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Dennis Ritchie Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie (Sept ember 9, 1941 – c. Oct ober 12, 2011) was an American comput er scient ist .[1] He creat ed t he C programming language and, wit h long-t ime colleague Ken Thompson, t he Unix operat ing syst em and B programming language.[1] Rit chie and Thompson were awarded t he Turing Award from t he ACM in 1983, t he Hamming Medal from t he IEEE in 1990 and t he Nat ional Medal of Technology from President Bill Clint on in 1999. Rit chie was t he head of Lucent Technologies Syst em Soft ware Research Depart ment when he ret ired in 2007. He was t he "R" in K&R C, and commonly known by his username dmr.

Dennis Rit chie

Dennis Ritchie at the Japan Prize Foundation in May 2011 Born

September 9, 1941[1][2][3][4] Bronxville, New York, U.S.

Died

c. October 12, 2011 (aged 70)

Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, U.S.

Nationality

American

Alma mater

Harvard University (Ph.D., 1968)

Known for

ALTRAN

B BCPL C Multics Unix

Awards

IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award (1982)[5]

Turing Award (1983)

National Medal of Technology (1998)

IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (1990) Computer Pioneer Award (1994)

Computer History Museum Fellow (1997)[6]

Harold Pender Award (2003)

Japan Prize (2011)

Scientific career Fields

Computer science

Institutions

Lucent Technologies

Bell Labs

Personal life and career Dennis Rit chie was born in Bronxville, New York. His fat her was Alist air E. Rit chie, a longt ime Bell Labs scient ist and co-aut hor of The Design of Switching Circuits[7] on swit ching circuit t heory.[8] As a child, Dennis moved wit h his family t o Summit , New Jersey, where he graduat ed from Summit High School.[9] He graduat ed from Harvard Universit y wit h degrees in physics and applied mat hemat ics.[8]

Ken Thompson (left) and Dennis Ritchie (right)

Version 7 Unix for the PDP-11, including Dennis Ritchie's home directory: /usr/dmr

In 1967, Rit chie began working at t he Bell Labs Comput ing Sciences Research Cent er, and in 1968, he defended his PhD t hesis on "Comput at ional Complexit y and Program St ruct ure" at Harvard under t he supervision of Pat rick C. Fischer. However, Rit chie never officially received his PhD degree as he did not submit a bound copy of his dissert at ion t o t he Harvard library, a requirement for t he degree.[10][11] In 2020, t he Comput er Hist ory museum worked wit h Rit chie's family and Fischer's family and found a copy of t he lost dissert at ion.[11] During t he 1960s, Rit chie and Ken Thompson worked on t he Mult ics operat ing syst em at Bell Labs. Thompson t hen found an old PDP-7 machine and developed his own applicat ion programs and operat ing syst em from scrat ch, aided by Rit chie and ot hers. In 1970, Brian Kernighan suggest ed t he name "Unix", a pun on t he name "Mult ics".[12] To supplement assembly language wit h a syst em-level programming language, Thompson creat ed B. Lat er, B was replaced by C, creat ed by Rit chie, who cont inued t o cont ribut e t o t he development of Unix and C for many years.[13] During t he 1970s, Rit chie collaborat ed wit h James Reeds and Robert Morris on a ciphert ext -only at t ack on t he M-209 US cipher machine t hat could solve messages of at least 2000–2500 let t ers.[14] Rit chie relat es t hat , aft er discussions wit h t he Nat ional Securit y Agency, t he aut hors decided not t o publish it , as t hey were t old t hat t he principle was applicable t o machines st ill in use by foreign government s.[14] Rit chie was also involved wit h t he development of t he Plan 9 and Inferno operat ing syst ems, and t he programming language Limbo. As part of an AT&T rest ruct uring in t he mid-1990s, Rit chie was t ransferred t o Lucent Technologies, where he ret ired in 2007 as head of Syst em Soft ware Research Depart ment .[15]

C and Unix Rit chie is best known as t he creat or of t he C programming language, a key developer of t he Unix operat ing syst em, and co-aut hor of t he book The C Programming Language; he was t he 'R' in K&R (a common reference t o t he book's aut hors Kernighan and Rit chie). Rit chie worked t oget her wit h Ken Thompson, who is credit ed wit h writ ing t he original version of Unix; one of Rit chie's most import ant cont ribut ions t o Unix was it s port ing t o different machines and plat forms.[16] They were so influent ial on Research Unix t hat Doug McIlroy lat er wrot e, "The names of Rit chie

and Thompson may safely be assumed t o be at t ached t o almost everyt hing not ot herwise at t ribut ed."[17] Rit chie liked t o emphasize t hat he was just one member of a group. He suggest ed t hat many of t he improvement s he int roduced simply "looked like a good t hing t o do," and t hat anyone else in t he same place at t he same t ime might have done t he same t hing. Nowadays, t he C language is widely used in applicat ion, operat ing syst em, and embedded syst em development , and it s influence is seen in most modern programming languages. C is a low level language wit h const ruct s closely t ranslat ing t o t he hardware's inst ruct ion set . However, it 's not t ied t o any part icular hardware -- making it easy t o writ e programs on any machine t hat support s C.[18] Moreover, C is a high level language wit h const ruct s mapping t o t he applicat ion's dat a st ruct ures. C influenced a lot of ot her languages and derivat ives as C++, Object ive-C used by Apple, C# used by Microsoft , and Java ext ensively used in Corporat e environment and also by Android. Rit chie and Thompson used C t o writ e UNIX. Unix has been influent ial est ablishing comput ing concept s and principles t hat have been widely adopt ed. In an int erview from 1999, Rit chie clarified t hat he saw Linux and BSD operat ing syst ems as a cont inuat ion of t he basis of t he Unix operat ing syst em, and as derivat ives of Unix:[19]

I think the Linux phenomenon is quite delightful, because it draws so strongly on the basis that Unix provided. Linux seems to be among the healthiest of the direct Unix derivatives, though there are also the various BSD systems as well as the more official offerings from the workstation and mainframe manufacturers. In t he same int erview, he st at ed t hat he viewed bot h Unix and Linux as "t he cont inuat ion of ideas t hat were st art ed by Ken and me and many ot hers, many years ago."[19]

Awards In 1983, Rit chie and Thompson received t he Turing Award "for t heir development of generic operat ing syst ems t heory and specifically for t he implement at ion of t he UNIX operat ing syst em".[20] Rit chie's Turing Award lect ure was t it led "Reflect ions on Soft ware Research".[21] In 1990, bot h Rit chie and Thompson received t he IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal from t he

Inst it ut e of Elect rical and Elect ronics Engineers (IEEE), "for t he originat ion of t he UNIX operat ing syst em and t he C programming language".[22] In 1997, bot h Rit chie and Thompson were made Fellows of t he Comput er Hist ory Museum, "for co-creat ion of t he UNIX operat ing syst em, and for development of t he C programming language."[23] On April 21, 1999, Thompson and Rit chie joint ly received t he Nat ional Medal of Technology of 1998 from President Bill Clint on for co-invent ing t he UNIX operat ing syst em and t he C programming language which, according t o t he cit at ion for t he medal, "led t o enormous advances in comput er hardware, soft ware, and net working syst ems and st imulat ed growt h of an ent ire indust ry, t hereby enhancing American leadership in t he Informat ion Age".[24][25] In 2005, t he Indust rial Research Inst it ut e awarded Rit chie it s Achievement Award in recognit ion of his cont ribut ion t o science and t echnology, and t o societ y generally, wit h his development of t he Unix operat ing syst em.[26] In 2011, Rit chie, along wit h Thompson, was awarded t he Japan Prize for Informat ion and Communicat ions for his work in t he development of t he Unix operat ing syst em.[27]

Death

Dennis Ritchie with Doug McIlroy (left) in May 2011

Rit chie was found dead on Oct ober 12, 2011, at t he age of 70 at his home in Berkeley Height s, New Jersey, where he lived alone.[1] First news of his deat h came from his former colleague, Rob Pike.[2][3][28] He had been in frail healt h for several years following t reat ment for prost at e cancer and heart disease.[1][2][29][30] News of Rit chie's deat h was largely overshadowed by t he media coverage of t he deat h of Apple co-founder St eve Jobs, which occurred t he week before.[31]

Legacy Following Rit chie's deat h, comput er hist orian Paul E. Ceruzzi st at ed:[32]

Ritchie was under the radar. His name was not a household name at all, but... if you had a microscope and could look in a computer, you'd see his work everywhere inside. In an int erview short ly aft er Rit chie's deat h, long t ime colleague Brian Kernighan said Rit chie never expect ed C t o be so significant .[33] Kernighan t old The New York Times "The t ools t hat Dennis built —and t heir direct descendant s—run pret t y much everyt hing t oday."[34] Kernighan reminded readers of how import ant a role C and Unix had played in t he development of lat er highprofile project s, such as t he iPhone.[35][36] Ot her t est imonials t o his influence followed.[37][38][39][40] Reflect ing upon his deat h, a comment at or compared t he relat ive import ance of St eve Jobs and Rit chie, concluding t hat "[Rit chie's] work played a key role in spawning t he t echnological revolut ion of t he last fort y years—including t echnology on which Apple went on t o build it s fort une."[41] Anot her comment at or said, "Rit chie, on t he ot her hand, invent ed and co-invent ed t wo key soft ware t echnologies which make up t he DNA of effect ively every single comput er soft ware product we use direct ly or even indirect ly in t he modern age. It sounds like a wild claim, but it really is t rue."[42] Anot her said, "many in comput er science and relat ed fields knew of Rit chie’s import ance t o t he growt h and development of, well, everyt hing t o do wit h comput ing,..."[43] The Fedora 16 Linux dist ribut ion, which was released about a mont h aft er he died, was dedicat ed t o his memory.[44] FreeBSD 9.0, released January 12, 2012 was also dedicat ed in his memory.[45]

Ast eroid 294727 Dennisrit chie, discovered by ast ronomers Tom Glinos and David H. Levy in 2008, was named in his memory.[46] The official naming cit at ion was published by t he Minor Planet Cent er on 7 February 2012 (M.P.C. 78272).[47]

Gallery

Ritchie engaged in conversation in a chalet in the mountains surrounding Salt Lake City at the 1984 Usenix conference.

At the same Usenix 1984 conference, Dennis Ritchie is visible in the middle, wearing a striped sweater, behind Steven Bellovin wearing a baseball cap.

Notable works

B programming language C programming language on which many current ly used languages and t echnologies are based. Unix, a mult iuser operat ing syst em. Several workalikes (commonly referred t o as Unix-like syst ems) have been developed based on Unix's design. Some of t hese follow POSIX st andards, again based on Unix. Unix Programmer's Manual (1971) The C Programming Language (somet imes referred t o as K&R; 1978 wit h Brian Kernighan)[48]

Publications and academic papers Rit chie has been t he aut hor or cont ribut or t o about 50 academic papers, books and t ext books and which have had over 15,000 cit at ions.[49] Here are some of his most cit ed works: The C programming language, BW Kernighan, DM Rit chie, Prent ice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1978)[50] Programming languages, D Rit chie (1978) [51] The UNIX t ime-sharing syst em, DM Rit chie, K Thompson, Classic operat ing syst ems, 195-220 (2001)[52] Advanced programming in t he UNIX environment , WR St evens, SA Rago, DM Rit chie, AddisonWesley (1992, 2008)[53]

See also List of pioneers in comput er science

References 1. Lohr, Steve (October 12, 2011), "Dennis Ritchie, Programming Trailblazer, Dies at 70" (https://web.archiv e.org/web/20210725032530/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-program ming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html) , The New York Times, archived from the original (https://www.nytime s.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html)

on July 25,

2021, retrieved October 13, 2011, "Dennis M. Ritchie, who helped shape the modern digital era by creating software tools that power things as diverse as search engines like Google and smartphones,

was found dead on Wednesday at his home in Berkeley Heights, N.J. He was 70. Mr. Ritchie, who lived alone, was in frail health in recent years after treatment for prostate cancer and heart disease, said his brother Bill." 2. "Unix creator Dennis Ritchie dies aged 70" (https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-15287391) . BBC News. October 13, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011. "Pioneering computer scientist Dennis Ritchie has died after a long illness. ... The first news of Dr Ritchie's death came via Rob Pike, a former colleague who worked with him at Bell Labs. Mr Ritchie's passing was then confirmed in a statement from AlcatelLucent which now owns Bell Labs." 3. Pike, Rob (October 12, 2011), (untitled post to Google+) (https://plus.google.com/u/0/1019607209940 09339267/posts/ENuEDDYfvKP?hl=en#101960720994009339267/posts/ENuEDDYfvKP) , retrieved October 14, 2011, "I just heard that, after a long illness, Dennis Ritchie (dmr) died at home this weekend. I have no more information." 4. Campbell-Kelly, Martin (October 13, 2011), "Dennis Ritchie obituary" (https://www.theguardian.com/tech nology/2011/oct/13/dennis-ritchie) , The Guardian, retrieved October 13, 2011, "Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie, computer scientist, born 9 September 1941; died 12 October 2011" 5. "IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award Recipients" (https://web.archive.org/web/20101124232834/http://ieee.or g/documents/piore_rl.pdf) ore_rl.pdf)

(PDF). IEEE. Archived from the original (http://www.ieee.org/documents/pi

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January 5, 2015. 7. Keister, Wiliam; Ritchie, Alistair E.; Washburn, Seth E. (1951). The Design of Switching Circuits (eighth printing Sep. 1963 ed.). Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., inc. "Members of the Technical Staff, Bell Telephone Laboratories" 8. Miller, Stephen (October 14, 2011). "Pioneer Programmer Shaped the Evolution of Computers" (https://w ww.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204774604576629354123067080) . Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660) . Retrieved March 3, 2018. 9. Keill, Liz (February 1, 2011). "Berkeley Heights man wins Japan Prize for inventing UNIX operating system" (http://www.nj.com/independentpress/index.ssf/2011/02/japan_prize_for_unix_was_a_sur.ht ml) . Independent Press. Retrieved October 17, 2011. "Ritchie, 69, has lived in Berkeley Heights for 15 years. He was born in Bronxville, New York, grew up in Summit and attended Summit High School before going to Harvard University."

10. van Renesse, Robbert (January 2014). "The First SIGOPS Dennis M. Ritchie Doctoral Dissertation Award" (https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2626421) . ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review. 48 (1): 100. doi:10.1145/2626401.2626421 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2626401.2626421) . S2CID 34452214 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34452214) . 11. "Discovering Dennis Ritchie's Lost Dissertation" (https://computerhistory.org/blog/discovering-dennis-rit chies-lost-dissertation/) . CHM. June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2020. 12. Ritchie, Dennis M. "The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System" (https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/ www/hist.html) . Retrieved October 31, 2016. 13. Ritchie, Dennis. "The Development of the C Language" (https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/chis t.html) . Bell Labs. Retrieved October 31, 2016. 14. "Dabbling in Cryptography" (https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/crypt.html) . Bell-labs.com. May 5, 2000. Retrieved November 14, 2016. 15. "Dennis Ritchie, father of C programming language, dies" (https://www.cnet.com/news/dennis-ritchie-fat her-of-c-programming-language-dies/) . cnet. October 13, 2011. 16. "Pioneer Programmer Shaped the Evolution of Computers", Wall Street Journal, October 14, 2011, p.A7 17. McIlroy, M. D. (1987). A Research Unix reader: annotated excerpts from the Programmer's Manual, 1971–1986 (http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/reader.pdf)

(PDF) (Technical report). CSTR. Bell

Labs. 139. 18. "The C Programming Language, Second Edition", Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., 1988, p.xi 19. Benet, Manuel (1999). "Interview With Dennis M. Ritchie" (http://www.linuxfocus.org/English/July1999/a rticle79.html) . LinuxFocus.org. 20. "A.M. Turing Award Laureate - Dennis M. Ritchie" (https://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/ritchie_150 6389.cfm) . amturing.acm.org. ACM. Retrieved April 2, 2019. 21. Ritchie, Dennis M. (1987), "1983 Turing Award Lecture: Reflections on Software Research" (http://dl.ac m.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=1283939&type=pdf) , ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years 1666–1985, ACM Press Anthology Series, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, pp. 163–169, doi:10.1145/1283920.1283939 (https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1283920.1283939) , ISBN 9781450310499, retrieved January 30, 2012 22. "IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients" (http://www.ieee.org/documents/hamming_rl.pdf) (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved May 29, 2011.

23. CHM. "Dennis Ritchie — CHM Fellow Award Winner" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150403185444/htt p://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Dennis,Ritchie/) . Archived from the original (htt p://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Dennis,Ritchie//) March 30, 2015.

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24. "Ritchie and Thompson Get National Medal of Technology" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060327052 807/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1998/december/9/1.html) . Bell Labs. December 8, 1998. Archived from the original (http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1998/december/9/1.html)

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2006. Retrieved September 6, 2006. 25. "Ritchie and Thompson Receive National Medal of Technology from President Clinton" (https://web.archi ve.org/web/20031011075017/http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1999/april/28/1.html) . Bell Labs. April 27, 1999. Archived from the original (http://www.bell-labs.com/news/1999/april/28/1.html)

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October 11, 2003. Retrieved November 4, 2003. 26. "Dennis Ritchie, Bell Labs Researcher and Co-Inventor of Unix, Receives 2005 Industrial Research Institute Achievement Award" (https://web.archive.org/web/20140204000724/http://www3.alcatel-luce nt.com/wps/portal/%21ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4x3cg_SL8h2VAQAv8HY9 g%21%21?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=News_Releases_LU_2005% 2FLU_News_Article_005372.xml) . Alcatel-Lucent Press Release. November 15, 2005. Archived from the original (http://www.alcatel-lucent.com/wps/portal/!ut/p/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_Qj zKLd4x3cg_SL8h2VAQAv8HY9g!!?LMSG_CABINET=Docs_and_Resource_Ctr&LMSG_CONTENT_FILE=Ne ws_Releases_LU_2005/LU_News_Article_005372.xml)

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2012. 27. Evangelista, Benny (January 25, 2011). "Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie win Japan Prize" (http://www.sf gate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/01/24/BUTI1HDJSA.DTL#ixzz1C5LtXdf3) . San Francisco Chronicle. 28. "Summary Box: Dennis Ritchie, pioneer in computer programming at Bell Labs, dies at 70" (https://web.a rchive.org/web/20181224065622/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/summary-box-dennis-ritc hie-pioneer-in-computer-programming-at-bell-labs-dies-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAFKC7hL_story.html) , The Washington Post, Associated Press, October 13, 2011, archived from the original (https://www.was hingtonpost.com/business/summary-box-dennis-ritchie-pioneer-in-computer-programming-at-bell-labs-di es-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAFKC7hL_story.html)

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"NOT KNOWN: Alcatel-Lucent confirmed his death to The Associated Press but would not disclose the cause of death or when Ritchie died." 29. Gallagher, Sean (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, Father of C and Co-Developer of Unix, Dies" (http s://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2011/10/dennis-ritchie/) . Wired. Retrieved October 13, 2011. 30. Binstock, Andrew. "Dennis Ritchie, in Memoriam" (http://drdobbs.com/cpp/231900742?cid=DDJ_nl_upd_ 2011-10-13_h) . Dr. Dobb's Journal. Dr. Dobb's Journal. Retrieved October 14, 2011. 31. Srinivasan, Rajeev (October 25, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, a tech genius as great as Steve Jobs" (http://ww w.firstpost.com/tech/news-analysis/dennis-ritchie-a-tech-genius-as-great-as-steve-jobs-3590163.htm l) . Firstpost. Retrieved December 4, 2017.

32. Langer, Emily (October 14, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, founder of Unix and C, dies at 70" (https://www.washi ngtonpost.com/local/obituaries/dennis-ritchie-founder-of-unix-and-c-dies-at-70/2011/10/13/gIQAXsVXi L_story.html) . Washington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2011. 33. Prasad, Shishir (November 4, 2011). "No one thought 'C' would become so big: Brian Kernighan" (http://f orbesindia.com/interview/special/brian-kernighan-no-one-thought-c-would-become-so-big/29982/1) . Forbes India. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Q Did Dennis Ritchie or you ever think C would become so popular? [Kernighan] I don't think that at the time Dennis worked on Unix and C anyone thought these would become as big as they did. Unix, at that time, was a research project inside Bell Labs." 34. Lohroct, Steve (October 13, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, 70, Dies, Programming Trailblazer" (https://www.nyti mes.com/2011/10/14/technology/dennis-ritchie-programming-trailblazer-dies-at-70.html?hp&_r=0) . The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2016. 35. "Myths of Steve Jobs" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130727010843/http://www.deccanherald.com/bl og/?p=220) . Deccan Herald. November 28, 2011. Archived from the original (http://www.deccanheral d.com/blog/?p=220)

on July 27, 2013. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Dennis Ritchie, the inventor of

the C language and co-inventor of the Unix operating system, died a few days after Steve Jobs. He was far more influential than Jobs." 36. Datta, Subhajit (November 14, 2011). "The tale of three deeply different technologists" (https://www.web citation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fstates%2Fkarnataka%2Farticle 2622056.ece&date=2012-01-28) . The Hindu. Archived from the original (http://www.thehindu.com/ne ws/states/karnataka/article2622056.ece)

on January 28, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2011.

37. Cardinal, David (November 2, 2011). "Dennis Ritchie, creator of C, bids "goodbye, world" " (http://www.ext remetech.com/computing/102835-dennis-ritchie-creator-of-c-bids-goodbye-world) . Extreme Tech. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "The book came off the shelf in service of teaching another generation a simple, elegant way to program that allows the developer to be directly in touch with the innards of the computer. The lowly integer variable—int—has grown in size over the years as computers have grown, but the C language and its sparse, clean, coding style live on. For that we all owe a lot to Dennis Ritchie." 38. "Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy: Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy, machine whisperers, died on October 8th and 24th respectively, aged 70 and 84" (http://www.economist.com/node/21536536) . The Economist. November 5, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "NOW that digital devices are fashion items, it is easy to forget what really accounts for their near-magical properties. Without the operating systems which tell their different physical bits what to do, and without the languages in which these commands are couched, the latest iSomething would be a pretty but empty receptacle. The gizmos of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy."

39. "The Strange Birth and Long Life of Unix" (http://www.newswise.com/articles/the-strange-birth-and-long -life-of-unix) . Newswise. November 23, 2011. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "Four decades ago, Ken Thompson, the late Dennis Ritchie, and others at AT&T's Bell Laboratories developed Unix, which turned out to be one of the most influential pieces of software ever written. Their work on this operating system had to be done on the sly, though, because their employer had recently backed away from operating-systems research." 40. Das, Shyamanuja (November 1, 2011). "The forgotten tech luminaries: The new generation of the digital age owe a part of their numeric souls to Dennis Ritchie and John McCarthy" (https://web.archive.org/w eb/20160703005812/http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/The-forgotten-tech-luminaries/15 6641/0/) . Ciol.com. Archived from the original (http://www.ciol.com/News/News/News-Reports/The-f orgotten-tech-luminaries/156641/0/)

on July 3, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2011. "UNIX, to the

development of which Ritchie greatly contributed, and whose C made it possible it to be ported to other machines, is, even today, in its different avatars, the de facto OS for anything that is mission critical. Solaris, AIX, HP-UX, Linux—all these are derived from UNIX." 41. Duncan, Geoff (October 13, 2011). "Was Dennis Ritchie more important than Steve Jobs?" (http://www. digitaltrends.com/apple/was-dennis-ritchie-more-important-than-steve-jobs/) . Digital Trends. Retrieved November 14, 2016. 42. Perlow, Jason (October 9, 2015). "Without Dennis Ritchie, there would be no Steve Jobs" (https://www.z dnet.com/article/without-dennis-ritchie-there-would-be-no-jobs/) . ZDNet.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016. 43. "What Can We Learn From Dennis Ritchie?" (https://techcrunch.com/2011/10/15/what-can-we-learn-fro m-dennis-ritchie/) . TechCrunch.com. October 15, 2011. Retrieved November 14, 2016. 44. Phoronix. "Red Hat Releases Fedora 16 "Verne" " (https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item &px=MTAxMjg) . Retrieved November 8, 2011. 45. The FreeBSD project. "FreeBSD-9.0 Announcement" (http://www.freebsd.org/releases/9.0R/announce. html) . Retrieved January 12, 2012. 46. "294727 Dennisritchie (2008 BV41)" (https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object _id=294727) . Minor Planet Center. Retrieved September 12, 2019. 47. "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive" (https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TB L.html) . Minor Planet Center. Retrieved September 12, 2019. 48. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis M. (1978). The C Programming Language (https://archive.org/detai ls/cprogramminglang00kern) . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. ISBN 978-0131101630. OCLC 3608698 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3608698) . 49. "Dennis Ritchie" (https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao) . scholar.google.com. Retrieved February 2, 2021.

50. Kernighan, Brian W.; Ritchie, Dennis (March 22, 1988). C Programming Language: C PROGRAMMING LANG _p2 (https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi5FI5QcdmYC&q=The+C+programming+language+BW +Kemighan,+DM+Ritchie+-) . Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-308621-8. 51. "Dennis Ritchie" (https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=ao#d=gs_md_ci ta-d&u=/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=w1WB5d0AAAAJ&citation_for_view=w1WB5d0AA AAJ:9vf0nzSNQJEC&tzom=480) . scholar.google.com. Retrieved February 2, 2021. 52. Ritchie, Dennis M.; Thompson, Ken (2001), Hansen, Per Brinch (ed.), "The Unix Time-Sharing System" (ht tps://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3510-9_11) , Classic Operating Systems: From Batch Processing To Distributed Systems, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 195–220, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3510-9_11 (https:// doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4757-3510-9_11) , ISBN 978-1-4757-3510-9, retrieved February 2, 2021 53. Stevens, W. Richard; Rago, Stephen A. (2008). Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment (http s://books.google.com/books?id=wHI8PgAACAAJ) . Addison-Wesley. ISBN 978-0-321-52594-9.

External links Wikimedia Commons has media relat ed t o Dennis Ritchie. Wikiquot e has quot at ions relat ed t o: Dennis Ritchie Dennis Rit chie's home page at Bell Labs (ht t ps://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/) "The C Family of Languages: Int erview wit h Dennis Rit chie, Bjarne St roust rup, and James Gosling" – art icle in Java Report , 5(7), July 2000 and C++ Report , 12(7), July/August 2000 (ht t p://www.got w.ca/publicat ions/c_ family_ int erview.ht m) "The Guru" – art icle in Linux Magazine, June 2001 (ht t p://www.linux-mag.com/id/801/) Dennis Rit chie's video int erview June 2011 (ht t ps://abcnews.go.com/Technology/video/unix-s t art ing-point -personal-comput er-13869282?t ab=9482931§ ion=1206840&playlist =11496 627&page=1) Works by or about Dennis Rit chie (ht t ps://worldcat .org/ident it ies/lccn-n77-18721)

in libraries

(WorldCat cat alog) Dennis Rit chie (ht t ps://www.findagrave.com/memorial/78320781)

at Find a Grave

Dennis Rit chie (ht t ps://curlie.org/Comput ers/Hist ory/Pioneers/Rit chie,_ Dennis)

at Curlie

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