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ABSTRACT BOOK
4th International Conference on Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (CTReSS 4.0)
Abstract Book Enhancing Lives and Livelihood Through Inclusive and Sustainable Management of Natural Resources
Published by Faculty of Earth Science (FSB)
2022
Copyright @ Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan 2022 All rights are reserved. No part of this publication can be reproduced or used for publications without the permission from Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus.
4th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON TROPICAL RESOURCES AND SUSTAINABLE SCIENCES Published by: Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia.
TABLE OF CONTENT KEYNOTE SPEAKER I………………………...……………….…..………………………………….1
KEYNOTE SPEAKER II…………………………………………………………………….................2
THEME: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY & CONSERVATION…………………………….….……..3
Invited Enhancing lives and livelihood of fisherman through community crab Speaker bank in Thailand
4
BD-002
Interaction of Various Ecological Factors on Benthic Macroinvertebrate and River Health
5
BD-003
Benthic Macroinvertebrates Assemblages in the Fish Pond
6
BD-004
Assessing The Effect of Microorganisms (EM) and Bokashi on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Towards Plant Growth and Yield Performance
7
BD-005
Assessing The Effect of Microorganisms (EM) and Bokashi on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Towards Plant Growth and Yield Performance
8
BD-006
Small Vertebrates In Central Forest Spine (CFS) Landscape: CFSI PL1 Tanum Sungai Yu Forest Reserves, Pahang
9
BD-007
Analysis of River Channel Change Using Remote Sensing Images at Kelantan River Basin
10
BD-008
Analysis of NDVI and NDRE Indices Using Satellite Images for Main Crop in Kelantan
11
BD-009
Effect of Extender Supplemented with Date Palm Pollen Grain on Caprine Semen Qualities
12
BD-010
Examining the Anatomical Characteristics of Rafflesia kerri in Lojing Highlands, Peninsular Malaysia
13
BD-011
Antioxidant Properties and Antimicrobial Effect of Zingiber Officinale Extract towards Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
14
BD-012
Distribution of Piper porphyrophyllum (Sireh rimau) in Kelantan, Malaysia using species distribution model (SDM)
15
BD-014
Annotated Checklist of Small Vertebrates at CFSII SL7 Ecological Corridor: Angsi Forest Reserve-Berembun Forest Reserve in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
16
BD-016
Occurrence of microplastics in immature aquatic insects of Gua Musang tributaries in Kelantan
17
THEME: GEOSCIENCE …………………….…………………………………………………………18
Invited Speaker
Sustainable Natural Resources Management Through Geoparks
19
GS-001
High Resolution Mapping Using Digital Imagery of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) at Quarry Area, Machang, Kelantan
20
GS-002
GIS Based Assessment and Analysis of Terrain Variables in Kampung Baru, Jeli, Kelantan
21
GS-005 Metamorphic Evolution of the Baling Formation at Banding Island, Perak, Malaysia
22
GS-007 Petrography of The Main Range Granite Characterization in Titiwangsa area, Perak,
23
Malaysia
GS-008 Landslide Analysis Approaches in Tropical Environment Region for Disaster Risk
24
Reduction
GS-009 Title: The Utilization of Geoelectrical Resistivity Imaging for Geological Structures
25
Mapping in Rock Mass
GS-010 Groundwater potential resources by using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI)
26
Method at Kemahang, Tanah Merah, Kelantan
GS-011 Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Clay in Sokor And Jeli, Kelantan
27
GS-012 Groundwater Potential Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging in Batu Melintang, Jeli,
28
Kelantan
GS-013 Landslide Susceptibility Mapping Using Geographic Information System (GIS) in
29
Kuala Balah, Jeli, Kelantan GS-014
Geotourism Potential of Lata Terubong (Lata Turbo), Jeli, Kelantan
30
GS-016
The Geoheritage Potential of Bukit Panau
31
THEME: SUSTAINABILITY AND TECHNOLOGY…………………………….…………………32
Invited Speaker
Current Challenges and Future Sustainability Opportunities
33
ST-001
Removal of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) from water using empty fruit bunch (EFB) based bio-sorbent
35
ST-002
Influence of Torrefaction Parameters on Elemental Properties of Torrefied Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar
36
ST-003
Cellulose Nano Crystal/Graphene Nano Platelets Hybrid Nanofillers reinforced Polylactic Acid Biocomposites: Mechanical Properties and Morphological Properties
37
ST-005
Effect of Coconut Water and Peptone in Micropropagation of Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume Orchid
38
ST-006
The Effectiveness of Natural Plant Powder in Controlling Rice Weevils (Sitophilus oryzae)
39
ST-007
Impact of National Movement Orders toward Ground Level Ozone Concentrations in Shah Alam
40
ST-008
Awareness And Practices On Municipal Solid Waste Management Among Students In University Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus
41
ST-009
The Effectiveness of Torrefied Agricultural Waste using Conventional Heating
42
ST-010
Identification of Zingiberaceae Species Based on Leaf Recognition Using Multiclass Support Vector Machine
43
ST-011
Efficacy of Auxin Foliar Application on The Growth And Yield Of Green Romaine (Lactuca sativa L. var. Jericho) Grown Under Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponic System
44
ST-012
A Decade of Literature on Climate in Phytopathological Research: Visualising and Bibliometrics Analysis
45
ST-013
Extraction of Total Phenolic Compounds and Total Anthocyanins from Hibiscus sabdariffa L. using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
46
ST-015
Framework: Local Nighttime Ozone Management and Prevention (LNOMP)
47
ST-016
Retrofitting measures for climate resilience: enhancing the solar performance of Malaysian school buildings with passive design concepts
48
ST-018
Removal of Metamifop using Foxtail Palm Fruits as Potential Activated Carbon
49
ST-019
Future Outlook of Fresh Water Supply and Demand in Selangor
50
ST-021
Spatial characterization of Green Space Landscape Structure in Kota Bharu for sustainable tourism planning
51
ST-022
Mapping of Shorea kunstleri King in Mixed Dipterocarp Forest Using Remote Sensing Technology
52
ST-023
Simultaneous Removal of As and Cd Ions from Aqueous Solution Using Biosorption Technique
53
ST-024
Adsorption of Nickel and Chromium in Aqueous Solution onto Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Pellets
54
ST-025
Simultaneous Removal of Lead, Cadmium, and Arsenic Ions from Bivalve Species Using Adsorption Method
55
ST-026
Polymer Inclusion Membrane with Addition of Graphene Oxide as an Adsorbent for Gold Adsorption from Acidic Solution
56
ST-027
Characterization of Polysulfone Ultrafiltration Membranes with Different Molecular Weight of Polyethylene Glycol Additives
57
THEME: SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL…………………………….…………………………58
SE-002
Sustainable Urbanism: Pathway to Resilient Strategies in Adapting Early Malay Town towards Low Carbon City
59
SE-003
The Relationship of Ecotourism Development and Ecotourism Destination Competitiveness: A case study in Kelantan
60
SE-006
Factors Influencing Buying Behaviour Towards Organic Food Among Malay Consumers
61
SE-010
Assessing Conservation Efforts of Mangrove Forest in Delta Tumpat Kelantan
62
SE-011
Households’ Awareness and Practices on Recycling Used Cooking Oil in Felda Lepar Hilir 1, Pahang
63
SE-012
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices on Environmental Sustainability Among The Residents At Jalan Tualang, Kulai Johor Based on Their Educational Background
64
SE-013
Comparative analysis of airborne particulates and indoor physical parameters between dry and wet laboratories at the Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia
65
SE-014
Youth Intention on Agricultural Entrepreneurship
66
SE-016
Impact of Modified Perceived Value on Ecotourists’ Satisfaction at National Park: An Empirical Assessment using PLS-SEM and IPMA
67
SE-018
Knowledge and perception of conservation effort in mangrove forest at Delta Tumpat
68
SE-019
Recycling Practices Among Urban Community: A Case Study in PPR Kota Bharu, Kelantan
69
SE-020
Consumption pattern of milk and milk products in rural, town and city areas of Sabah, Malaysia during Covid-19 outbreaks
70
SE-021
Assessing Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis Using Remote Sensing in Kelantan
71
SE-022
Spatio-temporal analysis in determination of flood extent based on rainfall intensity and water level data in Kuala Krai, Kelantan
72
SE-024
Solid Waste Management Practices among Rural Community: A Case Study in Kg Tok Uban, Pasir Mas, Kelantan
73
SE-025
Investigating the Effects of Plastic Rain Shelter on Sediment Yield to Hydroelectric Reservoirs in Cameron Highlands using RUSLE through GIS Application
74
SE-028
Importance - Performance Analysiso of Destination Quality for Ecotourism Sites
75
SE-029
Re-Assessing Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH): Corruption, FDI And CO 2 Emission
76
SE-031
Assessment of trial sport fishing commercialization in newly developed Hulu Terengganu Hydroelectric Station: A case study of Puah Reservoir, Terengganu, Malaysia
77
SE-032
Assessment of Risk Perception on Microplastics Pollution in Drinking Water Sources
78
SE-033
Measuring Sustainable Performance of Islamic Banks: Integrating the principles of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Maqasid Shari’ah in a Holistic Performance Measurement Index
79
SE-034
Understanding the Socio-cultural Sustainability of Kedah Royalty and the Influences on the Palace's Architecture
80
SE-036
The predilection for Green Marketing Practices in Preserving Socio-Cultural Sustainability
81
SE-037
Comparison of common air pollutants, meteorological parameters, and cardiorespiratory hospitalization between urbanized areas in Kelantan
82
SE-038
Bioleaching for gold extraction from deposited ore of Gua Musang, Kelantan by shewanella oneidensis
83
THEME: ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS…………………………….………………………….84
EV-001
The impact of COVID-19 on Malaysian airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset
85
EV-002
Energy Subsidies and Environmental Quality: Evidence from Low- and MiddleIncome Countries
86
EV-003
Impact of Manufacturing Value Added on Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence from India
87
EV-004
The Role of Natural Resources Endowment in the African Economies' Economic Growth-Capital Flows Nexus
88
EV-005
Impact of poverty, population density, and trade openness on deforestation: fresh evidence from Nigeria
89
EV-006
The Impact of The European Union's Environmental Policy on Malaysia's Palm Oil Competitiveness
90
EV-007
Stepping Up and Stepping Out of COVID-19: Malaysian Airline Passengers’ Travel Behaviour and Does It Impact Willingness to Pay for Carbon Offset
91
EV-008
Impact of Economic Growth, Financial Development and Technological Advancements on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from ASEAN Countries
92
EV-011
Attribute Preferences and Economic Value of Green Electricity in Pakistan
93
EV-013
Mobile Commerce Application Moving Towards Sustainability
94
EV-014
The Dynamic Linkages between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Factors in ASEAN Countries
95
EV-015
Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystem for Watershed Services in Kelantan, Malaysia
96
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………..………………………….………………….97
KEYNOTE SPEAKER I
TAN SRI DATO’ SERI DR. SALLEH HAJI MOHD NOR
KEYNOTE: Tropical Resources and Sustainability Issues
The World is faced with a number of serious global problems including climate change and loss of biodiversity. Forests and natural resources play an important role in mitigating climate change and conserving biodiversity. Malaysia as one of the twelve mega-biodiversity countries and with a long shore line and thus is in danger of losing land due to climate change as well as loss of the country’s rich biodiversity. The paper discusses what actions Malaysia as a nation including the states can and should do, as land is a state jurisdiction. The dangers of coastal erosion and possible dangers to local and state economic activities and social impacts are also addressed.
1
KEYNOTE SPEAKER II
MR. HISAMUDDIN BIN TERMIDI
KEYNOTE: Responsible and Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources: JGM’s Perspective
Management of natural resources is not an easy task. Nowadays, people keep questioning or rather criticizing our actions from anything small to big, what more on exploitation of mineral resources that got something to do with environment. At times, the complaints are not fully factual but mixed with half-truths putting unnecessary fear to people and giving bad names to the industry. For that matter, the challenge to manage natural resources, like it or not, has to be responsible and sustainable besides at the same time able to be inclusive and enhance lives and livelihood of people especially adjacent communities. For the Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources and in particular JMG, a federal department under it, governing the mineral resources is of paramount importance as the exploitation or mining of minerals will always be scrutinised. In this paper emphasis is focussed on some policies of mineral resources in the country with respect to responsibility and sustainability and to a certain extent inclusivity in balancing the needs of the industry, States’ interests and the Federal Government program on “Transformasi Mineral Industri 2021-2030 (TIM 2021-2030)”.
2
THEME: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION
3
INVITED SPEAKER
ASSOC. PROF. DR. SUKREE HAJISAMAE
Enhancing Lives and Livelihood of Fisherman Through Community Crab Bank in Thailand Sukree Hajisamae*, Supat Khongpuang, Pun Yeesin, Amarin Thongwan, Tosapol Polrat, Chamnan Manil, Sulaiman Darao and Asree Daeboh Faculty of Science and Technology, Prince of Songkla University, Pattani, Thailand *Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Blue swimming crab, Portunus pelagicus, is one the main target species for fishermen in Thailand especially the small and medium scale fishers. The declination of crab stock due to overfishing and unhealthy fishing practices emerges the concept of community crab bank (CCB) in Thailand. This strategy aims to enhance crab stocks and ensure sustainable use of crab resources by allowing gravid female crabs to spawn, with the help of fishermen, before being sold. Several models of CCB have been developed including the Japanese model, donation model, purchase model, loan model and ownership model. Two main technical types of CCB are used; cage and tank systems. In Thailand, the government has agreed to established 500 crab banks in 500 villages within 2 years. During 2019-2022, we developed 13 CBs in the deep south of Thailand. It is estimated form the indirect assessment from crab fisheries statistics and fisherfolks’ responses, blue swimming crab stock has been increased and more fishers turns crabbers. The key success factor for managing CCB includes leadership, membership, management skill, budget, supporters and networks. Key words; fisheries management, rehabilitation of resources, smart fishing, responsible fisheries
4
BD-002 Interaction of Various Ecological Factors on Benthic Macroinvertebrate and River Health Aweng, E.R.1*, Sharifah Aisyah, S.O.1, MA Salam2, Liyana, A.A.3 and Mior, I.B.4 1Faculty
of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Locked Bag No. 100, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia (Email:[email protected];
[email protected]) 2Department
of Environmental Science and Disaster Management, Faculty of Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali3814, Bangladesh 3Centre for Language Studies and Generic Development, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia 4Department of Environment Perak, 4th Floor, Seri Kinta Building, 30000 Ipoh, Perak *Corresponding Author: Phone: +6019-9830619; E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract River health is an aspect that goes beyond river cleanliness. This is because a clean river does not necessarily have life in it but a healthy river do. The ecological component is a factor that affects aquatic life which at the same time describes the level of river health. To answer this question, a study to identify the relationship between ecological factors and aquatic life with river health was conducted. This study was conducted in Sungai Mengkibol, Sungai Madek and Sungai Dengar in Johor. There were a total of five sampling sites, three for impact stations and two as reference stations, including one highland station. Total of seven elements namely ecological indices, physico-chemical water quality, river riparian, canopy cover, large woody debris (LWD), river discharge and substrate composition were measured and analyzed. Surber net measuring 500 micron mesh size combined with a rectangular quadrate of 30 cm x 30 cm (0.09 m2) were used to sample the benthic macro-invertebrate. Chisquare test was performed to determine the association level between one variable with another, meanwhile Pearson’s R value was analyzed to determine the correlation level either it is strong or weak. The results show that, all river ecological components have a significant correlation to the benthic macroinvertebrate ecological indices, however the association was varies. Based on the chi-square test, Pearson’s value, p and Pearson’s R value, the interplay (interaction) of various ecological factors on aquatic life forms and river health was produced with various p-value 0.05. The three (3) factors show a positive correlation between each other as the p < 0.05. However, multiple linear regression analysis shows that behavioural intentions do not significantly affect the level of respondents’ risk perceptions as the significant level is p > 0.05. As a result, the respondents are intend to prevent microplastic pollution in the marine environment, even though they came from diverse academic backgrounds, such as science and non-science students.
78
SE-033 Measuring Sustainable Performance of Islamic Banks: Integrating the principles of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) and Maqasid Shari’ah in a Holistic Performance Measurement Index Siti Fariha Muhamad1*, Fahru Azwa Mohd Zain2, Nur Syafiqah A. Samad1, Azira Hanani Ab Rahman1, Mohd Rushdan Yasoa’1 1
Department of Accounting and Business, Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 16100 Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia 2Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract To fulfill the Maqasid Shari’ah of Islamic banks in promoting the welfare of the society, Islamic banks are expected to consciously align their performance measurement according to the principles of Islamic banks that are derived from Islamic economic philosophy. In the meantime, in light of the agenda of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030, the principle of environment, social and governance (ESG) has become part of the sustainability reporting and become a main concern of the investors. The principles of ESG and Islamic finance basically intersected and share similar principles of responsibility, accountability and stewardship in providing protection and benefits to the environment and humankind as a whole which is in line with the principle of Maslahah in the Maqasid Shari’ah. Hence, there is ample room for the ESG element to be harmonized with the Maqasid Shari’ah elements in a holistic performance measurement index of Islamic banks. Therefore, the performance of Islamic banks can be measured in a more holistic approach by combining financial and non-financial performance with the ultimate objective of Islamic banks being sought as the main reference and the sustainability issue can be well addressed. This paper reviews the previous literature on the performance of Islamic banks, ESG principles in the context of Islamic banks and the Maqasid Shari’ah performance index that has been developed by previous researchers. The paper suggests each component of a holistic index of ESG and Maqasid Shari’ah can be aggregated linearly with the weights calculated using principal component analysis (PCA). Fulfilling Maqasid Shari’ah and sustainability agenda in the performance measurement index would further strengthen the performance of Islamic banks in the effort of maintaining Malaysia as the leader in the regional and world Islamic financial hub.
79
SE-034 Understanding the Socio-cultural Sustainability of Kedah Royalty and the Influences on the Palace's Architecture Siti Aisyah Muhammad1, Normaisarah Mohd Rosdi2 1.2Department
of Architecture, Faculty of Architecture and Ekistics, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan,16300 Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Socio-culture is a fundamental and common rule of a society that influences, controls, and directs the lives of individuals and societies. As the rulers with the most significant social status in a particular community, the Royals' socio-culture is more sophisticated than commoners and heavily affected by royal customs and traditions. The royals' socio-culture then affected the architecture of the palaces, notably the space arrangement, supporting the idea that socio-culture influences the constructed environment. This study aims to explicit the Kedah royalty's socio-culture characteristics and influences in terms of traditional palace design in general and space arrangement. Qualitative approaches employ an analytical assessment of literature, historical and documentary sources, measured drawings and photos, site observation, and personal interviews to fulfill the study aims. The availability of secondary material and the absence of references limit the scope of the inquiry. According to the findings, the Kedah royalty's socio-culture, including the activity system, privacy, family structure, the role and status of women, and social interaction, affected the characteristics of the residence palace architecture, notably the space arrangement. The case study demonstrates the Malay royal's socio-cultural sustainability and relationship to palace architecture. Socio-cultural sustainability is a social development resilience component that shapes society's future and the environmental aspects. The socio-cultural sustainability of the royal decree and ceremony is the essence of the hierarchical status between the royalty and the people that must be preserved as the civilization acknowledgment. The environmental aspects, such as the location of the dedicated palace influenced by the natural features like the mountain, river, and the sea, has definite practical meaning as the future references.
80
SE-036 The predilection for Green Marketing Practices in Preserving Socio-Cultural Sustainability Syamsuriana Sidek1*, Nurul Azwa Mohamed Khadri1, Hazrina Hasbolah1, Nur Hamizah Juhori1, M.Rosli Mohamad1, and Mohd Rafi Yaacob1 1
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan City Campus, Pengkalan Chepa, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Recently, environmental preservation has been highlighted in many life perspectives, including preserving socio-cultural sustainability. The environmental concerns lead to the formulation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda worldwide and are always related to green practices. In order to preserve socio-cultural sustainability, many organisations are introducing green marketing in their business practices by transforming products into environmentally friendly and incorporating features that cause less impact on the environmental issues. Green marketing practices are also indispensable to increasing impulse customers buying products or services. However, there is a lack of prior research studying the proclivity for green marketing practices in preserving socio-cultural sustainability, especially in the Malaysian context. This study intends to examine the impact of predilection for green marketing practices on consumer perspectives regarding their environmental advertisements, environmental knowledge and environmental concerns in preserving socio-cultural sustainability. The data of 385 respondents throughout Malaysia was collected using a convenience survey sampling technique. The data was initially analysed via descriptive, validity, reliability, and normality test using IBM SPSS Statistics. All hypotheses were analysed using the multiple regression analysis, which confirmed that green marketing approaches in terms of environmental advertisements, environmental knowledge, and environmental concerns directly influenced consumer purchase decisions in preserving socio-cultural sustainability in Malaysia. These findings show that the customers tend to be influenced by green marketing practices and motivated when they are aware of environmental issues. This research area was pivotal to the government and policymakers in developing green marketing strategies for preserving socio-cultural sustainability and supporting the SDGs agenda.
81
SE-037 Comparison of common air pollutants, meteorological parameters, and cardio-respiratory hospitalization between urbanized areas in Kelantan Nurul Najwa Mat Sahar1, Siti Hajar Ya’acob1*, Norrimi Rosaida Awang1, Wong Hie Ling1 and Siti Aisyah Nawawi1 1 Environmental
Sustainable Science Program, Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract A study was conducted to know the comparison of air pollution, meteorological reading, and hospitalization in urbanized areas in Kelantan. The data for this study were analyzed from the year 2000 until 2015 at three different locations: Tanah Merah, Pengkalan Chepa, and Kota Bharu Kelantan. The mean concentration for SO2, O3, CO, NO2, and PM10 were 0.001 ± 0.001 µg/m3, 0.014 ± 0.004 µg/m3, 0.657 ± 0.145 mg/m3, 0.007 ± 0.002 µg/m3 and 45.195 ± 11.229 µg/m3 respectively. Overall, the concentration of all the criteria air pollutants was lower than the MAAQS except for PM10. The trend analysis shows the concentration of air pollutants, and the meteorological parameter were fluctuating and influenced by the monsoon. High wind speed and temperature were observed during the NE and SW monsoon, respectively. Tanah Merah showed a higher concentration of PM10 compared to the other two locations. In contrast, Kota Bharu and Pengkalan Chepa has higher gasses concentration than Tanah Merah. The urbanized areas have different dominant air pollutants due to the potential major sources that exist differently.
82
SE-038 Bioleaching for gold extraction from deposited ore of Gua Musang, Kelantan by shewanella oneidensis Nazirah Awang Husain1*, Abdul Hafidz Yusoff1*, and Wee Seng Kew1 1Faculty 2
of Bioengineering, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Jeli, Malaysia Benua sunda carigali, Jln Kekwa, Chiku 03, 18300 Gua Musang, Kelantan.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Gold particles can be coarse and freed through grinding in sulphide minerals like pyrite and arsenopyrite, or finely distributed sub-microscopic particles (often referred to as solid solution or refractory gold). Pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and arsenopyrite are the most prominent minerals linked with gold. In the case of refractory and carbonaceous ore, cyanide leaching is unsuccessful. This is because to gold that has become interlocked with sulphide minerals or is bonded with pregrobbing minerals. Application of microorganisms in gold extraction, known as bioleaching has received considerable attention from worldwide gold miners and researchers due to novel and highly potential roles contributed by these microorganisms in gold recovery from deposited gold ores.The objectives of this research are to determine and characterize the composition of mineral in deposited ore and to evaluate the yields of gold extraction produced from its deposited ores by S. oneidensis. Sample preparation, preparation of agar and broth for Shewanella oneidensis, inoculation, preparation of inoculum, bioleaching process, determination of Iron (II) via Ferrozine Assay, separation process, aqua regia, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were applied in this research. Pyrite, arsenopyrite, hematite, magnetite, and quartz were detected in gold ore using XRD. The result show hematite and magnetite in gold ore were reduced after bioleaching. Ferrozine assay reading at 562 nm was used to determine the reduction of iron (III) with period 20 days. S. oneidensis MR-1 was able to reduce Fe (III) to Fe (II) utilising ore samples as electron donors. Gold concentration was 59 ppb before bioleaching and 92 ppb after bioleaching. After bioleaching, the gold percentage increased by 55.93%. S. oneidensis MR-1 was shown to be effective for bioleaching to improve gold purity Keywords: Shewanella oneidensis MR-1; bioleaching; XRD; Iron (II) concentration; concentration of gold
83
THEME: ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS
84
EV-001 The impact of COVID-19 on Malaysian airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset Shaari, N.F.1, Ahmad Fadzil, A.S.1, Aziz, N.A.1, Zainoddin, A.I.1, Abd Jalal, M.Z.H.2, Harun, Q.N. 3, A. Samad, N.S. 4, and Mohamad, A. 5 1
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. 4 Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Kota Campus, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia. 5 Faculty of Fisheries and Food Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Terengganu, Malaysia. *Corresponding author: [email protected] 2
Abstract Airline industries have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has spread to nearly every country in the world. Multiple countries have imposed travel restrictions in order to halt the spread of this virus. This precarious situation has had a significant impact on the airline industry, reducing passenger volume, flight frequency, and airline flow patterns. Although the majority of scholars have examined changes in passenger volume prior to and during the COVID-19 outbreak, none of it has been done in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of COVID-19 on airline passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset decision and the value of willingness to pay among Malaysian. The research employed a scenario-based experiment with 150 respondents as the samples. Convenience sampling was adopted and was analyzed using Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) via STATA version 16. The results showed that Malaysian airlines passengers are willing to pay for carbon offset even as now many of them have stop flying due to COVID-19, with mean value RM20.68. This study also revealed that most of the passenger still aware about the issue of climate change eventhough not many of them are flying during endemic. The psychological changes in air travelers caused by the pandemic are examined, with managerial and policy implications for the pandemic’s normalization of the pandemic and the airline market’s recovery in the post-pandemic period.
85
EV-002 Energy Subsidies and Environmental Quality: Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries Muhammad Mansur Abdulwakil1, Abdul Samad Abdul-Rahim*12, Chindo Sulaiman3 and Mohd Alsaleh1 and Muhammad Maladoh Bah4 1School
of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. of Tropical Agriculture & Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Natural Resources and Sustainable Science, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Basel, Switzerland 2Institute
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract Applying the least square dummy variable corrected (LSDVC) method, this study examines the impact of energy subsidies on the environmental quality of 70 low- and middle-income countries over the 2010–2019 period. The results indicate a positive impact of energy subsidies on environmental degradation. Also, the estimated results suggest a significant negative relationship between energy subsidies and environmental degradation in low-income countries after decomposing the countries into income categories (low income, lower middle income, and upper middle income). In addition, the results validate the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in the full panel. Similarly, while environmental pollution increases in the uppermiddle-income and lower-middle-income countries as foreign direct investment (FDI) increases, the low-income countries show a positive effect of FDI on environmental quality, which indicates that pollution levels in these countries decrease as the net inflow of FDI increases. On the other hand, the result suggests that population density generally increases environmental pollution. These findings provide information and a clear understanding of the influence of energy subsidies on environmental quality and call on regulators and policymakers to carefully review energy subsidy policies.
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EV-003 Impact of Manufacturing Value Added on Environmental Degradation: Empirical Evidence
from India Chindo Sulaiman1,*, A. S. Abdul-Rahim2, Nur Syafiqah A. Samad3, Iqbal Muhammad-Jawad4, Nur Syadiyah Binti Zainal Abidin5 1
Department of Natural Resources and Sustainable Science, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 3 Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia 4 Office of the Revenue Officer, SHAHKOT Division Lahore Electric Supply Company Limited (LESCO), District Nankana, Pakistan 5 Tadika Komputer Cerdik 629, Jalan Merak 6, Taman Thivy Jaya, 70300 Seremban, Malaysia 2
*E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract In recent years, India’s manufacturing sector has been witnessing a significant growth in output production due to increase in investment in the sector and the government’s commitment to reduce reliance on imports and boost exports considering the country’s huge domestic market. However, this development is not environmentally friendly as increase in production entails increase in energy consumption, which result in an increased carbon emission that damage the environment. In view of the foregoing situation, the objective of the study is to investigate the impact of manufacturing value-added on environmental degradation in India over the 1965-2016 period. The study applied autoregressive and distributed lag (ARDL) model to achieve the objective of the study. Carbon dioxide emission was used to proxy environmental degradation in the model. In order to serve as control variables in the model, some selected relevant macroeconomic variables such as economic growth, energy use, and trade openness were employed. The estimated result showed that manufacturing value added has positive impact on environmental degradation in India. It implies that the increasing production in the manufacturing sector is degrading the environment through carbon emission. This suggests that an increase in manufacturing sector value added contributes to reducing the quality of environmental in India. Also, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis was tested and found to be invalid and non-existent. Since the manufacturing sector consumes a lot of energy in its productive activities, the result does not come as a surprise. Thus, we suggest that policymakers in India should take appropriate measures to improve the quality of the environment through adoption of new technology that will ensure energy efficiency and reduce carbon emission from the country’s manufacturing sector. Indian government can equally increase the amount renewable energy used in its manufacturing sector to lower carbon emission. Abatement machines and equipment can be used in the production process to minimise carbon emission. These measures will ultimately contribute to lessening the negative impact of productive activities on the quality of environment.
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EV-004 The Role of Natural Resources Endowment in the African Economies' Economic Growth-Capital Flows Nexus S Sini1,*, A S Abdul-Rahim1 ,2 and C Sulaiman3 1,
School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia. Institute of Tropical Agriculture & Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3 Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia 2
*E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract This article examines the role of natural resource endowment in the economic growth-capital flows nexus in African economies. Utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM) approach and Westerlund regression approaches suitable for cointegration estimation of panel data, from 54 African countries over the time frame from 2012 to 2020. Considering the joint influence of natural resource and flows of capital on economic growth. We found that there is a resource threshold beyond which natural resources either amplify or mitigate the effects of capital flows on growth in the continent. For example, in order for capital flows to have a positive long-run influence on economic growth in African countries, natural resource rent levels must be at least 2.04 turning point (threshold). This means, the positive impact of capital flow on economic growth dependent on natural resources extractions in African countries. Finally, human capital has significant long-term spill-over impact on economic growth in African economies based on the results of Westerlund cointegration tests, and with a marginal effect of 9.67 threshold as obtained using system GMM. Thus, policymakers should focus on strategies and policies aimed at developing human capital in the continent to reduce the continent's high level of reliance on natural resource extraction which will subsequently leads to protection of the environment from degradation. Keywords: Economic Growth, Capital Flows, Natural Resources, System GMM, and Westerlund Cointegression
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EV-005 Impact of poverty, population density, and trade openness on deforestation: fresh evidence from Nigeria Christopher Amechi Ofozor1, 3,*, A. S. Abdul-Rahim1, 4 and Chindo Sulaiman2 1School
of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Natural Resources and Sustainability, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 3Jasmiza Solutions Sdn Bhd, 52200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 4 Institute of Tropical Agriculture & Food Security (ITAFoS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Abstract This study investigates the impact of poverty, population density, and trade openness on deforestation in Nigeria, and it checks the existence of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis using time series data from 1981 to 2015. An autoregressive and distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration was used, and the result suggests that poverty, population density, and trade openness have a significant positive impact on deforestation. The estimated result further suggests an inverted U-shaped relationship between deforestation and income per capita in Nigeria. Hence, it proves the validity of the EKC hypothesis for deforestation in Nigeria. It suggests that with an increase in income per capita, deforestation experiences an increasing trend up to a certain point, after which it reverts with a continuous increase in income per capita. As a recommendation, policy options that would alleviate poverty, control population upsurge, and restrict timber export would be vital in reducing deforestation in the country.
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EV-006 The Impact of The European Union's Environmental Policy on Malaysia's Palm Oil Competitiveness Norashida Othman1*, Zulkornain Yusop2&3 and Chong Siew Huay1 1 Department
of Economics and Financial Studies, Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia 2 Putra Business School, Selangor, Malaysia 3 School of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Palm oil cannot be isolated from the environment and sustainability issue. The consumption of edible palm oil has been decreasing in recent years due to increase in environmental issues. Unfortunately, palm oil has also been portrayed negatively by some groups who claim that production of palm oil would cause higher global GHG emissions than those from the conventional fossil fuels due to the conversion of forests and peatlands. The European Union has aimed to increase its use of renewable energy from biofuels with one of the potential feedstock being palm oil. However, despite such pros, European countries appear to have the most stringent requirement on certified palm oil. The growing environmental and sustainability concerns of oil palm farming may therefore adversely affect the import demand of palm oil and hence the Malaysian economy. Therefore, the objective of this study are to investigate the effect of environmental policy towards Malaysia’s competitiveness of palm oil products. Two methodologies are employed namely relative trade advantage (RTA) and dynamic generalized method of moment (DGMM) and the data uses for this study spans from 2009 to 2016. The results indicate that all the main factors (i.e factor condition; demand condition; firm strategy and rivalry; and related supporting industry) significantly influence the competitiveness of the industry. Interestingly, the results also suggest that environmental regulations in EU have some positive impact on palm oil industry competitiveness, which is technically consistent with Porter Hypothesis which argues that more stringent environmental regulations can trigger innovation that may offset the costs of complying among the producers. The progress of palm oil downstream is crucial to improve the overall competitiveness of the palm oil industry and national economy. This study proposes government to consider the introduction of the energy tax to encourage the use of renewable energy sources and enhancing overall palm oil industry competitiveness.
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EV-007 Stepping Up and Stepping Out of COVID-19: Malaysian Airline Passengers’ Travel Behaviour and Does It Impact Willingness to Pay for Carbon Offset Nur Fatihah Shaari1*, Nur Amalina Aziz1, Ahmad Syahmi Ahmad Fadzil1, Amir Imran Zainoddin1, Muhammad Zulqarnain Hakim Abd Jalal2, Qamarul Nazrin Harun3, and Nor Hidayah Hasim2 1 Faculty
of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Information Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Johor, Kampus Segamat, Johor, Malaysia. 2
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract The COVID-19 crisis has become the most intense and long-lasting in the history of aviation. There is a significant literature on the immediate impact of the outbreak, as well as speculation on the future evolution of the industry. This paper seeks to contribute to this discussion by looking at flying pattern among Malaysian airline passengers and examine whether they are willing to contribute for carbon offset when flying during and post COVID-19. Specifically, the paper aims to measure the Malaysian airline passengers’ travel behaviour during and post COVID-19 in Malaysia and does the travelling behaviour will impact passengers’ willingness to pay for carbon offset when flying. Many airlines recognize the importance of environmental protection. The airlines implement a number of environment-friendly activities related to in-flight services and wish to trigger passengers’ support and therefore inquire as to their preferences. Using an online survey, a total of 150 respondents completed the survey as sample for this study. The majority (89%) reported their travel behaviour will change due to current cases of COVID-19 and the main reason is because COVID-19 worried them and will give them side effect if affected for example tiredness and fatigue. Eventhough travelling behaviour among Malaysian has changed, but they are still willing to pay for carbon offset as 91% among respondents still willing to contribute for carbon offset. The findings have important implications for air transport management and decision makers to tolerate with the travelling behaviour among Malaysian passengers and how Malaysian passengers will support Sustainable Development Goals: Goal 13 (Climate Action) contributing themselves for carbon offset.
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EV-008 Impact of Economic Growth, Financial Development and Technological Advancements on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from ASEAN Countries Rishan Sampath Hewage1, Norashida Othman2*, Jaafar Pyeman2,3 and Nur Syafiqah A. Samad4 1
Faculty of Management Studies Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya, Sri Lanka Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia 3 Institute of Business Excellence, Universiti Teknologi MARA(UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia. 2
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract This research contributes to the existing knowledge by examining the long-run and short-run effects of financial development, economic growth, and technological advancements on carbon emissions in ASEAN countries. The Pooled Mean Group (PMG) estimation were applied in this study using a panel data analysis from 2000 to 2018. Results showed that rapid economic growth, financial development, and technological advancements increase carbon emissions. The increase in technological advances in the Information technology (IT) sector, industrial sector equipment, and high-power tools leads to increased carbon emissions. Development in finance creates the opportunity to start new industrial sector companies. The economic development base on the industrial sector has a significant positive impact on carbon emission in ASEAN countries. Furthermore, the findings support the environmental Kuznets curve, emphasizing that rapid economic growth leads to direct carbon emissions. Therefore, our conclusions manifest and underscore the importance of implementing carbon emission eradicating policies and guidelines to minimize carbon emissions. In addition, it is recommended to increase investment in technological innovation research and development to reduce carbon emissions. Keyword: Financial Development, Carbon Emission, Economic Growth, Technological Advancements
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EV-011 Attribute Preferences and Economic Value of Green Electricity in Pakistan Iqbal Muhammad-Jawad1,*, A. S. Abdul-Rahim2, Chindo Sulaiman3 1Office
of the Revenue Officer, SHAHKOT Division Lahore Electric Supply Company Limited (LESCO), District Nankana, Pakistan of Business and Economics, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Natural Resources and Sustainable Science, Faculty of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia 2School
*E-mail : [email protected]
Abstract Huge reliance on thermal power for electricity generation, the power sector of Pakistan has become significant contributor to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions. Government of Pakistan has plans to improve and upgrade the electricity infrastructure through generating more electricity from renewable energy sources. To evaluate the economic benefits which people are expected to gain if different sources of green electricity are increased in the system and their preferences for any specific renewable energy sources are the objectives of this study. These objectives were achieved by employing choice experiment (CE). The respondents were divided into two broad categories of urban and rural. Three main sources of green electricity (Hydroelectricity, wind and solar) along with load shedding attribute were explored. The Conditional Logit Model and Mixed Logit Models were employed to identify the consumer’s preferences and estimation of the marginal values. The estimated results showed that the urban and rural consumers chose solar as the most preferred source and marginal values for this source is 0.17 cents per kWh consumption and 0.19 cents per kWh consumption in urban and rural models respectively.
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EV-013 Mobile Commerce Application Moving Towards Sustainability Nur Syafiqah A. Samad1*, Siti Fariha Muhamad1, Azira Hanani Ab Rahman1, Chindo Sulaiman2, Norashida Othman3 and Nur Fatihah Shaari4 1 Faculty
of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan City Campus, 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia of Earth Science, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 3 Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Selangor, Malaysia 4 Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Segamat Campus Johor Branch, Malaysia 2Faculty
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Recent technological advancements have made mobile commerce applications as a sustainable business tools due to the capability of providing long-term economic growth without impacting social, environmental, and cultural aspects of the community negatively. Nonetheless, the attention paid on the role of mobile commerce in facilitating firm’s economic growth among Malaysian entrepreneurs has been barely noticeable. Most entrepreneurs are not convinced to transform their main business channels from conventional to online (mobile) modes due to the lack of financial information and awareness on environmental concern. Therefore, this study aims to examine the financial performance and mobile transport usage trends of mobile commerce applications. Quantitative research design through online survey was applied for data collection. 380 samples were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistic 26. The study found that mobile commerce users (entrepreneurs) agree that there has been an increasing trend in terms of the number of customers, sales revenue, and monthly profit, at 99.2%, 99.1% and 96.6% respectively. The increasing trend of the financial performance prove that the mobile commerce is vital for firm’s economic growth. The study also found that the frequency of mobile transport usage showed a decreasing trends at 27% once the mobile commerce application is actively used among entrepreneurs. The decreasing trend of mobile transport usage able to reduce the carbon dioxide emission and minimize the individual movement which is benefiting the environment and social respectively. Hence, the study can provide invaluable insights to entrepreneurs and escalating their confidence levels in using mobile commerce applications as their main business channels. The engagement of technology in businesses will help entrepreneurs to sustain their businesses, spur innovation among sellers, stimulate the social benefits, growth of economy, and reducing environmental damage in the long run. In conclusion, mobile commerce is an efficient technological advancement which contributed to firm and country sustainability. Keyword: Mobile Commerce, Technology, Sustainability
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EV-014 The Dynamic Linkages between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Factors in ASEAN Countries Nur Azwani Mohamad Azmin1*, Zuriyati Ahmad1, Rosman Mahmood1, Ahmad Suffian Mohd Zahari1 and Hendar, MSE. SI2 1 Faculty
of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Cawangan Terengganu Dungun Campus, 23000 Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia 2 Department of Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung (UNISSULA), Semarang, Indonesia *E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Over the past several decades, there has been tremendous expansion in both the global economy and population, with Asia leading the way. In accordance with this, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has been on path to achieve a variety of development goals. Some of the challenges resulted a steady performance by 2015 compared to 2000, however, many other challenges are needed to overcome such as persistent hunger, inequality, cities’ pollution, and deforestation. ASEAN has joined the rest of the world in combatting climate change. Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in the region have been escalating in conjunction with the region's industrialisation based on fossil-fuel generation and associated land-use change. Therefore, this study is conducted to examine the relationship between carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment (FDI), energy consumption, and economic crisis in the long run equilibrium. Panel cointegration test is used for six (6) ASEAN countries spanning from 1971 to 2020. Dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) is applied to test the relationship of the model in the long run. Finding revealed that all variables are cointegrated in the long run equilibrium. Energy consumption, economic growth and economic growth square are found to be significant in overall result. FDI and economic crisis did not reveal to be significant in affecting the emission CO2. However, mixed results are found when tested in each of the seven countries in ASEAN. In light of the development of economic and the increase of energy consumption in ASEAN countries with severity of risks, including the economic crisis and pandemic, policymakers should develop effective and enforceable processes to industrial players that lead to decisive solutions to control CO2 emission.
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EV-015 Economic Valuation of Forest Ecosystem for Watershed Services in Kelantan, Malaysia Mukrimah Abdullah1*, Mohd Parid Mamat1, Tuan Marina Tuan Ibrahim2, Mohd Rusli Yacob3, Faten Naseha Tuan Hussain1 and Nor Hizami Hassin4 1
Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia Forestry Department Peninsular Malaysia, 50660 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 3 Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia 4 Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, 17600 Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia 2
*E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract Preserving forests has become Malaysia's agenda since Rio Earth Summit in 1992. Despite rapid development, the country is committed to ensuring at least 50% of its land area is covered by forest. Forest ecosystems provide a wide range of services, including biodiversity, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, and watershed services. Healthy forest ecosystems function as pollutant infiltration, regulate stream flows, and act as sponges that absorb heavy rainfall and gradually release water to the river, reducing the effects of floods and maintaining river flows during the dry season. As the population grows, demand for natural resources, especially water, will increase. Preserving forest watershed areas has become crucial in capturing and storing water, hence contributing enough water supply for domestic and non-domestic purposes such as agricultural, recreation, and energy generation. Unlike primary goods such as food and fuel, most ecosystem services like watersheds do not have market values, where the protection of these services is barely considered in economic decisions. The study aims to estimate the value of the economic benefit of the forest ecosystem for watershed services in Kelantan by using the willingness to pay (WTP). The simple random method has been employed to collect the data via face to face to interviews with 1043 households in Kelantan. The finding of this study estimated the economic value of Kelantan's forest ecosystem for watershed services amounted to RM48 million annually. The public's interest in contributing to the forest watershed services in Kelantan indicates that relevant stakeholders need more collaborative effort, including non-governmental organisations and federal and state governments, to conserve and preserve the forest ecosystem in Malaysia, specifically for watershed services.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
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