Noc≥ kn-bmbn Ign™ At±-l-Øns‚ _mey-Im-e-sØ-∏‰n Hcp-]mSv hnh-c-ßƒ tI´dn-™n-´p-≠v. \memw hb- n¬ AΩ-bpsS acWw ˛ ]nXm-hns‚ ]p\¿hn-hmlw ˛ ktlm-Z-cn-bpsS IqsS-bp≈ hnZym-`ymk \mfp-Iƒ Ch-sb√mw hfsc hnImc hmbvt]msS a°-fmb Rßsf ]d™v tIƒ∏n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _meyw apX¬s° kz {]b-Xv\-amWv PohnX hnP-b-Øn-\m-[mcw F∂ henb Xncn-®dnhnseØn-t®¿∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw ]n∂o-Sp≈ Pohn-XØ - n-te-°p≈ hgn-Im-´n. Xoøn¬ IpcpØ _mey-Øn\v shbn-sem-cp {]iv\-a-√m-Xmb ImgvN ]n∂o-S-tßm-´p≠m-bn. Hcp \√ hnZym¿∞nbv°v \s√mcp A≤ym-]-I-\m-Im≥ km[n°q F∂p≈ hkvXpX ]nXm-hns\ kw_-‘n®v XnI®pw A¿∞-h-Øm-Wv. ]´mºn kwkvIrX tImtf-Pn¬ ae-bmfw hnZzm\v ]Tn-°p∂ Ime-sØ-∏‰n Hfn-a-ßmØ Hm¿Ω-IfmWv At±-l-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. Ahn-SsØ {]K-¤-cmb A[ym-]-I¿ ˛ {]tXy-In®v sNdp-Im-Sv, s{]m^. hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-∏mSv F∂n-h-cp-sS-sbms° ¢m p-Iƒ Ahn-kvac - W - o-ba - mb A\p-`h - a - mWv At±-lØ - n¬ D≠m-°n-bX - v. hmb\-bpsS Xnc-t°-dnb Zn\-ß-fn¬ aSp∏v Hgn-hm-°m-\mbn ]pe¿®bv°v Fgp-t∂‰v ]pg-bn¬ InS-°p-∂Xpw a\ pw ico-chpw Ipfn¿Øv ho≠pw hmb-\-bn-te°v t{]th-in-°p-∂X - psams° IY-If - mbn InS-°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ \n∂pw ^Ãv dmt¶msS-bp≈ D∂X hnPbw Pohn-X-hn-P-b-Øn-te-°p≈ BZy-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. {]_p-≤-X-bp≈ Hcp A[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. {Inbm-ﬂ-I-amb Hcp Xeap-dsb hm¿sØ-Sp-°p-∂X - n¬ {]Xn-⁄m-_≤ - \ - m-bn-cp∂p At±lw hnZym¿∞nI-fpsS ]T-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ henb I¿°i kz`m-h-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xr»q¿ kn. Fw. Fkv. kvIqfn¬ \nd™p \n∂ hy‡n {]`m-h-Øn\p DS-a-bmb At±lw kvIqƒ sk‚n-\-dn-bpsS `mK-ambn \S-Ønb kmwkvIm-cnI ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw \¬IpI hgn Xs‚ kwLmS-I-]m-Shw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ahn-S-∂-tßm´v tImtfPv A[ym-]\ cwK-tØbv°v IS-∂p-h-∂Xv Hcp henb hgn-Øn-c-hmbn IW-°m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. {]Xn-`m-[-\-∑m-cmb Hcp-]mSv hy‡n-Isf kw`m-h\ sNbvX Beph bqWn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ tImtfPv A∏-®s\ kw_-‘n®v Hcp ]dp-Zo-k-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-SpsØ A¥-co-£hpw sse{_-dnbpw At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ henb kzm[o-\-amWv sNep-Øn-b-Xv. DZm-Ø-amb Nn¥-I-fmWv Ip´n-°mew apX¬°v At±lw Rßƒ°v ]I¿∂p \¬In-b-Xv. Rßƒ°p-th≠n _p°v ¢∫n¬ tN¿∂v Hcp henb {KŸ-ti-Jcw Xs∂- H-cp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. F{X-sb-{X alXv hy‡n-I-fpsS PohnX Ncn-{X-ßfpw t\mh-ep-Ifpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw CXn-lm-k-ß-fp-sam-s°-bmWv As∂ms° hmbn®n-´p-≈-Xv. Hcp XnI™ {InkvXo-bm-¥-co-£-amWv ho´n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw cmam-bW - hpw, alm-`m-cX - hpw, `mK-hX - hpsams°-bmWv ss__nƒ IY-It- f-°mƒ Rß-fpsS a\- n¬ \nd™p \n∂n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ]pkvX-I-ßƒ \¬Inb Dƒ°mgvN-I-fm-bn-cn°mw ]n¬°m-eØv kmlnXy ]T-\-Øn-te°v Fs∂ hgn-Xn-cn-®p -hn-´Xv. BNmcy t{ijvT-\mWv At±-lw hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn-epw, a‰p Bcm-[\m {Ia-ß36

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

ssZh-\-S-Øn-∏ns‚ Adp-]Xv h¿j-ßƒ fnepw At±lw ImWn-°p∂ Hcp-°hpw Pm{K-Xbpw Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°m-hp∂-X-√. ]Sn-™m-tdm´v Xncn-™m¬ XnI™ Bﬂm¿∞X ]pe¿Øp∂ ]e sshZn-Ic - n¬ \n∂pw XnI®pw hn`n-∂\ - mWv At±-lw. Bcm-[\m {Ia-ßsf ]q¿Æambpw Dƒs°m≠v Ahsb [ym\n-®v \S-Øp∂ B Bcm-[-\-Iƒ Rß-fpsS a\- n¬ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-b-h-bm-Wv. Bcm-[\m at≤y-bp≈ {]kw-K-ßƒ XnI®pw Imen-Ihpw Bthiw sIm≈n-°p-∂-h-bp-am-Wv. Bcm-[\m ka-bØv Bsc-¶nepw Ae-k-cmbn \n¬°p-∂Xv A£-¥-hy-amb Ip‰-ambn ImWp-Ibpw Ahsc At∏mƒsØs∂ imkn-°p-∂Xpw `b-N-In-X-amb a\-t msS C∂pw Hm¿°p∂p. Hcp CS-hI `c-Wm-[n-Imcn F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±-lw {]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂p Xs∂ ]d-bmw. Hcp ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ HØp-Xo¿∏n\v (Compromise) Xøm-dm-ImØ {]Ir-X-am-bn-cn°mw Cu cwKsØ A{]-i-kvXn°p Imc-Ww. BfpI-fpsS {]oXn kºm-Zn-°m-\mbn GXp ]cn-[nh-scbpw t]mIm≥ Xøm-dp≈ km[mc-W-°m-cpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ CXv XnI®pw kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. ]e-t∏mgpw kz{]-bXv\Ø - m¬ t\Sn-sb-SpØ tPmen-Xs - ∂-bm-bn-cn-°Ww Bscbpw IqkmsX kwkmcn-°m-\p≈ N¶q‰w At±-lØ - n\v ]I¿∂-Xv. Bﬂob ]nXm-hm-b A`n-hµy bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS hy‡n-{]-`mhw Hcp henb Af-hphsc At±-l-Øns‚ PohnX ho£-WsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kzm[o-\n-®n-´p≠v. efn-X-amb PohnX ssien, Bg-ta-dnb Nn¥-Iƒ, Imºp≈ kwkm-cw, \nc¥-c-amb ]T-\w, Kuc-h-]q¿Æ-amb FgpØv Ch-bpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥. XnI™ Kth-jI\mWv At±lw. hmb-\bpw ]T-\hpw Pohn-tXm-]m-k-\bm-°nb ]nXm-hns‚ Nn{X-amWv Hm¿Ω-sh-®-Xp-ap-X¬ Ct∂mfw Rß-fpsS a\ n-ep-≈-Xv. aWn-°q-dp-I-tfmfw \o≠ hmb-\bpw Fgp-Ønepw A\n¿∆-N-\o-bamb B\-µ-amWv At±-lw I≠n-cp-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-Xbpw ss__nfn-\p≈ kzm[o-\hpw F∂ Kth-jW {]_‘w At±-l-Øns‚ ae-bmf kmlnXy-Øn-ep≈ ]cn-⁄m\w ss__n-fn-ep≈ Bg-ta-dnb Nn¥-Ifpw ka-\z-bn-∏n-®Xns‚ DØa DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. F¶nepw X\-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Im≥ km[n°p∂ Kth-jW taJ-e-bmbn At±lw Xnc-s™-Sp-ØXv k`m-N-cn-{X-am-Wv. AXns‚ ^e-ambn hnkvar-Xn-bn-em≠ ]e {]mNo\ tcJ-Ifpw shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-hc - p-hm≥ At±-lØ - n-\p km[n-®p. Cu tcJ-If - psS ]n≥_-eØ - n¬ At±lw \S-Ønb s]mfn-s®-gp-Øp-Iƒ XnI®pw {it≤-b-am-Wv. hmfn-t\-°mƒ aq¿®tb-dnb hm°p-I-fp-ambn kaq-l-Ønse A\o-Xn-Isf B{I-an-°p∂ \n¿`-b-amb ssien At±-lsØ thdn´ Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\mbn am‰p-∂p. C∂v Adp-]Xv hb v Hcp Ime-b-f-h-s√-¶nepw ]nXm-hns\ kw_-‘n®v AXv Hcp \mgn-I-°√v Xs∂-bm-Wv-. \memw hb- n¬ amXm-hns‚ acWw hcp-Ønsh® A\m-Y-Xzw, {]o bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n°v ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ ]nXm-hns‚ th¿]m-Sv, k¿∆okn-en-cns° ac-W-a-S™ Ifn-°q-´p-Im-c-\mb tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-cs‚ acWw Chsb√mw At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ sNdp-X-√mØ BLm-X-amWv G¬∏n-®-Xv.

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

37

˛tagvkn tPm¿÷v & {]kmZv tPmk^v Noc≥ ssI]n-Sn®v \S-Øm≥ Hcp tKmUv^m-Z¿ C√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw PohnX e£ysØ Is≠-Øp-Ibpw A{im¥ ]cn-{i-a-Øn-eqsS Ah-sb√mw kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Adp-]Xv h¿j-ß-fpsS Hmtcm hgn-Øm-c-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ a\- n¬ \nd-™p-\n¬°p-∂p-≠m-Imw. ssZh\S-Øn∏v A\p-`h - n-®d- n™ Hcp IpSpw-_a - mWv Rß-fp-tS-Xv. ]n∂n´ hgn-I-fn-te°v Xncn™p t\m°p-tºmƒ XnI™ Bﬂ-hnizmkhpw A`n-am-\-hp-amWv At±-l-Øn-\pw Rßƒ°p-ap-≈-Xv. A¥x-—n-{Z-ß-fm¬ _e-lo-\-amb ae-¶c k`-bpsS tim`-\-amb `mhn F∂ kz]v\-amWv At±lw ImWp-∂-Xv. At±lw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂ B \√-\m-sfsb-°m-Wm≥ k¿∆-i-‡-\mb ssZhw A\p-{K-ln-°s´ F∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbmsS Cu ip`-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ Rß-fpsS kt¥mjw ]¶p-sh-bv°-s´. (aIƒ : tagvkn tPm¿÷v, Ig-°q´w lb¿ sk°‚dn kvIqƒ A≤ym-]nI `¿Ømhv : tUm. ]n. sF. tPm¿÷v, ssk\nI kvIqƒ A≤ym-]-I≥ a°ƒ : 1) lna tPm¿÷v, (2) sSWm tPm¿÷v aI≥ : {]km-Zv, Beph bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ A≤ym-]-I≥ `mcy : Zo] {]kmZv a°-fpsS hne-bn-cp-Ø-emWo teJ-\w)

23 ktΩ-f\w ˛ hnhn[ Zriy-ßƒ 38

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

dh. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥

dh. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Hcp {]ÿm\w tUm. F. hn. Xºn (tUm. F. hn. Xºn Gsd-°psd A®s‚ {]mb-°m-c≥, Htc {Kma-°m-c≥, ]Tn-®-Xpw, Ifn-®-Xpw, hf¿∂-Xpw Htc kml-N-cy-Øn¬. imkv{Xob hnj-b-ßfn¬ _ncp- Z m- \ - ¥ c _ncpZw t\Sn Kth- j W _ncp- Z hpw t\Sn Np¶- Ø d am¿tØmΩm tImtf-Pn¬ {]n≥kn-∏-embn hnc-an-®p. anI® A[ym-]-I≥, `c-WI¿Øm-hv, kwLm-S-I≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ AJn-te¥ym {]ikvXn t\Snb tUm. Xºn {]K-¤-\mb k¿∆-I-em-imem A[ym-]-I-\p≈ tZiob Ahm¿Uv t\Sn-bn´p-≠v. ssh. Fw. kn. F. bpsS doPn-b-W¬ sNb¿am≥ IqSn-bmb At±lw A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-ap≈ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ \nc-h[n Kth-jW {]_‘-ßƒ {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb Po\n-bkv BWv. ss__nfpw imkv{Xhpw F∂ teJ-\ kam-lm-c-Øns‚ {KŸ-I¿Øm-hm-Wn-t±-lw. ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) _lp. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ A®≥ ]Tn-®Xv ]g™n Kh. sslkvIq-fn¬; Rm\pw ]Tn-®Xv AtX kvIqfn¬ Xs∂. A®≥ Hcp ¢mkv Xmsgsb∂p am{Xw. {]mb-Øn¬ A®≥ Fs∂-°mƒ 6 amkw Xmsg-bm-Wv. A®s‚ tPyjvT≥ tPm¿÷v (C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-∏n-√) Fs‚ IqsS ks≠-kvIqƒ ]Tn-®n-cp-∂p. Fs‚ aqØ ktlm-Zcn timim-Ω-bpsS IqsS-bmWv A®s‚ ktlm-Zcn Ip™mΩ (C∂v Pohn-®n-cn-∏n-√) IÆq¿ s{Sbv\nwKv kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-®-Xv. Fs‚ tPyjvTØn (tPy-jvTs‚ `mcy) A®s‚ IqsS-bm-bn-cp∂p ae-bmfw hnZzm≥ s{Sbn-\nw-Kn\v ]Tn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A®s‚ IpSpw-_-ambpw A®\pambpw F\n-°p≈ kvt\l-_‘w ImWn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv C{Xbpw ]d-™-Xv. A®s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn Ign™ Ahk-c-Øn¬ A®s\∏‰n Hm¿Øp t]mbn F∂p-am-{Xw. ]Tn-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ {]tXy-In®pw sslkvIqƒ ]T-\-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ae-bmf {]_-‘-a-’-c-Øn-epw, ae-bmf {]kw-K-a-’-c-Ønepw A®≥ hf-sctbsd kΩm-\-ßƒ hmcn-°q-´n-b-Xmbn Hm¿°p-∂p. ae-bmf `mj ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Xs∂ {]mK¤yw t\Sn-bn-cp∂p F∂v {]kvXmhn-°p-∂X - n¬ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p. a’cßƒ \S-°p-∂X - n-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂ kΩm\-ßƒ hmcn-°q-´p-∂Xv tPmkv (A®s‚ kvIqfnse t]cv) Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂v F√m-h¿°pw Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂p. sNdp-∏-Ønte D≈ B `mjm kvt\lw hep-Xm-bt- ∏mƒ ]Tn-°p-∂X - nepw Kth-jWw \S-Øp-∂X - n\pw ae-bm-fØ - n¬ {]`mj-Wß - ƒ \S-Øp-∂X - n\pw A®s\ Ign-hp-≈h - \ - m°n F∂v ]d-bp-∂X - mhpw icn. A®s\mcp _lp-apJ {]Xn-`-bm-Wv. {]K-¤-\mb Hcp A≤ym-]-I\pw IqSn-bmWv. tUm. cm[m-Ir-jvW≥ A[ym-]-\-sØ-∏‰n ]d-™Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. If there is anything magnanimous that is teaching, only teaching (Fs¥-¶nepw alØmb Hcp Imcy-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]Tn-∏n-°pI F∂Xm-Wv. ]Tn-∏n-°pI F∂Xv am{X-am-Wv). ae-bmf `mj-bn-ep≈ AKm-[-amb ]mWvUnXyw A≤ym-]\ ssienbn¬ {]I-S-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v At±-l-Øns‚ injy-∑m¿°pw kl A≤ym-]I¿°pw Adn-hp-≈-Xm-Wv. A®s‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-fn¬ FSp-Ø-]-d-b-Ø° as‰m∂mWv Kth-jW-Øn-ep≈ Xm¬]-cyw. Hcp \√ A[ym-]-I≥ Hcp \√ Kth-j-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

39

24

˛tUm. F. hn. Xºn I-\m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂n-√. A®≥ Hcp \√ A[ym-]-I-\pw Hcp \√ Kth-j-I\pw IqsS-bm-Wv. C∂v A®≥ Hcp dnk¿®v ssKUp-Iq-sS-bm-Wv. A®s‚ as‰mcp {]tXy-IX Ncn{Xw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Kth-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw ad-™p-In-S-°p∂ kXy-ßƒ C∂sØ Xe-ap-dbv°v am¿§-Z¿i\w \¬Ip∂ hn[- Ø n¬ D]- t bm- K - { ]- Z - a m- ° p- I bpw sNøp∂p F∂p- ≈ - X m- W v . B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme A®s‚ ssIøn-e-√msX thsd-sbm-cm-fpsS ssIøn¬ In´nbn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AXns‚ {]m[m\yw {i≤n-°s - ∏-SmsX t]mtb-s\. C{Xbpw N¿®bpw \S-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ae-bmf `mjm-km-ln-Xy-Øn¬ am{X-a√ C∂sØ {]i-kvXcmb Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpsS Iq´-Ønepw A®s‚ t]cp-Im-Wp-∂Xv AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ip∂w-Ipfw {]tZ-i-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw Ncn{Xw \∂mbn Adn-bm-hp∂ hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ A®≥ {]i-kvX-\m-Wv. km[m-cW sshZn-I≥ ss__nƒ ]T\Øn¬ am{Xw Du∂¬ sImSp-°p-∂p. A®s‚ ae-bmf `mj-bn-ep≈ ]cn-⁄m\w A®s\ \s√mcp {]`m-j-I\pw hm‹nbpw Hs°-bm-°n-am-‰n-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv. Words are stronger than bullets tI´nt´-bp≈q A®s‚ teJ-\-ß-fnepw {]kw-K-ß-fnepw hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂Xv hy‡-amb e£y-Øn-te°v D∂w-sh-®p-sIm-≠p-Xs - ∂-bm-Wv. AXv ]e-t∏mgpw a‰p-≈-hsc apdn-th¬∏n-°m\pw Imc-W-am-bm¬ A¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√. ]´mºn kwkvIrX tImtf-Pn¬ \n∂v hnZzm≥ (a-e-bm-fw) ]co-£-bn¬ Ahn-`‡ tIcf bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bpsS H∂mw dm¶v t\Snb A®≥ Ign-hp≈ hnZym¿∞n-bm-sW∂v sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂p≈ Pohn-X-Øn¬ B Ignhv (Talent) Hcp _lp-apJ {]Xn-`bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v ]d-bp-I-bmhpw icn. ]e-t∏mgpw sNdp-∏-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]≈n-bpsS ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw (]-g™n sk‚ v tacokv Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv N¿®v) ]g™n sslkvIqƒ {Ku≠nepw H∂n®p Ifn®n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ A®-\n-ep≈ kwLm-SI ]mShw hy‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mgpw A®s\∏-‰n ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A®≥ Ign-hp≈ Hcp kwLm-S-I≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ D≈ AKm[ ]mWvUnXyw Ncn-{X-K-th-j-WØnse {]mK-¤yw, kwL-S\m sshZ-KvZyw, ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\p≈ Xmev]cyw A®s\ C∂v CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bpsS No^v FUn-‰¿ ÿm\-tØ°v FØn-®n-cn-°pI-bm-Wv. A®≥ ]e {]ÿm-\-ß-fpw XpSßn sh®p. Nne DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠-j≥, am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]T-\-tI-{µw, {InkvXy≥ ÃUn sk‚¿, Fd-Wmw-Ipfw k`mN-cn-{X-k-an-Xn, Ip∂w-Ipfw Ncn-{Xk-anXn XpS-ßn-bh - . ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\w, {]kn-≤o-Ic - W Ie XpS-ßn-bh - b - n¬ A®≥ {]K-¤-\m-Wv. A®-s\-∏‰n H‰-hm-°n¬ ]d-™m¬ A®≥ Hcp {]ÿm-\-am-Wv. A≤y-£-ÿm\w Hcp-h≥ A≤y-£-ÿm-\w, (ta-e-t\z-jI ÿm\w ˛ ae-bmfw ss__nƒ, Hmim\ t]Pv 216, _nj∏v Cw•ojv ]cn-`mj) Imw£n-°p∂p F¶n¬ \√ the B{K-ln-°p-∂p. (1. XntamØn 3:1˛10). _nj-∏v, {]oÃv, {]n≥kn-∏mƒ, slUv Hm^v Zn Un∏m¿´vsa‚ v, slUvam-Ã¿, Ie-IvS¿, an\n-Ã¿ Cßns\ ]eXpw A≤y-£ÿm-\-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-sb-Sp-°mw. A≤y-£-ÿm\w B{K-ln-°p∂ Hcp-h\v 40

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

dh. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ Hcp {]ÿm\w GsX√mw KpW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v ]utemkv Xntam-Yn-tbm-kn\v FgpXnb teJ-\-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. AXn¬ {][m-\-ambh Xmsg-]-d-bp-∂-hbm-Wv. 1) Btcm-]-W-ßƒ°Xo-X≥ (2) GI `mcym-{h-X≥, (3) kwb-a-io-e≥, (4) hnth-I-im-en, (5) A¥- p-‰-h≥, (6) \√ BXn-tY-b≥, (7) \√ A≤ym-]-I≥, (8) aZy-]m\n Bbn-cn-°-cp-Xv, (9) A{I-am-k-‡-\m-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv, (10) im¥≥, (11) hg-°m-fn-bm-I-cp-Xv, (12) {Zhym-{K-ln-bm-bn-cn-°-cp-Xv, (13) kz¥w IpSpw-_sØ \∂mbn `cn-°m≥ Adn-bp-∂-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww, (14) a°sf A\p-k-c-W-bnepw am\y-X-bnepw hf¿Øp-∂-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww, (15) ]pd-Øp-≈-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ aXn∏p-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. _lp-am-\-s∏´ tPmk^v Noc\®≥ A≤y-£-ÿm-\-Øn\v A¿l-\m-Wv. I¿Ømhv ]d™ IY-bnse A©pXm-e¥p In´n-b-h≥ A©v Xme¥p-IqsS D≠m°n AXp-sIm≠v ho≠pw Xme¥pIƒ (Talents) ssZhw hmcn-t°m-cn-s°mSp-Øp. (a-Ømbn 25:14-˛30). ]Øp-dm-Ø¬ e`n-®-h≥ ]Øp-dm-Ø¬IqSn kºmZn®p AXp-sIm≠v Ahs\ ]Øp-]´- W - ß - f - psS A[n-]X - n-bm-°n. F∂v \mw hmbn°p-∂p-≠t√m (eqt°m 19:11-˛21). A®-\p-In-´nb Xme-¥p-Iƒ (Talents) A®≥ Ipgn-®n-´n-√. IqSp-X¬ IqSp-Xembn ]e {]ÿm-\-ß-fp-sSbpw A[n-]-\m-Im≥ tbmKyX t\SpI sNbvXp F∂v am{Xw. aZ¿ sXtc-k-bpsS {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ “Make me an instrument of your peace” (hn. AK-kvXys‚ {]m¿∞-\) F∂v ImWp-∂p-≠v. Hcp s]≥kn-embn ssZhØns‚ ssIhn-c-ep-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Ccn-°m-\mWv aZ¿ sXtck {]m¿∞n-®-Xv. s]≥kn-ens‚ ap\bv°v tXbvam\w h∂m¬ ssZhw Xs∂ AXns‚ Iq¿∏n-®psIm-≈p-as - {X. ssZhw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Hcp sIm®p s]≥kn¬ am{X-amWv A®≥. B Xqen-I-bn¬ \n∂v At\Iw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ C\nbpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°p-am-dmI-s´. A®\v Adp-]Xv Ign-s™-¶nepw C\nbpw A®\v hf-sc-Zqcw k©-cn-°m-\p≠v. ]e {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw XpSßn sh®n-t´-bp-≈q. Ph-l¿em¬ s\lvdp At±l-Øns‚ tai-∏p-dØp sh®n-´p≈ tdm_¿´v t^mÃdns‚ Hcp IhnX ChnsS {]k-‡-am-Wv. “The words are lovely, dark and deep But, I have promises to keep And miles to go before I sleep And miles to go before I sleep” A®s‚ tPmen Xo¿∂n-´n√ C\nbpw At\Iw ssa¬ k©-cn-°m-\p≈ i‡n ssZhw \¬I-s´-sb∂v Bin-°p-∂p. ]g-™n-bnse Fs‚ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ aq∂v t]cmWv Kth-jW _ncpZw t\Sn-bXv. Ipam-c-\pw, Rm\pw, tPmkpw. aq∂m-a-\m-Wv Ct∏mƒ jjvTn-]q¿Øn-bn-seØnb Noc-\-®≥ Rßƒ c≠p-t]cpw Rß-fpsS sF—nI hnj-b-ß-fmWv Kthj-W-Øn-\m-[mcam°n-b-Xv. Noc-\-®-\m-Is´ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-tØm-sSm∏w ae-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

41

˛tUm. F. hn. Xºn ¶c k`m-N-cn-{Xhpw k`-bpsS Bcm-[m-\m-\p-jvTm\ ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw Kth-jW hnjb-am°n. Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb Iem-eb hnZym-`ymkw Rßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-Øt∏mƒ A®≥ kmlnXy hn⁄m-\o-b-hpw, k`m hn⁄m-\o-b-hpw A\u-]-NmcnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. A®-s\-t∏mse c≠p Uk-\n-e[nIw ]pkvXI - ß - ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic - n® as‰mcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ tIm´-bØ - n\p hS°v Bsc-¶nepw D≠m-bn-´pt≠m F∂v kwi-b-am-Wv. ssZhw \¬Inb Ah-k-cßfpw \ntj-[n-°-s∏´ Ah-k-c-ßfpw A\p-tbm-Py-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v ]m›m-Ø-e-am-hm≥ ssZhw A®s\ A\p-{K-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂p. _mey-Im-eØv A®\pw Rm\pw ]g™n ]≈n aZv_-lm-bnse ip{iq-j-I-\mbn-cp-∂p. F\n°pw kplr-Øp-°ƒ°pw tijw aZv_-lm-bpsS AIw-I≠ At±lw Rß-tf-°mƒ Hcp-]mSv apºn-se-Øp-∂Xv A¤pXw hnS¿∂ angn-I-tfmsS-bmWv Rßƒ t\m°n-°-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. kpdn-bm\n `mj A`y-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, kpdn-bm\n cmK-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-∂Xpw A®\pamt{X Ign-bp-am-bncp-∂p-≈q. ZpxJ sh≈n-bm-gvNbpw a‰pw c≠v A®-∑m-cpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ c≠pw kwLw kpdn-bm-\nbpw ae-bm-fhpw (Iu-am-Iƒ am{X-a√ F√m Km\-ß-fpw) CShn´v ]mSp-tºmƒ kpdp-bm-\n-bnse ]m´p-kw-L-Øn¬ _lp. Ip‰n-°m-´n-e-®s‚ kwL-Øn¬ tPmkv ˛ Noc-\-®≥ ˛ am{Xsa ImWq. IpSpw-_-Ønse sshZnI ]mc-ºcyw hmk-\m-cq-]-Øn¬ ssIam-dn-°n-´n-b-Xm-hmw. ho´nse {]Xn-Iqe {]Xn_-‘-ßƒ aXn-ep-Iƒ Xo¿Øn-cp-∂n√msb-¶n¬ tPmkv Hu]-Nm-cnI hnZym-`ymk-hp-ambn apt∂dn IqSp-X¬ Db-c-ßƒ Iog-S-°p-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v Rm≥ hnizkn-°p-∂p.

CS-h-I-]-{XnI {]Im-i\w am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠j≥ hm¿jnIw

kotbm≥ ktµiw {]Im-i\w

25 42

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

˛kn. BZ¿iv F∂pw a\- n-em-°p-∂Xv Ah-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. Iq\≥ Ip-cniv Iem]w Fs∂-gpXn-b-Xn\v Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw F∂v am‰n-∏-d™p X∂Xv Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{Xw. A®s‚ ¢m v F√m-h¿°pw Htc-t]mse BkzmZyI-c-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p tXm∂p-∂n-√. Imc-Ww, aps∂ ]d-™-Xp-t]mse Ah N¿®-I-fn-eqsS apt∂-dp-∂Xp-sIm≠v kne-_-kn¬ HXpßn \n¬°p∂ H∂m-bn-cp-∂n√ AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Xmev]-cy-ßsf (]-co£m Xmev]-cy-ß-sf) AXv Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØn-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. ]s£, AXv hnhn[ kmwkvIm-cnI kmaq-lnI taJ-e-I-sf \ΩpsS ap∂n-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. Ncn-{X-tØmSv \nc¥cw tNmZyw tNmZn°p∂ Hcp kwhmZ taJ-eb - mbn B ¢m p-Iƒ C∂pw Hm¿°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. ¢m n-\-I-Øp≈ N¿®-Iƒ°p-]cn ¢m n\p ]pdØp \S∂ kzImcy kw`mj-W-ßƒ Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. \mcm-bW Kpcphn-s\-°p-dn®pw tIkcn F _me-Ir-jvW∏n≈sb-°p-dn®pw thdn´ Nn¥-Iƒ F\n°p In´n-bXv B kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. alm-`m-c-X-hpw, a‰p ]pcm-Wß-fpw ss__nƒ IY-Ifpw B kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ IS∂p hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A®s‚ ]e Bi-b-ß-tfmSpw F\n°v hntbm-Pn∏mWv D≠m-bn-cp-∂-sX-¶nepw ]pXn-sbmcp Nn¥m-ta-J-esb krjvSn-°m≥ Ahbv°v Ign-™p. Cß-s\-bp≈ kw`m-jW - ß - f - n¬IqSn hy‡n-]c - a - mb ]e {]iv\ß - fpw Xpd∂v kwkm-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp _‘w F\n°v A®-\p-ambn D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. AØcw N¿®-I-fn¬ Bﬂo-bXbpw XXz-Nn-¥bpw a‰pw IS∂p h∂n-cp-∂p. F\n-°p-≠mbn-´p≈ ]e {]iv\-ßƒ°pw Bizmkw ]I-cm≥ A®s‚ kw`m-j-W-ßƒ°v Ign-™n-´p-≠v. PohnX Z¿i-\-Øn¬ F\n°v ]e-t∏mgpw Ah {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´n-´p≠v. s]mXpsh A®-\n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp hna¿i-\m-ﬂI Nn¥ Fs∂ hfsc kzm[o-\n-®p. AXv Hcn-°epw A®-\n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ am\(-Dimention)-Øn-e√. H∂p c≠n-SØv ae-bmf `mjm-hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw In´n-bt- ∏m-sg√mw Xs∂ A®s\ Rm≥ Fs‚ ¢m n¬ hm°p-I-fn-eqsS sIm≠p-h-cm≥ {ian-®ncp-∂p. Fs‚ hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv Fs‚ B A[ym-]-Is\ Ipdn®pw ]d-™n-cp∂p. bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ Ipd®p\mƒ F\n°v ]Tn-∏n°m≥ km[n-®Xpw hnZym¿∞nI-tfmSv A®s‚ ¢m ns‚ Hm¿Ω-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°m≥ Ign™p F∂Xpw F\n°v kt¥m-jw \¬Inb A\p-`-h-ß-fm-Wv. Fs∂ kzm[o-\n-®, Nn¥-Iƒ°v ]pXnb Znim-t_m[w \¬Inb A]q¿∆w hy‡n-I-fn¬ {][m-\n-bmWv Fs‚ Cu A≤ym]-I≥.

Nn¥-bpsS Znim-t_m[w kn BZ¿iv (sIm-Sp-ß√ - q-cns‚ kmwkvIm-cnI {]m[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn®v Kth-jWw \S-Øp∂ BZ¿iv _lp. Noc-\-®s‚ G‰hpw \√ hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv. ]m¿´v ssSw hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cnt° Bephm bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn. bp. Pn. kn. s^t√m-jn∏v e`n-®-t∏mƒ tPmen hn´v ^pƒssSw Kth-j-I-\mbn ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm \∑-Iƒ hcp-tºmgpw \mw Nnesc BZ-c-thm-Sp-IqSn kvacn-°m-dp-≠v. Cuiz-cX - peyw Hm¿°m-dp-≠v. \ΩpsS Nn¥-sbbpw Pohn-Xs - Øbpw kzm[o-\n-°p-Ibpw \bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-h¿ Ah-cm-I-bm-em-W-Xv. AØcw A]q¿∆ hy‡n-Xz-ßƒ F√m-h-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬- D-≠mIpw. CsXmcp Ncn{X-{]-{In-b-bm-Wv. kmaq-lnI _‘-ß-fp-sS-Xmb XpS¿®-I-sfbpw CS¿®-I-sfbpw Ipdn-°p∂ {]{Inb. alXv hy‡n-Iƒ ]ecpw Xßsf kzm[o-\n® hy‡n-Isfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw kwL-S-\-I-sfbpw ]pkvX-I-ß-sfbpw a‰pw CØ-cØn¬ ]d-™n-´p-≠v. B[p-\nI kaq-l-Ønse A[ym-]-I¿°v Ch-bn¬ Hcp {][m\ ]¶p-≠v. Fs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Rm≥ Hm¿°p∂ A]q¿∆ hy‡n-Xz-ßfn¬ Hcm-fmWv bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ Fs∂ ]Tn-∏n® ^m. tPmk^v Noc≥. C∂v Rm≥ tIcf kwkvImc Ncn-{X-Øn¬ bp. Pn. kn. s^t√m-jn-t∏m-SpIqSn Kth-jWw sNøp-∂Xp Xs∂ Cu kzm[o-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p IqSn-bm-Wv. A¬∏-kz¬∏w kmln-Xy-Øn-sems° Xmev]cyw tXm∂n-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kvIqfn¬ sh®p Xs∂ ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn¬ _ncpZw FSp-°-W-sa∂v \n›bn-®n-cp-∂p. (]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn\p ]pdsa Hcp [mc-Wbpw A∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.) AXp-sIm≠v {]oUn-{Kn°v GXv {Kq∏v FSp-°-W-sa-∂Xv Btem-N-\m-hn-j-b-ambn. ae-bmfw _ncpZw FSp-°p-∂-h¿ tXUv {Kq∏mWv km[m-cW sXc-s™-Sp°m-dp-≈-Xv. F¶nepw Ncn-{X-tØmSv henb Xmev]-cy-an-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v ^Ãv {Kq∏mWv FSp-Ø-Xv. Aß-s\-bp≈ Rm≥ C∂v tIcf Ncn-{X-Øn¬ Kth-jWw sNøm-\p-≈ {][m\ ImcWw Noc-\-®-\m-Wv. _n. F. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ k_vkn-U-bdn hnj-b-amb tIcf kwkvImcw Rßƒ°v ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xv Noc-\-®-\m-Wv. Ncn{Xw F∂Xv Ign™p t]mb kw`h-ß-fpsS Ipsd ÿnXn-hn-h-c-°-W-°p-I-fmWv F∂ [mc-W-bn¬ \n∂pw amdn Ncn{Xw F∂Xv \ΩpsS \nXy-Po-hn-Xh - p-ambn \nc-¥cw _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ H∂mWv F∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-®Xv Noc-\-®s‚ ¢m n¬ \n∂p-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. A®s‚ ¢m v km[-cW eIvN-dnßv A√m-bn-cp-∂p. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-s°m≠p-h-cp∂ skan-\m¿ t]∏-dp-Iƒ hmbn-∏n®v Ahsb Ipdn-®p≈ hni-I-e-\-ßƒ F∂ coXn-bn-emWv ¢m v apt∂m´p t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. C∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ B ¢m ns‚ anIhv F∂Xv, \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw \ΩpsS Fgp-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂-Xp-amb s]mXp [mc-W-Isf ho≠p-hn-Nm-c-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°m\pw AXns‚ {]Xy-b-imkv{X hnNn-¥-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bp-am-bn-cp∂p Ah F∂-Xm-Wv. Ncn{Xw F∂-Xv BXy-¥n-I-amb kXy-a√ F∂pw Nne \n¿Ωn-Xn-Iƒ am{X-amWv A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 43

jjvTn-]q¿Øn adp-]Sn {]kwKw

26 44

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

ae-¶c k`bpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw H.G.]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ

`mKw ˛ II

A£-cß - ƒ

27 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

45

k`m-N-cn-{X-Øn¬ Rms\mcp Kth-j-It\m ]WvUn-Xt\m A√. ae-¶c k`bpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn\v Ah-Xm-cn-I-sb-gp-Xp-hm≥ {KŸ-Im-c≥ Ft∂mSv Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xns‚ HuNnXyw ta¬∏-d-™h Dt±-in-®m-bncn-°-bn-√. BZy-h-km\w Cu IrXn Rm≥ hmbn-®p. CsXmcp Ncn-{X-{KŸw F∂Xn-ep-]cn Hcp dnk¿®v Xokn-kns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ ]Wn-sX-SpØ Aaqey \n[n-bmWv. \nc-¥-c-amb {]b-Xv\-Øn-s‚bpw AZ-ay-amb At\z-jW _p≤n-bp-sSbpw BsI-Øp-I-bm-Wn-Xv. AXns‚ ^e-ambn ]e¿°pw Is≠-Øm-\m-hmØ \nch[n Ncn{X kXy-ßsf \ΩpsS apºn¬ \nc-Øp-hm≥ {KŸ-Im-c\v Ign-™n-´p≠v. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ alXzw AXns‚ kXy-k-‘-Xsb B{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. FgpØp-Im-c≥ B{i-bn-°p∂ aqe-Ir-Xn-bpsS kwip≤X, D≤-c-Wn-I-fpsS DS-a-ÿcmb Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS \ne-hm-cw, kXy-k-‘-X, F∂nh Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Dt±-in°p∂ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ am‰p-c-°-√p-I-fm-Wv. Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ bp‡nbpw \nKa-\hpw F{X-tØmfw BIm-sa∂v hne-bn-cp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. bp‡nbpw \nK-a-\hpw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ [mcmfw ImWp-∂p-≠v. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]tdZv bqØm ÿm\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw Ah¿ sa{Xm-∑m¿°v Xpey-cm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw ]´-°m-cpsS Iu¨kn-ep-Iƒ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ-∑m-sc hmgn-®n-cp-s∂∂pw D≈ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Hcp-]s£ C∂v Atcm-N-Iambn tXm∂mw. Ae-Ivkm-≥{Un-b≥ k`-bn¬ BZy-Im-eØv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ sa{Xm≥ hmgvN D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw AXp-sIm≠v A¿°Zn-bm-t°ms\ H∂mw am¿tØm-Ω-bmbn hmgn® coXn-bn¬ kmwKXyw Ds≠∂pw {KŸ-Im-c≥ ka¿∞n°p-∂p. F∂m¬ am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑m-cpsS ]´-Xz-Øns‚ km[pX tNmZyw sNø-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xmbn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. am¿tØmΩm sa{Xm-∑msc ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´n¬ \nt∂ hmgn-°mhq F∂ ]Xn-hns‚ ImcWw hy‡-am-Ip-∂n-√. IpSpw_ aln-a, A‘-hn-izm-kw, Ipcnip \nd™ A\p-`h - ß - ƒ F∂n-hb - m-Im-sa∂v {KŸIm-c≥ Duln-°p-∂p. 1599 se DZbw t]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°msX hn´p-\n∂ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc CS-h-I-bpsS hnizmk XoIvjvWX Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ hc®p-Im-´p-∂p. b¬tZm _tk-en-tbm-kv, am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kv F∂n-hsc ae-¶-cbn¬ sIm≠p- h - ∂ Xv A¿ta- \ nb≥ hym]m- c n- I - f m- b n- c p- ∂ p- s h∂pw Ah¿ At¥ymJym ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ s]´-h-c-s√-∂p-ap≈ Is≠-Ø¬ ]pXp-a-bp-f-hm-°p∂p. A©mw a¿tØm-Ω-bpsS Bh-iy-{]-Imcw ae-¶-c-bn-te°v h∂ Bdp-t]cpsS bm{Xbv°v Nne-hmb 11454 cq]-bpsS IW-°ns‚ Ifn {KŸ-Im-c≥ khnkvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Bdmw a¿tØmΩm A©mw am¿tØm-Ω-bn-¬ \n∂v ]´-ta‰ tijw ioa-bn¬ \n∂v h∂ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kn¬ \n∂v am¿ Znh-∂mtkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ ]´-ta¬°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v tdmam hnizm-k-Øn-te°v t]mhp-Ibpw ho≠pw amXr-k-`-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXXv Aÿn-c-XbpsS sXfn-hmbn {KŸ-Im-c≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Cu Aÿn-c-Xbv°v Xncn-®Sn A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 46

ae-¶-c k`bpw tIcf kwkvIm-chpw \¬Ip-hm≥ ae-¶-c-bn¬ N¶q‰w ImWn® GI CS-h-I-bmWv B¿Øm‰v CS-hI. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw {KŸ-Im-c≥ khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS X\n-abpw kzm{X-{¥yhpw AXn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-∂p≠v. Nmh-°mSv ]≈nbpw Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈nbpw c≠m-sW∂pw Nmh-°mSv ]≈nbpsS hnI-k\ \ma-amWv ]mebq¿ ]≈n F∂pw ]mebq¿ ]≈nbv°v sk‚ v tXma-kp-ambn _‘-an-s√∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv h¿Ø-am-\-Im-esØ ]pXp-a-\nd™ {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Xs∂. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme th≠{X Adn-bmsX t]mbXn¬ {KŸ-Im-c≥ ZpxJn-°p-∂p. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme k`m`-c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BZycq-]-am-sW∂v shfn-hm-Ip-∂Xv henb t\´w Xs∂. Cu ]Sn-tbm-e-Iƒ shfn®w ImWmsX t]mb-Xns‚ Im-cWw I≠p-]n-Sn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v dºm≥ ae-¶c k`-bpsS Xnc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ BZy-sa-{Xm-s\∂ ]n. sNdnbms‚ km£yw at\m-l-c-am-Wv. ]I-tem-a‰w Xd-hm-´n¬ \n∂p≈ sa{Xm≥hm-gvN \n¿Ø-em-°m≥ {ian-°p∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ {]h¿Ø\w «mL-\o-b-am-Wv. skan-\mcn ÿm]-\w, h´n-∏W ]eni hmßm-\p≈ A[n-Im-cw, ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\w, sXmgn-bq¿ ]≈n-bpsS ÿm]\w F∂n-hbn¬ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS {]bXv\w hfsc anI-®-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ BbXv km[n-s®-Sp-°m≥ kmbv∏-∑mcpsS AXn-cp-I-hn™ kulrZw Hcp Imc-W-am-bn-cp-∂nt√ F∂v Nn¥-\o-b-amWv. kmbv∏≥am¿°v C°m-cy-Øn¬ KqV-e£ - y-ßf - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Gh¿°pw Adn-hp-≈X - m-Wv. a¿tØmΩm \ma-Øn\v ]Icw Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cv Bdmw a¿tØmΩ kzoI-cn-®Xv ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta\n XpS-c-W-am-bn-cpt∂m? kmbn∏p-am-cp-ambn ]pe¿Ønb AXn-cp-I-hn™ kulr-Z-Øn\v ae-¶-c-k` ]n∂oSv I\Ø hne X∑qew \¬tI-≠n- h-∂nt√? ]o‰ns‚ {Iqc-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - f - pw, _nj∏v hn¬ks‚ FgpØpw amth-en-°c kp∂-l-tZmkpw ae-¶-c-bn¬ \ho-I-cW®phbp≈ Hcp kaq-lsØ hm¿sØ-Sp-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn. F√m KpW-Øn\pw Hcp tZmj-ap≠v F∂ XXzw ChnsS \nd-th-dp-I-bm-Wv. {KŸ-Im-c≥ C∂sØ sa{Xmt∏m-eo-Ø-amsc {Ia-Øn-e-[nIw hna¿in°p-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS kzb-]-cn-tim-[\bv°v klm-bn-°m-sa∂v kZp-t±iyw am{Xsa D≠m-bn-cn-°-bp-≈q. At¥ym-JymbpsS _‘sØ D]-cn-π-h-am-sb-¶nepw F´mw am¿tØm-Ωmbpw amth-en-°c kp∂-l-tZmkpw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-l-tZmkpw Benw-K\w sNbvX-Xns‚ Xn‡^ew k` C∂v A\p-`h - n-°p-Ib - m-Wv. tN∏m´v Xncp-ta-\n°v FXn-cmbn dkn-U‚n\v \¬Inb satΩm-dn-b¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶nepw \ho-I-cW Nn¥ i‡n-s∏Sp-∂p-≠v. \ho-I-cW k`-bpsS C∂sØ Ah-ÿbv°v {]l-cw \¬Ip∂ XmgØ-®s‚ hnem-]-ßƒ F∂ IrXn-bpsS kw£n]vX cq]w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv G‰hpw DNn-X-ambn. A{_lmw aev]m≥ GI-]-£o-b-ambn XIvkm Xncp-Øn-b-Xns\ bmsXmcp \ymbo-I-c-Whpw ]d-bm-\n-s√∂v hmb-\-°m¿°v t_m[yw h∂n-cn-°p∂p. ]me-°p-∂Øv sa{Xm-®≥ sXmgn-bq-cn¬ h∂v Im´n-°q-´nb tImem-l-e-ßƒ \oXnbv°v tNcp-∂-h-b-√. At±-l-Øns‚ kvØmØn-t°ms‚ aqe-cq]w shfns∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-s√∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. \ho-I-cW sImSp-¶m‰v XS-bp-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

47

˛H.G.]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ hm≥ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv A©m-a\v s]s´∂v km[n-®n-s√-¶nepw HSphn¬ hnPbw ssIh-cn-®p. ]cp-ae skan-\mcn Fw. Un. skan-\mcn F∂nh ÿm]n-s®-¶nepw ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ ae-¶-c-bn-te°v £Wn-®p-h-cpØn. \ho-I-c-WsØ XS-tb-≠n- h∂p. F∂m¬ At±lw apf-¥p-cpØn kp∂-ltZmkv hnfn-®p-Iq-´p-Ibpw ae-¶-csb At\I CS-h-I-I-fm°n hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXv At¥ymJym _‘w i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]m{Xn-b¿°okv aqtdm≥ IqZm-i, s]¥n-t°m-kvXn, b¬tZm, Z\-lm, amΩq-Zo-k XpS-ßnb ip{iqjm {Ia-ßƒ ]cnjvI-cn®v ae-¶-c-bpsS Bcm-[\m X\na \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn. \ho-I-cW t\Xm-°ƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂v hnI-e-ambn X¿÷a \S-Ønb `mK-ßƒ {KŸ-Im-c≥ hnhcn-°p-∂p. ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ c≠mw `mK-Øn¬ {InkvXp-aXw H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ ChnsS {]_-ea - m-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ssih-˛s - sh-jvWh `‡n-{]-ÿm-\ß - ƒ {InkvXpa-XØns‚ hf¿® XS-™n-cn-°p-sa∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ Duln-°p-∂p. IrjvWs‚ Poh-N-cn-{X-hpw, {InkvXp-hns‚ Poh-N-cn-{Xhpw hfsc kmay-ap-≈-Xmbn Nn{Xo-Icn-°p-tºmƒ {InkvXp-hns‚ AXp-eyX ssItamiw hcp-∂-Xmbn km[m-c-W-°mc\v tXm∂m≥ CS-bp-≠v. ae-¶c - b - nse {InkvXob hnhm-lm-Nm-cß - sf Bg-Ønepw ]c-∏nepw hni-I-e\w sNbvXn-´p-≈Xv Nnt¥m-±o-]-I-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cpsS bm{X-°f - nbpw, am¿§w Ifnbpw XΩn-ep≈ kam-\X {KŸ-Im-cs‚ \nK-a\ - ß - ƒ°v am‰p-Iq-´p-∂p. hyXy-kvXX - cw ]≈n-∏m-´p-Iƒ - Ah-Xc - n-∏n®v hmb-\° - m-cs‚ IhnXm hmk-\sb DW¿Øp-∂p. ta¬∏-d™ {KŸw ae-¶-c-k`, ae-bmf `mj, ae-bmf kmln-Xyw, tIcf kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-{X-]T - \ - w F∂n-hbv°v hen-sbmcp apX¬°q-´m-Wv. ]pXnb ]pXnb Ncn{X kXy-ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏´ Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-Wn-Xv. {]tXy-In®v Ip∂wIpfw sa{Xm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v C{]-Imcw Hcp ]pkvXIw cNn-°p-hm≥ ssZhw-Xºp-cm≥ Hcp {KŸ-Im-cs\ Fgp-t∂¬∏n-®-Xn¬ ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂p. {KŸIm-c≥ Noc≥ tPmk^v IØ-\m¿°v F√m hn[ `mhp-I-ßfpw Biw-kn-®psIm≠v Ncn-{X-]m-cm-bW X¬∏-c-cmb klr-Z-b-cpsS apºn¬ Cu {KŸw A`nam-\-]q¿∆w Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. (Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ \n∂v)

28 48

A]q¿∆ {]Z¿i\w ˛ 2005 sabv 14-˛15 A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥

]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥ (tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an-bpsS ap≥ sNb¿am≥. tImX-aw-Kew AØm-t\jykv tImtfPv Cw•ojv hn`mKw ta[m-hn. at\m-ca ho°nen ]{Xm-[n-]≥. {]`mj-I≥, \nc-h[n {KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hv. \nc-h[n ]pc-kvIm-c-ßƒ t\Sn-bn-´p≠v. ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpsS Hcp {]apJ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Bbn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-as‚ (1740˛1816) {]uV-amb Hcp Poh-N-cn-{X-amWv ^mZ¿ tPmk^v Noc≥ \ap°v kΩm-\n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bephm bp. kn. tImtf-Pn¬ ae-bmf hn`m-K-Ønse s{]m^-k-dm-bn tkh-\-a\p-jvTn-°p∂ ^mZ¿ Noc≥ anI® KZy-Im-c-\pw, Kth-j-I-\pw, {]`m-j-I-\p-am-Wv. Xms\mcp k`m-N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X≥ IqSn-bmsW∂v Cu {KŸw aptJ\ At±lw \sΩ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ip∂w-Ipfw B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-tbmSpw ]pent°m- ´ n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh- ∂ m- t kymkv H∂m- a - t \m- S pap≈ AI- f - ¶ - a mb kvt\lhpw `‡n-bp-amWv Cß-s\-sbmcp IrXn cNn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ {]m]vX-\m-°n-b-Xv. A®s‚ {KŸw Hcp Poh-N-cn{Xw am{X-a-√, Hcp Xokokv BWv. sIm®n cmPysØ Xe-∏≈n Xmeq-°n¬ Ip∂w-Ipfw CS-h-I-bn¬ ]utcmlnXy ]mc-ºc - yw-sIm≠v {]ikvXn t\Snb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ IpSpw-_Ø - nse NpΩm¿ F∂ Bfns‚ koa-¥-]p-{X-\mb IYm-]p-cp-j≥ 1740 \hw-_¿ 25 \v P\n-®p. amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ inip-hn\v C´q∏v F∂ t]cp-\¬In. C´q∏v F∂Xv tPmk^v BW-t√m. Ct±lw Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c-∏-≈n-sb-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ B¿Øm‰v ]≈n-°m-c\mbn hf¿∂p. sNdp-∏-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ sshZnI hrØn-bn-te-°m-I¿jn-°-s∏´ C´q∏v Iuam-c-Im-eØp ]g™n aev]m≥]≈n-°q-S-Øn¬ tN¿∂p kpdn-bm\n `mj, hymI-cWw, Imt\m≥, ]uckvXy thZ-imkv{Xw F∂n-h-bn¬ Akm-am\y ]cn-⁄m\w kam¿Pn-®p. C´q-∏n\p sshZnI]´w \¬In-bXp i{I≈ _mhm (h¿jw Xn´-an-√) Bbncp-∂p. B L´-Øn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`sb `cn-®n-cp-∂Xv am¿tØmΩm 5˛m-a-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Iq\≥Ip-cniv kXy-Øn\p tijw sa{Xm-\n-√msX h∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kaql-Ønse 12 sshZn-I¿ tN¿∂v ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_-Ønse Hcp sshZn-Is\ a¿tØmΩ H∂m-a-s\∂ t]cn¬ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-\m-°n. ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw-_Øn¬s∏´ 9 A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m-∑m¿ ae-¶c k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn Ncn{Xw ]d-bp-∂p. Ch-cn¬ a¿tØmΩ H∂m-as‚ ÿm\w ]d-hq¿ Imew-sNbvX A_vZpƒ Peo¬ am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbm-kpw aq∂m-a-s‚bpw \mem-a-s‚bpw ÿm\w 1685 ¬ tIc-fØ - n¬ h∂ am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw ÿnco-Ic - n-®p. _tk-en-tbmkv i{I≈m a{^n-bm\ am¿tØmΩm A©m-a-\p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ a¿tØmΩm A©m-as‚ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\sØ Bsc-¶nepw ÿnco-I-cn-®-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

49

29

˛tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´n-√. A©mw am¿tØmΩ bmsXmcp hntZ-iob sa{Xm-s‚bpw klI-cWw t\SmsX 1760 ¬ Xs‚ A\-¥-c-hs\ Bdmw a¿tØm-Ω-bmbn hmgn®p. 1770 ¬ Du¿t«-anse am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkpw am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkpw IqSnt®¿∂v am¿tØmΩ Bdm-as\ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cn¬ ae-¶c sa{Xm\mbn hmgn-®p. Ggmw a¿tØm-Ω-sb-∏‰n henb Bt£-]-ß-sfm∂pw BcpwXs∂ D∂-bn-®n-´n-√. At±lw acn-®n-Xn-\p-tijw A\pbmbn-Iƒ arX-amb At±l-Øns‚ ssIsIm≠v 1809 ¬ hmgn® am¿tØmΩ F´m-as‚ sa{Xm≥ ÿm\sØ ]ecpw tNmZyw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. am¿tØmΩ F´m-as‚ ÿm\-Øn\p Xs∂ km[pX-bn-s√-¶n¬ At±lw hmgn® am¿tØmΩm Hº-Xm-as‚ ÿm\w Fß-s\-bmWv AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-SpI F∂v tNmZn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. a¿tØmΩ A©m-a≥ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpw kpdn-bm\n ItØmen°m k`bpw XΩn¬ A\p-c-RvP\w ÿm]n-°m≥ \S-Ønb {iaw ae-¶-c-bnse hS-°≥ CS-h-I-Isf {]tIm-]n-∏n-®p. Cu L´-Øn¬ sshZnI ]´w kn≤n® C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ ae-¶c k`sb Hm¿Ø-tUmIv hnizm-k-Øn¬ ]nSn®p \n¿Øphm≥ A£oW ]cn-{i-a-ßƒ \S-Øn. ]pen-t°m-´p aØmbn aev]ms‚ \ncym-WtØmsS {]h¿Ø\w \ne® aev]m≥ ]≈n-°q-S-Øn\p ]Icw C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]≈n-bn¬ Hcp ]pXnb aev]m≥]≈n-°qSw ÿm]n-®p. ]pWy-t«mI-\mb Bdmw am¿tØmΩ Xs∂ ae-¶-c-bnse a¿tØmΩ {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS tae-≤y-£-\mbn tdmam k` AwKo-I-cn-°p-sa-¶n¬ am¿∏m-∏-tbmSv hnt[-bXzw ]pe¿Øm-sa∂ ktµ-ih - p-ambn Icn-bm-‰n¬ Hutk∏v aev]ms\ tdman-te°v Ab®p. tdman¬ \n∂pw sa{Xm≥ ]Zhn t\Sn \m´n-te°v aS-ßp-∂-hgn Icn-bm-‰n¬ sa{Xm≥ Znhw-KX\m-bn. tdma≥ k`-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ Bdmw a¿tØmΩ-bpsS {iaw ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p. ItØm-en°m kap-Zm-b-Ønse Nne {]ap-J¿ hntijn®pw amØp Xc-I≥ ISw-sIm-SpØ ]Ww aS-°n-s°m-Sp-Øn-√ F∂-t]-cn¬ Bdmw a¿tØm-Ωsb _em¬°m-c-ambn tdmam k`-bn¬ tN¿°p-Ibpw ]oUn∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. k¿°m-cns‚ klm-b-tØmsS amØp-X-c-I-\n¬ \n∂pw c£-s∏´ Bdmw a¿tØmΩ h¿≤n® hocy-tØmsS ae-¶c k`sb tkhn-°pIbpw AXns‚ \ne kp`-{Z-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Bdmw am¿tØmΩ tdmam k`-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ ]cn-{i-an®p F∂-dn™ hS-°≥ ]≈n-°m¿ apf-¥p-cp-Øn-bn¬ ktΩ-fn® k`sb \bn-°m≥ Hcp sa{Xms\ A`n-tj-Iw sNbvXp-In-´-W-sa∂v am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbm-kn-t\mSv At]£n-°p-Ibpw At±lw Im´p-a-ßm´v A{_lmw dºms\ Iqdn-temkv F∂-t]cn¬ 1772 ¬ sa{Xm-\mbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdmam k-`-bpsS _‘-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw ap‡-amb ae-¶c k`-bpsS ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n® am¿tØmΩ Bdm-a\v Iqdn-tem-kns\ Hcp {]Xn-tbm-Kn-bmbn am{Xta ImWp-hm≥ Ign-™p-≈q. Bt±lw am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ Xncp-h-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ \n∂pw, sIm®nbn¬ \n∂pw Xpc-Øn. C´q-∏-®≥ am¿ Iqdn-tem-kns\ AXoh cl-ky-ambn BZyw Ip∂w-Ip-f-tØ°pw ]n∂oSv AhnsS \n∂pw A™q-cn-te°pw FØn-®p. am¿ Iqdn-temkv A™q-cn¬ ÿnc-ambn Xma-kn-®p. am¿ Iqdn-temkns‚ ]n≥ap-dA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 50

]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a≥ °m-c-\m-bn-cp∂p InS-ß≥ Koh¿§okv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\mkv. ]n∂oSv Ch¿ sXmgnbq¿ k` F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kzX{¥ k` ÿm]n-®p. k`m tkh-\-Øn¬ \nc-¥cw G¿s∏-´n-cp∂ C´q∏v IØ-\msc Bdmw a¿tØmΩ GsX-¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ klm-bn-®-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂n-√. F¶nepw C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ ae-¶c k`sb kpi-‡-am-°m≥ X∂m-em-hp-∂Xpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. sshtZ-inI ta¬t°m-bva°v ae-¶-c-k` bmsXmcp ImcW-hi - mepw Iog-Sß - c - p-sX∂v A\p-im-kn-°p∂ B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e°v At±lw cq]w \¬In. ss__nƒ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v t¢mUn-bkv _p°m-\\pw, Imbw-Ipfw ^nen-t∏mkv dºm-\p-samØv {]h¿Øn-®p. hn. Ip¿∫m\ BtLm-jn°p-tºmƒ kpdn-bm\n hmIy-ßƒ°p ]pdsa ae-bmf hmIy-ßƒ IqSn D]-tbmKn-®p-Im-W-W-sa∂v B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. Ip¿∫m\ at≤y hN\ {]kwKw \SØp-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-a-sW∂pw hmZn-®p. ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-∑msc `c-W-L-S\-ap-tJ\ \nb-{¥n-°p-hm≥ I≠-\m´v IqSnb tbmKw ]m m-°nb ]Sn-tbm-ebv°v cq]w \¬Im≥ C´q∏v aev]m≥ Ht´sd klm-bn-®p. F´mw am¿tØm-Ω-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn-emWv I≠-\m´v ktΩ-f\w \S-∂-Xv. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbme \n¿t±in® hn[w ae-¶c k`-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-ambn Btem-Nn®v F´mw am¿tØmΩ°v k`m-`-cWw \S-Øm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw P\-ßƒ°p Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc kzoIm-cy-\m-bn-cp∂ Ime-ØmWv C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ 1809 ¬ At±-l-Øn¬\n∂pw dºm≥ ]´w kzoI-cn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ F´mw am¿tØmΩ I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-esb [n°-cn-°pI hgn P\-ß-fpsS A{]n-b-Øn\v ]m{Xo-`q-X-am-bn. C°m-e-ØmWv a¨tdm kmbn∏pw, N¿®v anj-\dn skmssk-‰nbpw ae-¶c k`-bp-tS-Xmb Hcp sshZnI skan-\mcn ÿm]n-°p-hm-\p≈ klmb lkvXw \o´n-b-Xv. sNdp-∏pImew apX¬ sshZnI hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp∂ C´q∏v dºm≥ k¿°m-cn¬ \n∂pw tIm´-bØv A\p-h-Zn®p In´nb 16 G°¿ `qan-bn¬ 1815 ¬ sshZnI skan-\mcn ÿm]n-®p. a¨tdm kmbn∏v k`-bv°mbn \o°n-sh® ]WØns‚ h´n-hm-ßm≥ am¿tØmΩm F´m-a\v A[n-Im-c-an-s√∂v k¿°m¿ hn[n® kml-Nc - y-Øn¬ B XpI C´q∏v dºm≥ G‰p-hm-ßn. k`-bpsS ]Ww hmtß≠Xv dºm-\√ sa{Xm-\m-sW∂v hmZw i‡n-s∏-´-t∏mƒ C´q∏v dºm≥ 1815 ¬ ]g™n ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v InS-ß≥ Koh¿§okv am¿ ]oe-Ivkn-t\m-kn¬ \n∂pw sa{Xm≥ ]´w kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw ae-¶c k`bv°v kpZr-V-amb t\XrXzw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. ae-¶c k` C∂v k`m tPymXn v F∂ A`n-[m\w \¬In At±-lsØ BZ-cn-°p-∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ tdmam-I-tØm-en°m k`-bp-ambn A\p-c-RvP\w \S-Øm≥ {ian-°p-Ibpw A{_lmw Iqdn-tem-kns\ ]oVn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]I-tem-a‰w IpSpw_-Øns‚ aln-asb Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX am¿tØmΩ Bdm-as\ FXn¿Øn-cp∂ C´q∏v IØ-\m¿ B henb a\p-jys‚ al-XzsØ D≈p-sIm≠v BZ-cn-°bpw Xm≥ sa{Xm-\m-b-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ \b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-cpIbpw sNbvXp. sa{Xm≥ ]´w kzoI-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂-t∏mƒ am¿tØmΩm Bdm-a≥ kzoI-cn® Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂ t]cv Xs∂-bmWv C´q∏v dºm\pw kzoI-cn-®-Xv. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 51

30

˛tUm. sI. Fw. Xc-I≥ Ipsd-°m-et- Ø°v ae-¶c sa{Xm-∑m¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kp-am-cm-bn-cp-∂t- √m. a¿tØmΩ Bdm-a-s\-t∏mse C´q∏v dºm\pw k¿°m-cp-ambn D‰ _‘w ÿm]n-®p. ]pent°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ Xs‚ {]h¿Ø\w sIm≠v kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°sc AI-‰n-bn√; s{]m´-Ã‚p-Im-cn¬ \n∂pw klmbw kzoI-cn-°bpw Ah-cpsS B[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂pw Hgn™v \n¬°bpw sNbvXp. hiy-h-N pw, I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-\pw, thZ-imkv{X hnim-c-Z\pw Zo¿L kq{Xn-bpam-bn-cp∂ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta\n Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`sb IÆnse IrjvWa-Wn-t]mse kvt\ln-°bpw kq£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. thZ-im-kv{X-Øn\v ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\w \n¬Inb {]tNm-Z\w hgn ae-¶-c-k-`sb B[p-\nI bpK-Øn-te°p B\-bn-®p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS kzmX-{¥ysØ \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v ktlm-Zcn k`-I-fp-ambn kulrZw ÿm]n-®p. kz¥w hnizm-k-Øn¬ A¥y-\nan-jw-hsc Hcp ]md-t]mse Dd-®p-\n-∂p. Hcp A`n-`m-j-I-s\-t∏mse kz¥w IYm-\m-b-I-\p-th≠n ^mZ¿ tPmk^v Noc≥ hmZn®p t]mIp-∂Xv Akm-[m-c-W-amb {]mK-¤y-tØm-sS-bm-Wv. XnI™ Hcp Kth-j-I-s\-t∏mse Xs‚ Hmtcm {]kvXm-h-sØbpw {]amW tcJ-Iƒs°m≠v At±lw Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-∂p. Zo¿L-Imew hnkvar-X-amb ]e {]am-W-ßfpw At±lw shfn-®Øv sIm≠p-h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p. {]k-∂hpw Zo]vX-hpamb At±-l-Øns‚ KZy-Øn\p kmln-Xy-Øns‚ kpj-abpw kpK-‘hpw kn≤n®n-cn-°p-∂p. {Ko°p ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw lnµp-]p-cm-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw kzoIcn® _nw_-ßƒsIm≠v ^mZ¿ Noc≥ kz¥w `mjbv°p \h-Po-h≥ ]I¿∂n-cn°p-∂p. GsXmcp Ncn-{X-Im-c\pw kz¥-amb Hcp \ne-]m-Sp-≠m-hmsX hø. ^mZ¿ tPmk^v Noc≥ ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS hS-°≥ ss]Xr-I-Øn-s‚ kwhm-lI-\pw, kwc-£-I-\p-am-Wv. ae-¶c k`bv°v hS-°≥ ss]Xr-I-hpw, sX°≥ ss]Xr-Ihpw Hcp-t]mse Bh-iy-am-Wv. Ch-bn-te-sX-¶n-ep-sam-∂ns‚ A`mhw ae-¶c k`sb Xo¿Øpw Ai-‡-am-°n-sb-∂p-h-cmw. Cu k`bv°p [oc-∑m-cmb `cW hnZKv≤-∑m-cpsS hoc-I-Y-Iƒ ASn-bv°Sn A\p-kva-cn-t°≠Xmbp-≠v. Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw \S-Ønb ]´-°m¿, Bdmw a¿tØmΩhscbp≈ A¿°-Zn-tbm-°∑ - m¿, alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkym-kv, ]pen-t°m-´nse c≠p Xncp-ta-\n-am¿, tN∏m´p Xncp-ta-\n, k`m-`m-kp-c≥ F∂n-h¿ ae-¶-c-k-`sb lrZbc‡w \¬In ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-®-h-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS a≤y-Øn¬ Xe Db¿Øn \n¬°p∂ Hcp Aac tPymXn mWv ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv H∂m-a≥. B henb a\p-jys‚ B[n-Im-cn-I-amb Poh-N-cn{Xw Fgp-Xnb ^m. Noc-t\mSv k` F∂pw IS-s∏-´n-cn-°pw. k` am{X-a-√, Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cpw, `mjm kvt\ln-I-fpw, At±-lsØ BZ-cn-°pw. Cu {KŸ-Øn\pw CXns‚ I¿Øm-hn\pw k¿∆ hnP-b-ßfpw t\¿∂p-sIm≠v khn-\bw CXv klr-Zb ka£w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. 52

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv

alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv ^m. -tUm. -tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ (Ip∂w-Ipfw kztZ-in. tIm´bw, \mK-∏q¿ Hm¿ØtUmIvkv skan-\m-cn-Ifn¬ A[ym-]-I≥. P¿Ω-\n-bnse F¿emw-K≥ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-bn¬ \n∂v ]n F®v. Un. t\Sn. Nn°mtKm bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bn¬ C¥y≥ kwkvIm-c-sØ-∏‰n t]mÃv tUmIvS-d¬ dnk¿®v \S-Øp-∂p. {]`m-j-I≥, {KŸ-Im-c≥, sI. kn. kn. tPm. sk{I-´-dn, Znhy-t_m-[\w tIm˛-Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿. CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bpsS ]{Xm[n] kanXn AwKw. F∂n-ßs\ _lp-apJ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Ahn-hm-ln-X-\mb Ct±lw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) _lp-am-\-s∏´ tUm. tPm-k^v Noc-\-®≥ cNn® alm-\mb ae-¶-c -sa-{Xmt∏m-eoØm ˛ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv tPmk^v ZznXo-b≥ ˛ F∂ Poh-Nc - n-{X-{KŸw hmbn®p. ae-¶c - b - psS A©mw Zoh-∂m-tkymkv F∂pw henb Xncp-ta\n F∂pw ]pen-t°m-´n¬ c≠m-a-s\∂pw Hs° Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂, Hcp ImeL-´-Øns‚ Znim-t_m-[hpw A`n-am-\-hp-am-bn, h¿Øn®, \thm-∞m\ tIc-fØn-s‚bpw B[p-\nI ae-¶c k`-bp-sSbpw ]nXm-sh∂v GsXmcp Ncn-{X-]-Tn-Xmhn\pw \n w-ibw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp∂ Bfp-amb B alm-ﬂm-hns\ I≠-\mSp {KŸ-h-cn-bp-sSbpw a‰v ka-Im-eo\ tcJ-I-fpsSbpw A\n-tj-[y-amb ]n≥_-etØmsS 21˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ae-bm-fn-Iƒ°pw ae-¶-c-k-`bv°pw ap∂n¬ ]p\-cmJym\w \S-Øp-I-bmWv _.-No-c-\-®≥ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m≠ns‚ c≠mw ZiIw apX¬ Ccp-]-Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy-Z-iIw hsc-bp≈ Hcp \q‰m-≠p-Im-esØ ae-bm-f-Øn-s‚bpw ae-¶-ck`-bp-sSbpw Ncn-{X-Øn-te°p≈ kphy-‡-amb Hcp IhmSw IqsS-bmWv Cu {KŸw. ]gb skan-\mcn ÿm]\w apX¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI \thm-∞m-\-Øn¬ ae-¶c-k`bpw k`m-]n-Xm-°∑mcpw hln® \n¿Æm-bIamb ]¶v \ho-\-tI-c-f -N-cn-{X-Im-c∑mcpw k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c≥am¿ t]mepw t_m[-]q¿∆tam Adn-hn-√m-bva-sImt≠m hnkvac - n-°p∂ Cu Ime-L´- -Øn¬ AXv ka-Im-enI tcJ-If - nse {]am-Wß - f - neqsS ]p\-ch - X - c - n-∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂X - mWv Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb kw`mh\. _.-No-c\ - ® - s‚ hmZ-ap-Jß - ƒ i‡-am-Wv, A\yp\amWv, H∏w Nn¥m-tZym-XIhpw hna¿i-\m-ﬂI - hpw sh√p-hn-fn-If - p-am-Wv. A_-≤P - U - n-eß - fpw ]m¿izh¬°cn-°s - ∏-´h - b - p-amb Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿß - sf ]I¿Øn-sb-gpXn Ahbv°p apI-fn¬ kz¥w t]cp-Iƒ sImØn hbv°p-∂h - ¿°v Cu {KŸhpw cN-\m-ssi-en-bpw- A-\y-am-bncn-°mw. F∂m¬ Ncn-{XsØ AXns‚ kq£vaX - b - nepw X\n-ab - nepw ImWp-hm≥ CjvSs∏-Sp∂h¿ Cu {KŸsØ Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-]T - \ - ß - ƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-Xncn-°b - n-√. ]Xns\m∂v A≤ym-b-ß-fn-embn {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ {KŸw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsSbpw ae-bm-f° - c - b - p-sSbpw XXvIm-eL - ´- Ø - ns‚ kq£vahn-hc - W - Ø - n-eq-sS-bmWv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bn¬ tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Øns‚ iwsJmen A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

53

31

˛^m. -tUm. -tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ apg-ßp-∂-tXmsS k`-bnepw kaq-l-Ønepw AXns‚ ams‰m-en-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂p. IYm-]p-cp-js‚ cwK-{]-th-i-\-Øn-\p-ap-ºp-h-sc-bp≈ \s√mcp Ime-L´ hnh-cWhpw A∂v k` t\cn-´n-cp∂ {]iv\-ßfpw H∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ kq£vam-htem-I\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv hmb-\-°m-cs\ B Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v \bn-°phm≥ XnI®pw ]cym-]vXa - m-Wv. GsXmcp {]ÿm-\hpw F{X-am{Xw ÿm]-\h - ¬°cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂pthm A{X-am{Xw AXv k¶o¿Æ-am-Ip-sa-∂Xv Hcp s]mXp-\n-b-a-amW-t√m. ]gb skan-\m-cn-bnse BZy-Z-i-I-ß-fnse Bibkw-L-´-\-ßfpw A`n{]m-b-`n-∂-X-Ifpw B coXn-bn-emWv kXy-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-Ø-s∏-tS-≠-sX-∂p- tXm∂p∂p. F∂m¬ \ho\ Bi-b-ßƒ apt∂m´p hcp∂p F∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-´h¿ Xs∂ kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cy-ßƒ°mbn k`sb _en-bm-Sm-°p-Ibpw kzX-{¥`m-c-X-k-`-sb hntZi B[n-]-Xy-Øn-\p-ap-∂n¬ A\m-iymk am¿§-ß-fn-eqsS ASnbd hbv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Nn{X-amWv ]me-°p-∂Øv A{_lmw aev]m-\nepw AØm-\m-tkymkv (a-c-W-an-√m-Ø-h≥) Bbn-Øo¿∂ amXyqkv siΩm-i-\nepw ImWp-∂-Xv. ]pen-t°m-´nse H∂m-a≥ Bcw-`n® kzmX-{¥y-{]-ÿm-\-ßƒ (kztZ-i-sa-{Xm≥ hmgvN, B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bnse {]Jy-m-]\w XpS-ßn-b-h)Cu A`n-i]vX A[n-Im-cZ- p¿tam-lØ - n-eqsS \new s]mØp-∂Xpw X¬^e-ambn ]pXnb Hcp hntZi B[n]-Xy-Øn-s‚ \pIw ae-¶-c-bpsS Igp-Øn¬ hcp-∂Xpw ImWp∂p. 1860 Iƒ apX¬ ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS apgp-h≥ {i≤bpw Fßns\ Cu {]Xnk‘nL´sØ XcWw sNøm-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. hmgn-°¬, apS-°¬, i]n-°¬, \ntcm-[n-°¬ XpS-ßn-bh knwlm-k-\-ß-fnen-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS [\m-K-a-am¿§-ambpw Xam-i-bmbpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Hcp ImeL-´-Øn¬ teJ-I≥ Bb-Xn\v AanX ]cn-K-W\ \¬In-bn-´pt≠m F∂v H∂mw A≤ym-b-Ønse Nne {]kvXm-h\Ifn-se-¶nepw tXm∂n-t∏m-Ip-∂p. I≠\mSp {KŸ-hcn Cu cN-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-{]-am-W-ßfn¬ H∂m-b-Xn-\m¬ BbXv ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠Xpw Bh-iy-sa∂v H∂mw A≤ymbw hmbn-°p-tºmtg t_m≤y-s∏-Spw. (Ncn-{X-Ønse sX‰p-I-ƒ Xncp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambn {KŸ-hcn k`-bpsS {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn-`mKw F{Xbpw s]s´∂v {]kn≤o-I-cn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-sa∂v Bin-°p-∂p.) Ip∂w-Ip-fØv \n∂pw Hcp tami AYhm ZmhoZv P\n-°p-∂p. c≠mw A≤ymb-Ønse Cu A\p-am\w {KŸw hmbn-®p-Xo-cp-tºmƒ GXp hmb-\-°m-c\pw ]q¿Æ-ambpw icn hbv°pw. IYm-]p-cp-js‚ A¥y-I-ev]-\-bn¬ At±lw Xs∂ ]q¿Æ-Ff - n-at- bmsS Xs∂ Zmho-Zn-t\mSv D]-an-°p-∂p-≠v. kvacy-]p-cp- js‚ _meyIm-e-hn-h-c-ßƒ B ImesØ aX-˛-km-aq-lnI aWvU-e-ß-fn-te°v \s√mcp IhmS-am-Wv. B¿Øm‰v , ]meq¿, ]g-™n, sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-I-fpsS ]›m-Ø-eØn¬ ae-¶c tabn®p `cn-°p∂ ]utcm-lnXy IpSpw_ {Ia-Øn¬ ssZh-Øns‚ {]tXyI sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-{]-Imcw P\n®p hf-cp∂ Hcp hnip≤ {]P, ae-¶-cbpsS alm-\mb Zoh-∂m-tky-mkn\v ssZhw Hcp-°nb _meyw, _mey-sa∂ B Xqtbm-t_mbv°p tijw buh\w apX¬ Xs∂ At±lw ^ew Imbv°p54

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xn¬ F¥v A¤p-Xw. C{km-tb-ens‚ c£-bv°p-th≠n ^dthms‚ Ac-a-\-bn¬ Hcp-°-s∏´ tami-sbbpw bn»m-bn-bp-sS B´n≥ Iq´-sØb√; ssZhØns‚ hnip≤ P\sØØs∂ tabn-°p-hm≥ sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´ Zmho-Zn-s\bpw Hcp-°nb ssZhw ae-¶c - b - psS c£-bv°mbn Ip∂w-Ip-fØp-\n∂pw tbmtk-∏p-Ip-´nsb sXsc-s™-SpØv Hcp-°p-∂p. C{km-tb-ens‚ Imh¬°mc≥ Dd°w Xqßp-∂p-an√; Dd-ßp-∂p-an√ F∂v Noc-\-®s‚ Cu `mK-sØ-°p-dn®p-ff BJym\w hmbn-®-t∏mƒ A{ip-I-W-ß-tfm-sS-b-√msX Hm¿°p-hm≥ km[n®n-√. AsX F{X {]Xn-k-‘n-Iƒ h∂mepw ae-¶c F∂ Xs‚ Acpa aIsf hnip≤tXm-a v At∏m-kvX-es‚ c‡-Øn-eqsS hf¿Ønb 20 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ ]cn]m-en® aIsf Ah≥ ssIsh-Sn-bp-I-bp-an-√ F∂ ZrV-hn-izm-khpw Bﬂo-bamb Hcp A\p-`q-Xnbpw Cu A≤ymbw hmbn-°p∂ GsXmcp k`m-N-cn-{X-kvt\ln°pw D≠m-Ipw. BZmay]m]w Xo¿∏m≥ ssZhw a\p-jy-\m-bn, Gsd XymKw kln-®p. Bsc Rm≥ Ab-t°-≠p, B¿ \ap-°p-th≠n t]mIpw, F∂v tNmZyØn\v {]hm-N-I≥ adp-]Sn sImSp-Øp. AsX ae-¶-c-bpsS c£-bv°p-th≠n Xs‚ buh-\hpw X\n-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ k¿∆hpw XyPn®v bphm-hmb butk∏v a¿±o-\n-te°v Xncn-®-Xns‚ ]pd-In¬ as‰-¥m-bn-cn°mw ImcWw? s^en-kvXys‚ Bt{Im-i-Øn\p ap∂n¬ C{km-tb-ens‚ A`n-am-\hpw c£-bp-am-Ip∂ Zmho-Znt\mSpw ]nXr-hm-Iy-Øn\v If¶w hcm-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ cmPy-`-cWw Dt]-£n®v h\hmkw sXc-s™-Sp-°p∂ cma-t\mSpw butk-∏p- si-Ωm-is\ Fßns\ Noc-\®\v D]-an-°m-Xn-cn-∏m-\mIpw? a’y-Øns‚ hb-‰n¬ butk-∏p-IØ - \ - m-cpsS hnc¬ ImWp-hm≥ B{K-ln-®-h¿ ae-¶-c-bpsS hos≠-Sp-∏n\pw cmPy-Øns‚ \thm-∞m\-Øn\pw Zmho-Zn-s\-bmWv I≠-sX-¶n¬ AXn\p Imc Ww Ahs\ Hcp-°n-bXv ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤m-ﬂm-hmWv F∂v X¿°w IqSmsX ]d-bmw. Xs‚ ]c-tZi-bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-Ønse Hmtcm hcn-Ifpw BbXn\p km£y-am-Wv. (B ]pkvXIw ]q¿Æ-cq-]-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-In-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]£w ae-¶-c-k-`m-a-°ƒ°v BbXv Hcp Bﬂob {KŸhpw ae-bm-f-Øn\v X\-Xmb Hcp bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W{KŸhpw BIp-sa-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√. _.Noc-\-®≥ Xs∂ Bb-Xn\v ap≥ssI FSp-°p-sa∂v Icp-X-s´.)* ]q¿∆-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS cN-\-Iƒ, Iev]-\-Iƒ, Ah¿°v e`n-®n-´p-≈Xpw Ah¿ \¬In-bn-´p≈Xpamb A\p-hm-Z- I¬]-\-Iƒ DS-º-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh A¿ln-°p∂ Kuc-ht- ØmsS kq£n-°p-hm\pw ]Tn-°p-hm\pw C∂pw ae-¶c - k - `- bv°v Ign-™n´pt≠m F∂v \mw ]cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. Znhw-K-X-\mb {io.imap-th¬ Nµ-\-∏≈nbpw _.-No-c-\-®\pw sh´-nØp-d-°p∂ Cu ]mX-bn-te°v ]pXnb Ncn-{X-hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ IS∂p h∂n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ F∂v Bin-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. \ΩpsS ]gb ]≈n-I-fn¬ ]nXm-°-∑mcm¬ kq£n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ NnXepw ]pgphpw Zln-∏n-°p-∂-X-√msX Ah kzcq-]n-°p-hm-\p≈ {iaw k`-bnse GsX¶nepw Hcp D∂-X-ÿm\n \S-Ø-nbn-´pt≠m F∂v Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥ aSn°p-∂n-√. Ip∂w-Ipfw ]gb ]≈n-bpsS taev]q´v F∂v hnfn-°p∂ Hcp Ccp-f-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

55

32

˛^m. -tUm. -tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ S™ apdn-bn¬ bph-P-\-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ka-bØv {]thin-°p-hm≥ km[n-®-t∏mƒ B Ccp-fns‚ ad-hn¬ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Ncn-{Xtc-J-Iƒ ]eXpw KmV-\n-{Z-bn¬ Ccn-°p-∂Xv I≠p. Hcp ssIs∏´n Xpd-∂t∏mƒ ]´n¬ s]mXn™ Hcp sN∏v AXn¬ Ccn-°p-∂p. AXn-\-IØv Ft¥m Inep-ßp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw hnip-≤-sa∂v BZy-t\m-´-Øn¬ tXm∂p∂ B hkvXp-hnte°v IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-√. {]th-i\w X∂ sshZn-I≥ A\p-hZn-®-Xp-an-√. A∂p-ap-X¬ NpI∂ ]´n-\-IsØ B sN∏v ]e-t∏mgpw a\- n¬ hcm-dp-≠v. a¿±o-\n¬ \n∂pw aS-ßn-sb-Ønb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ssIs∏-´n-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm AXv? bmt°m_v ZznXo-b≥ sImSp-Øp-hn-´- Xn-cp-tijn-∏p-If - mtWm B NpI∂ ]´n-\I - sØ clkyw? Ie-ßn-ad- n-bp∂ k`m-¥c - o£w im¥-am-Ip-tºmƒ ]q¿Æ-_-lp-am-\-tØmsS ÿm-]n-°p-hm-\mbn Icp-Xn-h-bv°s∏-´-Xn-\m-emtWm Xncp-ta\n A∂v Ah kq£n®p h®Xv? B¿°mWv C∂v CsXms° Adn-tb-≠Xv? Xpd-∂n-cn-°p∂ht]mepw AS-bv°p-hm≥ shº¬ sIm≈p∂ Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ shfn®w t]mepw {Kkn-°s∏-Sp∂ Ah-kc - Ø - n¬ AS-™n-cn-°p∂h Xpd-°m≥ B¿°p≠p kabw? Xs‚ A¥y-I-ev]-\-bnse item-tam≥ C√m-sX-t]mb ZmhoZv Fs∂-¶nepw ]p\¿Pohn-°ptam? Poh-\p≈ btlmh ap≥ \S∂v C{km-tb-en-s\- hm-KvZØ `qan-bn-te°v \bn®n´pw tamisb a≤y-ÿ-\mbn \n¿Øn-bn´pw AsXm∂pw a\- n-em-°p-hmt\m Bﬂo-bb - m{X \S-Øp-hmt\m C{km-tb-en\v km[n-®n-√. AsX B ]mfb-Ønse ]S Xs∂-bmWv ae-¶-c-bp-sSbpw Xocm-im-]w. A\p-c-RvP-\-I-e-bpsS am{¥n-I≥˛3˛mw A[ymbw Cu Ncn-{X-k-Xy-Øns‚ ]p\-cm-Jym-\-am-W-v. \me-c-Z-i-I-Øns‚ B bm{X-bn¬ A`n-\h - t- ami ]t£ Xf-cp--∂n-s√∂p am{X-a√ A·n-bn¬ hninjvS ]pjv]-ßsf P\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv A¤pX-tØmsS am{Xta t\m°n ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bq. (H-ºXmw A≤ymbw apgp-h≥ C°m-cyw -km-£n-°p-∂p) tIc-f-]-Xm-I, sh´n-°¬ Zb-dm, ]cp-ae skan-\mcn Aßns\ FÆn-bm-sem-SpßmØ Fs¥ms° Ncn-{X-kw-`-h-ß-fmWv Cu tim[-\-bpsS bm{X-bn¬ ae-¶-cbv°v e`n-®-Xv. F∂n´pw ^d-h-thm\y ASn-a-Xz-Øn-te°v aS-ßp-hm≥ shº¬ sIm≈p∂ Hcp kaqlw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ X\n-bmh¿Ø\w BImw! tImsd-∏n-kvt°m-∏m-ÿm\w A∂v Hcp ]t£ C∂-tØ-Xp-t]m-ep≈ BS-bm`-cW - ß - ƒ Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°n-√. F¶nepw tImdnbpw sa{Xm-\p-a√ - msX Hcp k\ymkn{]-ÿm\w k`bv°v C√m-Xn-cp-∂- Im-eØv hnip-≤-\mb Hcp tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏msb k\ym-k-Øns‚ DØpw-K-ß-fn-te°v D]-\-bn∏n®v sh´n-°-en¬ ]¿Æm{iaw Na®v k∂n-th-in-∏n® hnip-≤s‚ ap∂n¬ Rm\p-ƒs∏-Sp∂ A`n-\-h-k\ym-kn-Iƒ°v \tamhmIw- ]-db - p-hm≥ t]mepw A¿l-Xb - n-s√∂v Ipº-km-cn-°s´. sh≈n-t°m-ense sh≈n- IW-°mWv k`-bnse C∂sØ k\ym-k-{]-ÿm-\w. knwlm-k\ - m- cq-V\ - m- hm\√msX Hcp ]q¿Æ-k\ - ym-kn-bm-Ip-hm≥ B¿°pw {]tNm56

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv Z-\-an-s√∂ Zpch-ÿ. AXn-hm¿≤-Iy-Øn-se-¶nepw C\n Rm≥ Bﬂ-hn-{iaw \S- Ø pw, ]¿Æm- { i- a - Ø n- e n- c p∂v tXtPm- c q- ] n- b m- I p- s a∂v Nn¥n- ° p- h m≥ F¥vsIm≠v \ΩpsS Bﬂo-b-Xbv°v Ign-bp-∂n-s√∂v kzbw tNmZn-°p-∂p. A¿∞-]q¿Æ-amb Hcp k\ym-kh - g- n-bn-te°v XyP-\Ø - ns‚ ]mX-bn-te°v \ΩpsS bph-Xo-bp-hm-°sf H∂p hnfn-°p-hm≥ \Ωn¬ B¿°p km[n°pw? ssZhw Icp-Xs´( Cu Bﬂ-th-Z-\-t]mepw sX‰n-≤cn-°-s∏-Sp-sa∂v Adn-™p-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv) 1873se ]cp-ae ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ kvacy-]p-cp-j≥ ImWn® {Im¥-Z¿inXzw Noc-\-®≥ {]tXyIw hc®p Im´p-∂p. Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ Xocp-am-\-an-√msX Hcmsfbpw `mhn-bn¬ sa{Xm-∑m-cm-°p-I-bn√ F∂ Hcp Xocp-am\w Xs∂ aXn k`bpsS `mhn-sb-°p-dn®pw kphy-‡-amb Hcp `c-W-L-S-\-sb-°p-dn®pw AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]m¿en-sa‚-dn-s\-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Z¿i\w Adn-bp-hm≥. AsX ]cp-a-e-bn¬ Ct∏mƒ (2002) ]q¿Æ-A-[n-Im-c-tØmsS Atkm-kn-tbj≥ IqSp-hm\pw Adn-hn-√m-bva-sIm≠v A_≤w ImWn-®-hsc k`m-Km-{X-Ønte°v XncnsI £Wn®v CS-b-Xz-the Gev]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw km[n-®Xv ip`-kq-N\-bmbn ImWmw. Adn-hn-√m-bvabv°v ]t£ C\nbpw ÿm\-an-s√∂pw Atkmtky-j\mWv ASn-ÿm-\-sa∂pw Hcn-°¬IqsS {]Jym-]n-°p-hm≥ 2004epw hcpw h¿j-ß-fnepw ]cp-a-ebv°v km[n-°-s´. ae-¶-c-bn¬ kµ¿i\w \S-Ønb BZy At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okpw At±l-Øns‚ sNbvXn-I-fp-amWv \memw A[ym-b-Ønse {]Xn-]m-Zyw. Cu `mK-ßƒ ka-Im-enI Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fpsS ]n≥_-e-tØmsS A®≥ kpµ-c-ambn ]p\-cmJym\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b\pw ]me-°p-∂Øv AØm-\mtkymkpw IqSn°mWm-Xn-cp-∂Xv ]pen-t°m-Ss‚ Ifn-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Zpcpt±-iy-tØmsS X´n-hn-´Xv ]mSn \S-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂ ae-¶c k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpsS ap∂n¬ _lp.-A-®≥ I≠\mSv {KŸ-hcn D≤-cn-°p-∂p. C\n-sb-¶nepw “]©-I-eym-Wn-”sbt∏mepw hmgvØn-]m-Sp-∂-h¿ sX‰p Xncp-Øn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬. 1685se Cuhm-\n-tbm-kns‚ Fgp-Øp-Iƒ apX¬(C-Xns\ Ncn{Xw F∂p hnfn°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√) ae-¶c G‰p-]m-Snb Ncn-{X-]-c-amb A‘X am‰n-sb-Sp°p-hm≥ Hcp tIkcn C√m-sX-t]m-sb∂v Noc-\-®≥ B›-cy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A®≥ Cu {KŸ-Øn-eqsS tIk-cn-Xz-Øn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXns‚ hmb-\°m¿°v Xo¿®-bmbpw ]d-bp-hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v tXm∂p-∂p. A®s‚ k`m-Ncn{XcN-\-I-fnse tIk-cn-K¿÷\w Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ Iptd-°qsS Bg-Øn¬ apg-ßp-∂p. Ahbv°v {]Xn-[z-\n-Ifpw ss[cy-ap≈ tIk-cn-am¿°v {]Xn-i-_vZßƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ Ahbpw apg-ß-s´. Hcp ]pXnb k`m-N-cn{X ]T-\-Øn\pw N¿®-Iƒ°pw Cu {KŸw hgn-h-bv°-s´. GXm-bmepw ae-¶-c-bpsS At¥ymJym-_‘w ]pen-t°m-Ss‚ krjvSn-b√; adn®v IY-b-dn-bmsX B´w I≠h¿ F√m-hcpw tN¿∂v Ccp-∂q-tdmfw h¿j-ßƒ sIm≠v (1685 apX-se-¶n-epw)

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

57

33

˛^m. -tUm. -tPm¿÷v ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Bh¿Øn-®-Xm-sW-∂pw Cu {]tl-fnI kzm¿∞-em-`-Øn\v Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØnb \ho-I-cW-°m-cpsS ap∂n¬ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØns°m-≈p-I-b-√msX a‰p am¿§-an-√-Xn-\m¬ AXp sNøp-hm≥ t\XrXzw \¬In-sb∂ A]-cm-[ta ]pent°m-S-\n¬ D≈q-sh∂pw A®≥ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. H∏w tZikzmX{¥yw kz]v\w ImWp-hm≥ t]mepw Ah-Im-i-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp ImeØv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Hcp Atkm-tky-j\v cq]w \¬Ip-Ibpw B ASnÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp `c-W-L-S\ AYhm Imt\m≥ cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]q¿Æ-P-\]-¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS ssZh-Øns‚ k`sb ]Wn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂ sX‰p am{Xam-Wv ˛ AXv sX‰m-sW-¶n¬ ˛ At±lw sNbvX-Xv. hn.-]-t{Xm-kns‚ \ma[m-cn-bmb tiay-hw-i-P≥ kzXx--kn-≤-amb Nne ]cm-{I-a-ßƒ ImWn-®-t∏mƒ-˛Xo¿Øpw A{]-Xo-£nXw Bbn-cp∂p AXv˛- B - X - n-tY-b≥ IqsS-bmb B NmWIy≥ t_m[-]q¿∆w Ah kln®v hm¬\-£-{XsØ aS-°n-sb∂sXmgn-®m¬ apf-¥pcpØn kp∂-lt- Zmkv ae-¶c - k - `- b - psS am·m-Im¿´ Xs∂-bm-sW-∂X - n\v bmsXmcp kwi-b-hp-an-√. kz¥w sNbvXn-I-fpsS ^eIw IΩn-‰n-bn¬ hmbn-°-s∏-Sp∂ kpXm-cy-Xbpw c≠v Iq´p{SÃn-Isf h®v Ah-cn-eqsS k`bpsS hcpam\w \ne-°-Æm-Sn-bnse Nn{Xw t]mse hy‡-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B ]nXm-hns‚ t\Xr-Xzhpw....-(Rm≥ \n¿Ø-s´) ae-¶-c-bpsS IΩn‰n Xocp-am-\-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Imcy-ßƒt° ae-¶-c-bn¬ km[p-Xz-ap≈q F∂v Fgp-Xn® Z¿i-\hpw A®≥ hc®p Im´p-∂p. kp∂-l-tZm-kn\p tijsa∂ A≤ym-bhpw Hcp-]mSv Nn-¥-Iƒ tZymXn-∏n-°p∂-Xm-Wv. ]t{Xmkv aq∂ma≥ F∂ AXn-YnbpsS Bt{Im-i-ßfpw apwss_ hsc AXn-Ynsb A\p-[m-h\w sNøp∂ BXn-tY-b-\nse {InkvXo-b-`m-hhpw B ]nXm-hn\pw ae-¶-c-ap-gp-h\pw th≠n -sh-´n-°-¬ Zb-dm-bn¬ DW¿∂n-cp∂v {]m¿X-Yn-°p∂ kl{]h¿ØIcpsS Bﬂm-hp-sams° {Xkn-°p∂ lrZ-btØmsS am{Xta hmbn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°q. k`-bv°p-th≠n Xm≥ `qan-tbmfw £an°pIbpw ]mXm-f-tØmfw Nhn´n XmgvØ-s∏-Sp-hm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ B ae-bm-f-Øns‚- ]n-Xmhv Ahn-`-‡-k-`-sb-bmWv G‰hpw {]m[m-\ytadn-b-Xmbn I≠-Xv. ae-bm-f-Øns‚ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv sIm√-Øns‚ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv BIp-hm≥ aSn-®n-√. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ At±lw alm-s\∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. C∂mIs´ ISpw-]n-Sp-Ø-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ `{Zm-k-\ßsf \mw F,_n F∂v Xncn-°p-∂p. \oXn-]o-T-ß-fn-eqsS F∂ 8˛mw A[ymbw ]©m·n at≤y-bp≈ X]- ns‚ IY Xs∂-bmWv. Xs‚ \mY-s\-t∏mse sNømØ Ip‰-ßƒ°v th≠n Xm≥ ]oU-tb-d-d-t∏mgpw £an-°-Wta F∂ {]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-cp∂p B ]cn-ip≤ PohnXw apgp-h\p-sa-∂v -A-t±-l-Øns‚ ZrIvkm-£n-Iƒ kw`-h-ß-fn-eqsS hnhcn-°p-∂p. I]-S-\m-S-I-ßfpw \mSy-ßfpw Hcp-]t£ At±-l-Øn\v A\y-am-bn-cp∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw At±-l-Ønse hnip-≤X Hcp henb cl-ky-ambn \ne\n¬°p-∂Xv . BbXv Aßs\ Xs∂ \n¬°-s´. 58

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

alm-\mb am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv tIcf \thm-∞m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kmwkv°m-cnI D∂-Xn-bp-sSbpw cmP-in-ev]nbmb Zoh-∂m-tkym-kn-s\-bmWv HºXmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn°p-∂-Xv. Fs¥¥p kw`m-h-\-Iƒ! Hcp a\p-jy-mb p-sIm≠v At±lw XpS-ßnsh® FÆnbm-sem-Sp-ßmØ {]ÿm-\-ßƒ! Ah \¬Inb ktµ-i-ßƒ Ah Hcp Bap-J-]-T-\-Øn¬ kwt£-]n-°pI {]bmkw F∂-Xn-\m¬ Bb-Xn\p apXncp-∂n-√. ]mf-b-Ønse ]S-bv°-I-Øp-\n-∂p-sIm-≠mWv At±lw k`-bpsS am{Xa√ kaq-l-Øns‚ apgp-h≥ ka{K D≤m-c-W-Øn\v [oc-amb t\XrXzw sImSpØXv F∂Xv Btcbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw. hnZym`ymk {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ, kapZm-b-kw-L-S-\, `mjm-`n-am-\w, `c-W-{I-a-Ønse P\-Iob ssien A[:IrtXm ≤m-c-Ww, A®Sn ÿm]-\ßƒ, Bﬂob {]ÿm-\-ßƒ, Zb-dm-{]-ÿm-\w, hnZym¿∞n-{]-ÿm\w PmssXyIy {]ÿm-\w, kmln-Xy-{]-h¿Ø\w Aßs\ \o≠p-t]m-Ip∂p B {]h¿Ø-\-k-c-Wn-Iƒ. tdmb¬tIm-S-Xn-hn-[nbpw ae-¶-ck`bpsS kºq¿Æ kzmX-{¥y-hp-sam-s°bmWv ]pkvX-I-Ønse XpS¿∂p≈ {]Xn-]m-Zyw. Chn-sSbpw {it≤bamb Nne Imcy-ßƒ Nq≠n-Im-Wn-∏m-\p-≠v. tdmb¬t°m-SXn hn[n ae-¶-c-bpsS AkvXnXz-Øn\v cmjv{So-bhpw tZio-b-hp-amb am\hpw AwKo-I-mchpw t\Sn-Ø∂ kw`h-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1895 se Atkm-tky-j≥ apX-se-¶nepw Aßn-s\-sbmcp Hu∂XyØn-te°v ae-¶-c-k-`sb \bn-∏m≥ Cc´n Bﬂmhpw ssZh-Ir-]-bp-ap≈ ]cpae {KotKm-dn-tbmkv Xncp-ta\nsb Aa-c-Øn-cpØn k`m-\u-I-bpsS al-Øz-I-camb {]bmWw ImW-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-®m-bn-cp∂p B alm-ﬂm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø\-ßƒ. 63˛mw hb- n¬ X\n°v ]n≥Km-ansb thW-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xn-s‚ Imc-Whpw AXm-bn-cn-°mw. 1902 ae-¶-c-bpsS \jvS-sa∂v A°m-e-ß-fn¬ F√m-hcpw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp∂p (C-t∏mƒ AXv ae-¶-c-bpsS G‰hpw henb em`-am-Wv.) AsX, ZmhoZv B{Kln® item-tams\ ssZhw a‰v ZuXy-ß-fmWv Gev]n-®-Xv. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw ae-¶-ck-`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ as‰mcp apJw AhnsS Bcw-`n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂p≈ Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v {]Xo-£bpsS FØn-t\m-´Øn-eqsS A®≥ {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-K-tØ°v hcn-I-bm-Wv. A¥y-I-ev]\ hmbn°p∂-h¿°v Hcp Imcyw hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. “Hm´w XnI®p hnizmkw ImØp” F∂v ].-]u-eq-kns\t∏mse ]d-bp-hm\pw , Pohn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw acn-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw BbXv ssZh-I-c-ßfn¬ BIs´ F∂v ka¿∏n-°p-hm\pw Xøm-dmbn Hcpßn InS-°p∂ Hcp ]nXmhv. ic-i-øm-h-ew-_n-bmb `ojva alm-Nm-cys‚ InS-∏n-t\m-Sm-Wv Cu alm-ﬂmhns‚ Ah-km\ka-b-ßsf hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xv. ac-W-Øn\v Xøm-sd-Sp-°p∂h¿°pw AXn-\p-ti-j-amWv bYm¿∞ Poh-In-coSw e`n-°p-∂-sX∂v DØ-at_m-[y-ap-≈-h¿°pw am{Xta A¥y Iev]\ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ Ign-bq. bm{X tNmZn°p-hm≥ Ign-bq. {]uVhpw Kw`o-chpw `‡n-P-\y-hp-amb B H‰ Iev]\ aXn B alm-hn-ip-≤s‚ PohnXw apgp-h≥ ]Tn-°p-hm≥. tImtfPv ]Wnbv°pw, A®-m-dns‚ ]c-ky-Øn\pw Iev]\ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw A¥y-ap-s≠∂ Nn¥tb C√m-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

59

^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-I-fpw ˛tUm.-^m.-sI.-Sn.-am-Xyqkv (teJ-I≥ ]Ø-\w-Xn´ ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtf-Pns‚ ap≥ {]≥kn-∏epw Ncn{X-hn-`mKw Xe-h\pw BWv. DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ A]-{K-Y-\-whn-jbw B[m-c-am°n Xøm-dm-°nb Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øn\v ssakq¿ k¿∆-I-em-ime Ct±-l-Øn\v ]nF-®v.Un _ncpZw \¬In. IS-Ω-\n´ kztZ-in) ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` C¥y-bnse G‰hpw ]pcm-X-\amb k`-I-fn¬ H∂m-Wv-. ]e kwkv°m-cß - fpsS BI-Øp-Ib - m-WX - v. `mc-Xk - w-kv°mcw \ΩpsS k`-bpsS BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ ebn-®p-In-S-°p-∂p. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\v apºv Xs∂ Chn-SsØ k`bv°v X\-Xmb Hcp `c-Ws - si-enbpw kwkv°mchpw Pohn-X-Z¿i-\hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp {InkvXy≥ dn∏ªn-°ns‚ kz`mhw hln-°p∂ Chn-SsØ ]≈n-Ifpw `c-W-k-{ºZm-b-ßfpw kaq-l-Øn¬ Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. C∂sØ A¿∞-Øn-ep-≈-X-s√-¶nepw P\m-[n-]Xy-kz-`mhw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv `c-W-k-{º-Zm-bw. {]mb]q¿Øn-bmb F√m-hcpw CS-h-I-tbm-K-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂n-s√-¶nepw CS-hI-bnse IØ-\m-c-∑m-cpsS A[y-£-X-bn-ep≈ CS-h-I-tbmKw Xs∂bmWv Imcyßƒ \n¿h-ln-®n-cp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ CXn-s\√mw am‰w hcp-Øn-bXpw ]nc-an-Un°¬ lb-dm¿°n `mc-X-k-`-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂Xpw t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cm-Wv. DZbwt]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv BWv am¿tØmΩm {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS dn∏-ªn°n\v ]Icw _nj-∏p-am-cpsS ta¬t°mbva `mc-X-Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. _nj∏p-am-cpsS A[n-Imc tI{µo-I-c-W-Øns‚ hf¿®sb \ne-hn-ep≈ ^yqU¬ hyhÿn-Xnbpw klm-bn-®p. `mc-X-k-`-bpsS X\-Xmb Bcm-[-\bpw kwkv°m-chpw `c-W-k-{º-Zm-bhpw \jvS-s∏SpØp-hm≥ 17-˛mw \q‰m≠n¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`bp-am-bp-≠mb _‘hpw Imc-W-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv h∂ BwKteb anj-W-dn-am-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Hcp \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v klm-bn-®p. am¿tØmΩm {InkXym-\n-If - psS Cu ]q¿∆o-Im-Nm-cß - s - fbpw ]mc-ºc - y-ßs - fbpw bph-X-e-ap-dbv°v ]I-¿∂p sImSp-°p∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bnse {InkvXob

34

Ø-Xn-\m¬ A¥y Iev]-\-Iƒ D≠m-Im-Ø-Xp-amb Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Bcv F¥v ]d-bp-hm≥? GXm-bmepw “alm-\mb Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ” Hcp A\p-`-h-am-Wv. BbXv ]T-\kz-`m-h-tØmsS hmbn-°p-hm-\m-{K-ln-°p-∂-h¿°v A∂sØ k`bpw C∂sØ km[y-X-Ifpw XßfpsS at\m-ap-Ip-c-ß-fn¬ sXfn-bp-sa-∂-Xn\v kwi-b-an-√. ae¶-c-bn¬ C\nbpw alm-∑m¿ D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ {]Im-i-ØneqsS ssZhw CS-bm-°-s´. Noc-\-®-s\∂ ae-¶-c-bpsS tIk-cnbv°v C\nbpw A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn K¿÷n-°p-hm≥ ssZhw Ah-k-c-ßƒ \¬I-s´. Cu Hcp henb IrXy-Øn\v _e-lo-\-\mb Fs∂ sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xn-ep≈ A\-ev]-amb kt¥mjw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. 60

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw IpSw-_-am-kn-I-bmWv “CS-hI ]{XnI”. hy‡n-Iƒ°pw {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°pw kaq-lØ - n-\m-sI-Øs - ∂bpw Z¿i-\t- ijn \¬IpI F∂ e£y-tØmsS 2003 G{]n¬ 6˛\v “Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn” F∂ t]cn¬ BWv “CS-h-I- ]-{XnI”bv°v XpS°w Ipdn-bv°p-∂Xv . ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Zoh∂m-tkymkv c≠m-a≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bcw-`n®v At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-XImew apgp-h≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® k`m-am-kn-IbpsS ]p\¿ P∑-am-bn-´mWv CXns‚ Bcw-`w. Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn F∂ \ma-t[bw ]n∂oSv kmt¶-XnI Imc-Wß-fm¬ CS-hI ]{Xn-I-sb∂v am‰p-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. {]t_m-[-\hpw Znim-t_m-[w \¬Iep-amWv CXns‚ e£yw. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS hS-°≥ `{Zm-k-\-ß-fn¬ ]e-Xn\pw kz¥w {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ahn-SsØ P\-ß-fpsS Nn¥-Ifpw \n¿t±-i-ßfpw shfn®w ImWmsX t]mIp-∂p. X∑qew hm¿ØIfpw Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw {]kn≤oI-cn®v CS-h-I-I-fpsS sFIyhpw Iq´m-bvabpw hf¿Øp-I, P\-ß-fpsS Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb ]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ°pw i_vZ-ßƒ°pw thZn-bm-Ip-I, XpS-ßnb B{K-l-ßtfm-sS-bmWv Bﬂ-t]m-jnWn amkn-Ibv°v XpS°w Ipdn-bv°p-∂-Xv. thZ-]-T-\w, Bcm-[-\, k`m-N-cn{Xw , kmln-Xy-kw-cw-`ßƒ XpS-ßnb sshhn-[y-am¿∂ hnj-b-ßƒ amkn-Ibv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p. IqSmsX k`-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \qX\ Nn¥-Isf hna¿i-\-_p≤ym hne-bn-cpØp∂ ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw amkn-Isb kºp-jvS-am-°p-∂p. CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-bpsS \s´√v AXns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. \ΩpsS ]mcºcyw, hnizm-kw, Bcm-[\ - , `c-W{- I-aw, IqZm-im-\p-jvTm-\ß - ƒ F∂n-hI - f - n-te°p hf-sc-b-[nIw shfn®w hoip∂ teJ-\-ß-fmWv _lp.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc-\®s‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ. H∏w B\p-Im-enI hnj-b-ß-sf hni-I-e\w sNøm\pw At±lw {ian-°p-∂p-≠v. k{i≤w hmbn-°p∂ GsXm-cp-h\pw a\ n-em-hp-∂-e-fn-Xhpw {]km-Zm-ﬂ-Ihpw Hm-P v XnI-™-Xp-amb `mj-bn¬ _lphn[ hnj-b-ßsf A\m-bm-tk\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-≈ A®s‚ Ignhv H∂p thsd-Ø-s∂-bm-Wv. Xs‚ Bib-ßƒ `btam {]oXntbm (Fear or Favour) IqSmsX i‡-amb `mj-bn¬Øs∂ At±lw Xpd∂v {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. D∂-Xt{i-Wn-bn-ep≈hcpsS s\‰n Npfn-bp∂ hnj-b-ß-fpw `b-te-is-at\y At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-a-\x-km-£nsb DW¿Øp-∂-˛-D-W¿tØ-≠p-∂-˛-kXy-Øns‚ hnIr-X-amb apJw At±lw hc®v Im´p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]{Xm-[n]-°p-dn-∏p-IfneqsS k©-cn-®m¬ Cu bmYm¿∞yw \ap°v t_m[y-am-hpw. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` Hcp \q‰m-≠p-Im-e-ambn t\cn´p sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ {]iv\ß-fn¬ AXo-h-Zpx-Jn-X-\mb Noc-\-®≥ C∂v k`m t\Xr-Xz-Øn\v hnizm-ky-Xbpw kpXm-cy-Xbpw \jvS-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Xpd∂v ]d-bp-∂p. {]iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\mbn k` H∂-S¶ - a - p≈ Bﬂ-]c - n-tim-[\ - bpw Bﬂ-hn-a¿i-\hpw At±lw \n¿t±in-°p-∂p. 1934¬ cq]w sIm≠ `c-W-L-S\ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ th≠{X N¿®bpw ]cn-Nn-¥-\hpw \S-ØnbXn-\vtijw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´-Xm-sW-¶nepw C∂sØ kml-N-cy-Øn¬ AXn\v Item-Nn-X-amb ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂v A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 61

35

˛tUm.-^m.-sI.-Sn.-am-Xyqkv A®≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. AXn-∂m-h-iy-amb {]mtbm-KnI \n¿t±-i-ßƒ At±lw \¬Ip-∂p. ae-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv kpdn-bm-\n-k` F∂ Ct∏m-gp≈ \ma-t[bw am‰n C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` F∂ \maw kzoI-cn-°p∂Xmhpw DNn-Xsa∂v A®≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\-bpsS BZy A[ym-b-Ønse aq∂v hIp-∏p-Iƒ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xp Fßs\sb∂pw XZ-\p-kr-X-ambn hn.Ip¿∫m-\b - nse Xp_vtZ-\p-If - n¬ am‰-ßƒ - hcp-tØ-≠s - X-ßs - \-sb∂pw At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. k`m-hn-izm-ksØ kw_-‘n®pw k`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-Is - f kw_-‘n®pw Dd® ]mWvUn-Xyhpw Xo£vW-Xbpw D≈ BfmWv Noc-\-®≥. 13-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®n-cp∂ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_m-b- F∂ ]uckvXy a{]n-bm\ t{ImUo-Icn® lqZmb It\m\v ‘F A°w’, ‘18 A°w’ F∂v c≠v ]mT-ßƒ D≠v. CXn¬ ae-¶-c-bnse ]m{Xn-b¿°okv ]£w kzoI-cn-®n-´p≈ 18 A°w Imt\m≥, \mw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ F A°w Imt\m-\n¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv ]m{Xn-b¿°okns‚ A[n-Im-cßsf ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ `mK-ß-fn¬ am{X-am-Wv. F∂m¬ 18 A°w Imt\m≥ F∂ t]cn¬ D≠v {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Ønb Imt\m\n¬ IrXy-ambn ]nev°m-eØv Na® \qdp-I-W-°n\v hyXym-k-ßƒ ImWp-∂p≠v. C°m-cy-Øn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≈ A\n-tjy-[y-amb sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\Øn¬, I£n-Iƒ Ir{XnatcJ-Iƒ Na®v a\p-jysc sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n®v I£n-_ew h¿≤n-∏n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xns‚ \nµym-h-ÿsb A®≥ CXn-eqsS Xpd∂v Im´p-Ibpw Xmev°m-enI ÿm\-am-\-ßƒ°p th≠n-bm-bm¬ t]mepw Cu {]hWX ]cn-lm-ky-am-sW∂v hywKy-a-cym-Z-bn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Adn-tb-≠-hsc Adn-bm\pw BZ-cn-t°-≠-hsc BZ-cn-°p-hm\pw ad-°p∂ k`-bpsS Nne \ne-]m-Sp-Isf hna¿in-°p∂ Noc-\-®≥ ae-¶-c-k`, \mfn-Xp-hsc I≠-Xn¬ ht®-‰hpw ]cn-ip-≤\pw ]pWy-hm-\p-amb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ butk∏v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb hnkva-cn-®-Xn¬ tJZn-°p∂p. P\-ß-fp-am-bn- kw-h-Zn-°p-hm≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm XpS-ßn-h® am[y-a-ßƒ \ne-®-Xnepw At±lw ÿm]n® 250-tesd hnZym-e-b-ßƒ A\ym-[o-\-s∏´pt]mbXnepw, IÆnse IrjvW-a-Wn -t]mse At±lw ImØp kwc-£n® sFIyw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xnepw [m¿Ωn-I-tcmjw ]pe¿Øp∂ Noc-\-®≥, CXn\v ImcW-°m-cm-b-h¿s°-Xnsc cq£-hn-a¿i\w \S-Øp-∂p. am{X-a-√, hnip-≤\pw bpK]p-cp-j-\p-amb Zoh-∂m-tkymkv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS 94-˛mw Nc-a-hm¿jn-I-Øn¬ CSh-I-]-{Xn-I-bpsS Hcp kvs]jy¬ ]Xn∏v Cd-°p-hm\pw A®≥ Xøm-dm-bn. Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-amb hgn-Iƒ Dt]-£n®v {Inbm-ﬂ-I-amb ]pXnb hgn-I-fn-eqsS k©-cn-°p-∂-h¿°v Xmev°m-en-I-amb FXn¿∏p-Iƒ t\cn-tS≠n h∂mepw Aßs\-bp-≈-h¿°v am{Xta temI-K-Xn-sb \∑-bn-te°v \bn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-Ibp-≈q-sh∂v A®≥ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \ho-\-I-hn-XbpsS t{]mXvLm-S-I-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ F≥.- F≥.- I-°m-Sns‚ hgn-s∏-Sp-∂h-tcmSv F∂ Ihn-X-bnse {]ta-bsØ B[m-c-am°n Cu hnjbw At±lw khn-kvXcw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. AtXm-sSm∏w ae-¶c - k - `- b - psS Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]pXnb A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 62

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw hgn sh´p-hm≥ B{K-ln® Nne ]nXm-°∑ - msc kvacn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. sshZnI-]-T-\-Øn-\mbn Hcp ]cn-io-e-\-°-fcn thW-sa∂v Xmev]-cy-s∏´ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ C´q∏v aev]m-s\bpw CS-hI ]´-°m-c≥ F∂ kwc-£Ww d±m-°p-∂-Xn¬ ap≥ssI FSpØ h´-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hn-s\bpw ]pXnb hgn-Im-´n-I-fmbn hne-bn-cpØp-∂p. XmevIm-en-I-amb hna¿i-\-ßƒ {]kvXpX {]hm-NI i_vZ-ßƒ°p t\cn-tS-≠n-h-s∂-¶nepw B alXv hy‡n-I-fpsS Xmev]-cy-ßƒ DØ-a-am-bn-cp∂p-sh∂v Imew sXfn-bn-®p-sh∂v Noc-\-®≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S\ A∂pw C∂pw F∂ apJ-{]-kwKw Noc-\-®s‚ k`m-kvt\-lØn\pw kzmX-{¥y-t_m-[-Øn\pw \nZ¿i-\-am-Wv. 1934¬ ae-¶-c-k` kwhn-[m\w sNbvX k`m-`-c-W-L-S-\, taev∏-´-°m¿°pw ]´-°m¿°pw CS-hI P\-ßƒ°pw P\m-[n-]Xy amXr-Ib - n¬ ]¶m-fnØw Dd-∏m-°p-∂X - m-bn-cp-∂p. `c-WL - S- \ - m-in-ev]nIƒ `c-W-L-S\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ k`m-kvt\-lhpw Zo¿L-Z¿i-\hpw P\m[n-]-Xy-t_m-[hpw \n¿`-b-Xzhpw Pm{K-Xbpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∏n-kvt°m∏¬ k{º-Zmbw `c-W-cw-K-tØbv°v sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ ]ecpw {ian-s®-¶nepw `cW-L-S-\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-{]-amWw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ `c-W-L-S-\m-inev]n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bn-√. F∂m¬ ]nev°m-eØv Nne hnZKv[ \o°-ß-fn-eqsS `cWL-S-\-bn¬ P\m-[n-]-tXy-X-c-amb am‰ßƒ hcp-Øp-hm≥ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-ƒ Xs∂ ap≥ssI FSp-Øp. AXn¬ Ah¿ hnP-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \n¿`-bambn Imcy-ßƒ ]d-bp-hm-\p≈ Xt‚Sw H∂mWv A®s\ CØ-c-Øn¬ {]Xn-Icn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. am{X-a-√, Cu `c-WL-S-\m-am-‰ßƒ CS-h-I-∏-≈n-bpsS kzmX{¥ysØ l\n-°p-∂-Xt√ F∂pw A®≥ kwi-bn-°p-∂p. t`Z-K-Xn-Iƒ \o°w sNbvXv P\m-[n-]XykzmX{¥y]cn-c£ - Ww ]p\x-ÿm- ] - n-®m¬ ]m{Xn-b¿°okv hn`mKhpw ]q¿h-k-`-bn-te°v aS-ßp-sa∂v Noc-\-®≥ {]Xym-in-°p-∂p. `c-W-L-S-\{]-Imcw k`-bpsS ]c-tam-∂X ]m¿e-sa≠v Bbn kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym\n Atkm-tky-js‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-csØ A®≥ Dd®v {]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwK-ßƒ \nXm¥ Pm{KX ]pe¿Øn-bns√-¶n¬ k`-bpsS P\m-[n-]Xy thZn-bmb ]m¿e-sa≠v NqjWw sNø-s∏-Sp-hm≥ CSbp-s≠∂v A®≥ ap∂-dnbn∏v \¬Ip-∂p. k`m-`-c-W-L-S\ k`m-`u-Xn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \-s´√v Xs∂-bmWv. AXn\v kw`-hn-°p∂ lm\n-sb¥pw k`m-Km-{XsØ A\mtcm-Ky-I-c-ambn _m[n°pw. C°m-cy-Øn¬ ZpxJm-Ip-e\pw Bi-¶m-Ip-e\pw Bb A®≥ AXp Xpd∂v {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm\p≈ Xt‚Sw {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p-sh-∂p-≈Xv {]iw-k-\o-bam-Wv. ta¬∏-´-°m-cpsS GI-\m-b-I-i‡n hntI-{µo-I-cn-°-s∏-SWw F∂mWv Noc\-®s‚ A`n-{]m-bw. CS-h-I-Iƒ°p kzbw `c-Wm-h-Im-i-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ k`bpsS ]q¿∆o-Im-h-ÿ-tbm-SmWv A®≥ Iqdp ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv CS-h-I-Iƒ kzØp kºm-Zn-®n-cp-∂Xv CS-h-I-bpsS kºmZyw F∂ \ne-bn¬ am{X-am-bn-cp∂p. k`-bn¬ s]mXp-ÿm-]\ - ß - f - p-sSbpw `{Zm-k\ - ß - f - psSbpw FÆw h¿≤n-®-tXmsS ÿm]nX Xmev]-cyßfpw h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. C∂v k`-bpsS s]mXp hyh-lm-c-Im-cy-ßƒ°pa∏p-d-ambn ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ ]e ]cn-Xm-]-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

63

36

˛tUm.-^m.-sI.-Sn.-am-Xyqkv I-c-amb Ah-ÿ-Ifpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ Noc-\-®≥ {ian-°p∂-p. CS-hI cq]oI-cW - Ø - nepw `{Zm-k\ - c - q-]o-Ic - W - Ønepw bmsXmcp am\-ZW - vUhpw ]men-°mØ GsX-¶nepw k` ae-¶-c-k-`-b-√m-Xpt≠m F∂v t]mepw A®≥ kwibw {]ISn-∏n°p∂p. 50 hoSp-Iƒ am{X-ap≈ CS-hI - bpw 750 hoSp-If - p-≈ CS-hI - bpw D≠mhp-Ibpw Chn-S-ß-fnse ]ptcm-lnX \nb-a-\-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp am\-Z-WvUhpw ]men-°m-Xn-cn-°bpw sNøp∂ coXnbpw A®s‚ hna¿i-\Ø - n\v hnt[-ba - m-Ip∂p. ]e Xe-ß-fnepw B hy-hÿ-Iƒ \ne-\n¿ØW-sa-¶n¬ k`-bv°v kq∏¿ hnj\pw kq∏¿ ÿm\n-Ifpw Bh-iy-an√t√m F∂v Xpd∂v ]d-bm≥ t]mepw A®≥ aSn-°p-∂n-√. k`-I-fpsS sFIysØ kw_-‘n®pw _lp.-A-®\v kz¥-amb A`n-{]m-b-ap≠v. k`-Iƒ H∂m-IWw F∂ ]{Xm-[n-]-te-J\w am¿tØmΩm «olm-bm¬ ÿm-]n-°-s∏´ k`-bnse ]ncn™p t]mb AwK-ßsf tN¿Øp \n¿Øp-hm\p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ AZ-ay-tam-l-Øn\v ZrjvSm-¥-am-Wv. ae-¶c k`-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp hn`mKw \ho-I-c-W-k-`-bmbn ]ncn-™p-t]m-bXpw XpS¿∂p-≠mb ]m{Xnb¿°okv hn`m-K-Øns‚ th¿]n-cn-bepw k`m-kvt\-ln-IsfbmsI ZpxJn--∏n-°p∂-Xm-Wv. A[n-Im-c-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw ss]Xr-I-kz-Øp-°fpw ssIhiw sh®v A[nImcw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-ep-ap-]-cn, \jvS-s∏-´p-t]mb ktlm-Z-c-ßsf hos≠-Sp-°p∂-Xn¬ {i≤n-°p-I-bmWv ImtXm-en-t°-‰ns‚ kp{]-[m\ I¿Øhyw F∂ Noc\-®s‚ \nco-£Ww k`m-kvt\-ln-I-fmb Gh-cp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. Bcm-[\ - m-]c - n-jvIc - W - Ø - n-\p≈ \n¿t±i-ßƒ F{]-Imcw kzoI-cn-°Ww F∂Xns\ kw_-‘n®v hy‡-amb {]mtbmKnI \n¿t±-i-ßƒ _lp. A®≥ \evIp∂p. ae-¶c k`-bnse Bcm-[-\bv°v kPo-h-amb Hcp ]mc-º-cy-ap≠v. Bcm[\ km¿∆-{Xn-I-ambn ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ k`-bnse G‰hpw sNdnb AwKØns‚ \n¿t±-iw-t]mepw kzoI-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-sW-∂mWv At±-l-Øns‚ A`n{]m-bw. Bcm-[\m]cn-jvI-c-WsØ kw_-‘n® Ic-Sp-tcJ sshZn-I¿°v Ab®p-sIm-SpØv CS-h-I-I-fnepw `{Zm-k-\-ß-fnepw N¿® sNbvXv ]cn-jvI-cn®v kp∂l-tZm-kn\v ka¿∏n-°-Ww. kp∂-l-tZm-kn\v tbmKyamb \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°mw. ssZh-imkv{Xw Bcm-[\m ]mc-º-cy-hpw, Imt\m-\p-Iƒ, kpdn-bm-\n-`m-j, aebm-f`- m-j, ]Zy-cN - \ XpS-ßnb hnj-bß - f - n¬ {]mK-¤y-ap≈ FUn-t‰m-dn-b¬ kanXn-bpsS ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ thWw ]cn-jvI-cWw AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS ]Z-hn, Cu k`bv°p a‰p Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-I-fp-am-bp-≈ _‘sØ-°p-dn®v \njvI¿j-tbmsS hne-bn-cpØn G‰hpw DNnXhpw ^e-{]-Zhp-amb t`Z-KX - n-Iƒ ]cn-ip≤ k` ssIs°m-≈W - s - a∂v Hcp Zo¿LZ¿in-bpsS Icp-tØmsS _lp. A®≥ \n¿t±in-°p-∂p. k`m-P-\-ß-fpsS CSbnse AkwXr]vXnbpw ]ndp-]n-dp∏pw Ah-K-Wn-°msX ^e-{]-Z-ambn. Imen-Iambn Nn¥n®v {]h¿Øn®v hnizmkn-Iƒ k` hn´p-t]m-Ip-hm-\p≈ Ah-kcw Hgnhm-°-Ww. CXc k`- I - f nse Bcm- [ - \ m- ] - c n- j v I - c W coXn- I fpw At±- l - Ø ns‚ Nn¥nbv°p hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p-≠v. kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bpsS Bcm-[-\m-]-cn-jvI-cA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 64

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw Whpw A[n-Im-c-hn-tI-{µo-I-c-Whpw hne-bn-cp-Øn-s°m≠v _lp. A®-s\-gp-Xnb ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn∏v CXn\p \nZm-\-am-Wv. CX-c-tI-c-f-ss{I-kvX-h-k-`-Iƒ°v amXrI-bm-°mhp∂ ]eXpw kotdm ae-_m¿ k`-bn¬ Is≠-Øm-sa∂v A®≥ \nco£n-°p∂p. k`-bpsS _P‰v Xøm-dm-°p-tºmƒ k`m-t\-XrXzw ]pe¿tØ≠ am\-Z-WvUß-sfbpw {Inbm-ﬂI at\m-`m-h-sØbpw kw_-‘n®v _lp: A®s‚ kq£va\n-co-£Ww {it≤-b-am-Wv. amt\-PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bw-K-ß-fpsS DØ-c-hm-Zn-Ø-°p-dhpw, D’m-lan-√m-bva-bpw, A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS Ah-K-W-\bpw At±-l-Øns‚ hna¿i-\-Øn\v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂p. {Inbm-ﬂ-I-ambn \n¿t±-i-ß¬ \¬Ip∂ t\XrXzhpw, Bh-iy-t_m-[t- ØmsS A\p-kc - n-°p∂ k`mw-Kß - fpw {]_-ea - mbn hcs´ F∂mWv Cu sshZn-Is‚ {]m¿∞-\. F∏n-kvtIm-∏¬ ÿm\n-Isf sXcs™Sp°p-tºmgpw ]m\¬ \n¿Æ-bn-°ptºmgpw sX°p-˛-h-S°p Zn°p-I-fpsS ka-Xp-en-Xm-hÿ ]men-°-W-sa-∂mWv A®s‚ A`n-{]m-bw. sa{Xm≥ ÿm\m¿∞-nIƒ t]mepw kmam-\y-a-cym-Z-Iƒ ]men-°-W-sa∂pw D∂-X-aq-ey-ßƒ Ah-ew-_n-°-W-sa∂pw A®≥ i‡-ambn hmZn-°p-∂p. ]≈n-s]m-Xp-tbm-K-ßƒ, bph-P-\-{]-ÿm\w kt≠-kv°qƒ XpSßn-b-h-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-{I-a-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw _lp. A®≥ Zo¿L-ho-£W-tØmsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S\w \S-Øp-∂p. bph-P-\-ßsf I¿Ω-\n-c-X-cm°n k`bpsS apJy-[m-c-bn-te°p sIm≠p hc-W-sa∂pw A®≥ Blzm\w sNøp-∂p. F√m ]≈n-Ifnepw G{]n¬ amk-Øn¬Øs∂ hm¿jn-I-sX-c-s™-Sp∏p s]mXp-tbm-Kß - ƒ \S-ØW - s - a-∂pw, sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-Sp∂ Npa-Xe - ° - m¿°v `{Zmk-\-Sn-ÿm-\-Øntem taJ-e-mSn-ÿm-\-Øntem Hmdn-b-t‚-j≥ \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw A®≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. ]e B`y-¥c - {- ]-iv\ß - fpw Hgn-hm-°p-∂X - n\v CXp klmbn-°p-sa-∂mWv A®s‚ hne-bn-cp-Ø¬. aq∂p-am-kØ - n-sem-cn-°¬ hnIm-cn-am-cp-sSbpw ssI°m-c∑ - m-cp-sSbpw tIm¨^d≥kp-Iƒ ktΩ-fn-°p-hm-\p-≈ kwhn-[m\w thW-sa∂pw At±-l-Øn\v A`n{]m-b-ap-≠v. ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS Zni -\n¿Æ-bn-°p-hm\pw A∏-t∏mƒ D≠m-Ip∂ {]iv\-ßƒ ]cn-lcn-°p-hm\pw CXv Ah-k-c-ap-≠m-°p-sa∂v At±lw {]Xym-in°p-∂p. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bv°p-≈nse {]iv\-ßƒs°m-∏w- Xs∂ `mc-X-Ønse ss{IkvX-h-k-`-Iƒ BI-am\w t\cn-Sp∂ {]Xn-k-‘n-Ifpw A®s‚ Nn¥bv°v hn-jbo`hn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ apJy-amb H∂mWv aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\hpw \ntcm-[-\\n-b-a-ßfpw {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-amsc \nb-a-]-c-ambn t{Zmln-°p-hm-\p≈ t_m[]q¿∆-amb {iaw CXns‚ ]n∂n-ep-t≠m-sb∂pw At±lw kwi-bn-°p-∂p. hnZybpsS shfn®w IS∂p sN√mØ Dƒ\m-Sp-I-fn¬ {InkvXy≥ anj-\-dn-am¿ hnZym`ym-kÿ m-]\ - ß - fpw NnIn-’m-ku-Ic - y-ßfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ, ASn-aI - f - mbn ]Wn-sb-Sp-Øn-cp-∂h - ¿ Xßfpw a\p-jy-cm-sW∂v Xncn-®d- n-bp-∂Xv taem-f¿°p `oj-Wn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXn\p Imc-W° - m-cmb anj-\d- n-amsc {]Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\p≈

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

65

37

˛tUm.-^m.-sI.-Sn.-am-Xyqkv \ntcm-[\ - \ - n-ba - ß - ƒ sIm≠p-hc - p-∂Xv ss{IkvXh - k - `- b - v°msI `oj-Wn-bm-sW∂v A®≥ `b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ a‰p aX-ßf - n¬ Ak-ln-jvWX hf¿Ø-Ø° coXn-bn¬ anj-Wdn {]h¿Ø-\ß - f - n-te¿s∏-Sp-∂h - ¿ Bﬂ-]c - n-tim-[\ - b - °p Xømdm-IW-sa-∂p≈ A®s‚ \n¿t±iw At±-lØ - ns‚ hnim-ea - \ - pw hnizm-kk - Xo-jvWX - bpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Zim-_vZ-ßƒ ]e-Xp-I-S∂v ]pXnb kl-{km-_vZ-Øn-te°p IS-∂n´pw A\n›n-X-ambn \ofp∂ k`m-hy-h-lm-c-ßƒ Noc-\-®s\ IqSp-X¬ DXvI-WvTm-Ip-e-\mIp-∂p. k`m-P-\-ß-fpsS D∂-a-\-Øn-\p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠ k`m-k-ºØv A\-¥-amb hyh-lm-c-ßƒ°pw B¿`m-S-ßƒ°pw KXn-am‰n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xn¬ k¶-S-s∏-Sp∂ A®≥ k`m-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn-eqsS kam-l-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ [\w CØ-c-Øn¬ [q¿Ø-Sn-°p-∂-Xn¬ tcmjw- sIm-≈p-∂p. CØcw [q¿Øn-s\Xnsc i‡-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-∂-hsc k`-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-k-an-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw Hgn-hm-°m-\p≈ k`m-Np-a-X-e-°m-cpsS {ia-sØbpw At±lw Xpd∂p hna¿in°p-∂p. k`-bpsS A\p-Nn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf FXn¿°p∂ \nkzm¿∞-a-Xn-Isf ÿm]-\-Øns‚ A≤y-£-]-Z-hn-bntem \nb-{¥-W-®p-a-X-e-bntem {]th-in-∏n-°mXn-cn-°m≥ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ _≤-{i-≤-cm-sW∂pw A®\v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. CS-h-I`-c-W-k-an-Xn- ap-X¬ apI-fn-tem-´p≈ Hcp kan-Xn-bnepw H∂mw InS-°msc ImWmØXv k`-bpsS Zp¿K-Xn-bm-Wv. aq∂mw InS-°m¿ am{X-amWv C∂v k`-bpsS F√m Xe-ßf - nepw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂X - v F∂v Xpd∂v ]d-bm≥ A®≥ aSn-°p∂n-√. a n¬ _ew BWv C∂v k`sb \bn-°p-∂-Xv. a- n¬ _ew ImWn-°p-∂-hsc Imew ]n®n-®o¥n Fdnbpw F∂v A®≥ Pn.-i-¶-c-°p-dp-∏ns‚ HmS-°p-g-ense Nne hcnIsf D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≠v Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. A®≥ Im´p∂ Akm-[m-c-W-amb Cu ss[cyw k`-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ Zo¿L-ho-£-W-Øns‚ {]Xn-^e-\-am-Wv. k`m-hn-`-P\w imizX ]cn-lm-ctam F∂ ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn∏pw B`y-¥-c-I-elw- aqew a\w aSpØ km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ \mhm-Ip-∂p. k`-bnse Ccp hn`m-Kß-fn-sebpw `qcn-]£w Bfp-Ifpw k`m-tbmPn-∏n\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb am\-knIm-hÿ - b - n-em-Wv. Nne ÿm\-tam-ln-Ifpw Xo{h-hm-Zn-Ifpw am{X-am-WX - n¬ \n∂p `n∂¿. ÿm\-ßƒ Dt]-£n-°p-hm\pw kzm¿∞X shSn-bp-hm\pw t\Xr-ÿm\n-Iƒ Xøm-dm-bm¬ am{Xta Cu {]iv\-Øn-s\mcp imiz-X-]-cn-lm-c-ap-≠m-hp-Ibp-≈q. F∂-®≥ ]®-bm-bn-Øs∂ ]d-bp-∂p. k`m-X¿°-ßƒ CS-h-I-I-fnep≠m°n-bn-´p≈ De-®n-ep-I-fn¬ a\w aSpØpw k`-bn¬ kwPm-X-amb A\mﬂo-b-X-bn¬ a\w s\m¥pw k`m-a-°ƒ a‰p k`-I-fn-te°v Hgp-Ip-hm\pw hyhlm-c-hn-j-b-Øn¬ hnc‡n {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-hm\pw XpS-ßn. F¥p \jvSw kw`hn-®mepw hyh-lm-cß - ƒ°v A¥yw ImW-Ws - a∂p Xs∂-bmWv alm-`q-cn-]£ - hpw C∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. ]≈n-Iƒ hn`-Pn-°msXt]mepw k`-bn¬ kam-[m\w ]p\xÿm-]n-°W - s - a-∂m-{K-ln-°p-∂h - c - psS ]£Øp \n¬°p∂ Noc-\® - ≥ Xs‚ A`n{]mbw Xpd∂p {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ae-¶c ImtØm-en°m k`-bnse Xncp-h\ - ¥ - ] - pcw `{Zm-k\ - m-[n-]\ - mb kndn¬ A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 66

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ImtØm-en°m _mh F∂ ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-´Xn\p ]n∂n-set¥m Zpcq-l-X-bp-≈-Xmbpw A®≥ kwi-bn-°p-∂p. X\n°p tXm∂p-∂s - X¥pw `bm-i¶ - I - f - n-√msX {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-hm-\p≈ A®s‚ Xt‚Sw {]iwkm¿lw Xs∂. ]m{Xn-b¿°mkµ¿i-\s - Ø-°p-dn®pw A®≥ hy‡-amb A`n-{]mbw ]pe¿Øp∂p. AXv Xpd∂p ]d-bm≥ ss[cyw Im´p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ae-¶c k`-bn¬ \mfn-Xp-hsc D≠m-bn-´p≈ F√m {]iv\-ß-fpw ]m{Xn-bm¿°okp-ambn _‘-s∏´-h-bm-sW∂pw AXp ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-´m¬ k¿∆hpw `{Z-am-sb∂pw Icp-Xp∂ [mcmfw t]cp≠v. F∂m¬ CXv IÆ-S®v Ccp-´m-°p-∂-Xn\v Xpey-am-sW∂v A®≥ Xpd∂p Xs∂ ]d-bp-∂p. CØ-c-°m¿ kz¥w IÆnse tIm¬ ImWmsX A\y-cpsS IÆnse IcSv At\z-jn-°p-∂-h-cm-sW∂pw CØcw \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ k`-bpsS \mi-Øn\p Xs∂ hgn-h-bv°p-sa∂pw At±lw `b-s∏-Sp-∂p. am{X-a√ At±lw bp‡n-bp-‡a - mb tNZy-ßƒ \nc-Øn-s°m≠v bmYm¿∞y-t_m-[a - n-√mØ A⁄-cmb kw`mw-K-ßsf∏‰n ]cn-X]n-°p-Ibpw AØ-c-°msc t_m[-h-Xv°cn-°m-\mbn CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I-bpsS e°ßƒ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. k`m-h-g-°ns‚ ^e-ambn ]q´n-°n-S-°p∂ ]≈n-I-fn¬ Bcm-[\ apS-ßp-∂Xn-ep≈ Xo{h-hy-k\w A®≥ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS Z¿i-\-ß-fDw tZhm-eb \n¿Ωm-W-Øn¬ ]q¿∆o-I¿ A\p-`-hn® IjvS-X-Ifpw kwL¿jßfpw a\- n-em-°msX ]c-kv]c - a - ’ - cw aqew ]≈n-If - n¬ I¿Ωm\pjvTm-\ß - ƒ apSßp∂Xv Hcp hn[-Ønepw \oXo-I-cn-°m-hp∂ H∂-√-sb-∂mWv At±lw A`n-{]m-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. k`-bpsS F√m taJ-eI - f - nepw Imtem-Nn-Xa - mb ]cn-jv°m-chpw ]ptcm-KX - nbpw A\n-hm-cy-am-sW-∂v A®≥ \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. kaq-l-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fnepw F∂ t]mse- tk-h-\-Øn-\mbn PohnXw Dgn-™p-h-®n-cn-°p∂ sshZn-I¿°pw kmº-ØnI `{ZX D≠m-I-W-sa∂v A®\v A`n-{]m-bap≠v. sshZnI iºf ]cnjv°c - W - Ø - n-\p-XI - p∂ {Inbm-ﬂI \n¿t±-iß - ƒ A®≥ \¬Ip-∂p. AtXmsSm∏w hyXy-kvX-am-b Hcp tkh-\-cw-K-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ _lp. sshZn-I¿ XßfpsS IrXy-\n¿∆-l-W-Ønepw Db¿∂ am\-ZWvUßƒ ]pe¿tØ-≠-Xm-sW-∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`bv°p kz¥amb Hcp kmwkv°m-cn-I-\-bhpw kao-]-\hpw AXymh-iy-am-sW∂v A®≥ \njvI¿jn-°p-∂p. tZiob kwkv°mc [mc-I-tfmSpw [mc-W-I-tfmSpw HØp-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp kmwkv°m-cnI ssien \mw cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ≠-Xm-sW-∂mWt±-l-Øns‚ ]£w. `mj, tZi-N-cn-{Xw, ]mc-ºcyw F∂n-hbn¬ Ah-Km-lhpw tbmKy-Xbpw D≈-h¿°v kmwkv°m-cnI hIp-∏ns‚ t\XrXzw \¬I-Ww. k`m-N-cn{X \nL-≠p, hnh¿Ø\w XpS-ßnb {Inbm-ﬂ-I-ta-J-e-Ifn¬ hIp∏v {i≤ tI{µo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw thWw. temI km£-c-Xm-Zn\w, Bﬂ-lXym{]Xn-tcm[ Zn\w XpS-ßn-b-hsb kvacnt°-≠X - ns‚ Bh-iy-IX - hy‡-am-°p∂ A®≥ k`bv°v Cu cwKØv Fßs\ ^e-{]-Z-ambn {]h¿Øn-°m-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. aX-ku-lm¿±hpw kap-ZmA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 67

38

˛tUm.-^m.-sI.-Sn.-am-Xyqkv b-ßƒ°n-Sb - n¬ amXr-Im-]c - a - mb kmaq-ly-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - fpw Db¿∂p hc-Ws - a∂v A®≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p. hkp-ss[h IpSpw-_Iw, ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p F∂o Z¿i-\-ß-fn-eq-∂nb e£y-km-£m-Xv°m-c-am-IWw F√m aXm-\p-bm-bn-I-fp-sSbpw D∂-sa∂pw At±-l-Øn∂v A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. h¿Ø-am\ kw`-h-ß-tfmSv kq£va-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°m-dp≈ A®≥ ae-¶-c-k`-bpsS k¥m-\hpw ae-bmf kmln-Xy-Øn\v I\-s∏´ kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\p-amb tUm.-sI.-Fw. Xc-Is‚ tZl-hn-tbm-K-Øn¬ CS-h-I-]-{XnI-bpsS A\p-tim-N\w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kw`m-h-\-Ifpw k`m-tk-h\-ß-fpw kvacn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. k`m{]h¿Ø\-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-s\-¶nepw ssZ\w-Zn\ kmaq-ly-Po-hnXw kq£va- \nco-£-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-°p-Ibpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn A]-{K-Yn-°pIbpw [oc-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ss[cy-hm\pw BZ¿i-[o-c-\p-ambn Noc-\-®s\ hne-bn-cp-Ømw. apJw t\m°msX kXyw Nq≠n-°m-´m-\p≈ Bﬂob-ss[cyw At±lw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]m]-t_m-[hpw A\p-Xm] Nn¥bpw Abvta\n-Iƒ°p am{X-a√ ]´-°m¿°pw k`m-ta-e-[y-£-∑m¿°pw D≠m-hWw F∂v A®≥ kss[cyw Xpd∂p ]d-bp-∂p. k`mw-K-ßfpw ]´-°mcpw ta¬]-´-°mcpw hy‡n-I-sf∂ \ne-bn¬ kzX-{¥-cm-Wv. Ah-tcm-tcmcp-Øcpw Gs‰-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Npa-X-e-I-fn¬ k`bpw `c-W-L-S-\bpw hyhÿ sNøp∂ \nb-{¥W ]cn[n ]men-°pI Ah-cpsS [¿Ω-hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠p Xs∂ kzm¿∞-Xm-ev]-cyßƒ°v hnt[-b-cmbn A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n ewLn-°p-∂-Xv k`-bn¬ B`y-¥-c-I-e-lØn\p Xs∂ hgn ht®-°mw. CXv k`-bm-I-am\w Nn¥m hnj-b-am-°W-sa∂v ss[cy-]q¿∆w Noc-\-®≥ ]d-bp-∂p. C∂v kaq-l-Ønse A[n-Im-c-h¿§w hy‡n Xmev]-cy-ßƒ°-\p-k-c-W-ambn I¿Øhyw ad∂v Ahn-ip-≤hpw A[m¿Ωn-I-hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏Sp-∂p. kzm¿∞-tam-l-Øn-\mbn Ip‰-hm-fn-Isf kwc-£n®p \n¿Øm\pw C°q´¿°p aSn-bn-√. Cu kmaq-lym-[x-]-X\w AYhm tcmKm-hÿ k`-bv°p-≈nte°pw kw{I-an-°p-∂p-sh∂v ZpxJ-tØmsS A®≥ \nco-£n°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Hmtcm-cpØcpw Ah-\-h-s‚ ]cn-[n-I-fn¬ kwXr-]vX-cm-Ip-tºmƒ kaqlw t\cnSp∂ Cu tcmKm-h-ÿbv°v Hc-dpXn hcpw. X\n°p icn-sb∂p tXm∂p-∂-sX¥pw bmsXmcp Iqk-ep-an-√msX sh´n-Øpd∂p ]d-bp-hm≥ ss[cyw Im´nb Noc-\-®≥ CS-hI ]{XnI ]co-£-W-ßƒ, {]tem-`-\-ßƒ, Xnckv°mcßƒ, \n -l-I-c-W-ßƒ, Ah-K-W-\-Iƒ, A]-JymXn-Iƒ, Ip{]-N-c-W-ßƒ XpS-ßnb Zpc-\p-`-h-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-®mWv ssP{Xbm{X XpS-cp-∂Xv F∂v Xpd∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-∂p. ssZh-Ir-]bpw. BZy D]-⁄mXm-hmb ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm-bpsS A\p-{K-lhpw BWv amkn-Isb \ne \n¿Øp-∂-sX∂v At±lw \µntbmsS kvacn-°p-∂p. {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cyßsf AXn-Po-hn®v `qX-Ime aln-aIsf A\m-h-cWw sNøp-hm\pw i_vZ-an-√m-Ø -A-t\-Im-bncßfpsS i_vZw {]Xn-[z-\n-∏n-°p-hm\pw, Nn¥n-°p∂ {]Xn-`m-im-en-Isf km£-c-tI-c-f-Øn\v ]cnA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 68

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc\pw ]{Xm-[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw N-bs - ∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw, P\-kl - {- k-ßsf Nn¥n-∏n®v Ahsc k`-bp-sSbpw kwkv°mc-Øn-s‚bpw apJy-[m-cI - f - n-te°p FØn-°p∂ {]hm-NI - Z- uXyw \nd-th-‰p-hm-\pw, k`tbmSv tN¿∂p \n∂p-sIm≠v k`-bpsS Zpjv{]-h-W-X-Isf hna¿i-\-_p-≤ntbmsS hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw D≈ Hcp _lp-P-\-Pn-lz-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ {]h¿Øn°p-hm≥ Xßƒ {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-cmsW∂v A®≥ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xpd∂ a\t msS Imcy-ßƒ ImWm\pw hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm\pw Xøm-dp-≈h¿ Ah-K-Wn-°m\m-hmØ i_vZ-ambn Xßsf Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p-s≠-∂p≈ Bﬂ-kw-Xr-]vXnbpw A®≥ ]pe¿Øp-∂p-≠v. a\p-jy-Po-hnXw Hcp Xo¿∞m-S\ - a - mWv. a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚ ]cn-an-Xn-If - n¬ \n∂pw ]q¿Æ a\p-jy-Xz-Øn-te-°p≈ Hcp Xo¿∞m-S\w. h¿j-ß-ƒ Ign-bp--t¥mdpw a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ ]c-ae£y-Øn¬ \n∂-I-ep-I-bm-W-v. k`bpw kaq-lhpw t\cnSp∂ Cu {]iv\sØ AXo-h-Kp-cp-X-c-ambn ImWp∂ A®≥ Xs‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-°pdn-∏p-I-fn-eqsS Cu kmaq-lym-h-ÿbv°v ]cn-lmcw \n¿t±-in-°p-∂p. _lp. A®s‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ auen-I-X-Iƒ ]eXpw At±-l-Øns‚ ]{Xm[n-]-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ sXfn™p ImWmw. k`-bpsS ZuXyw kw_-‘n®v DØ-a-ho£-Whpw AXns‚ e£y-{]m-]vXnsb kw_-‘n®v {Im¥-Z¿in-Xzhpw D≈ Hcp hµy sshZn-I-\mWv Noc-\-®≥. k`-bpsS Imt\m-\p-I-fnepw hnizm-k-ß-fnepw Xo£vWX ]pe¿Øp-tºm-gpw, Imtem-Nn-Xa - mb ]cn-jv°m-cß - fpw Xncp-Øe - p-Ifpw hcp-tØ-≠X - m-sW∂v At±lw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. `mj-bnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw ssZhim-kv{X-Ønepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw Ncn-{X-Øn-ep-sa√mw Ah-Km-V-amb ⁄m\hpw DØ-a-Z¿i-\-ßfpw At±-l-Øn-\p-≈-Xmbn a\- n-em-°mw. ]pXnb BIm-ihpw ]pXnb `qanbpw kz]v\w ImWp∂ Cu hµy-ssh-Zn-I\v ssZh-I-ev]-\-Iƒ kzoIcn®v tami-sb-t∏mse kqcy-tim-`-tbmsS k`bv°v hgn-sh-fn®w ]c-Øm≥ XpS¿∂pw km[n-°s´ F∂m-iw-kn-°p∂p. ***************************************************************************************

Kth-jW {]_-‘-sØ-∏‰n

39 sNm∆-∂q¿ ]≈n-bn¬ t^mt´m A\m-—m-Z\w ]utemkv am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-sSm-∂n®v A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

69

tUm. kmhp-th¬ Nµ-\-∏≈n (]-Ø-\w-Xn´ ImtXm-en-t°‰v tImtfPv s{]m^-k¿, dnk¿®v hn`mKw Ub-dIvS¿. anI® {]`m-j-I≥, kwLm-S-I≥. Hcp Uk-\n-tesd {]ikvX {KŸ-ßfpsS cN-bn-Xm-hv, dnk¿®v ssKUv, {]_-‘-Im-c≥, F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {]i-kvX\mb Cu kmln-Xy-Im-c≥ ]n. F®v. Un. _ncp-Z-Øn\p ]pdsa Un. en‰v. _ncpZhpw t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. ]e ]pc-kvIm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-Imin ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) ae-bmf \ho\ Ihn-X-bnse ss__nƒ kzm[o-\X F∂ hnj-bsØ B[mc-am°n alm-ﬂm-Km‘n bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hmdn-b‚¬ ^m°¬‰n-bn¬ tUmIvS¿ Hm^v ^ntem-k^n _ncp-Z-Øn\v {io. tPmkv kn. Fw. ka¿∏n® Kth-jW {]_-‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]cn-tim-[-Im-`n-{]m-bw. Cu {]_‘w kkq£vaw ]cn-tim-[n-®p. Kth-jW acym-Z-Iƒ ]men®v cNn°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Cu {]_-‘-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {io. tPmkv kn. Fw. \v ]n. F®v. Un. _ncpZw \¬Im≥ k¿∆-I-em-im-e-tbmSv ip]m¿i sNøp-∂p. hnj-bm-Zm-\w, hnj-bm-]{- K-Y\ - w, \nK-a\ cq]o-Ic - W - w, {]_‘ ssien, F∂o \mep LS-I-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv {]_-‘-]-cn-tim-[\ \n¿∆-ln-®-Xv. \ho\ Ihn-X-sb-t∂m, B[p-\nI Ihn-X-sbt∂m Cu {]_-‘-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂Xv Ipam-c-\m-im≥ sXm´v _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSv hsc Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse IhnX-sb∂ kmam-\ym¿∞-Øn-em-Wv. (]n. 6) hnjb hym]vXn a\- n-em-°m≥ Cu {]kvXm-h\ D]-Ic - n-°pw. ss__n-fns\ tI{µo-Ic - n-®p≈ ]T-\a - m-bX - p-sIm≠v `mcXob \thm-∞m-\-Øn\v ss__nƒ hln® ]¶pw {]apJ ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø-\ßfpw {]_-‘-Im-cs‚ {i≤-bn¬s]-´n-´p-≠v. AXn-kq-£vaX - t- bm-Sp-IqSn hnj-bm-]{- K-Y\w \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ipam-c\ - m-im≥ apX¬ _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°m-Sp-h-sc-bp-≈- a-e-bmf Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-bnse ss__nƒ kz`m-ha - p≈ hnØp-Iƒ, _nw_-ßƒ, ssien-Iƒ F∂n-hsb tkmZml-cWw hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≠n-hn-sS. {]tXy-In®v H. F≥. hn., kpK-X-Ip-am-cn, k®n-Zm\-µ≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-Iƒ°v Du∂¬ \¬In Ah-bn¬ {]Xn-^-en-X-am-Ip∂ ss__nƒ kzm[o-\X kay-°m-bpw, ka-{K-ambpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Kth-jW ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp∂ tcJ-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y\w bp‡n-k-l-ambn \n¿∆-ln-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-X-c-W-Øn¬ hnh-c-Wm-ﬂI (Descriptive) coXn-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-°p-∂-Xv. hnj-bm-]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw e`n® \nK-a-\-ßƒ AXXv A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ t{ImUo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. bp‡n-`-{Z-amWv \nK-a-\-ß-fn-te-dnb ]¶pw. s]mXpsh \ho-\-I-hn-X-I-fn¬ ImWp∂ ss__nƒ kzm[o-\-Øns‚ kw£n]vX cq]w D]kw-lm-cm-≤ym-b-Øn¬ sImSp-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p, Bh¿Ø\ hnc-kX A\p-`-h-s∏SmØ hn[-Øn¬. {]_‘ ssien A\yq-\-am-Wv. ipjvI-tam, hnc-k-tam, A√. A¿∞-\n-thZ\ i‡n-bpsS ]Z-ßƒ sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p. ss__n-fn¬ Ah-Km-lw kn≤n-®n´p≈ {]_-‘-Im-cs‚ Nn¥m-kv^p-enw-K-ßƒ Imhym-]-{K-Y-\-Øn¬ ]pXnb shfn®w ]I-cp-∂p. 70

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

ae-bmf \ho\ Ihn-X-bnse ss__nƒ kzm[o-\X (Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øns‚ aqey-\n¿Æb dnt∏m¿´v) tUm. Fw. Fw. _jo¿ (tImgn-t°mSv k¿∆Iemime ae-bmf hn`mKw s{]m^-k¿. {]`m-j-I≥. \nc-h[n {KŸ-ß-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-hv. dnk¿®v ssKUv, kwLm-S-I≥, anI® kmlnXy-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {it≤-b-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In- ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) tPmk^v kn. Fw. cNn® ae-bmf \ho\ Ihn-X-bnse ss__nƒ kzm[o\X F∂ Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øn\v ]n. F®v. Un. _ncpZw \¬Im≥ k¿∆-I-emim-e-tbmSv ip]m¿i sNbvXpsIm-≈p-∂p. {]_-‘-hn-jbw {]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw {]k-‡-hp-am-Wv. hnjm-b-h-X-c-W-Ønepw {]Xn-]m-Z-\-Ønepw bp‡n-`-{Zhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb {Ia-XXzw (Methodology) ]men-°m≥ Kth-j-I≥ {ian-®n-´p≠v. sXfn-hp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hkvXp-\n-jvTXtbm-Sp-IqSn cNn-°-s∏´ Cu {]_‘w kq£vahpw Imcy-£-a-hp-amb At\z-j-W-Øns‚ ^e-am-Wv. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ ss__n-fns‚ kzm[o\w hn]p-e-am-bn-´p-≠v. AtX-°pdn®v Imcy-amb ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´n-√. Nne teJ-\-ßfpw B\p-jw-KnI ]cm-a¿ißfpw am{Xsa B hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v D≠m-bn-´p-≈q. B \nebv°v Cu ]T-\Øns‚ {]k‡n h¿≤n-°p-∂p. {]_-‘-Øns‚ Dt]m-ZvLmXw IqSmsX F´v A≤ym-b-ßƒ D≠v Dt]m-ZvLmX-Øn¬ Ihn-Xs - b-°p-dn-®p≈ kmam-\y-XX - z-ßfpw ]T-\Ø - ns‚ {]k-‡nbpw hnizI- h n- I - f psS ss__nƒ kzm[o- \ - ß - f pw kmam- \ y- a mbn hni- Z o- I - c n- ° p- ∂ p. ss__nfpw C≥Uybpw F∂ H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ ss__n-fns‚ {]k‡n, ss__nƒ C≥Uy-bn¬ F∂o hnj-bß - sf-°p-dn®pw taml≥tdmbv, kzman hnthIm-\-µ≥, alm-ﬂm-Km‘n F∂o hy‡n-Isf ss__nƒ Fßns\ kzm[o-\n®p F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw Nn¥n-°p-∂p. ss__nfpw tIc-fhpw F∂ c≠mw A≤ymb-Øn¬ ss__n-fns‚ ae-bmf hnh¿Ø-\ß - s - f-°p-dn®pw Ihn-{X-bØ - ns‚ IhnX-I-fnse ss__nƒ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ss__n-fns‚ kzm[o\w Ihn-{X-b-Øn\ptijw F∂ aq∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Pn. i¶-c-°p-dp∏v, _mem-a-Wn-b-Ω, sshtem-∏n-≈n F∂o Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn-X-I-fn¬ ss__nƒ kzm[o\w F{X-am{Xw Ds≠∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. H. F≥. hn. bpsS IhnXbpw ss__nfpw F∂ \memw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ H. F≥. hn. bpsS Ihn-X-bn¬ ImWp∂ ss__n-fnse kqNnX Ihn-XI - ƒ, _nw_-ßƒ, IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, ssienIƒ Chsb FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°pIbpw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ \n¿≤m-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kpK-XI - p-am-cn-bpsS Ihn-Xbpw ss__nfpw F∂ A©mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ kpK-X-Ip-am-cn-bpsS Ihn-XI-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ {]ta-b-ßƒ, IYm-]m-{X-ßƒ, ssien-Iƒ, _nw_-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. k®n-Zm-\µs‚ Ihn-Xbpw ss__nfpw F∂ Bdmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ k®n-Zm-\-µs‚ IhnXI-fn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ ss__nƒ {]ta-b-ßƒ, ÿe-]p-cm-W-ßƒ, IYm-]mA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 71

40

˛tUm. Fw. Fw. _jo¿ {X-ßƒ, ssien-Iƒ, _nw_-ßƒ F∂nh ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. CX-c-a-e-bmf \ho\Ihn-Ifpw ss__nfpw F∂ Ggmw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ IS-Ω-\n-´, am[-h≥ Aø-∏-Øv, Fw. tKmhn-µ≥, sNdn-bm≥ sI. sNdn-bm≥, hnjvWp-\m-cm-b-W≥ \ºq-Xn-cn, Aø-∏-∏-Wn-°¿, sI. Pn. i¶c-∏n≈, F. Aø-∏≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IhnX-I-fnse ss__nƒ kzm[o-\-sØ-°p-dn®v At\z-jn-°p-∂p. D]-kw-lmcw F∂ F´mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw \nK-a-\-ß-fpw kw{K-ln-®n-cn-°p-∂p. HSphn-embn {KŸ-kq-Nn-Ibpw aq∂v A\p-_-‘ßfpw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ae-bmf Ihn-I-fn¬ ss__n-fns‚ kzm[o\w H´pta C√mØ Ihn-bmWv Ipam-c-\m-im≥ Hcp ]t£, Cw•ojv Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS Bim\v ss__nƒ kwkvImcw e`n-®n-´p-≠m-hmw. ]t£, At±-l-Øns‚ Ihn-X-I-fn¬ t\cn´v ss__nƒ kwkvImcw ImWm\m-hn-√. hoW-]q-hns‚ cN-\-bn¬ ss__n-fnse krjvSn-bpsS ]X\w kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v F∂ A\p-am\w icn-bmWv F∂v tXm∂p∂n-√. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp hnjq-NnI _m[n®v ]me-°m´p InS-∂-t∏mƒ Ipam-c-\m-im\m-bn-cp∂p ASp-Øn-cp∂v ip{iq-jn-®-Xv. B Ah-k-c-Øn¬ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns‚ ]X-\sØ hnj-b-am°n Fgp-Xnb hoW-]q-hn¬ ]X-\-ap-s≠-¶nepw AXv {]_‘-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-∂-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ss__n-fnse ]X-\-a-√. Aßs\ hymJym-\n°m≥ km≤y-X-Iƒ Xpd-∂p-X-cp∂p F∂Xv B Ihn-X-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. hoW-]q-hns‚ cN\m kµ¿`-tØbpw AXns‚ {]tXy-I-X-sbbpw hy‡-ambn a\- n-em°n ss__n-fnse krjvSn-bpsS ]X-\-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ hymJym\n-°p-∂Xn¬ sX‰n-√. D≈q-cns‚ t{]a-KoXw ssZhw kvt\l-am-Ip∂p F∂ ss__nƒ ktµ-i-Øns‚ {]I-S\ ]{Xn-I-bmWv F∂ A`n-{]m-bhpw kzoIm-cyambn tXm∂p-∂n-√. Aß-s\-sbms° hymJym-\n-°m≥ B Ihn-X-I-fn¬ km[yXIƒ D≠v F∂p ]d-™m¬ A`n-{]mb hyXymkw Hgn-hm-°m-hp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ss__nƒ kzm[o\w Xs∂ F∂v Xo¿Øv ]d-bp-∂Xv B Ihn-X-I-fpsS taep≈ IS-∂p-I-b-‰-am-hpw. h≈-tØm-fns‚ aKvZ-e\adnbw tIc-f-Ønse kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp∂ ]oUm-\p-`-h-Ønse Hcp {]m¿∞\m kap-®b-amb {]pan-tbm-\p-Iƒ F∂ KZy-Im-hysØ B[m-c-am°n cNn-®-XmWv F∂v sXfn-hp-Iƒ lmP-cm°n hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. B IrXn ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ h≈-tØmƒ klm-bn-®n-´p≠v F∂pw AXns‚ kzm[o\w BZy¥w aKvZ-e-\-a-dnb-Øn¬ ImWm-sa∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cu A`n-{]mbw a‰p ]e \ncq-]-I¿ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-sW-¶nepw C{Xbpw sXfnhp-I-tfmsS C{X hni-Z-ambn a‰mcpw N¿®-sN-bvXn-´n-√. Kth-j-I¿ ]sØm-ºXmw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv tIc-f-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ Hcp hyXykvX kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]Xn Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. kpdnbm-\n-bn¬ \n∂v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX lqen-em-I-fpsS ]pkvX-Ihpw ]q¿Æ-cq]Øn¬ Is≠-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Cu hnh¿Ø\w ae-bmf `mj-bpsS D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-amWv F∂ Is≠-Ø¬ kzoIm-cy-am-Wv. {]_-‘-Øns‚ `mj Ae-¶m-c-c-ln-Xhpw {]Xn-]m-Z\w hkvXp-\n-jvT-hp-am-Wv. ]t£, hnh-c-Wm-ﬂI coXn-bmWv BZy¥w kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. A]-{K-Y-\-Øn72

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

˛tUm. Ipi-e-Ip-amcn hns‚ Ah-ÿ-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØpIbpw aKvZ-e\ adn-bsØ {]kn-≤-amb {]qan-tbm-\ns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ cN-\-bm-sW∂v ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂n-SØv ^mZ¿ ImWn-°p∂ kXy-k-‘X {i≤n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp≠v. Cu kXy-k‘-X-bmWv {]_-‘sØ A\m-Zr-iy-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ kp{]-[m\ ]¶p-h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Ihn-{X-bØ - n\p tijw _mem-aW - n-bΩ - b - pw, i¶-c° - p-dp∏pw hnt£]n® ss__nƒ kzm[o-\-X-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-am-Wv. ss__nƒ CXn-hr-Øamb cN-\-Iƒ F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ ss__nƒ D∂n-{Z-am-°nb kmwkvIm-cnI aWvUe-ß-fpsS Ihn-X-bn-ep≈ km∂n-≤y-amWv ^mZ-dns‚ Kth-jW hnj-bw. {io tbip-hn-Pb - hpw ss__nƒ `mK-hX - h - p-sams° ]T-\Ø - n¬ ]cm-a¿in-°s - ∏-SmsX t]mbXv AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. H. F≥. hn. Ipdp∏v, kpK-X-Ip-amcn F∂n-h-cpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS kpZo¿L ]T\Øn\p tijw k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ Ihn-X-Iƒ khn-tij ]T-\-Øn\v ]m{X-am-IpI-bm-Wv. ^m. Cu {KŸ-Øns‚ aq∂n-semcp `mKw k®n-Zm-\-µ≥ Ihn-X-sb-°pdn-®p≈ ka-{Km-t\z-j-W-am-Wv. k®n-Zm-\-µ\p tij-ap≈ Ihn-X-Ifpw Cu {]_‘-Øn\v ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. ss__nƒ Fßn-s\-bmWv Ai-c-W-cp-sSbpw A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw ck\-bmbn Ihn-XI - f - n-eqsS ]cn-Wa - n-°p-∂Xv F∂ kp{]-[m\ At\z-jW - a - mWv {]_‘-Øn-ep-S-\ofw ^m. Noc≥ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv. ss__n-fns‚ B¥-cnI kØ [\-hms‚ ]pdw-]-In-´p-I-fne√ \nkzs‚ Nn√-d-Øp-´p-I-fn-emWv IpSn-bn-cn-°p-∂sX∂ {InkvXp-Z¿i\w ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏´ Ihn-X-I-fn-eqsS A\m-hr-X-amIp∂p F∂mWv ^mZ-dns‚ kp{]m-[m\ \nco-£-W-ß-fn-sem-∂v. {]hm-NI a\- p≈ Ihn-I-sf-bmWv ss__nƒ IqSp-X¬ BI¿jn-®n-´p-≈-Xv, kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈-Xpw. B[p-\nI Ihn-X-bnse {]_-e-amb kzm[o-\-ß-fn-sem∂v ss__n-fm-sW∂pw ss__n-fns\ am‰n-\n¿Øn \ΩpsS Imhy-]-T-\sØ ]qcn-X-am-°m-\m-hn-s√∂pw ^m. Dd-∏n®p ]d-bp-∂p. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Nocs‚ ss__nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ F∂ {]_‘w Ihn-X-bn¬ ss__nƒ {]tabw Fhn-sS-sbm-s°-bp-s≠∂v ASbm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-b√ hnip≤ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ B¥-cnI kØ-sIm≠v A\p-{Kln-°-s∏´ Ihn-X-I-fpsS kuµcyw Is≠Øp-I-bm-Wv. ae-bmf IhnXm ]T\ imJ-bn¬ AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂-bmWv Aaq-ey-amb, AKWy-amb HcnSw Cu IrXn kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ss__nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ A\yq-\-amb Kth-j-W-{]-_‘w tUm. Ipi-e-Ip-amcn (t\m-h¬ kmln-Xy-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øn\v ]n. F®v. Un. _ncpZw t\Snb tUm. Ipi-e-Ip-amcn \m´nI Fkv. F≥ tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]nI-bm-Wv. Kth-jW {]_‘w Dƒs∏sS t\mh¬ ]T-\-ßƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. tUm. tPmbv t]mƒ (a-e-bmf ]T\ Kth-jW tI{µw) `¿Øm-hv.) ka-Im-eØv {]Xy-£-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ KthjW {]_-‘-ß-sf-bmsI {Kkn-®n-cn-°p∂ {][m\ \yq\X Ah Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ kpe-`-amb BIc kma{Kn-Isf am{Xw B{ibn-°p∂p F∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. Cd-ßn-s®-√m-hp∂ ]n∂m-ºp-d-ßfn-te°pw Ib-dn-sb-Øm-hp∂ {iotIm-hn-ep-I-fn-te°pw {i≤-]-Xn-∏n-°msX sI´nbn´ Ip‰n-bn¬ \n∂p Xncn-bp∂ ka-Ime {]_-‘-ßƒ Kth-j-W-Øns‚ A¥xk-Ø-bn-te°v Dƒ{]-thiw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]e-t∏mgpw A{]m-]vX-am-Im-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ ae-bmf ]T\ Kth-jW tI{µw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Nocs‚ ss__nƒ B[p-\nI ae-bmf Ihn-X-bn¬ F∂ {KŸw ta¬Im-Wn® {]_‘ kz`m-h-Øn¬\n∂v XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. GXp-hn-j-b-ØnemtWm Xm≥ Kth-jWw sNøp-∂Xv AXns‚ kIe hym]vXn-I-fn-te°pw k\njvI¿jw k©-cn®v AXns‚ kIe km[y-X-Ifpw A\m-hr-X-am-°p∂ khntij coXn-bmWv Cu cN-\-bn-ep-S-\ofw ^mZ¿ A\p-h¿Øn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss__nfpw ae-bmf Ihn-Xbpw {]_-‘-]-cn-[n-bn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ae-bmf `mj-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb kIe ss__n-fp-I-sfbpw Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ss__n-fns‚ cq]-hX - vIc - W - hpw C¥y≥ `mj-If - n¬ {]kn≤o-Ir-X-amb AXns‚ ]cn-`m-j-Ifpw N¿® sNøp-∂n-SØv Imt\m-\nI ss__nƒ `mc-X-Øn-se-Øp-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ss__nƒ {]N-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂v ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. ]g™n ss__nƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ B ]cn-`mj Ac-amb kphn-tijØns‚ t\¿hn-h¿Ø-\-am-sW∂v ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. \ne-hn-ep-≈s - s_-_nƒ apºn¬ \nh¿Øn-sh®v AXnse {]kvXm-hß - f - psS kam-\X ImWp∂ Ihn-XI - s - f√mw ss__nƒIhn-XI - f - m-sW∂v ÿm]n®v hni-ZoI-cn-°p∂ D]-cn-πhcoXnsb ^mZ¿ \ncm-Ic - n-°p-∂p. Kth-jW - Ø - n¬ ImWn-°p∂ CØ-cØ - n-ep≈ AXoh Pm{K-Xb - mWv Cu {KŸsØ aqey-hØ - m-°p-∂X - v. ss__nfpw C¥y≥ \thm-∞m\ \mb-Icpw XΩn-ep-≈-th-gvN-Iƒ ]cn-tim[n-®-Xn-\p-tijw Ipam-c-\m-im-\n-te°pw h≈-tØm-fn-te°pw D≈q-cn-te-°psams° {]_-‘-Øns‚ cYy-Iƒ Hgp-In-sb-Øp-∂p. \cI]X-\sØ hoW-]qs‚bpw aqey-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-s‚bpw Imcy-Øn¬ {i≤n-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ {]_-‘-Øn \p am‰p-Iq-Sp-am-bn-cp∂p. hrYm-ÿp-eX Hgn-hm°n HXp°n Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ {]_-‘-Øns‚ i‡n h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw hen∏w Ipd-bp-Ibpw sNøp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Ipd-hp-I-sfm∂pw {]_-‘-Øns‚ aqeysØ _m[n-°p-∂n-√. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 73

Fkv. Fkv. F¬. kn. ]co-£-bn¬ (2003) H∂mw dm¶v t\Snb Ipamcn sadn≥ Cu∏\v {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚-dn\v th≠n sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ D]-lmcw \¬Ip-∂p.

41 74

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-jW \`- nse ip{I-\-£{Xw

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-j-W- \`- nse ip{I-\-£{Xw AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ (A-Uz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sNdp-I-YmIrØv, k`m Ncn-{X-Im-c≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ {]i-kvX-\m-Wv. ae-¶ck`, CS-h-I-]-{Xn-I F∂o amkn-I-IfpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw. Ncn-{X-K-th-jW X¬∏-c≥, {KŸ-Im-c≥. Ct±lw ka-{K-km-lnXy kw`m-h-\-Iƒ ap≥\n¿Øn \yqtbm¿°nse am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv Ahm¿Un\v A¿l-\m-bn. ˛ ]{Xm-[n-]¿) k`m-Nc - n-{X-{K-Ÿß - ƒ C∂v \nc-h[ - n-bm-Wv. ae-¶c - k - `- m-Nc - n{Xw BZy-ambn A®Sn®v ]pkvX-I-cq-]-Øn¬ In´n-bXv 1906 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ]qI-Sn-bn¬ C´q∏v ssd‰dpsS ae-bm-f-Øp≈ kpdn-bm\n {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS k`m-N-cn{Xw F∂ IrXn-bmWv. ASpØ h¿jw CS-h-gn-°¬ C. Fw. ^nen-t∏mkv Cw•o-jn¬ ae-¶-c-k-`bpsS Ncn{Xw Fgp-Xn. AXv ae-bm-fØ - n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv am¿tØmΩm «olm-bpsS C≥Uy≥ k` F∂ t]cn¬ ]n∂oSv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. k`m Ncn{Xw skUv. Fw. ]mtd´v hmfy-ß-fmbn 1965 apX¬ ae-¶c \{km-Wn-Iƒ F∂ t]cn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. XpS¿∂v ]ecpw k`m-N-cn{X {KŸ-ßƒ FgpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn®p. CXn¬ tPmk^v Noc≥ A®≥ cNn® CUy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` (hna¿im\m-ﬂI Ncn-{Xw) F∂ IrXn F¥p-sIm≠pw hyXy-kvX-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. B {KŸ-Ønse D≈-S-°-Øns‚ hodpw HmP pw A\p-`-hn-®-dn-tb-≠XpXs∂bm-Wv. B Xmfp-I-fn¬ {_“m-kv{Xßƒ sXmSpØp sh®n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah ImemIm-e-ß-fnembn A⁄-X-bpsS aqSp-]-S-a-Wn™v Hfn-™p \n¬°p∂ hymP-Ncn{X kwln-XI - sf FbvXp-ho-gvØp∂ ImgvN IuXp-II - c - a - m-Wv. Ipdn-°p-sIm-≈p∂ \nK-a-\-ßƒ, ssI\n-dsb kXy-k-‘-amb Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fpsS sh¨ap-Øp-Iƒ, A¿∞-hØ - mb Ncn{X hni-Zo-Ic - W - w, ka-Nn-ØX - b - m¿∂ ImgvN∏ - m-Sp-Iƒ ˛ {KŸØnse Hmtcm hcn-Ifpw a\p-jy-tN-X-\sb X´n-bp-W¿Øm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb AarX-kq-‡-ß-fm-Wv. ]gb Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ Fgp-Xn-t∏m∂ kt¶-X-ß-fn¬ B{i-bn®v k`m Ncn-{Xc-N\ \S-Øp∂ ImgvNbmWv km[m-cW I≠p-h-cm-dv. Noc-\-®-\m-Is´ \S∂p ]g-Inb hgn-hn´v ]pXnb hgn-Ømc sh´n-bp-≠m-°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. t¢i-I-camWv B {]hr-Øn-sb∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°m≥ hø. F∂m¬ At±lw B hgn-Ømc-bn¬ I≠p-ap-´p∂ kXy-Øns‚ apJw F{Xtbm \n¿Ω-ehpw Nmcp-X-bm¿∂-Xpam-Wv. Ah A∏msS H∏n-sb-SpØv At±lw \ap-°mbn ImgvN-sh-bv°p-∂p. AXns‚ amkvac Z¿i-\-Øn¬ klr-Zb temIw B\µ \n¿hr-Xn-t\-Sp-∂p. 1994 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® C≥Uy≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` (hna¿im-\m-ﬂI Ncn-{Xw) F∂ IrXn k`m-N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS {]tXyI {i≤sb BI¿jn® hninjvS {KŸ-am-Wv. kXy-tØmSpw \oXn-tbmSpw ]pdw Xncn™v \n¬°m-Ø-h-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

75

42

˛AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ sc√mw B Ncn{X {KŸsØ ap‡-IWvTw {]iw-kn-®p. AXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n® Ncn{X tcJ-I-fpsS Xnf°w IÆ-©n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bpsS am¿°‰v hne \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ B¿s°-¶nepw Ign-bptam? Hm^o¿ kz¿Æw ]Icw sImSpØm-epw Ah e`n-s®-∂p-h-cn-√. B ]pcm-X\ tcJ-Iƒ X∏n-sb-SpØv shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h∂ Noc-\-®s\ F{X {]iw-kn-®mepw aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. At±lw Hcmƒ C√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ C∂pw B Ncn{X tcJ-Iƒ Ccp-´n¬ Xs∂ Ign-t™-t\. Nne-t∏mƒ NnX-se-SpØpw s]mSn™pw \in®p t]msb-∂pw-h-cmw. k`m-N-cn{X Kth-jW cwKØv Noc-\-®≥ sNbvX \nkvXqe tkh-\-ßƒ°v IW-°p-sh-°phm≥ {]bm-k-am-bn-cn-°pw. 2000 h¿jw ]n∂n´ ae-¶-c-k`m Ncn{Xw \qdp iX-am\w kXy-k-‘-ambn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv ^m. tPmk^v Noc≥ {ian-®-Xv. FsX-¶nepw ]£w tN¿∂v hkvXp-X-Isf hf-s®m-Sn-°m-t\m, ]pI-ad krjvSn®v kw`-h-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw Ipd-®p-Im-Wn-°mt\m At±lw apXn¿∂n-´n-√. D≈-Imcyw AtX-]Sn ]I¿Øn shbv°p-Ib - mWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v. Ncn{Xw kXy-am-bn-cn-°W - s - a∂v At±-lØ - n\v \n¿_-‘-am-Wv. Ncn-{X-c-N-\-Iƒ°p≈ D]m-Zm\-tcJIƒ tXSn At±lw hfsc sIm√-ßƒ t¢in®v \S-∂-Xmbn Adn-bmw. hna¿im-ﬂI Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ apJhp-c-bn¬ At±lw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v........ Ipsd tcJ-Iƒ ]gb B¿ss°hv kvIfn¬ Bcp-sSbpw {i≤-bn¬s]-SmsX InS-∏p-≠v. A©v h¿jsØ \nc-¥c {]b-Xv\wsIm≠v A{]-Im-c-ap≈ Ipsd tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ Ign-™p. At±lw XpScp∂p........... e`n® ]gb tcJ-Iƒ ]Tn-®-t∏m-gmWv \ne-hn-ep≈ k`m Ncn{XsØ Xncp-Øp∂Xpw, ]qcn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb Ht´sd hkvXp-X-Iƒ Is≠-Øphm≥ Ign-™-Xv. tcJ-Iƒ In´n-b-Xp-sIm-≠p-am{Xw Imcy-am-bn-√-t√m. Ahsb ]Tn®v, A]-{KYn-®v, s]mcpƒ Xncn®v th≠-hn[w FgpXn ^en-∏n-°p-hm≥ Akm-am-\y-amb hyp¬∏-Ønbpw `mjmkzm[o-\hpw thWw. AXn-\p≈ Xme¥p ssZhw-X-ºpcm≥ A®\v I\n™v Acp-fn-bn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ {KŸ-ß-fnepw teJ-\-ßfnepw \ap-°Xv sXfn-™p-Im-Wmw. Xs‚ {KŸ-c-N-\sb Ipdn®v At±lw kqNn∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.........-]p-Xnb hgn-sh-´p∂ Hcm-fn-\p-≠m-tb-°m-hp∂ F√m `bm-i-¶I-sfbpw adn-I-S-°p-hm≥ Cu {KŸ-Im-cs\ ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Cu Ncn-{X-\nco-£-W-Øn¬ ]pe¿Ønb kXy-k-‘-X-bpw, kml-kn-I-amb At\z-jW hy{KXbpw \njv]-£-amb A]-{K-Y\ {ia-ß-fpw `mhn-bnse tIcf aX-˛-kmw-kvIm-cnI-˛N - c - n{X hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°p Bthiw \¬Ip∂ am¿§-Zo-]a - m-tb°pw F∂v {]Xo£-bpamWv. \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßfpw H´-\-h[n {KŸ-ßfpw FgpXn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ Noc-\-®s‚ cN-\-I-sf√mw ta∑-tb-dn-b-h-bm-Wv. Ah-bn¬ ImWp∂ ]WvUntXm-Nn-X-amb hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-I-fpsS a[p-chpw, Nnt¥m-±o-]-I-amb hni-I-e-\-ßfpsS \dp-a-Whpw klr-Zb temIw Bth-i-]q¿∆w Bkz-Zn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-h-bmWv. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ D∂-X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` (hna¿im-\m-ﬂI Ncn-{Xw) F∂ IrXnsb ap≥\n¿Øn GXm\pw ImcyA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 76

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-jW \`- nse ip{I-\-£{Xw ßƒ Ipdn-°p-hm-\mWv ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øns‚ BZy-`mKØv 36 Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-amb B Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ {KŸ]m-cm-b-W-Øn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. {KŸ-Øns‚ D≈-S°w ]Øv A≤ym-b-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ae-¶-c-k`-bpsS kp{]-[m\ Ime-L´- ß - sf \mgn-I° - √ - p-If - m°n IW-°m-°n-bmWv A≤ymb-ßƒ th¿Xn-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. {]mNo\ Ime-L´w F∂ H∂mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ BZy-\q-‰m-≠nse Bcm-[\m k{º-Zm-bw, B Ime-L-´-Ønse aX-km-ln-Xyw, ]utcm-lnXy kwhn-[m-\w, ae-¶c k`bpw t]¿jy≥ k`bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w, ae-¶c k`bpw Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w, hn√m¿h´w cmP-hwi-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ, ae-¶c k`bpsS s\kvtXm-dnb _‘w, ae-¶c ˛A-t¥ymJym _‘w, ae-¶c k`bpw tdma≥ ItØm-en°m hnizm-khpw, DZbw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-l-tZm-kv, Iq\≥Ip-cnip kXyw, Al-Ø-≈m-_m-hm-bpsS IØv, F∂o ]c-a-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Isf \nco-£Ww sNøp-∂p. A{]nb kXy-ßƒ ta¬∏-d™ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬ {KŸ-Im-c-I≥ sXfn-hp-klnXw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-tºmƒ ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn hniz-kn®pt]m-cp∂ hnizmk kXy-ßf - p-ambn s]mcp-Øs - ∏-Sp-∂n-s√-∂p-I≠v hmb-\° - m-cpsS s\‰n Npfn-™Xpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. ]utcm-lnXy kwhn-[m-\-sØ-°p-dn®v {KŸ-Im-c≥ ]d-bp-∂p. F. Un. H∂mw \q‰m-≠n¬ temI-sØm-cn-SØpw C∂-sØ-t]m-se-bp≈ ]utcmlnXy t{iWn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]ptcm-ln-X≥-˛-ip-{iq-j-I≥ Cßs\ c≠m-bncp∂p sshZnI ÿm\-ßƒ. {InkvXp At∏m-kvtXm-e-∑msc ]ptcm-ln-X-cmbn \nb-an-®p. At∏m-kvtXm-e∑ - m¿ Ggp-t]sc siΩm-i∑ - m-cmbn \nb-an-®t- ∏mƒ ÿm\ßƒ c≠m-bn. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿ Nne ss{IkvXh tI{µ-ß-fn¬ sIml-s\m-˛doiv sImls\ F∂pw Imio-tim-˛F - ∏ - n-kvtIm∏m F∂pw {]kv_n-‰¿ ˛ _nj∏v F∂pw hyXykvX ÿm\-Np-a-X-e-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah¿ \¬h-c-ßfn¬ hyXy-kvXc-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cym-b-]-Z-ß-fn-embn am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ Cu ÿm\-\m-a-ßƒ \¬h-c-Ønepw, A[n-Im-c-Ønepw hyXym-k-ap≈ ÿm\ß-fm-sW∂v {]N-cn∏n-°p-∂Xv ]n¬°me \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-Wv. ]e tI{µ-ß-fnepw ]e \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eq-sS-bmWo hnImkw cqV-aq-e-am-b-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`bn¬ \memw \q‰m-≠n¬t∏mepw k`-bpsS ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns\ hmgn-®n-cp-∂Xv Ahn-SpsØ 12 sshZn-I¿ am{Xw tN¿∂ kan-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v A\n-tj[y-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ \ap-°n∂v e`y-am-Wv. {KŸ-Im-cs‚ Cu shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ Hcp sR´-tem-Sp-Iq-Sn-tb Nne¿°v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-s™∂p hcn-I-bp-≈q. Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bnse k`m kwhn-[m-\-Øn\v kam-¥-c-ambn sXc-s™-Sp-°s∏´ 12 IØ-\m¿am-cp-≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cn-sem-cmsf A®≥ (t]-sd-Zn-bqØm) Bbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ k{º-Zmbw ae-¶c - b - n¬ \S∏p≠mbn-cn-°m≥ km[yXbps≠∂v tPmk^v Noc-\-®≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. CXv hfsc IuXpI-I-c-amb hm¿Ø-bm-Wv. Cu hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn®v a‰p k`m-N-cn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \ap°v Adnhv e`n-s®-∂p-h-cn-√. ]uckvXy tZi-Øp-\n∂p ]e-t∏m-gmbn h∂ sa{Xm-∑m¿ tIc-f-Ønse A®≥ÿm\n tIc-fob sa{Xm-\m-sW∂v [cnA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 77

43

˛AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ °m-sX-bmWv A¿°-Zn-bm-t°ms\∂v ]d-™p-h∂ - s - X∂pw {KŸ-Im-c≥ ka¿∞n°p-∂p. B¿®v Uo°≥ Koh-dp-Ko-kns\ ]me-bq-cns‚ sa{Xm-\m-°m≥ tdmw {]km-Zn-®t- ∏mƒ A¿°-Zb - m-t°m≥ AXv \nc-kn-®Xv Xm≥ t\csØ sa{Xm≥ÿm\n-bm-sW∂v t_m[y-ap-≈Xp-sIm-≠m-sW∂pw Noc-\-®≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ncn{X hnZym¿∞nIƒ°v B hnhcw t_m[y-amb t]mse tXm∂pw. t]m¿®p-Kokp-Im-cpsS hc-thm-sS-bmWv ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ BsI amdn-b-sX∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. 13-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ hoc-cm-Lh N{I-h¿Øn atlm-Z-b-]p-csØ hmWn-Py-t\Xm-hmb Cc-hn-tIm¿Ø\v \¬Inb sNt∏Sv ^m. tPmk-^v Nocs‚ ImgvN-∏mSn¬ {InkvXp-a-X-°m-tcmSv ZmXm-hns‚ ]q¿∆o-I¿ sNbvX t{Zml-ßƒ°v {]mb›n-Ø-am-bn-´mtWm Cu sNt∏-Sp-Iƒ Zm\w sNbvXXv F∂ tNmZyw {]k-‡-amWv. kmaq-Xn-cn tImhn-e-I-Øp-\n∂v F≥. Fw. \ºq-Xncn Is≠-SpØv {]kn-≤oI-cn® \memw \º¿ {KŸ-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ Hme Noc-\-®s‚ \nK-a\w icn-bmb Zni-bn-em-sW∂v hy‡-am-°p-∂p. ae-¶c At¥ymJym _‘-sØ-°p-dn®v {KŸ-I¿Øm-hn\v hy‡-amb [mcW-bp-≠v. Xs‚ A`n-{]mbw bmsXmcp kwi-bhpw C√msX At±lw Dds° hnfn®p ]d-bp-∂p. hnthIaXn-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ°v sNhn-sIm-Sp-°p-I. tIcf k`bn¬ h∂n-´p≈ hntZi sa{Xm-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw At¥ym-Jy≥ sa{Xm-∑mtcm A√mØ- ] £w At¥ym- J y≥ ]m{Xn- b ¿°o- k ns‚ \ntbm- K - { ]- I mcw h∂htcm BsW∂v Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ {]h-W-X I≠p-h-cm-dp-≠v. A{]-Im-c-ap≈ AhImi hmZ-ßƒ°v Hcp {]am-Whpw ASp-Ø-Im-ew-hsc Bcpw lmP-cm-°n-bn-´n√. F∂m¬ CubnsS I£n-h-g-°ns‚ _ew h¿≤n-∏n-°mt\m F∂v kwibn°pamdv tcJ-I-f-ßs\ ioa-bn¬ \n∂v Cd-°p-aXn sNø-s∏-Sp∂p≠v. F∂m¬ ae-¶c-bn-sebpw At¥ym-Jym-bn-sebpw a‰v k`m-tI-{µ-ß-fn-sebpw Ncn-{X-tc-J-Iƒ aqe-`m-j-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[n®v ]Tn® dh. tUm. hn. kn. imap-th¬ \¬Ip∂ km£yw ImWp-I. ae-¶c k`bv°p ]pcm-X\ Imew-ap-X¬ At¥ym-Jy≥ k`bp-ambn _‘w D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂ hmZw km[q-I-cn-°p-hm≥ th≠ bmsXmcp sXfnhpw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`-bpsS `mKØv \nt∂m ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS `mK-Øp\nt∂m e`y-a-√. (k` hf-cp∂p ]pdw 183) ^m. tPmk^v Noc-\-®≥ XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp-∂p. am¿ {KotKm-dn-tbmkv _m¿ F{_mb Fgp-Xnb F¢o-kn-bm-Ãn°n F∂- k`m Ncn-{X-Øn¬ 1496 hsc-bp≈ At¥ym-Jy≥ kpdn-bm\n k`-bpsS hnh-c-ßƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≈-Xn¬ 14-˛mw \q‰m-≠p-h-scbp≈ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ km[pX Bcpw tNmZyw sNbvXn-´n-√. AXn-seßpw At¥ym-Jy≥ k`bv°p C¥y≥ k`bp-ambn _‘-ap-s≠∂v ]d-bm-Xn-cnt° 19-˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p tijw Nne¿ Nne tcJ-Ifpw hymJym-\ß - f - p-ambn Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®X - ns‚ hy¿∞X A]-lm-ky-sat∂ ]d-bm-\m-hq. ]e¿°pw sR´-tem-Sp-IqSn am{Xw {ihn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ Hcp ]cam¿∞w {KŸ-I¿Ømhv {]Jym-]n®p F∂p-am-{Xw. A_vZp¬ Peo¬ _mhm-bpsS J_¿ ]d-hq¿ ]≈n-bpsS aZv_-lm-bn¬ \n∂v 78

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-jW \`- nse ip{I-\-£{Xw ssl°-em-bn-te°p am‰-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw Noc-\-®\v kz¥w A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn ]d-™p-h-cp∂ AΩq-Ω-°Y At±lw hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. \n[nsb-Sp-°m≥ J_¿ sh´n-s∏m-fn®p F∂mWv Hcp-Iq-´¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. aZv_-lm-bn¬ ÿew C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ s]mfn-®p-am‰n Xmsg ssl°-em-bn¬ ÿm]n®p F∂v thsdmcp Iq´cpw ]d-bp-∂p. Noc-\-®≥ tNmZn-°p-∂p. I_-dn¬ \n[ntbm? Ahniz-k-\o-bw. ]d-hq¿ aZv_-lm-bn¬ [mcmfw ÿe-ap-≠-t√m. C\n ÿeans√¶nepw k` ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn Bcm-[n-°p∂ Hcp J_-dnSw Bsc-¶nepw sh´n-s∏mfn-°ptam? Cu {KŸ-Im-c≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv. 1665 ¬ Chn-sS-sbØnb {KntKm-dn-tbmkv A_vZp¬ Peo¬ at‰tXm k`-bpsS sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p F∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv Hcp hnizm-k-hn-]-co-Xn-bpsS J_¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬ B J_dnSw sh´n-s∏m-fn-®X - v. ]n¬°m-eØv ]cp-ae am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv ]nXmhv Du¿t«w sa{Xms‚ Bÿm\w kµ¿in-®-t∏mƒ B ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v ae-¶-c-bn-se-Øn-bXmbn ae-¶c hniz-kn-®p-t]m-cp∂ A_vZp¬ Peo-en-s\-∏‰n Hc-£cw t]mepw ]cm-a¿in-°m-Xn-cp-∂Xv A°mcyw ]cp-ae ]nXm-hn\pw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp∂p F∂mWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂X - v. 1770 Pqsse ]Ømw- Xn-øXn \ncWw ]≈n-bn¬ sh®v \S∂ Bdmw am¿tØmΩm-bpsS ]p\-c-`n-tjI NS-ßp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ {KŸ-Im-c≥ hni-Ie\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. At±lw ]d-bp∂p At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kp-ambn Cu A`n-tj-IsØ _‘n-∏n-°p-hm≥ C. Fw. ^nen∏pw a‰pw t_m[-]q¿∆w \SØnb {iaw At\Iw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑msc hgn-sX-‰n-®n-´p-≠v. XpS¿∂v At¥ym-Jybn¬ \n∂pw ap≥Km-an-°p-th≠n sImSp-Ø-b® ÿmØn-t°m≥ {KŸ-I¿Ømhv kq£vaa - mbn ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. GXv ÿmØn-t°m-\nepw Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hkvXpX-Iƒ hni-Z-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. XpS¿∂v 5 kp{]-[m\ Imcy-ßƒ ÿmØn-t°m-\n¬ \n¿_-‘-ambpw D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v {KŸ-Im-c≥ ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv Hmtcm∂pw At±lw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p. ÿmØn-t°m-\n-ep≈ Ahy-‡X Noc\-®≥ Xpd-∂p-Im-´p-∂p-≠v. Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amWv B ÿmØn-t°m≥ F∂ \nK-a\-Øn¬ At±lw FØn-t®-cp-∂p. hnkvXmc `bsØ Hm¿Øv B `mKw hnSp-Ibm-Wv. Cu ÿmØn-t°m≥ At¥ymJym ]m{Xn-b¿°okv Fgp-Xn-b-X-√. ImWpI-t]mepw sNbvXn-cn-°n-s√∂ A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- A-t±-l-Øn\v. Noc-\-®≥ XpS¿∂v Fgp-Xp-∂p.... CØcw Imcy-ßƒ k`m-N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpw Nn¥n-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂n√. {]kvXpX ÿmØn-t°ms‚ A ¬ Cu {KŸ-Im-c≥ I≠n-´n-√. I≠n-cps∂-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-°m-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂v At±lw tcJ-s∏-SpØp-∂p-≠v. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-sb-°p-dn®pw, I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-sb-°p-dn®pw B[n-Imcn-I-ambn ]d-bm≥ sIev]p≈ ]WvUn-X-\mWv ^m. tPmk^v Noc≥. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme Cu ASp-Ø-Im-eØv I≠p-]n-Sn®v AXns‚ bYm¿∞ `mjm-cq]w hni-Z-am-°n-bXv At±-l-am-Wv. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS I¿Øm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v {]iw-k-Iƒ tImcn-s®-cn-bp-hm≥ Noc-\-®s‚ XqenI aSn-Im-´p-\n-∂n-√. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bpsS Xnf°w G‰hpw A[nIw Ipd™ Hcp A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 79

44

˛AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ Ime-L-´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. (18-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ A¥y-]m-Zw) ........ Cu B]¬L´-Øn¬ am¿Øm-WvUh - ¿Ω-bnse Nm∂m-s\-t∏mse NmSn-hoWv ASn-b≥ e®nt∏mw F∂v \njvI-f-¶-ambn {]Jym-]n®v Bﬂm¿∏Ww sNøm≥ ae-¶-c-bpsS Xe-∏-≈nbmb Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ]meq¿ CS-h-I-bn¬ Hcp k`m-kvt\-ln-bmb sshZn-I≥ Xøm-dm-bn. At±-l-amWv k`m tPymXnkv ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Znh-∂mtkymkv {]Y-a≥ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø. cmjv{Shpw k`bpw Hcp-t]mse hntZ-ita¬t°m-bvabv°v hnt[-b-amb-t∏mƒ BZn-Xy-hw-i-Øn¬ kqcy-\p-Zn-®p. B kqtcym-Z-b-Øns‚ tcJ-bmWv B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e. I≠-\mSv ]Sn-tbm-e-sb-°p-dn®pw {KŸ-I¿Ømhv hni-Z-ambn ]T\w \S-Ønbn-´p-s≠∂v At±-l-Øns‚ {]kvXpX {KŸw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. I≠-\mSv ]Sntbm-e-bn¬ sXfn-™p-Im-Wp∂ Nne k`m Z¿i-\-ßƒ Noc-\-®≥ A°-an´v \ncØp-∂p≠v. ]Øv {][m\ Imcy-ß-fmWv Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. \ncWw {KŸ-hcn, I≠-\m´v ]Sn-tbm-esb A{]-[m-\a - mbn IW-°m°n F∂ tJZw {KŸ-I¿Ømhn-\p-≠v. At±lw Hcp L´-Øn¬ Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu Hscms‰ hmIy-Øn¬ \ncWw {KŸ-hcn I≠-\m´v kp∂-l-tZmkv Xocp-am-\-ß-sfbpw ]Sntbm-e-sbbpw hngp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]t{Xmkv ]m{Xn-b¿°okv h∂v sa{Xm-∑msc hmgn®v ae-¶-csb Ggv `{Zm-k-\ß-fmbn hn`-Pn®v `cn-°m≥ G¿∏m-Sm-°n-b-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v {KŸ-I¿Ømhv Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. Xm≥ ]´w-sIm-SpØp DS-ºSn hmßnb Bdp sa{Xm-∑m¿ Xs‚ hnizkvX A\p-bm-bn-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-sa∂v {]Xo-£n® ]t{Xmkv XrXo-b\v sX‰p-]-‰n. ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn¬ \n∂v ]´-ta‰ Bdp sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw ANn-tcW Hcp Imcyw t_m[y-am-bn. Xßsf sa{Xm-∑m-cm-°n-bXv ae-¶c sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømsb Zp¿_-e-\m-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bm-sW-∂v. Bﬂo-bm-[n-]-Xy-a-√msX ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ta¬ euIo-Im-[n-]Xyw ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kn\v ASn-bd shbv°p-hm≥ Ah¿ B{Kln-®n-√. ]´-ta-‰-Xn\p tijw A`n-\h sa{Xm-∑m¿ Bdp t]cpw sh´n-°¬ Zb-dmbn¬ 40 Znhkw [ym\-\n-c-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu 40 Znhkw sIm≠v Ah¿ Xocp-am\n-®p. \n¿Æm-b-I-amb Cu L´-Øn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bpsS Ic-ßƒ°v i‡n Iq´p-I-bmWv Ic-Wo-b-sa∂v. Xß-fpsS ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°m-Xncp∂ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbmSv Ah¿ {]Xn-I-cn-®-X-ß-s\-bm-Wv. A`n-\h sa{Xm∑m-cpsS Cu \ne-]m-Sp-aq-e-amWv ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkn\v ]n¬°meØv hnP-b-ßƒ sImbvXp-Iq-´p-hm≥ km[n-®-Xv. ae-¶c sa{Xms‚ IWvT-tImSm-en-I-fm-hm≥ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏´ IcpØ∑m-cmb {]Xn-tbm-Kn-Iƒ IWvTm-`-c-Wß-fmbn amdp∂ tcmam-©-Zm-b-I-amb ImgvN Bsc-bmWv BÀm-Zn-∏n-°m-Ø-Xv. sh´n-°¬ [ym\-Øn¬ ]cn-ip-≤mﬂ \ntbm-K-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. XpS¿∂v Noc-\®≥ Hcp bmYm¿∞y-Øn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p. At±lw sX√v C—m-`w-Kt- ØmsS Bﬂ-KXw sNøp-∂p. ]´-ta‰v [ym\-\n-cX - c - mbn Ign™ B ]pWy-t«m-Is - c-hnsS? ]´-ta-‰p-I-gn-™m¬ lwk cY-ßƒ kz]v\w I≠v Ign-bp∂ ]n¬°me alm-]ptcm-ln-X-sc-hnsS? Cu Bﬂ-KXw A]-I-S-Im-cn-bmb Hcp ]ptcm-ln-Xs‚ Pev]\-ß-fmbn k`m-t\-Xr-Xz-Øn\v tXm∂n-bm¬ Ip‰w-]-d-bm≥ Ign-bn-√. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 80

^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-jW \`- nse ip{I-\-£{Xw ae-¶-c k`-bpsS C∂sØ t]m°n-s\-°p-dn-®v. ]cm-a¿in-°p-hm\pw _lp-am\-s∏´ Noc-\-®≥ {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬ CSw Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v. At±lw tNmZn°p∂p .....-sa-{Xm-∑m¿°v Ah-c-h-cpsS sa{Xm≥ÿm-\-ßƒ°p-]cn k`m-Im-cyß-fn¬ Xmev]-cy-ß-fn-s√-∂ kXyw B¿°mWdnbm-ØXv? CubnsS ]. kp∂l-tZm-kn¬ kµ¿`-h-im¬ sN∂v Ib-dm-\n-S-h∂ {KŸ-Im-c≥ A¤p-X-s∏-´p. NqSp-]n-Sn® Hcp k`m-{]-iv\-sØ-∏-‰n c≠v aq∂v sa{Xm-∑m¿ hmZ-{]-Xn-hmZw \SØp-∂p. A≤y-£-\-S°w a‰p kp∂-l-tZm-kw-K-ßƒ AXn¬ Xßƒ°v Imcy-ans√∂ a´n¬ \n w-K-ambn sIm®p-h¿Ø-am-\-ßƒ ]d™p ckn-°p-∂p. Akly-amb Cu \n w-K-X-bn¬ {]Xn-tj-[n®v ]. kp∂-l-tZm-kns‚ sk{I-´-dnbpw sshZnI skan-\m-cn-bpsS {]n≥kn-∏epw U¬ln `{Zm-k\ sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ømbpw sshZnI kwLm-≤y-£\pw ae-¶-c-bpsS A`n-am-\-hp-amb tUm. ]ueqkv am¿ {KntKm-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ Xs‚ k`m-]-c-amb F√m HutZym-KnI ÿm\ßfpw cmPn-sh-®Xpw kΩ¿±-ß-sf-Øp-S¿∂v cmPn ]n≥h-en-®Xpw Hs° Nn¥mio-e-cmb At\-Isc ZpxJn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. (t]Pv 309˛310) {KŸ- Ø ns‚ Ah- k m- \ - ` m- K Øv ae- ¶ - c - k - ` - b nse 1053 apX¬ 1952 hscbp≈Xpw tae-≤y-£-∑m-cpsS enÃv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amWv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬ \S∂ aqtdm≥ IqZm-i-I-fpsS hnh-chpw ImWmw. k`-bnse sa{Xm-k-\-ß-sf Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-chpw D≠v. 1994 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´ Cu hninjvS {KŸ-Øn\v ]p\¿ ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-tI-≠-Xm-Wv. ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Hmtcm Krl-\m-Y\pw Cu ]pkvXIw Ah-ch-cpsS ho´n¬ kq£n-®p-sh-bv°m\pw Ip´n-I-sf-s°m≠v hmbn-∏n-°m\pw {i≤n°-Ww. Aßs\ k`m-N-cn-{X-t_m[w D≈ Hcp Xe-apd hf¿∂p-h-cs´. jjvTn]q¿Øn BtLm-jn-°p∂ ^m. tUmIvS¿ tPmk^v Noc\v C\nbpw C{]-Im-cap≈ hne-s∏´ {KŸ-ßƒ cNn-°m≥ CS-bm-Is´ F∂v B{K-ln-®p-sIm≠v At±l-Øn\v F√m-hn[ `mhp-I-ßfpw Biw-kn-®p-sIm≈p-∂p. ***************************************************************************************

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` Ncn-{Xhpw, kwkvIm-chpw

45 CS-hI ]{XnI {]h¿ØI kanXn A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

81

^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w (d-h. ^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w sIm®n `{Zm-k-\-Ønse {]apJ sshZn-I-\m-Wv. `{Zmk\ sk{I-´dn bph-P\ {]ÿm\w `{Zm-k\ sk{I-´d- n F∂o ÿm\-ßƒ hln® At±lw ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS Ncn-{Xw, `c-W-L-S\ F∂o hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Gsd Xmev]cy-ap≈ Bfpw hS-°≥ `{Zm-k-\-ß-fnse Un^≥kp I¨ho-\dpw Bbn-cp-∂p. [ochpw kzX-{¥hpw \n¿`-b-hp-amb Nn¥ Ct±-l-Øn\v kzmbØw ˛ ]{Xm-[n]¿) C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`bpsS Ncn-{Xhpw, kwkvIm-chpw: ]pXnb Hcp ImgvN-∏m-tSmsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ H∂mWv Cu ]pkvX-Iw. dh. tUm. ^m. tPmk^v Noc≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ B IrXn-bpsS BZy-`mKw Xs∂ c≠mbn Xncn-°mw F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p. t]m¿®pKo-kp-Im-cpsS hchv apºpw AXn-\p-tijhpsa∂n-ßs\. t]m¿®n-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\p tijw D≠mb Ncn-{X-K-Xnsb°pdn®v Hcp GI-tZ-i-[m-cW `n∂-X-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-sW-¶nepw Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞-I-fn¬ ]e¿°pw e`y-amWv. F∂n-cp-∂mepw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´p-t]m-b-tXm, a\x-]q¿∆w I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-®tXm Bb ]e-Xp-sIm≠pw C¥y≥ k`m-N-cn{Xw hyXykvX ho£-W-ß-tfmsSbmsW-¶nepw C∂v e`y-am-Wv. Ahn-sS-sbm-s°bpw a‰p- ]-ecpw IS-∂p-sN-√p-hm≥ `b-s∏-Sp∂ taJ-e-I-fn-te°v kss[cyw IS-∂p-sN∂v \n¿`-bambn hna¿i-\-_p≤ym Ncn{X hkvXp-X-Isf t\m°n-°m-Wp-Ibpw Ncn-{X-hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS ap∂n¬ Ah-K-Wn-°m-\m-ImØ tNmZy-ßƒ _lp. A®≥ Ahti-jn∏n°pIbpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \n¿`-bcpw kXy-k-‘-cp-amb Ncn{X Kthj-I-cpsS Nn¥ C∂v As√-¶n¬ \msf B tNmZy-ßsf A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°-≠n-hcpw F∂Xv \nkvX¿°-am-b Hcp bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-cn-°pw. Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-StØmfw Rm≥ Hcp Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-Xt\m Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-t]m-eptam A√ F∂ph-cn-Inepw Ncn-{X-k-Xy-ßƒ A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\-ev]-amb BÀmZhpw B\-µhpw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Hcp hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Cu ]pkvXI hmb\ F∂n¬ Gsd Ncn- { Xm- h - t _m[w D≠m- ° p- h m≥ km[n®p F∂Xv bmYm¿∞y-am-Wv. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® c≠mw `mK-tØ°v IqSpX-embn IS-°p-hm≥ Rm≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n-√. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\v apºv hn. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS hc-thm-Sp-IqSn Bcw-`n-®Xpw 1500 h¿j-tØmfw \o≠p-In-S-°p-∂-Xp-amb C¥y≥ k`m-N-cn{Xw Imcy-am-bn-s´m∂pw {]Im-in-Xa - m-hp-Itbm {]Im-in-∏n-°m≥ Imcy-amb Fs¥-¶nepw {iaw \S-°p-Itbm sNbvX-Xmbn Adn-hn-√. Ahn-S-hn-S-ß-fn¬ Nne Ncn{X X¥p°ƒ e`y-am-sW-¶nepw B Ime-L-´-ß-fnse tIc-f-Ønse k`-bpsS hy‡hpw i‡-hp-amb Hcp Ncn-{Xtam, AXns\ Iq´n-bn-W-°p∂ IÆn-Iƒ GsX√mw Xeßfn¬ hninjy kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb Xe-ß-fn¬ D≠v F∂v 82

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw \njv]£ - a - mb At\z-jW - ß - f - n¬ Bsc-¶nepw {]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂X - mtbm Aßs\ Hcp {iaw \S-∂-Xmtbm tXm∂p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ _lp. Noc-\-®≥ B Ime-L-´Øn-te°v A‘-Im-cm-hr-X-sa-t∂m, Xa-kvI-c-W-hn-t[-bam-b-sXt∂m Icp-X-s∏´n-cp∂ B Ime-L-´-Øn-te°v Bg-Øn¬ Cd-ßn-s®-√p-Ibpw BKm-[-X-bpsS Bg-ß-fn¬ \n∂v At\Iw apØp-®n-∏n-Iƒ apßn-sb-SpØv temI-k-a£w AhX-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂v \n w-ibw DZvtLm-jn-°mw. Ah ImWp-tºmƒ Ncn-{X-tØmSv B`n-ap-Jy-ap≈hcn¬ D≠mIp∂ B\µw, Bkzm-Z\w \n¿∆-Nn°m-\m-hm-Ø-Xm-Wv. a‰m-sc-¶nepw ssIsh-®n-´n-√m-ØXpw IS-∂p-sN-√m≥ ss[cys∏-Sm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-amb B Ccp-≠-Im-e-L-´-Øns‚ Hcp GI-tZi Ncn-{X-sa-¶nepw hc-®p-Im-´nb A®s‚ ]cn-{i-as - Øbpw Xf-cmØ Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jW - s - Øbpw «mLn°p-∂p. Ah `mhn-bn¬ Cu cwK-tØ°v ISp-∂-h-cp∂ Ncn{X Kth-j-I¿°v IS-∂p-hc - m-\p≈ hmXm-b\ - ß - f - mbn `hn°pw F∂Xv Ct∂ {]h-Nn-°m-hp∂ H∂mWv. hfsc Npcp-°-ambn A®≥ Xpd-∂n-´n-cn-°p∂ B hmXn-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂pw D≈ Hcp FØn-t\m-´-Øn-\mWv Rm≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xv. `mhn-bn¬ Ah-sbm-s°bpw At\-I-a-t\Iw ]pkvX-I-c-N-\-Iƒ°v ]m{Xn-`q-X-amIpw, BIWw F∂ {]Xym-itbm-sS. _lp. A®s‚ Ncn-{X-c-N\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂XpXs∂ hn. tXmΩm-«ol ChnsS hcp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-≠mbn-cp∂ kw`-h-ß-fp-w, tZio-bhpw A¥¿tZ-io-b-hp-amb _‘-ß-fpw Ah-bv°m-[m-c-amb km£y-ßfpw \nc-Øn-s°m-≠mWv. AhnsS blq-Zs‚ hmWnPy Xmev]c - y-ßfpw IpSn-tb-‰ß - fpw Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bm-bp-am-bp≈ Cu tZi-Øns‚ _‘-ßfpw hfsc kw£n-]vX-ambpw hy‡-ambpw hnh-cn-°s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. hn. thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ]gb \nba Ime-L-´hpw A°m-e-ßfn¬ tIc-f-hp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ a≤y-]q¿∆ tZi-Øns‚bpw, bqtdm-∏n-s‚bpw hym]mc_‘-ßfpw hnh-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Dgp-Xp-a-dn®v ]mI-s∏-SpØnb aÆnte°mWv A®≥ Ncn-{X-Øns‚ hnØv Fdn-bp-Ibpw ]mI-s∏-SpØn hnf-sh-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXnse Hmtcm {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw A¤p-X-tØmSpw AXn-i-btØmSpw IqSn-bmWv hne-bncp-Øp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv. F∂n¬ A⁄m-X-ambn-°n-S∂ B Ime-L-´sØ {]Imi-am-\-am-°p-hm≥ Cu IrXn°p Ign™p F∂-Xn¬ kt¥m-jn-°p-∂p. Fs∂ DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-Ibpw {]Im-in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX B Ime-L-´-sØ°p-dn-®p≈ Nne {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fp-amWv C\nbpw hnh-cn°p-∂-Xv. Ch-sb√mw `mhn-bn¬ hni-Z-ambn A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-tS≠ Ncn-{XØns‚ Xmbv thcp-I-fmbn Rm≥ ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hn. tXmΩm-«ol tIc-f-Øn¬ BZyw-h-∂n-d-ßnbXv sImSp-ß-√q-cm-sW∂pw B tZi-Øns‚ BZyt]¿ apNn-cn-bm-sW∂pw s]mXpsh Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-Ibpw BtLm-jt- ØmsS DZvtLmjn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-cp∂p F∂v \ap-°-dn-bmw. F∂m¬ apNncn F∂Xv sImSpß-√q-cs - √∂pw s]m∂m-\n, Nmh-°m-Sv, tN‰ph F∂o Xpd-apJ kap-®b - a - m-sW∂pw Cu IrXn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu {]kvXm-h\ Bsc-sbm-s°-bmWv Atem-c-ks∏-Sp-Øp-I. AXp-t]mse tXmΩm-«o-l-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb BZy-tZ-hm-e-bhpw

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

83

46

˛^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w Nm´p-Ip-f-ß-c ˛ ]meq¿ (B¿Øm‰v sk‚ v tacokv IØo{U¬) BsW∂pw A®≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. am{X-a√ ItØm-en°m Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-\mb {io. F≥. sI. tPmkns‚ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø¬ A®≥ DZm-l-cn°pIbpw sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p. ]me-bq-cnse ]. ]≈n-bpsS ÿm]-I≥ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bm-sW∂ ]mc-º-cyØn\v sXfnshm∂pan-√. am¿ tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS ss]Xr-I-sØ-s®m-√n \njvI-f¶-ambn A`n-am-\n-°p∂ ]mebq¿°m-tcmSv a¿Ω-t`-Z-I-amb Cu ]c-am¿∞w ]dbp-hm≥ F\n°v _p≤n-ap-´p-≠v. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ klZm acWw {]m]n® Ipcnbm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p Ipcn-ip-]≈n tXmΩm«ol ÿm]n-®-Xm-sW∂v hcp-Øn-Øo¿°p∂ \oNhpw \nIr-jvS-hp-amb Imcyw ChnsS A\m-h-cWw sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. c≠v Im-cy-amWv ChnsS kwK-X-am-bn´p-≈X - v. (1) ]meq¿ ]me-bq-cm-Ip-∂Xpw Ipcn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm-bpsS ]≈n tXmΩm«o-l-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-ambn F∂-Xnse sshcp≤yhpw. (2) am¿tØmΩm «olbm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb F√m ]≈n-Ifpw hn. ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-em-bn-cnt°, Nm´p-Ip-f-ßc ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ ]≈nsb Cu bYm¿∞ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p-∂-Xp-amb B[p-\nI Ncn-{X-ssh-cp-≤yw. c≠v aq∂v \q‰m-≠nse Ncn{X-Øns‚ hf-s®m-Sn-°¬ sIm≠v B\sb ]´n-bm-°p∂ IY. aÆpw Nmcn \n∂h≥ s]Æns\ sIm≠p-t]m-bm-epw, Nm´p-Ipfßc-°m¿°v F¥v tNXw. sIm≠p\-S-°m-\-dn-bm-Ø-hcpsS ssIøn-en-cn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ B ]mc-º-cy-Øns\ a\ n-em-°p-Ibpw, AXv kz¥-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-hs‚ ]cn-{i-asØ Ah-⁄tbm-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw A`n-\-µn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {InkvXp-hn\p apºp-Xs∂ tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿnc-Xm-a-khpw hmWn-Pyhpw \SØn-h∂ blq-Z-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-Whpw Nn¥-\o-b-am-Wv. \nb-X-amb ssZh k¶¬∏-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ _p≤-˛-ssP\ aX-ßƒ°v tIc-f-Øn¬ blq-Z-aXw \¬Inb Dƒ°m-gvN-sb-°p-dn®pw Cu ]pkvXIw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse tIc-f-Ønse BZna {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-c-√, blq-Z-∑m¿ Xs∂-bmWv F∂Xpw Gsdt]¿°v CjvS-s∏-Sm-ØXpw IqSp-X¬ N¿® sNø-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-am-Wv. \njv]-£-a-XnI-fmb ]e sslµh Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-sSbpw D≤-c-Wn-I-tfmsS ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ Cu Bibw kXy-am-bm¬ F{X-sb{X km¶¬∏nI sIm´m-c-ß-fmWv \new-s]m-Øp-I. Chn-S-sØ-sb√m {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw tXmΩm-«o-l-bm¬ amtΩmZo-k-tb‰ \ºq-Xn-cn-am-cm-sW∂v A`n-am-\n-°p-tºmƒ Npcp-ßn-bXv Bdp \q‰m-≠ph-sc-sb-¶nepw tIc-f-Øn¬ lnµp-a-Xtam \ºq-Xn-cn-amtcm D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂p ÿm]n-®m¬ C\n Rß-sfm-s°- F¥psNøpw F∂ ]cn-{`aw Ie-i-em-bn-´p-≠v. kwL-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn-se-Øn-s∏´ {InkvXp-aXw A\p-`-hn® Hu∂XyØnte°pw t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ - ]oU-\ß - f - n-te°pw Cu ]pkvXIw shfn®w hoip∂p. tIb s]cp-am-fpw, ]≈n-hmW s]cp-am-fpw, {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®h - c - m-sW∂ tIk-cn-bpsS shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fpw, AsshZn-I aX-ß-sf√mw _u≤w, tæ—w F∂v sshZn-Ia - X - ß - ƒ (\-ºq-Xn-cn-am¿) hnfn-®n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ A∂sØ {InkvXym\nIfpw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-SmsX _u≤-Øn-s‚bpw tæ—-Øn-s‚bpw Iq´-Øn¬ ÿm\w Iev]n-°-s∏-´p-sh-∂pw, X∑qew X\-Xmb ss{IkvXh Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏84

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw Sp-Ø-s∏-´n√ F∂p-≈Xpw shfn-hm-°p-∂p. X∑qew _u≤-cpw tæ—cpw ]oUn-∏n°-s∏-´-tXm-sSm∏w AXns‚ IqsS KWn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂-hsc√mw ss{IkvX-hcpƒs∏sS ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v B Ime-L-´ß-fnse ss{IkvXh Ncn{Xw Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ cNn-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ _u≤- tæ— ˛ sshZn-I-a-X˛- kwL-´\ Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v FØn-t\m-t°-≠n-h-cp-sa∂pw AhnsS ]c-Xn-bm¬ ]eXpw Is≠-Sp-°m-sa∂pw Cu ]pkvXIw \sΩ DZvt_m-[n-∏n°p-∂p. kwL-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ A¿∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ _en (hn. Ip¿∫m-\)sb Ipdn®p≈ {]Xn-]m-Zyhpw Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw hfsc Hu’p-Iy-tØmsS hne-bn-cp-Øs∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. Cu Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ°v Xangv kmln-Xyhpw AXnse D≈-S-°ß-fpw ]cn-tim-[n®v shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-cp-hm-\p≈ Bh-iy-I-X hnfn-®-dn-bn°p-∂p. Ch-bn-sem-s°bpw Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Im¬∏m-Sp-Iƒ Is≠-Øp-hm-\p≈ \nXm¥-amb ]cn-{iaw ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. Gsd At\z-j-W-ßfpw K-th-j-Wßfpw \S-Ø-s∏-tS≠Xmb H∂mWv kwL-Ime _en-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-Ww. Bdpw Ggpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fm-b-t∏m-tg°pw ]S¿∂p ]¥-en-®n-cp∂ tIcf aX-Ncn-{X-Øn-te°v Bcy-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-Ime {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ X≈n-°-b-dp∂-Xpw, henb sNdp-Øp-\n¬∏p-I-fpsS A¥y-Øn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP\ aX-ßƒ \news]m-Ønb Ncn-{Xhpw ]pXn-sbmcp Dƒ°mgvN {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. am{X-a√ _p≤˛-ssP-\-aX kt¶-X-ß-fpw Ah-cpsS Bcm-[\m ÿe-ßfpw ]p\¿hym-Jym-\n°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]p\¿ {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-SpIbpw sNøp∂ Ncn-{Xhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ kº-∂-am-bn-cp∂ _p≤-˛-ssP\ ss{IkvXh aX-ßfpsS ÿm\-tØ-°p≈ sslµh X≈n-°-b-‰-Øn¬ ]q¿Æ-am-bpw tIc-f-Øn¬ _p≤-˛-ssP-\-a-X-ßƒ XI¿°-s∏-´p. C∂v {]ikvX-amb ]e sslµ-hm-cm-[\ ÿm\-ßfpw _p≤-cp-sSbpw ssP\-cp-sS-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v temIw Adn-™m-ep≈ ]pInev F¥m-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-t]mse {ioIrjvW NcnX cN-bn-Xmhv {ioIr-jvWs\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn°p-∂Xpw thZ-]p-kvXIw {InkvXp-hns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xpw Nn¥-\o-b-amWv. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw `K-hm≥ IrjvW≥ Bcy-k-¶¬∏-tØ-°mƒ {ZmhnU k¶¬∏-am-sW∂ hkvXpX a\- n-em-°p-tºmgpw {ioIr-jvW-`-K-hms‚ {ZmhnU k¶¬∏w Bcy-h-XvI-cn-°-s∏´ HØp-Xo¿∏v BIm-\mWv km[yX. ChnsS ]pXnsbmcp Nn¥bv°v hmXn¬ Xpd-°p-∂p, Gsd At\z-j-W-ßƒ°pw. ho≠pw {InkvXp-a-X-Øn-te°v hcp-tºmƒ BZna \q‰m-≠p-Ifnse Ah-K-Wn°-s∏-Sp-Itbm A\mZ-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNbvXn-cp-∂Xpw, ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xpamb Nn¥-I-fn-te°v IS-°p-∂p. BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ C∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ A®-∑msc IØ-\m¿ F∂v am{Xta hnfn-®n-cp∂p≈q F∂pw, sa{Xm≥ ÿm\Øn-\-Sp-Ø-hsc A®≥ F∂v hnti-jn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Imcy-Im-cW klnXw hy‡-am-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. hfsc Nn¥m-tZym-X-I-amb shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-embn Ch F\n°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´p. am{X-a√ Xt±-io-b-cm-bp≈ A®-∑msc t]sdZv bqØ F∂v GtXm Hcp Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hnti-jn-∏n-®n-cp∂p F∂v sXfn-hp-I-tfmsS

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

85

47

˛^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒØs∂ CXv Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ ]n≥XpS¿-®bm-sW∂pw ÿm]n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]uckvXy tZiß- f n¬ \n∂v ]e- t ∏m- g mbn ChnsS A`bw tXSnb sa{Xm- ∑ m¿ ChnsS sa{Xm≥ÿm-\n-bmb A®s\ A¿°-Zn-bm-t°m≥ F∂v hnfn-s®-¶n¬ Ip‰-s∏-SpØm-\m-hn-s√∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw Gsd ]T-\m¿lhpw Nn¥-\o-b-hp-am-Wv. ]Xn\mdmw \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv tIc-f-Øn¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂tXm ac-W-a-S-™-htcm Bb bmsXmcp sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw I_-dnSw tIc-f-Ønse Hcp ]≈n-bnepw ImW-s∏Sm-Ø-Xn-s‚bpw Bcpw A{]-Imcw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm-Ø-Xns‚bpw hy‡-amb ImcWw CXn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ {]bm-k-an-√. ]n∂oSv IS-∂p-h-cp-∂Xv tIcf k`bpw Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`-bp-ambn BZna \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Dujvaf _‘sØ ASn-h-c-bn´pIpdn-®p-sIm-≠mWv BZn-a-Im-eØv tIcf k`bv°v G‰hpw A[nIw ]cn-N-b-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv AeIvkm-{≠n-b≥ k`-sb-bm-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv _p≤-˛-ssP\ aX-ß-fpambn ss{IkvXh k`bv°v t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂ kwhm-Z-ß-fn¬ Bh-iy-ambn h∂-t∏mƒ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ sshZn-I ]mT-im-e-bnse ap≥ hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ tIcf k`m-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k¿∆-Ie - m-im-eI - sf kao-]n-®X - v. AXns‚ A≤y-£≥ sUan-{Sn-bkv D]m-[y-£≥ ]m‚o-\-kns\ F. Un. 190 ¬ Chn-tS°v Ab-®-Xpw, At±lw hmKzm-Z-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏´v hnP-bn-®-Xpw, tIcf k`bv°v BZna \q‰m-≠p-If - n¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`-bp-am-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ KmV-_‘ - sØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xmbpw Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p. A∂sØ kmaq-lyhpw kmwkvIm-cnIhpw hmWn-Py-]-c-hp-amb ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Nn¥n-°p-tºmƒ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ°v Gsd {]m[m\yw e`n-°p-∂p. F.Un. 522 ¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-°m-c-\mb tImkvtamkv C¥y kµ¿in® tcJ-Ifpw A®≥ Cu ]pkvXI - Ø - n¬ Du∂n-∏d- b - p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ ]m‚okns\ ]n≥Xp-S¿∂p-h∂ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ _‘w Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-epw XpS¿∂psh∂pw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. C°m-eb - f - h - n¬ as‰mcp hntZi k`-bp-am-bp≈ _‘w Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m-\n-√m-Ø-t∏mƒ Cu Bi-b-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \nhrØn-bn-√. F. Un.695 ¬ ae-¶c k`-bn-te°v Hcp sa{Xms\ hmgn-®p-In-´p-∂-Xn\mbn Hcp \m´p-ssh-Zn-Is\ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bmbn-te°p Ab-®p-sh∂ tUm. \oens‚ {]kvXm-h-\bpw Cu _‘sØ ASn-h-c-bn´v AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂p. F. Un. 696 ¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ ]m{Xn-b¿°o-kns‚ Bÿm\-Øp-\n∂v Hcp sa{Xm≥ ae-¶-c-bn¬ h∂n-cp-∂p-sh∂ tUbpsS {]kvXm-h-\-bpw CsXm∂n®p hmbn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Ch-sbm-s°bpw ae-¶c k`bpw, Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ k`bpw XΩn¬ BZna \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ XpS¿∂p-h∂ ZrV-_-‘-Øns‚ A\n-tj-[y-amb hne-s∏´ IÆn-I-fm-Wv. ho≠pw ]Xn- t \gmw \q‰m- ≠ n¬ Iq\≥Ip- c niv kXy- Ø n- \ p- t ijw Hcp sa{Xms\ Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v ae-¶-c-k` ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fn-te°v IØp-If-- b-®-Xn¬ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-bmbpw Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂-Xpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. AeIvkm-{≠n-bmbn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ D≤-c-Wnbpw {it≤-b-amWv. 86

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw 1653 ¬ C¥y-bn¬ \n∂pw ]t{Xmkv I»oi F∂ sshZn-I≥ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ klmb A`y¿∞-\-bp-ambn h∂p F∂pw Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂v C¥y-bn-te°v Hcp {]tXyI sa{Xms\ hmgn®p F∂pw F∂m¬ CuPn]v‰v hnSp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn ap…ow `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ B sa{Xms\ ]nSn®v Imep-Iƒ tOZn®p If-bp-Ibpw ]t{Xmkv I»o-imsb AhnsS \n∂v HmSn®p IfbpIbpw sNbvXp F∂ D≤-cWn A°m-eØvt]mepw ae-¶-c-k` ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ _‘sØ _e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Ch-sbms°bpw tN¿Øp-hm-bn-®m¬ BZna iX-I-ß-fn¬ ae-¶c k`bv°v Ae-Ivkm{≠n-b≥ k`-bp-ambn D≠m-bn-cp∂ Dujvaf _‘-Øns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw hy‡am-I-∂-Xn\v {]bm-k-an-√.

˛^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w °mSv am¿ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv klmZm ]≈n (C-∂sØ ]me-bq¿ tZhm-eb - w) ÿm]n®-Xpw, tIm´-∏Sn am¿ emk-dkv ]≈n \n¿Ωn-®Xpw Iv\mbn sXmΩ-\mImw F∂ Is≠-Øepw Gsd Nn¥n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. am{X-hp-a√ t]¿jy-°m¿ kpdn-bm-\n°m¿ F∂ t]cn-e√ NXp-jvI-]q-X¿ F∂mWv kwLw IrXn-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´ncp-∂-sX∂pw Fs∂ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ Nne Adn-hp-Ifm-Wv. ]n∂o-Sp≈ shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ Gsd {it≤-b-am-Wv. F. Un. 800 Ime-L´w sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ kph¿ÆZi-bm-bn-cp-∂p. \memw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ F´mw \q‰m≠p-hsc sImSp-ß-√q¿, Xncp-h-©n-°pfw F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ t£{X-ßfpw tZhme-b-ßfpw D≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v. A¶-am-en, ]d-hq¿ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]≈n-Ifpw C°me-Øp-≠m-b-Xm-bn-cn-°-Ww. an° t£{X-ß-fpw _p≤-˛-ssP\ tZhm-e-b-ß-fpsS ]p\-{]-Xn-jvT-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xmbpw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ _p≤-˛ssP\ aX-ßƒ \mam-ht- i-ja - m-Ip-Ibpw lnµp-aXw {]Nm-cØ - n¬ hcn-Ibpw sNbvXXmbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\ Zi-bn¬ {InkvXp-a-Xhpw ]oV-\Øn\p hnt[-ba - m-bn-´p-≠mImw F∂pw A\p-am-\n-°p-∂p. sshZn-Ia - √ - m-Øs - X¥pw (ssl-µ-h-a-√m-Ø) _u≤w ˛ tæ—w F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ ap{Z-Ip-Øn-bmWv B{Ian-°-s∏-´Xpw \in-∏n-°-s∏-´Xpw F∂v shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ss{IkvX-h-c-√mØ F√m-h-scbpw Ass{I-kvX-h¿ F∂ H‰ hnti-j-W-Øn¬ HXp-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Xs∂ CXpw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ {]bm-k-an-√. C°m-eØv {InkvXp-a-X-Øn\v Ipds®-¶nepw ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m≥ km[n-®Xv hym]mc cwKØv Ah¿ {]Z¿in-∏n® anI-hpw, IpØ-Ibpw H∂p-sIm≠v am{X-am-sW∂pw Is≠-Øp-∂p. hntZi hym]mc-Øns‚ BZmbw apJy-ambpw {InkvXym-\n-Isf B{i-bn-®-m-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿°v cmP-Iob ]cn-c-£Ww sImSp-°m-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ Xc-an-√msX h∂p. F∂p-sh-®m¬ \ne-\n¬]n-\p-th≠n ss{IkvXh aXsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-hm≥ sslµh aXw C°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ \n¿_-‘n-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂p F∂v kmcw. ss{IkvX-h-cpsS \ne\n¬∏ns‚ B[m-c-in-ebpw IqSp-X¬ Bg-Øn¬ ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ C\nbpw Gsd Imcy-ßƒ shfn-hm-Ipw.

ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘w ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-ß-fmWv Cu ]pkvXI-Øn¬ ]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈X - v. Iv\mbn tXmam-bpsS BK-a\ - t- ØmsSbmWv CXv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Iv\mbn tXmam-bpsS BK-a\w \memw \q‰m-≠n-em-sW∂pw Ggmw \q‰m-≠n-em-sW∂pap≈ Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑mcpsS hnhn-[-ß-fmb shfn-s∏-SpØ-ep-Iƒ ChnsS Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F. Un. 309 apX¬ 379 hsc t]¿jy `cn® kmt∏m¿ c≠m-a≥ cmPm-hns‚ ImeØv tIc-f-Øn¬ IpSn-tb-dn-]m¿Ø Iv\mbn tXmambpw kwLhpw aX-]o-V-\-Øn¬ \n∂v c£-s∏-´p-t]m∂ A`bm¿∞n-If - m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw, tIc-fØ - n¬ ]utcm-ln-Xy-an-s√-∂d- n™v klm-bn-°ms\-Ønb c£-I-kw-L-am-Wn-h-sc∂pw D≈ c≠v A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ D≠v. Ah¿ hcp-tºmƒ ]≈n-hmW s]cp-am-ƒ F∂ tNc-cm-Pm-hmbncp∂p `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn. tXmakv Iv\mbpsS D]-tZ-i-{]-Imcw At±lw {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-®p. cmPmhv F. Un. 671 ¬ ÿm\-XymKw sNbvXp. ktlm-Z-c≥ Xpfp-h≥ s]cp-amƒ `c-W-`mc-ta-s‰-SpØp F∂pw {]kvXm-hn-°p-tºmƒ Iv\mbn tXmam-bpsS hchv Ggmw \q‰m-≠n-em-bn-cn-°m-\mWv Gsd km[y-X-sb∂v shfn-hm-Ip-∂p. CXpw Ncn-{X-t\zjn-Iƒ ]T-\-hn-t[-am-t°≠ Hcp shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-em-Wv. ]Ww sIm≠pw ss{IkvXh ]S-bm-fn-I-sf-s°m≠pw Xs∂ klm-bn® {InkvXy≥ \mb-I\pw hnZKv[ inev]n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ tXmakv Iv\msb s]cp-¥®≥ F∂ HutZym-KnI \ma-Øn¬ Xs‚ acm-aØv hIp∏v a{¥n-bmbn \nb-an-°pIbpw sNbvXp F∂ F. _me-Ir-jvW-]n≈bpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Ifpw ]pkvX-IØn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ho≠pw Gjym ssa\-dnse ]≠sØ I∏-tZmIy kwÿm\-Øp-\n-∂p≈ Ims\kv \K-c-Øn¬ \n∂v Hcp eq° kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvXh kwLsØ F. Un. 639 ¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-∂p IpSn-]m¿∏n® inev]hn-Z-Kv[≥ BIp-∂p -tXm-akv Im\m, AYhm Dfn-b-∂q¿ X®≥, AYhm s]cp-¥®≥ F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≈Xpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ss{IkvXh - \ - √ - mØ F. _me-Ir-jvW] - n-≈b - psS Cu Nn¥-Iƒ Nne Dƒ°m-gvNI - ƒ {]Zm\w sNøp∂p F∂Xv X¿°-a‰ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. am¿ Ipcn-bm-t°mkv kl-Zm, hn. emk-¿ F∂o hnip-≤-∑msc tIc-f-Øn\v ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-Øn-bXv Iv\mbn tXmam-bm-sW∂ ]mc-ºcyw kXy-am-sW-¶n¬ Nmh-

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

87

t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse `n∂X

48

A©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ DØ-cm¿≤w apX¬ t]¿jy≥ k` c≠p kaq-l-ßfmbn ]ncn-™p-t]m-bn. Ah-bn¬ hen-sbmcp hn`mKw s\kvtXm-dns\ AwKo-Icn-°p-∂p. \yq\-]£w At¥ymJym _‘-Øn¬ Ign-™n-cp-∂p. ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘w N¿® sNø-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ t]¿jy-bnse GXv hn`m-K-hp-am-bn-´mbn-cp-∂p ae-¶-c-k` _‘-s∏-´n-cp-∂Xv F∂ tNmZyw kwK-X-am-Ip-∂p. c≠p-`m-KØp-\n∂pap≈ sa{Xm-∑msc ae-¶c k` kzoI-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂v Icp-Xm-hp-∂-XmWv. Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ ssIsh-∏p-\¬Ip-I-b-√msX a‰p k`m-I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ H∂pw Ah¿ sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xmbn sXfn-hp-I-fn-√. c≠p-`m-K-sØbpw Bcm-[-\m-{Ia-ßƒ k` kzoI-cn-®p-Im-W-Ww. c≠p hnizmk hn`m-K-ßƒ aptJ-\bpw Cu ]I-c¬ \S-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mImw k`-bnse ]e tI{µ-ß-fnepw hyXy-kvX-amb A\pjvTm\ ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw hyXykvX enJnX ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ t]mepw D≠m-b-sX∂v 88

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p. GXm-bn-cp-∂mepw hyXykvX ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ°v Aßs\ Hcp ASn-Ød Xo¿°p-∂-Xn¬ teJ-I≥ hnP-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ GXv icn, GXv sX‰v F∂ ]mc-ºcy hyh-lm-c-ßƒ°v ASn-ÿm-\-an-√m-Xm-Ip-∂p. tImX-aw-Ke - Ø - p-\n∂v In´nb GXm\pw kpdn-bm\n {]m¿∞\m {Ia-ßƒ s\kvtXm-dnb ImtXm-en-°m-bpsS Iogn-ep≈ k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI lq{Zm (B-≠-S°-ap≈ {]m¿∞\m{Iaw) BsW-∂p≈ Xr»q-cnse tUm. At{]w sa{Xm-t∏meoØ (s\-kvtXm-dn-b) {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈Xpw Gsd tNmZy-ßƒ Db¿Øp-∂p. ]cn. b¬tZm am¿ _t -en-tbm-kns\ ]cn-ip-≤-\mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-hm\pw AwKoI-cn-°p-hm\pw At¥ymJym knwlm-k\w At\I iXI-ß-fn¬ Iq´m°m-Xn-cn°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v F∂v Ct∏mƒ a\- n-em-Ip-∂p. At¥ymJym `‡-cmb P\ß-sf-¶nepw CsXm-cn-°epw a\- n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°s´ F∂v Bin-°p-∂p.

˛^m. tPm¿÷v a‰w ]≈n-Iƒ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. tIc-fo-b¿ Chsc ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmbn KWn-®n-cp-∂p. DZbw-t]-cq¿ kp∂-lt- Zm-kp-hs - cbpw B ]cn-ip-≤∑ - m-cpsS t]cp-If - n-emWv B ]≈nIƒ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. sIm√w, Imbw-Ip-fw, AI-∏-d-ºv, DZ-bw-t]-cq¿ ]≈n-IfmWv Ah-cpsS t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂-Xv. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ thZ-hn-]-co-Xn-I-sf∂v DZbw t]cq¿ kp∂-l-tZmkv Ahsc hnti-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ ]≈n-Isf ImZoi \ma-Øn¬ ]p\-¿k-a¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Chn-sSbpw \mw Adn-™n-cn-t°≠ hkvXpX Ch¿ At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\hp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp∂n√. F∂ bmYm¿∞y-amWv. Cu ka-bw-h-scbpw At¥ymJym knwlm-k-\hpw ae-¶-c-bp-am-bp≈ Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-Øns‚ CuSp‰ IÆn-Iƒ \ap°v Is≠-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂n-√. am{X-a√ Cu sa{Xm∑m¿ t]mepw ChnsS acn®v AS°w sNbvX-Xmb ]mc-º-cy-hp-an-√.

t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ

t]¿jy≥ _‘hpw sIm√-h¿jhpw F. Un. 825 ¬ sIm√-sØ-Ønb t]¿jy≥ hym]m-cnbpw Ah-tcmsSm∏w h∂ c≠v sa{Xm-∑m-cp-amWv sIm√w \K-c-Øns‚ {]i-kvXn-bpsS {][m\ inev]nIƒ. im_m¿ Cutim F∂ hym]m-cnbpw am¿ kmt_m¿, am¿ At{^mØv F∂ sa{Xm-∑mcpw Bbn-cp∂p Ah¿. sIm√sØ h≥ km[y-XIfp≈ Hcp Xpd-ap-J-]-´-W-am-°m-sa∂v Ah¿ cmPm-hns\ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ah-cpsS t\XrXz-Øn-ep≈ Xpd-apJ \n¿ΩmWw, hym]m-cm-`n-hr-≤n, Xpd-ap-J-]-´W \n¿ΩmWw, Xe-ÿm\ {Iao-I-cWw F∂o hnhn[ kw`m-h-\-IƒsIm≠v F. Un. 825 s\ Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-am-°n. sIm√-h¿jw F∂ Hcp \qX\ h¿jw Bcw-`n-°p-hm\p≈ bYm¿∞-Im-cWw CXm-bn-cn-°m-sa∂v Cu ]pkvXIw km£n-°p-∂p. H∂v Hm¿Øv t\m°n-bm¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ kz¥-amb h¿jw t]mepw ae-¶-c-k-`bpw t]¿jy≥ k`bpambp-≠m-bn-cp∂ _‘-Øns‚ ]cn-W-X-^-e-am-sW∂v \nK-a\w Bsc-bmWv A¤p-X]cX-{¥-cm-°mØXv? ]n∂oSv tcJs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ \nK-a-\-ßƒ hnπm-hm-ﬂ-Ihpw AXn-i-bn-∏n°p-∂Xpw Gsd Nn¥-Isf DtØ-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. Cu i_-cotim BWv ]n¬°m-eØv i_-co-i-\mbn amdn-b-sX-¶n¬ Aßs\ Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ t]¿ am{Xa√ ]e kml-Nc - y-ßfpw (hn-tZ-in, IdpØ hkv{X-[m-cW - w, ka-Xz-Nn-¥, Alnwk apX-em-bh - ) Is≠-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. tIc-fØ - nse _p≤-˛s - si-h˛- s - shjvWh˛-B-cy-˛-{Zm-hn-U-˛-ss{I-kvXh sFIyw sIm≠v tIc-fob Pohn-X-Øns‚ im¥n`{Zam-°nb {]hm-N-Is‚ BK-a\ h¿j-sa∂ \ne-bnepw 825 s\ BZ-c-Wo-bamb {]m[m\yw h∂p tN¿∂p. AXpw ]pXnb A_vZm-cw-`-Øn\v t{]c-W-bm-bn´p-≠m-Imw. Ch hmbn-°p-tºmƒ BcpsS Pn⁄m-k-bmWv DtØ-Pn-°-s∏-Sm-ØXv. Noc-\-®s‚ Nn¥m-Xew Fhn-S-ß-fn-sems° hym]cn-®p-sh∂pw AsX√mw bmYm¿∞y-am-sW∂v temIw AwKo-I-cn-®m-esØ Ah-ÿbpw Rm≥ Nn¥n-®pt]m-bn. AsXs∂ B›-cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Hc-f-hp-hsc `b-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

sa{Xm-∑mcpw ]≈n-Ifpw am¿ km-t_m¿, am¿ At{^mØv F∂o sa{Xm-∑m¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ ]e-bn-SØpw A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 89

tUm. hn. kn. kmap-th¬ A®s‚ D≤-cWn FSpØv tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ae¶c k`-bpsS t]¿jy≥ _‘-sØ-°p-dn-°p∂ kvamcI Nn”-ßƒ Z£n-tW¥ybn-ep-≠v. AXn¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb H∂mWv I√n-t∑¬ sImØn-sb-SpØ Nne Ipcn-ip-Iƒ. t]¿jy-bn¬ ]pcm-X\ ImeØp \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ Chsb t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Iƒ F∂v ]d-™p-h-cp-∂p. CuZr-i-amb \mev Ipcn-ip-Iƒ ssaem-]qcnepw tIm´-b-Øpw, IS-a-‰-Øpw, ap´p-Nn-d-bn-ep-ap≈ ]pcm-X\ ss{IkvXh tZhme- b - ß - f n¬ ÿm]n- X - a mbn ÿnXn- s N- ø p- ∂ p- ≠ v . Ipcn- i n- t ∑- e p≈ enJnXw s\kvtXm-dnb hnizm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂v imaq-th¬ A®≥ ka¿∞n-°p∂p. Chn-sSbpw Gsdbpw Bg-Øn-ep≈Xpamb `mhn ]T-\-ßƒ°p≈ hmXm-b\-ßƒ Xpd-∂n-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Ahn-sSbpw t]¿jy≥ hgn-bmb At¥ym-Jy≥ _‘w ÿm]n-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂n-s√-∂p-≈Xv k¶-S-I-c-am-Wv. HºXmw \q‰m-≠n\p tijw ]uckvXy sa{Xm-∑m¿ h∂n-cp-∂thm F∂v \n›b-an-√. F∂m¬ s\kvtXm-dnb _‘w {Ia-ambn ]ptcm-K-an-°p∂ ae-¶c k`bpsS Nn{Xw ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. DZ-bw-t]-cq-¿ kp∂-l-tZmkpw AXnse Imt\m-\m-Ifpw ]n∂o-Sp-≠mb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw Cu kXysØ hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-XmWv. C°m-cy-ßƒ Xpd∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-hm≥ At\-Icpw hnap-Jcpw \n¿_-‘n-X-cpam-sW∂ kXyw I≠n-s√∂p \Sn-°p-hm≥ km[y-a-√. Noc-\-®≥ t]mepw hyXykvX ]mc-º-cy-ßsf Iq´p-]n-Sn®v t]¿jy-bnse At¥ym-Jy≥ k`m kulrZsØ tIc-f-Øn-te°v B\-bn-°p-∂Xpw Cu hnap-J-X-bpsS ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-amsW∂v tXm∂p-∂p.

hn√m¿h´w cmP-hwiw

49

F. Un. HºXp apX¬ ]Xn-\mep hsc \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ tIc-f-Øn¬ `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ hn√m¿h´w cmPm-°-∑msc Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-cWhpw shfn-s∏-SpØepw AXy¥w lrZy-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse ]pcm-X\ ss{IkvX-h¿°v Hcp \{kmWn cmPm-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-Im-eØv sImSp-ß-√q-cn\v sX°v tNµ-aw-K-e-am-bn-cp∂p Bÿm\w. ]n∂oSv Xe-ÿm\w DZ-bw-t]-cq¿°v am‰n. BZy Bÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂ tNµ-aw-Kew ]pg Np‰n Hgp-Ip∂ ÿe-am-Wv. GXm≠v hn√ns‚ BIr-Xn-bn¬ Hgp-Ip∂ ]pg-bm¬ A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 90

C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` ˛ Ncn-{X-hpw, kwkvIm-chpw Np‰-s∏´ {]tZiw F∂¿∞-Øn¬ hn√m¿h´w F∂ ]Z-{]-tbm-KØ - n¬ \n∂mImw hn√m¿h´w D≠m-b-sX∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ {InkvXym-\nIƒ°v cmjv{Sob kzm[o\w D≠m-b-Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. tXmΩm cmPm°-∑m¿ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ÿm\-t∏¿. lnµp-cm-Pm-°-∑m-sc-t∏mse Ah¿°v kz¥w ssk\y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS hc-hn\v hf-sc apºp-Xs∂ hn√m¿h´w cmP-hwiw k¥-Xn-I-fn-√msX A\yw \n∂p-t]mbn B cmPyw sIm®n-cm-Pm-hns‚ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ ebn-®-Xmbn hniz-kn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hn√m¿h´w cmPy-Ønse Ah-km-\sØ cmPmhv k\ymkw hcn®v hn. tXmΩm«o-lm-bpsS ]mZ-kv]¿i-ta‰ ae-bm-‰qcn¬ X] p sNøm≥ t]msb∂pw ]n¬°meØv h\-th-S-∑m¿ ImSvsI´n sXfn-®-t∏mƒ I≠p-In-´nb kz¿Æ-Ip-cniv cmPmhv AWn-™n-cp-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chn-sSbpw Nne tNmZy-ßfpw Nn”ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-‰q-cnse kz¿Æ-Ip-cn-in-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-c-W-am-bn. ]t£, AhnsS ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ Im¬∏m-Sp-I-fpsS ap{ZIƒ Bcp-tS-Xm-Wv. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bp-tS-XmtWm? «olm Nhp-´nb F√m ]mdbnepw ]mZw ]Xn-™n-´pt≠m? ]mZw ]md-bn-¬ am{Xsa ]Xnbq F∂pt≠m? GXm-bmepw ae-¶-c-bnse \{km-Wn-I-fpsS Hcp \√-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v Ab-hn-d°m\pw Xßƒ°p-≠m-bn-cp∂ sNt¶mepw Inco-Shpw hntZ-io-b¿°v Hm®m-\n®v ImgvN-sh-°p∂ Nn{Xhpw Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn-ep-≠v. Gsd At\z-j-W-ßƒ Cu hgn°pw \S-tØ-≠n-bn-°p-∂p. imkv{Xo-ba - mbn k`m-Nc - n-{Xw cNn-°p-Ibpw Hcp ]pcp-jm-bp v apgp-h\pw k`mX-N-cn{X A[ym-]-\-hp-ambn sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-I-tfmSv CS-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX ^m. tUm. hn. kn. kmap-th¬ A®s‚ \nco-£-W-tØmsS Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ BZy-`m-K-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Fs‚ Bkzm-Z\w Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-s´. At¥ym-Jym≥ k`bpambn C¥y≥ k`bv°v ]Xn-t\gmw \q‰m≠phsc bmsXmcp _‘hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-s√∂v, BZy-Ime _‘-ß-sf√mw t]¿jy≥ k`bpambn-´m-bn-cp∂-sh∂pw AXn¬ Xs∂ t]¿jy-bnse sXkvtXm-dn-b≥ hn`m-K-amb sXkvtXmdn-b≥ ImtXm-en-bv°m-bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. thgvN-sb∂pw HºXmw \q‰m≠nse sIm√w kµ¿i-I-cmb c≠p taev]-´-°mcpw t]¿jy≥ Ipcn-ip-Ifpw, 14-˛mw \q‰m≠nse \nth-ZI kwL-hpw, X¬^-e-ambn tIc-f-ØnseØnb \mep sa{Xm∑mcpsams° s\kvtXm-dnb _‘-Øns‚ A\n-tj-[y-am-b sXfn-hp-I-fp-amsW∂pw At±lw ]WvUn-tXm-Nn-X-ambn ka¿∞n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. GXp-{]-Im-cw t\m°n-bmepw k`m-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ Ccp-´p-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-hm-\p≈ ITn-\-amb ]cn-{iaw Noc-\-®≥ \S-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. `mhn-bnse Ncn-{X-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ°pw, Ncn-{Xm-t\z-j-I¿°pw ap∂n¬ At±lw Xpd-∂n-´n-cn°p∂ hmXm-b\ - ß - ƒ A\-h[ - n-bm-Wv. Rm≥ Ipdn® C°m-cy-ßs - fm-s°bpw Ahy‡tam A⁄m-Xtam Bbn-cp-s∂-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Cu ]pkvX-I-hm-b-\-bn-eqsS F\n°p e`n® shfn®w \nkm-c-a-√. At\I Ncn-{X-Ip-Xp-In-Iƒ°pw A{]-Im-cam-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw Rm≥ Icp-Xp-∂p. _. Noc-\-®s‚ A≤zm-\-Øn\pw {]b-Xv\ßƒ°p `mhn-X-e-ap-d-sb-¶nepw \µn ]d-bp-sa∂v hnizm-k-tØmsS Cu Bkzm-Z\w ChnsS Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 91

Rß-fpsS hµy-Kp-cp-hmb dh.-^m.-tUm.-tPm-k^v Noc≥ Ah¿I-fpsS jjvTy_vZ ]q¿Øn ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-tky-j≥ k_-lp-am\w ka¿∏n-°p∂ awK-tfm-]-lmcw

50

_lp-am\y ]nXm-th, Aß-bpsS {][m\ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1990 Ifn¬ Bcw-`n® Fd-Wm-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-tky-j≥, AXns‚ ÿm]Im-[y-£≥ Adp-]Xmw P∑-hm¿jnIw BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu Ncn{X aplq¿Ø-Øn¬ lrZ-bØ - n¬ kq£n-°p∂ `‡ymZ-ch - p-Iƒ A£-cßfn-te°p ]I¿Ø-s´. Bephm bqWn-b≥ {InkvXy≥ tImtfPn¬ 1984 apX¬ 2000-hsc ae-bm-f-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ s{]m^-k¿ Bbn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®ncp∂ ImeØv AhnsS hnZym¿∞n-I-fm-bn-cp∂ k`mw-K-ß-fpsS Iq´mbva-bmWv Cu kwL-S-\-bmbn cq]w sIm≠-sX∂v Rßƒ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. _ncpZ _ncp-Zm-\-¥-c-_n-cpZ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tIcf Ncn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw F∂ k_vknUn-bdn t]∏¿ apJy-hn-j-b-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®p-h∂ Aßv kne-_-knep-tasd ]mTy-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS kq£va]-T-\-Øns‚ A\-¥-km-[y-X-I-fn-te°p Rßsf \bn-®-Xns‚ imiz-X-kvam-c-I-ambn Cu Atkm-tky-js\ Rßƒ hnebn-cp-Øp-∂p. ]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ncn-{X-{K-Ÿ-ß-fnepw Rß-f-psS a\- nepw Dd-®pIn-S∂ Ncn{X[mc-W-Isf s]mfn-s®gpXp-hm\pw A¿∞-]q¿Æhpw bp‡n-]q¿∆hp-amb ]pXp-Nn-¥I - f - n-eqsS ss[j-Wn-Ia - mb Xo¿∞m-S\ - ß - ƒ°p Rß-sf t{]cn∏n-®Xpw Rß-f-psS Iem-eb hnZym`ymk-L-´-Ønse “A\p-`-h-ßƒ” Xs∂. \nc-¥c - a - mbn Nn¥sb Nnt¥-cn´v Znim-t_m[w \¬Inb B ¢m p-Iƒ F{Xtbm t]sc ]pXnb ss[j-WnI N{I-hm-f-ß-fn-te°p ⁄m\-kv\m\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂p!! Bephm bp.-kn-bn¬ ae-bm-f-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ ]Tn--®n-cp∂ Hcp Uk-t\mfw t]¿ hnhn[ bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-I-fn-embn tUmIvS¿ Hm^v ^nte-mk^n _ncpZØn\mbn cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXp Kth-jWw \S-Øp∂p≠v. Ah-sc-√m-hcpw Kth-jW-hn-jb - a - mbn kzoI-cn® hnj-bß - ƒ tIc-fN - c - n-{Xhpw kwkv°m-ch - p-ambn _‘s∏-´-h-bm-sW∂v Rßƒ A`n-am-\-]q¿∆w kvacn-°p-∂p. hµy-]n-Xm-th, Ahn-`‡ C¥y≥ ss{IkvX-h-k-`-bpsS {]mNo-\-N-cn-{X-Øns‚ A\m-{LmX taJ-e-I-fn¬ GIm-¥-]-Yn-I-\mbn Xo¿∞m-S\w \S-Ønbpw ]m›m-Xy-˛-]u-ckvXy-˛-I¿tkm-\n-˛-kp-dn-bm\n `mj-I-fn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂- k-`m-N-cn{X ImeL-´-ß-fnse A⁄mX A[ym-b-ßsf Pm{K-X-tbmsS sXm´p-W¿Øn Ah-tbmSv t{]a-]q¿∆w k√m]w \S-Ønbpw A\-\y-Npw-_n-X-ß-fmb At\Iw Is≠-Øep-Iƒ sIm≠v k`m-N-cn-{X-im-Jbv°p ]pXn-sbmcp am\w Xs∂ \¬Inb AßA£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ 92

awK-f-]{Xw bpsS Kth-j-W-ßƒ AXv hmbn-°p-∂-h¿°v \¬Ip∂ Dƒ°m-gvN-Iƒ \nc-h[n-bm-sW∂v CXn-t\m-SIw D]-Z¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p≈ hnhcw Rßƒ kvacn-°p-∂p. C¥y≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k` N-cn-{Xhpw kwkv°m-chpw F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØnb Kth-jW ^e-ßƒ \mfn-Xp-hsc bmsXmcp k`m-N-cn-{X-K-th-jIcpw {]th-in-®n-´n-√mØ hf-°q-dp≈ aÆn¬ Aßv hnf-bn-s®-SpØ A]q¿h-\n[n-ti-Jcw Xs∂!! {]Xn-Zn\w a®m´v ae-{º-tZ-iØp \n∂v tImtf-Pn¬ HmSn-sb-Øp-Ibpw tImtfPv hn´m¬ hnhn-[-hml\ßfn¬ amdn-am-dn-°-bdn Ccp´v hym]n-®-Xn\v tijw am{Xw ho´n-se-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Aßv Cu km[-\bpw X] pw Fßs\ \n¿∆ln°p∂p F∂v Rßƒ hnkva-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Xoh≠n tÃj-\p-I-fnse {lkza√mØ ImØn-cn-∏p-th-fbpw bm{Xm thfIfp-am-Wv Cu Kth-j-W-\n¿∆-l-WØns‚ aplq¿Ø-ßƒ F∂ Adnhv Aß-bnse Ahn-{i-a-]-cn-{i-a-im-en-bmb At\z-jnsb hnkvabw hnS¿∂ angn-I-tfmsS ho£n-°p-hm≥ Rß-sf \n¿_-‘n-®n-´p≠v. Cu Xnc-°n´ Pohn-X-Im-e-Øm-Wv Ihn-X-sbbpw ss__n-fn-s\bpw _‘s∏-Sp-Ønb Aß-bpsS Kth-j-W-{]-_-‘hpw {][m\ k`m-N-cn-{X-˛-Po-h-N-cn{X {KŸ-ßfpw cq]-s∏-´Xv F∂ kXyw I¿Ω-tbm-Knbmb Aß-bpsS “£oWn°mØ a\o-j”-sbbpw “ajn-bp-W-ßo-SmØ t]\”-sbbpw A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂p-≠v. Cu Adp-]Xmw hb nepw Kth-j-Whpw {KŸ-cN-\bpw -\n¿∆-ln°p∂ Aß-bpsS Nn¥-Iƒ°pw ssIIƒ°pw ssZhw XpS¿∂pw IcpØv ]Icpw F∂v Biw-kn-°-s´. sshZn-I≥ `c-W-I¿Ømhpw ]ptcm-ln-X\pw {]hm-NI\pw BsW∂v {]t_m-[n-∏n-°p∂ Aßbn¬ {]_-e-ambn Rß-sf BI¿jn®n-´p-≈Xv {]hm-N-Is‚ apJ-am-sW∂v ]d-bp-hm≥ Rßƒ°p kt¥mjw D≠v. Hcp ]q¿Æ-Xm-hm-Zn-bn¬ am{Xw ImWp∂ Akw-Xr]vXn, k`-bpsS ]e ÿm\ß-fnepw ]Øn-hn-S¿Øn-bm-Sp∂ APm-{K-XI - t- fmSpw \njv{In-bX - z-tØmSpw ^yqU¬ Xmev]-cy-ß-tfmSpw D≈ ]cp-j-amb FXn¿∏ns‚ hna¿i-`mhw F∂nh NnXdp∂ B apJw {]kw-K-ß-fnepw teJ-\-ß-fnepw {]Xn-^-en®v ImWp-tºmƒ Rßƒ hnkva-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ]≈n-I-fnse km[-m-cW {]kw-Kß-f-nepw CS-hI ]{Xn-I, kotbm≥ ktµiw, N¿®v ho°nen F∂o {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fnepw a‰pw ad- \o°n ]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ K¿÷-\-kz-`m-h-ap≈ {]hm-N-I-i-_vZ-Øns‚ i‡nt{km-X v Id Xo≠mØ k`m-kvt\lw am{X-am-bn-cp∂p F∂v hcpw Xe-ap-d-Ifn-se-¶nepw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. I\Ø hne \¬In-bmWv Aßv Cu apJw \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-sX∂v Rß-ƒ-°-dn-bmw. \n¿`-b-amb CuZri \ne-]mSp-Iƒ°v ssZhw \¬Inb {]Xn-^-e-amWv Aß-bpsS C∂sØ PohnX kuIcy--ßƒ°v B[mcw F∂v kzIm-cy-kw-`m-j-W-ß-fn¬ Aßp shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn´p-≈Xv Rß-ƒ kvacn-°p-∂p. k`m Ncn-{X-Ønse∂t]mse Bcm-[-\m-im-kv{X-Ønepw A\p-jvTm-\-]m-cº-cy-ß-fnepw Aßv ]pe¿Øp∂ anIhv Rß-ƒ A\pkvacn-°p-Ibpw AßbpsS Kpcphpw ]nXm-hp-amb bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ]nXm-hn\v Aßbn-ep≈ kzm[o-\sØ Rßƒ sXm´-dn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. A\-\y-e-`y-amb

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

93

awK-f-]{Xw Kpcp-I-Sm£w BN-a\w sNbvXpw km[\ sNbvXpw Kpcp-hns\ kzPo-hn-XØn¬ i_vZw sIm≠pw A£cw sIm≠pw \ne-]m-Sp -sIm-≠pw A]-{K-Y-\-]mShw sIm≠pw {]kn-≤a - m°n-bn-´p≈ injys‚ anI-hn-s\bpw XnI-hn-s\bpw Rßƒ Hm¿°p-Ibpw {]Wan-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. B Kpcp-hns‚ Poh--N-cn{Xw cNn®Xpw Kpcp-hns‚ kvac-Wsb imiz-Xn-I-cn-°p-hm≥ Xriq¿ tI{µ-am°n bqlmt\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠j≥ F∂ kmwkv°m-cnI kwL-S\ ÿm]n®Xpw B¿°pw hnkva-cn-°m-\m-hn-√. Kpcp-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw GXm\pw sshZn-I¿°pw c≠p ]nXm°∑m¿°pw Aßv \¬Inb k`m-]-cn-io-e\w Bcm[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ Aßp {]Z¿in-∏n® Pm{K-Xbv°pw anI-hn\pw e`n® AwKoIm-c-ambn Rßƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p. Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ah-KW - \ - bv°pw Xa-kv°c - W - Ø - n\pw hnt[-bc - mb c≠v ]nXm°-∑msc ˛ ].-]p-en-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv {]Y-a-s\bpw (tIm´bw ]gb skan-\mcn ÿm]-I≥, k`m-tPym-Xn- v) ]. ]pen-t°m-´n¬ tPmk^v am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ZznXo-b-s\-bpw (-]-cp-a-e, tIm´-bw Fw.-Un. knΩ-\m-cn-IfpsS ÿm]-I≥, ].-]-cp-ae ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw ].-h-´t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw k\ymk-Kp-cp) ˛ ]pI-ad \o°n Ah¿ A¿ln-°p∂ kqcytX-P- p-ambn Ncn-{X-Øn-eh-X-cn-∏n-°p-hm-\mbn Ah-cpsS Poh-N-cn{X cN-\-I-fn-eq-sSbpw a‰pw {ian-®Xpw am¿ Zoh-∂m-tkymkv ]T\ tI{µw ÿm]n-®Xpw Hcp ImeØpw hnkva-cn-°-s∏Sp-I-bn-√. t{ijvTmNm-cy≥, ]utcm-lnXy ss]Xr-I-ap≈ Aß-bpsS IpSpw_w Aßp -aqew ae-¶c k`bn-se-ßpw Adn-b-s∏´p Ign-™p. AXns‚ kpK‘w At\I Xe-ap-d-Iƒ°p ti-jhpw {]k-cn®p sImt≠-bn-cn-°pw. Aß-bpsS A\-iz-c-amb A£-tcm-]mk-\bpw \mtZm-]m-k-\bpw Xe-ap-d-Isf Bﬂ-]-cn-tim-[-\bv°p t{]cn-∏n-°pI Xs∂ sNøpsa∂Xv Ncn-{X-Øn\pw kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw D≈ Aß-bpsS kw`mh-\-sb∂v Rßƒ hn\-b-]q¿∆w km£n-°p-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Db¿∂ ]Z-hn-Iƒ ssZhw Atßbv°p \¬Is´. Btcm-Ky-]q¿Whpw A¿∞-]q¿W-hp-amb Zo¿Lm-bp v ssZhw Atßbv°p \¬Is´ F∂v {]m¿∞n®v Cu awK-tfm]lmcw Rß-f-psS hµyKpcp-\m-Ys‚ ]mZ-ß-fn¬ ka¿∏n®v {]W-an-°p-∂p. Rßs-f A\p-{K-ln-t°-W-ta. Uo°≥ …o_m tPm¿÷v (-kn-{I-´-dn) (Fd-Wm-Ipfw k`m-N-cn{X kan-Xnbv°p th≠n) Fd-Wm-Ipfw sabv 15, 2005.

51 94

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

jjvTn-]q¿Øn ˛ Hcp Ah-tem-I\w

˛s{]m^. kn. kn. C´q∏v

jjvTn-]q¿Øn ˛ Hcp Ah-tem-I\w s{]m^. kn. kn. C´q∏v (kp¬Øm≥ _tØcn sk‚ vta-cokv tImtf-Pnse s{]m^-k¿. ae-¶c k`m-am-t\PnwKv IΩn-‰n-bn¬ AwK-am-bn-cp-∂n-´p-≠v. CS-hI ]{Xn-Ib - psS ]{Xm-[n] kanXn AwKw. jjvTn-]q¿Øn kwLm-S\ kan-Xn-bpsS I¨ho-\¿˛]{Xm-[n-]¿) Ip∂w-Ipfw {InkvXy≥ ÃUn-sk‚¿, AXns‚ {]k-n-≤o-I-cW hn`m-K-amb Bﬂt]m-jnWn ]ªn-tj-gvkv, _p°p-¢_ - v, CS-hI ]{XnI F∂n-hb - psS c≠mw hm¿jn-Ihpw aq∂mw ]nd-∂mfpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂t- Xm-sSm∏w taev]d- ™ {]ÿm-\ß - f - psS ÿm]I\pw ÿm]I {]kn-U≠pw No^v FUn-‰-dp-amb _lp. Noc-\-®s‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn BtLm-jhpw \S-Øp-hm≥ Rßƒ B{K-ln®p A®s\ H‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Xa-kvIc - n°p-hm\pw t_m[-]q¿∆w Nne HutZym-KnI tI{µ-ßƒ kwL-Sn-Xa - mbn {ian-®t- ∏mƒ At±l-Øns‚ kw`m-h\ - I - sf kaq-la - ≤ - y-Øn¬ hne-bn-cp-tØ≠Xv I¿Ø-hy-am-sW∂ Dd® t_m[y-amWv Cu BtLmjw Gs‰-Sp-°p-hm≥ Rßsf t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. CS-hI ]{Xn-Ibnse apJ-{]kwK-ß-fn-eqsS A®≥ \S-Øp∂ hna¿i-\-ßsf [oc-ambn t\cn-Sm-\mhmsX amf-ßf - n¬ Ibdn Hfn®v Xß-fpsS A[n-Imc ÿm\-ßsf ad-bm°n Hfn-bº - p-IsfbvXv A®-s\bpw A®≥ \bn-°p∂ {]ÿm-\-ß-sfbpw XI¿°p-hm-\mbn Xd-\n-ehm-cØ - n-ep≈ {ia-ßƒ t]mepw \S-∂p. amkn-Ib - psS i_vZw k`m-Xe - Ø - n¬ {i≤n-°s - ∏-Sp-hm≥ Gsd-°mew th≠n-h∂ - n√. CS-hI - ] - {- Xn-Ib - psS \ne-]mSv k`m-Xe - Ø - n¬ ]n¥p-Wt- b-dn. a‰p k`m {]kn-≤o-Ic - W - ßfpw ]{Xn-I-bpsS \ne-]m-Sp-Isf A\p-I-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CS-hI ]{Xn-I-bpsS hcn°m-cm-hcpXv, GP‚p-am-cm-hc - pXv XpS-ßnb Blzm-\ß - ƒ hy‡n kw`m-jW - ß - f - nepw CS-hI kµ¿i\ thf-If - nepw Bﬂob kwL-S\ - I - f - psS sa{Xm-k\ Xe ktΩ-f\ - ß - fnepw Hu]-Nm-cn-Ia - mbn ]pd-∏n-Sp-hn-°pI ]Xn-hm-°nb Nne CSb t{ijvT∑ - m¿ amkn-Is°-Xnsc ]c-ky-{]-Nm-cß - ƒ \n¿Øp-hm≥ Cu A\p-Iq-ea - mb A`n-{]m-bc - q-]o-Ic - Ww klm-b-I-am-bn. F¶nepw shfn®w ImWp-tºmƒ ]c°w ]mbp∂ £p{Z-Po-hn-I-fpsS ]c-°w-]m-®n¬ XpS-cp-I-Xs∂ sNbvXp. Cu Xa-kvI-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ amkn-I-bpsS hf¿®sb {]Xn-Iq-ea - mbn _m[n®p F¶nepw \ne-\n¬∏n\v Imcy-ambn XS- s - ∏-Sp-Ønbn-√. t]¿ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hmØ Nne kplr-Øp-°ƒ amkn-Isb klm-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-kc - Ø - n-s\mØp Db¿∂v Xøm-dm-bn. Ah-tcm-Sp≈ \µn ad-®p-sh-bv°m-\m-hn-√. jjvTn-]q¿Øn BtLm-j-ßƒ°v hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ {Iao-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v Rßƒ B{K-ln®p. jjvTn-]q¿Øn ktΩ-f\w Hcp-Xe - w, jjvTn-]q¿ØntbmS-\p-_‘ - n-®p≈ Ncn{X-sk-an-\m¿ c≠m-asØ Xew, ]pkvXI - {- ]-Im-i\w as‰m-cp-Xe - w. A®≥ i_vZw \¬Inb kpdn-bm\n cmK-am-e-bpsS (F-°m-d) kn.-Un. Imk‰v {]Im-i\w as‰mcp Xew. jjvTn]q¿Øn kvamc-I{- KŸw A©m-asØ Xew. Bdm-asØ Xew Item-’h - w. 2004 sabv 14 Ip∂w-Ipfw ]g-b-]-≈n-bpsS Ncn{Xw Dd-ßp∂ A¶Ww ]pen-t°m´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂m-tkymkv \K-sd∂v {]Jym-]n-°s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw A°m-cyhpw ]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw tcJ-s∏-SpØnb _m\¿ Ihm-SØ - n¬ {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]pcm-tc-JI - ƒ {]Z¿in∏n-°p∂ FIvkn-_n-js‚bpw DZvLm-S\w Fw. sP. Un. kvIqfnse lmfn¬ AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ \n¿∆-ln-®p. (c≠p Znh-kß - f - n-embn {Iao-Ic - n® FIvkn-_nj≥ 1806 se B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbme (A ¬), 1865 se A_vZp¬ Peo-en-s‚-bpw, 1685se am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbm-kn-s‚-bpw, kpkvØm-Øn-t°m-\p-Iƒ, am¿tØmΩ H∂m-a≥ 1653 ¬

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

95

52

tdman-te°v Ab® IØv, 1665 ¬ ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Xnb ]. b¬tZm _t -en-tbmkv _mhmbpsS ]≈n-{I-aß - ƒ, 1811 se dºm≥ ss__n-sf∂v {]kn≤-amb BZysØ ss__n-ƒ hnh¿Ø-\w. ]g™n ss__nƒ(-ssI-sø-gpØp {]Xn) ]pen-t°m-´n¬ am¿ Znh-∂mtkymkv c≠m-as‚ ImeØv {]kn-≤o-Ic - n-®n-cp∂ Ip¿_m-\m-{I-aw, ]. ]cp-ae ]nXm-hns‚ kpdn-bm\n ssIø-£cw XpS-ßnb Aaqey tcJ-Ifpw ae-¶c k`-If - nse ÿm]-\ß - fpw tZhm-e-b-ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn® AkwJyw kph-\o-dp-Ifpw FIvkn-_n-j-\n¬ {Iao-Icn-®n-cp-∂p. ]pcm-tc-JI - ƒ {]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ \¬Inb ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥, s{]m^. hn. Fw. tPm\-∏m, AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬ F∂n-h-tcm-Sp≈ \µn Adn-bn°-s´.) ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ A≤y£w hln-®p. k`m amt\-PnwKv IΩn‰n AwKw {io. kt¥mjv sNdn-bm≥ Biw-k-Iƒ t\¿∂p. sI. kn. tem^vk¨(-F-Un-‰¿ C≥ Nm¿÷v) kzmK-Xhpw sk{I-´dn F. F-kv. -tPmbv \µnbpw ]d-™p. XpS¿∂v hnhn[ `mK-ßf - n-embn Iem-a’ - c - ß - ƒ \S-∂p. 15-˛mw XnøXn Im°n-\n-°mSv sk‚ v {KntKm-dn-tbmkv ImtXm-en-t°‰v sk‚-dn¬ _lp. Noc-\® - ≥ hn. Ip¿∫m\ A¿∏n-®p. A®≥ 7 h¿jw apºv Xr»q¿ tI{µ-ambn Bcw-`n® am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠-js - ‚bpw IqsS kl-Ic - W - t- ØmsS B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-ebpsS Ccp-\qdmw hm¿jn-Ihpw Ncn{X skan-\mdpw \S-∂p. B¿Øm‰v ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS A ¬ sNt∏Sv ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥ kZ- n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®p. ]Sn-tbm-e-bpsS ]m›m-Øe - w, ]Sn-tbm-eb - psS {]k-‡n, ]Sn-tbm-eb - psS kzm[o\w F∂o hnj-bß - s - f∏‰n bYm-{Iaw tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥, AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp., ^m. Koh¿§okv sIm≈∂q¿ F∂n-h¿ {]_-‘ß - ƒ ka¿∏n-®p. kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w Sn. hn. N{µ-tam-l-\≥ Fw. F¬. F. DZvLm-S\w sNbvXp. Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv Xr»q¿ `{Zm-k\ - m-[n-]≥ tUm. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ anen-Øn-tbmkv sa{Xmt∏m-eoØ A≤y-£X hln-®p. tUm. F. hn. Xºn, tUm. kn. kn. F{_-lmw F∂n-h¿ Biwkm {]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øn. ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Nocs\ A≤y-£≥ s]m∂m-S-bWn-bn-°p-Ibpw Fd-Wmw-Ipfw N¿®v lnÃdn Atkm-tky-j\p th≠n Bephm bp. kn. tImtfPv A[ym-]nI Zo]m Nn∂≥ hmbn® awKf ]{Xhpw, hS-°m-t©cn am¿ Znh∂m-tkymkv ]T-\t- I-µØ - ns‚bpw, Bem-b° v ¬Ip-fºv sk‚ v tacokv CS-hI - b - p-sSbpw saa-s‚m-Iƒ kΩm-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. alm-ﬂm-hmb I¿Ω-tbmKn ae-¶c k`bpw ]Sn-tbm-e-Ifpw, A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥ F∂n-ßs\ A®s‚ {KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw, At±lw Be-]n® kpdn-bm\n cmK-am-eb - psS (F-°m-d) kn. Un. Imk‰pw (H∂mw `mKw) sXmgn-bq¿ CS-h-I-bpsS tae-≤y-£≥ A`n. kndn≥ am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏meoØ {]Im-i\w sNbvXp. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv ^ut≠-j≥ sNb¿am≥ ^m. tPm¨ ]pen-t°m-´n¬ kzmK-Xhpw sI. kn. tem^vk¨ \µnbpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. ^m. Koh¿§okv sIm≈-∂q-cns‚ jjvTn-]q¿Øn-bpw, Ata-cn-°b - nse am¿ {KntKmdn-tbmkv Ahm¿Uv t\Snb AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n-ens\ A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂Xpw ktΩ-f-\-Øns‚ ]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-´n-cp-∂p. ^m. Noc≥, ^m. Koh¿§okv sIm≈∂q¿, AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n-¬ F∂n-h¿ kap-Nn-X-ambn adp-]Sn {]kw-Kßƒ \S-Øn. kar-≤a - mb tXbne k¬°m-ct- Øm-sS-bmWv ktΩ-f\w Ah-km-\n-®X - v. ]cn-]m-SnIƒ hnP-bn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v sk{I-´dn F. Fkv. tPmbv, I¨ho-\¿am-cmb sI. kn. tem^vk\pw, Rm\pw, AUz. ]n. kn. amXyp ]pen-t°m-´n¬, tPm¿÷v kn. Np¶Øv, Ip™n-tam≥ F∂n-hcpw t\XrXzw \¬In. 96

A£-c-ß-fpsS BNm-cy≥

A`n. bqlm-t\m≥ am¿ tkth-dn-tbmkv sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØmbn¬ \n∂v hn. ]utcmlnXyw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p... (]-g™n 1972)

dh. ^m. Koh¿§okv Noc≥ (]n-Xm-a-l≥) ]g™n ]≈n (1886-˛1934) Hm¿Ω I¿°n-SIw 15

{io. kn. hn. amØ-∏≥ (]nXm-hv) acWw : 21-˛5-˛1962

A©p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ

\h sshZn-Is\ BtLm-ja - mbn `h-\Ø - n-te°v FXn-tc¬°p∂p sI. hn. GeymΩ (`m-cy), lna tPm¿÷v (]u-{Xn), ^m. tUm. tPmk^v Noc≥, amÃ¿ dmWm tPm¿÷v (]u-{X≥) {]kmZv (a-I≥), Zo] {]kmZv (kv\q-j), tagvkn tPm¿÷v (a-Iƒ), tUm. tPm¿÷v (a-cp-aI - ≥) Front Cover Inner

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