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DI GI TALTEXT

PRESENTEDBY,

DEEPTHI . J. R 3RD SEMESTERB. ED( SOCI ALSCI ENCE) VI CTORYCOLLEGEOFTEACHEREDUCATI ON CENTRE, OLATHANNI .

ECONOMI CSI I NDI ANECONOMI CDEVELOPMENT&STATI STI CS RE CS . . EF EO EE CCONOMI DEEE

CLASS-

CONTENTS

UNI T1 ENVI RONMENTANDSUSTAI NABLE DEVELOPMENT

UNI T1 ENVI RONMENTANDSUSTAI NABLE DEVELOPMENT

Lear ni ngout comes:  Under st andt heconceptofenv i r onment  Anal y set hecausesandef f ectofenv i r onment aldegr adat i onandr esour ce depl et i on  Under st andt henat ur eofenv i r onment al chal l engesf aci ngI ndi a  Rel at e env i r onment al i ssues t o t he l ar ger cont ext of sust ai nabl e dev el opment .

I NTRODUCTI ON Asaneconomydev el ops,manyofi t spr obl emsgetsol v ed.Economi cgr owt h gener at esj obs,r ai sesi ncomesandi mpr ov est hel i v i ngst andar dsoft hepeopl e. Gr owt handdev el opmentl eadt oi ncr easedl i t er acyandhi gherl i f eexpect ancy . Thus,gr owt handdev el opmentsol v emanypr obl ems.But ,t her ei sanot hersi det o t hi s.Gr owt h cr eat es pr obl ems al so.I ndust r i al i zat i on i s necessar yf orgr owt h. I ndust r i al i zat i oncr eat espr obl emsl i keenv i r onment aldegr adat i on,def or est at i on, ov er cr owdi ngi nci t i es,et c.dev el opmentt hatdest r oy st heenv i r onmenti snot sust ai nabl e. Ther e ar e economi st s who bel i ev et hat pr esent pat t er ns of dev el opmentar enotsust ai nabl e.Weshoul d ai m atsust ai nabl edev el opment . Sust ai nabl e dev el opment .Sust ai nabl e dev el opmenti s dev el opmentt hatcan sust ai ni t sel f .Sust ai nabl edev el opmentwoul dbeenv i r onmentf r i endl y .

Whati senv i r onment ? Env i r onmenti st het ot al i t yofal lr esour cest hatourpl anethas.Someexper t sdef i ne env i r onmentas‘ pl anet ar yi nher i t ance’ .Env i r onmenti ncl udesal lgl obalbi ot i cand abi ot i cf act or s.  Bi ot i c f act or s ar e al ll i v i ng el ement s l i ke pl ant s,f or est s,f i sher i es, mi cr oor gani sms, wor ms, i nsect s, bi r ds, ani mal s, et c.  Abi ot i cf act or sar eel ementt hati ncl udeai r , wat er , sunl i ght , l and, et c. Al l t hesebi ot i candabi ot i cel ement soft heenv i r onmentar ei nt er r el at ed.They per f or mi mpor t antf unct i ons.

FUNCTI ONSOFTHEENVI RONMENT Theenv i r onmentper f or msal ar genumberoff unct i ons.Thesecan bebr oadl y cl assi f i edi nt of our : 1.Suppl i esr esour ces

Al lr esour ceshumanbei ngsusear esuppl i edbyt heenv i r onment .These r esour cescanbecl assi f i edi nt ot wo:  Renewabl er esour ces  Nonr enewabl er esour ces Renewabl er esour cesar et hoset hatcanber enewed.Thati s, t hei rsuppl ynotbe exhaust edwi t huse.Theywi l l cont i nuousl yr egener at ed, exempl esofr enewabl e

r esour cesar ewat er , ai r , sunshi ne, f i sher i es, pl ant sandt r ees, et c.

Nonr enewabl er esour cesar et hoset hatcannotber enewed.Theycannotbe r egener at ed.Thei rsuppl ywi l l beexhaust edwi t huse.Exampl esofnon-r enewabl e r esour cesar ecoal , pet r ol eum, mi ner al s.

Assi mi l at eswast es Env i r onmenthast heabi l i t yt oabsor bwast es.Manyor gani cwast est hatwet hr ow outar eabsor bedbyt hesoi l andconv er t edi nt omanur e.

Sust ai nsl i f e Humanl i f ei ssuppor t edandsust ai nedbyt hebi ol ogi calsy st emsl i kecr opl and, oceani cf i sher i es,f r eshwat ersy st emsandf or est s.Li f ei spossi bl ebecauseoft he genet i candbi odi v er si t ypr ov i dedbyt heenv i r onment .

Pr ov i desaest het i cser v i ces Fr om space,t heear t happear sasabeaut i f ulbl uepl anet .Theear t hpr ov i desbr eat h t aki ngbeaut i f ulscener y .Mount ai ns,r i v er s,bi r ds,ani mal s,f l ower s… ar eal lgr eat aest het i cdel i ght s. I ft heenv i r onmenti st oper f or mt heabov ef unct i ons,i t shoul dnotbeov erexpl oi t edanddegr aded.Weshoul dunder st andt hecar r y i ng capaci t yandabsor pt i v ecapaci t yoft heenv i r onment .

Car r y i ngcapaci t yandabsor pt i v ecapaci t y Theenv i r onment alsy st emshav eacar r y i ngcapaci t y .I ft heut i l i zat i onofr esour cesi s wi t hi nt hecar r y i ngcapaci t y ,ut i l i z at i oncanbesust ai nabl e.Buti sut i l i zat i o0nl ev el s exceedt hecar r y i ngcapaci t y( r egener at i ngcapaci t y ) ,t heenv i r onmenti sdegr aded. Thi sl eadst oenv i r onment al cr i si s. Absor pt i v ecapaci t yi st hecapaci t yoft heenv i r onmentt oabsor bdegr adat i on. Whenpol l ut i onl ev elandwast egener at i onexceedst ol er ancel i mi t s, t heenv i r onment get sdamagedanddegr aded.Manyr i v er shav edr i esup,l akesandpondsdamaged andsoi lpoi sonedduet or eckl essexpl oi t at i on.Humani t yi snear i ngadev ast at i ng

env i r onment alcr i si s.Gl obalwar mi ngandozonedepl et i onar emaj orenv i r onment al t hr eat sofmoder nt i mes

Gl obal war mi ng

Gl obal war mi ngmeansi ncr easei nt heav er aget emper at ur eofear t h’ sat mospher e. Thi sheat i ngupoft heear t h’ sat mospher ecausedbyev r eri ncr easi ngr el easeof gr eengasesi nt ot heat mospher e.Gr eenhousegasesar egasest hatabsor bheat . Rel easeofgr eenhousegasesl i kecar bondi oxi de, met hane, et c.ar emai nl ycaused by :  Bur ni ngoff ossi l f uel sl i kecoal , pet r ol eum, et c.  Ani mal dung( r el easemet hane)

Def or est at i on wor sens t he pr obl em,because def or est at i on r educe t he car bondi oxi deabsor pt i v ecapaci t y .Theconsequencesofgl obal war mi ngar e:  Possi bl emel t i ngofpol ari ceRi si ngofseal ev el  Coast al f l oodi ng  Di sr upt i onofdr i nki ngwat ersuppl i es  Ext i nct i onofmanyspeci es  Possi bi l i t yoft r opi cal st r oms  Hi gheri nci denceoft r opi cal di seases

s

Gr eenhousegas

Thesear et er r i bl econsequences. gl obalcooper at i onandact i onar enecessar yt o addr esst hi schal l enge.A U. N conf er enceonCl i mat eChangewashel di nKy ot o. Japani n1997t of i ndasol ut i ont ot hepr obl em ofgl obalwar mi ng.Theconf er ence r esul t edi nanagr eementcal l edKy ot oPr ot ocol .Thi spr ot ocolcal l sf orr educt i oni n gr eenhousegasemi ssi onsbyi ndust r i al i sedcount r i es.

Ozonedepl et i on

Ozonel ay eri sal ay eri nt heat mospher eaboutt wel v emi l esf r om t heear t h’ ssur f ace. Thi sl ay ercont ai nspl ent yofozone.Ozonel ay erpr ev ent st hesun’ shar mf ulul t r a v i ol etl i ghtf r om ent er i ng t he ear t h’ s at mospher e.Ozone l ay er ,t her ef or e,i sa pr ot ect i v el ay er .Thi sl ay eri snow get t i ngdamagedbyhi ghl ev el sofchl or i neand ot her compounds r el eased f r om t he ear t h t hr ough human act i v i t y . Chl or of l uor ocar bons( CFCs)ar eusedi nai rcondi t i oner s,r ef r i ger at or s,spr ay s,et c. TheseCFCr el easedi nt ot heat mospher ecauseozonedepl et i on.Somest udi eshav e showna5per centdecl i nei nt heozonel ay erbet ween1979and1990.Suchhi gh l ev el sofozonedepl et i oncanhav ev er ybadconsequences.Ozonedepl et i onandt he consequentent r yoful t r av i ol etl i ghti nt ot heear t h’ sat mospher ewi l l l eadt o:  Damaget ol i v i ngor gani sms  Ski ncancer  Damaget oaquat i cor gani sms

Now,t her ei si nt er nat i onalr ecogni t i onoft hi smaj orenv i r onment alcr i si s.A conf er encei nMont r eol ,Canadal edt ot headopt i onoft heMont r eolPr ot ocol . Thi spr ot ocolbanst heuseofozonedepl et i ngcompoundssuchasCFCs.

Now,CFCsar ebei ngr epl acedHy dr oFl ur oCar bons( HFCs)whuchdonot damaget heozonel ay er .

I ndust r i al i zat i on, popul at i on, expl osi on and env i r onment al damage Humanci v i l i zat i oni sar ound10000y ear sol d.Butenv i r onment alpr obl emsar e r ecentphenomena.Ti l lt he18t hcent ur ygl obal economywasanagr ar i aneconomy . I nt he18t hcent ur yt heI ndust r i al Rev ol ut i onbr okeoutl eadi ngt oawav eof i ndust r i al i zat i on.Al ar gev ar i et yofi ndust r i alpr oduct swer epr oducedf orhuman consumpt i on.Thi sphenomenalexpl osi oni npr oduct i onandconsumpt i oni s causi ngext ensi v eexpl oi t at i onofear t h' sr esour ces.Consumpt i onl ev el si nt he dev el opedcount r i esar emuchhi ghercompar edt ot hatofdev el opi ngcount r i es. Dev el opi ngcount r i esar eput t i ngpr essur eonear t h' sr esour ceswi t ht hei rhuge popul at i on.Ther ef or ef i ne, i tcanbesai dt hatenv i r onment al damagei sbr oadl y causedbyt heset wof act or s * r i si ngconsumpt i oni nt hedev el opedcount r i es * i ncr easi ngpopul at i oni nt hedev el opi ngcount r i es Pr ot ect i onofenv i r onment , t her ef or e, r equi r esaddr essi ngt heset wocauses

St at eofI ndi a’ senv i r onment I ndi ai sbl essedbynat ur e.Wehav eabundantnat ur alr esour ces.I ndi a' s env i r onmentconsi stof : * Hundr edsofr i v er s * Lush, gr eenf or est s * Abundantmi ner al r esour ce * Vastcostl i ne * Pl ent yofmount ai nr anges * Ri chqual i t ysoi l * Hi ghl ev elofbi odi v er si t y           ournat ur al r esour cesar ei ndeedabundant .I ndi ahas20per centoft hewor l d' si r on or er eser v es.Ot hermi ner al sl i kebauxi t e, copper , chr omat e, l ead, manganese, zi nc, gol d, et c.ar eal soav ai l abl ei nI ndi a.Thebl acksoi loft heDeccanPl at eaui s excel l entf orcot t oncul t i v at i on.TheI ndoGanget i cpl ai ni soneoft hemostf er t i l e r egi oni nt hewor l d.I ndi a’ sl ushf or est spr ov i degr eencov erf orherpopul at i onand nat ur alcov erf orherwi l dl i f e.Apar tf r om t hev astcoastl i ne, I ndi ahassev er al hundr edsofr i v er sandl akes.Thesear er i chi nmar i nel i f e.Thesev astanddi v er se nat ur alr esour cesar ei ndeedabl essi ng. Butt hi sdoesnotmeant hatI ndi a' senv i r onmenti spl ent i f ulandper manent .Our hugeandgr owi ngpopul at i oni samaj orpr obl em.Ev ent houghwehav ev ast r esour ces, t hesear escar cewhencompar edt oourpopul at i on.Consi dert he f ol l owi ngf act s: * I ndi ahas16per centoft hewor l dpopul at i on

* I ndi ahas20per centoft hewor l d' scat t l e. * But , I ndi ahasonl y2. 5per centoft hewor l d' sgeogr aphi calar ea *t hepercapi t af or estl andi sonl y0. 08hect ar esagai nstt her equi r ementof0. 47 hect ar es. Ther ef or e, t her ei sami smat chbet weent hepopul at i on( humanandani mal )and t her esour ces.Thi smi smat chexer t shugepr essur eont heenv i r onment .Thi sl eads t oenv i r onment alpr obl emssuchasai randwat erpol l ut i on, soi ler osi on, def or est at i on, t hr eatt owi l dl i f e, et c.Gov er nmentandenv i r onment al gr oupshav e i dent i f i edsomemaj orenv i r onment al i ssuesandpr obl emst hatar et obet ackl edon apr i or i t ybasi s.Thesear e

LANDDEGRADATI ON Landdegr adat i oni sapr obl em whi chcanhav ef ar r eachi ngconsequences.I fnot checkedi nt i me,i twi l ladv er sel yaf f ectf oodpr oduct i onandf oodav ai l abi l i t y .The i mpor t antcausesofl anddegr adat i on.Theyar e:  Def or est at i on

 Ext r act i onofwoodf orf uelandf odderf orcat t l ebey ondsust ai nabl el ev el s  Shi f t i ngcul t i v at i on(Thi si st hepr act i ceofbur ni ngdownt r eesi nanar ea, cul t i v at i ngt her eandt henr ot at i on  Excessi v euseofchemi calf er t i l i ser sandpest i ci des  Excessi v eexpl oi t at i onofgr oundmov i ngont oanot herar eat odot hesame)  Encr oachmenti nt of or estl andf orcul t i v at i on  Nonadopt i onofsoi l conser v at i onmeasur es  Non-adopt i onofcr op  wat er  Useoff er t i l et opsoi lf orbr i ckandt i l emaki ng

The causes ofl and degr adat i on t hemsel v es suggestr emedi es.I ndi a’ s sust ai nabl edev el opmentdependsonourabi l i t yt opr ev entl anddegr adat i on.

AI RPOLLUTI ON Ev eri ncr easi ng popul at i on and ur bani zat i on i nI ndi a ar e exer t i ng enor mous pr essur eont heenv i r onment .I ndust r i al i zat i on,powerconsumpt i on,andv ehi cul ar t r af f i car ei ncr easi ngl ybyl eapsandbounds.Thi si swor seni ngt heai rqual i t yi n ci t i es.

Ai rpol l ut i oni scausedwhencer t ai ngase0sandpar t i cl esar eemi t t edi nt ot heai r . I ndust r i esandmot orv ehi cl esemi tmanygasesandpar t i cl esi nt ot heai r .Gases l i kecar bonmonoxi de,car bondi oxi de,sul phurdi oxi deandsuspended–par t i cl es l i kel eadar emaj orpol l ut ant s.Ai rpol l ut i oncausedbyt hesepol l ut ant scausemany di seasesandear l ydeat hs. WATERPOLLUTI ON I ncr easi ngwat erpol l ut i oni samaj orcausef orconcer n.Lotofsur f acewat erand somegr oundwat eri nI ndi aar econt ami nat ed.Consumpt i onofcont ami nat edwat er causedi seasesl i kedi ar r hoea,t r achoma,i nt est i nalwor ms,hepat i t i s,et c.Then per centofal ldi seasesar ewat err el at ed.Wat erpol l ut i oni scausedmai nl ybyt hr ee f act or s.Theyar e:  Domest i cwast ewat er  I ndust r i alwast ewat er  Agr i cul t ur alr unof f

Sewageand i ndust r i alwast ewat erar edi v er t ed i nt o st r eamsand r i v er s.Thi s pol l ut eswat eri nt hesewat erbodi es.Excessi v edosesofchemi calf er t i l i ser sand pest i ci desusedi nmoder nagr i cul t ur eal socausewat erpol l ut i on.Somei ndust r i es l i ke chemi cal s,l eat her ,t ext i l es,cement ,et c.Cause wat erpol l ut i on.Domest i c wast ewat eri samaj orcauseofmanywat er bor nedi seases. Wi t houtdoubt , I ndi a’ senv i r onment alchal l engesi saser i ousone.Gov er nment sar e now gi v i ng pr i or i t yt o pr ot ect i ng t he env i r onment .Ther ei s a mi ni st r yf or env i r onment .Ther ear epol l ut i oncont r olboar dsatt heCent r eandst at es.Ther ear e l ar genumberofNGOsdeepl ycommi t t edt oenv i r onment ali ssues.TheChi pko mov ementst ar t ed f orpr ot ect i ng f or est si nt he Hi mal ay as and t he Appi ko mov ementi nKar nat akaar egr eatenv i r onment almov ement s.Theyar econt r i but i ng subst ant i al l yt ocr eat i ngawar enessaboutenv i r onment alpr ot ect i on.Env i r onment al pr ot ect i onwi l lbecomeef f ect i v eonl yi ft hi sawar enessr eacht hegr assr ootl ev el . Publ i cpar t i ci pat i oni nenv i r onment alpr ot ect i oni snecessar yt of acet hi schal l enge ef f ect i v el y .Al soweshoul dmov et owar dssust ai nabl edev el opment . SUSTAI NABLEDEVELOPMENT Sust ai nabl edev el opmenti senv i r onmentf r i endl ydev el opmentt hatsust ai nsi t sel f . Sust ai nabl e dev el opmentdoes notdegr ade t he env i r onmentand damage t he pr ospect sf or f ut ur e gener at i on.The UN conf er ence on env i r onment and Dev el opment( UNCED)def i nessust ai nabl edev el opmentas:“ Dev el opmentt hat meet st heneedoft hepr esentgener at i onwi t houtcompr omi si ngt heabi l i t yoft he

f ut ur egener at i ont omeett hei rownneeds” . Ther ear ef ourmaj orf act or st hatmakedev el opmentunsust ai nabl e.Theyar e: Themoder npr oduct i ont echnol ogyt hatexhaust snonr enewabl er esour ces Thehi ghl ypol l ut i ngnat ur eoft hepr esentpr oduct i onsy st em The ev eri ncr easi ng consumpt i on ( consumer i stl i f e st y l e)i nt he dev el oped count r i es.I ncr easi ngconsumpt i oni nemer gi ngeconomi es Thei ncr easi ngpopul at i oni nt hedev el opi ngcount r i es. Thesef act or scombi net oputt r emendouspr essur eont heear t h’ senv i r onment . Resour ceext r act i onexceedst heabsor pt i v ecapaci t yoft heenv i r onment .Thi s causesenv i r onment al cr i si s. Ar eason f orr esour ces depl et i on i st he pov er t yoft he peopl ei n dev el opi ng count r i es.Shi f t i ngcul t i v at i onandf or estencr oachmentar esomet i mescausedby pov er t y .Fr om t hi sper spect i v eEdwar dBar bi erdef i nedsust ai nabl edev el opmentas: “ Dev el opmentwhi chi sdi r ect l yconcer nedwi t hi ncr easi ngt hemat er i alst andar dof l i v i ngoft hepooratt hi sgr assr ootl ev el . ”I not herwor ds,sust ai nabl edev el opment ai msatdecr easi ngt heabsol ut epov er t yoft hepoorbypr ov i di ngl ast i ngandsecur e l i v el i hood.Thatmi ni mi zer esour cedepl et i onandenv i r onment al degr adat i on.

Env i r onment al i st s emphasi st hat env i r onment i s‘ pl anet ar yi nher i t ance’ .We i nher i t edi tf r om t hepr ev i ousgener at i onsandt her ef or ewehav et her esponsi bi l i t y t o hand i tov erwi t houtdamage t ot he f ut ur e gener at i ons.The Br undt l and Commi ssi onemphasi zest hi saspectt osust ai nabl edev el opment . Economi st swhospeci al i zedi nenv i r onmentar ecal l edenv i r onment aleconomi st s. Theypr escr i bemeasur esf orsust ai nabl edev el opment .Her manDal y ,awel l known env i r onment aleconomi st s,suggest st he f ol l owi ng measur es f orsust ai nabl e dev el opment :

Li mi t i ngt hehumanpopul at i on.( Thi swi l lr educet hepr essur eonnat ur alr esour ces f r om expl odi ngpopul at i on. ) Adopt i onofi nputef f i ci entt echnol ogy Sust ai nabl eext r act i onofr enewabl er esour ces.( Thi smeanst hatt heext r act i onof r enewabl er esour cesshoul dnotexceedt hei rr egener at i v ecapaci t y ) Li mi t i ng t he use ofnonr enewabl er esour ces bel ow t he r at e ofcr eat i on of r enewabl esubst i t ut es Cor r ect i ngt hei nef f i ci enci esar i si ngf r om pol l ut i on. The suggest i ons ofenv i r onment al i st s ar e get t i ng i ncr easi ng accept ance f r om

gov er nment s.

STRATEGI ESFORSUSTAI NABLEDEVELOPMENT Sust ai nabl edev el opmentr equi r esconsci ousadopt i onofsomest r at egi es.These st r at egi esshoul df ocusonpr ev ent i onofenv i r onment aldegr adat i onbyl i mi t i ngt he demandsonenv i r onment alr esour ces.I mpor t antel ement soft hi sst r at egyar et he useofnonconv ent i onalsour cesofener gy ,adopt i on oft r adi t i onalknowl edge pr act i ces, or gani cf ar mi ng, et c.

USEOFNONCONVENTI ONALSOURCESOFENERGY

Conv ent i onalsour cesofener gyl i ket her malpowerandhy dr opowerar ehi ghl y damagi ngt ot heenv i r onment .

Ther malpoweri s gener at ed bybur ni ng coal .Thi sr el ease car bon di oxi de ( a gr eenhousegas)whi chaddst ogl obal war mi ng. Hy dr opowergener at i onr equi r esconst r uct i onofdams.Thi sl eadst odef or est at i on

andsubmer gi ngoff or estandagr i cul t ur all ands. Sust ai nabl edev el opmentr equi r esext ensi v euseofnonconv ent i onalsour cesof ener gy . LPG, GOBARGASI NRURALAREAS Househol dsi nr ur alusedi f f er entt y pesoff uel sl i kewood,dr i eddung,et c.These f uel sar enotener gyef f i ci ent .Mor eov er , t heycausepol l ut i on.

Agoodst r at egyf orsust ai nabl edev el opmenti st hepr omot i onofLPG ( Li qui f i ed Pet r ol eum Gas) Gobargasi nr ur alar eas.LPGi sanener gyef f i ci entcl eanf uel .Gobargaspr oduced f r om cat t l edungi sar enewabl er esour ce.Thesl ur r yl ef taf t ergaspr oduct i oni sa v er ygoodor gani cf er t i l i zer .

CNGI NURBANAREAS CNG ( Compr essed Nat ur alGas)i s now i ncr easi ngl yused i n publ i ct r anspor t sy st em.Thi sr educesai rpol l ut i on.CNGi susedi npubl i ct r anspor t at i onsy st em i n NewDel hi .

WI NDENERGY Wi ndener gyi sani mpor t antr enewabl eener gy .Thi si ssui t abl ei nar easwher et he speedofwi ndi shi gh.I ndi ai snowamaj orexpor t erofwi ndt ur bi nes.Wi ndener gy whi chi sanenv i r onment al l yf r i endl yener gyshoul dbeext ensi v el ypr omot ed.

SOLARENERGY

Thesuni sani nexhaust i bl esour ceofener gy .I ndi ai sat r opi calcount r yendowed wi t habundantsunl i ght .I ft hi ssunl i ghtcanbehar nessedi nt osol arener gy ,t hat woul dbeagr eatl eapi nsol v i ngt heener gycr i si s.Sol arener gycanbest or edi n phot ov ol t ai ccel l s.I tcan beused i n cooki ng,wat erheat i ng,l i ght i ng,et c.t he adv ant ageofsol arener gyi st hati ti sr enewabl esour ceofener gyandi scompl et el y pol l ut i onf r ee.

MI NI HYDELPROJECTS Hy dr oener gygener at edf r om l ar gedamsi samaj orsour ceofener gy .But ,l ar ge damsdest r oyorsubmer gef or est sandt her ef or e,t heyar eenv i r onmentunf r i endl y . Thi s pr obl em can be sol v ed by mi ni hy delpr oj ect s.Mi ni hy delpr oj ect s ar e const r uct ed acr oss st r eams.Theygener at e powert o meetl ocalneeds.The adv ant ageofmi ni hy delpr oj ect si st hatdo notdest r oyt heenv i r onment .The

capi t alexpendi t ur ei sv er yl owcompar edt ol ar gehy del pr oj ect .

TRADI TI ONALKNOWELDGEANDPRACTI CES Ti l ll ar gescal ei ndust r i al i zat i onofmoder nt i mes, humanl i f ehasbeenenv i r onment f r i endl y .Tr adi t i onalknowl edge was ext ensi v el yused.Forexampl e,t r adi t i onal pl ant sandher bswer eext ensi v el yusedi nmedi calt r eat ment .I ndi ahasar ound 15000speci esofpl ant swhi chhav emedi ci nalpr oper t y .Somepl ant sandher bsar e v er yef f ect i v ei ncer t ai nt r eat ment s.Manyt r eat mentf or msofAy ur v edahav ebeen r ecogni zedgl obal l y .I ft r adi t i onal knowl edgeandsy st emsgooutofuse, t heywi l lbe l ostf or ev er .Thi sshoul dnothappen. Ofl at e,t her ei sar esur gencesomet r adi t i onalsy st ems.Fori nst ance,her bsar e ext ensi v el yusedi nt hepr epar at i onofsoaps, shampoos, cr eams, et c. ORGANI CFARMI NG Gr eenRev ol ut i onwasusher edi nbyt henew agr i cul t ur alst r at egybasedonHYV seeds,chemi calf er t i l i ser s,pest i ci des and i r r i gat i on.No doubt ,t he Gr een Rev ol ut i on i s a maj orl andmar ki nI ndi a’ s economi c hi st or y .I tgav e us sel f suf f i ci encyi nf oodgr ai ns.Buti tal socr eat edmanyadv er seenv i r onment ali mpact s. Ext ensi v euseofchemi calf er t i l i ser sandpest i ci desdegr adedt hequal i t yofl and. Foodpr oduct sbecamecont ami nat ed.I tev enpoi sonedwat erbodi esandgr ound wat ersy st ems.Reckl ess use ofchemi calf er t i l i ser s and i nsect i ci des i s not sust ai nabl e dev el opment .A sust ai nabl e al t er nat i v ei s or gani cf ar mi ng.Two i mpor t antel ement sofor gani cf ar mi ngar e: Bi ocompost i ng Bi opestcont r ol Bi ocomposti scompostmadef r om or gani cwast e.Cat t l edung,bi r ddr oppi ngs, gr eenl eav es,et c.ar ev er ygoodbi of er t i l i ser s.Thequal i t yofagr i cul t ur alpr oduce cul t i v at edusi ngchemi calf er t i l i ser s.

Justasbi ocompost scanr epl acechemi calf er t i l i ser s,bi opest i ci descanr epl ace chemi calpest i ci des.Pest i ci descanbepr oducedf r om pl antpr oduct s.Neem and t obaccoar egoodbi opest i ci des.Mi xedcr oppi ngandcr opr ot at i onhav eal sobeen f oundt obeef f ect i v ei ncont r ol l i ngpest s.Di f f er entspeci esofani mal sandbi r ds al sopl ayani mpor t antr ol ei npestandi nsectcont r ol .Pestandi nsecteat i ngbi r ds ar enat ur alr emedyt ot hepestpr obl em.Somesnakeswhi cheatr at sar ef ar mer ’ s f r i ends.Ther ef or e,i fnat ur ei sused i nt el l i gent l yi tcan sol v e manypr obl ems. For t unat el y , awar enessaboutnat ur al r emedi esi sspr eadi ngf ast . Unsust ai nabl edev el opmentandenv i r onment aldegr adat i onhav ear ousedwor l d consci ousness.Sust ai nabl edev el opmenthasbecomea‘ mant hr a’ ofmoder nt i mes. I ti shear t eni ngt onot et hatl ot sofsust ai nabl edev el opmentact i v i t i eshav ebeen i ni t i at edi nmanycount r i es.But , wehav eal ongwayt ogo.

QUESTI ONS

Tr ueorf al se a)Sust ai nabl edev el opmenti senv i r onmentf r i endl y b)Pl ant s, t r ees, i nsect s, et c.ar eabi ot i cf act or s. c)Absor pt i v ecapaci t yi st hecapaci t yoft heenv i r onmentt o absor bdegr adat i on. d)Bur ni ngoff ossi l f uel sr el easegr eenhousegases e)Gl obalwar mi ngmeansi ncr easei nt heav er aget emper at ur e ofear t h’ sat mospher e. f )Lar gecat t l epopul at i onl eadst ogl obal war mi ng g)Ozonel ay erpr ev ent st hehar mf ulconsequencesoful t r a v i ol etr adi at i on h)Gobargasi spr odsucedf r om cat t l edung Mat chCol umns A

B

Renewabl er esour ce

HYV seeds, f er t i l i ser s

Nonr enewabl er esour ce

Pl ant s, wat er

Or gani cf ar mi ng

Coal , pet r ol eum

Gr eenRev ol ut i on

Bi ocompost i ng

chemi cal

i i )

A

B

Ky ot oPr ot ocol

Pr ot ect i onoft r eesand f or est s

Mont r eol Pr ot ocol

Reduct i onofgr eenhousegas

Chi pkoMov ement

Banonozonedepl et i ng compounds

A

B

I ncr easi ngv ehi cul art r af f i c

Landdegr adat i on

I ndust r i al wast ewat er

Ai rpol l ut i on

Def or est at i on

Wat erpol l ut i on

COMPLETETHETABLE Renewabl e r esour ces

Nonr enewabl e r esour ces

FI LLI NTHEBLANKS

1)CFCscause ………………………………depl et i on. 2)Bur ni ng off ossi lf uell ead t o gl obal ……………………. 3)Cat t l edungpr oduces…………………. Gaswhi chi sapol l ut ant . 4) Bi ocompost s ar e used i n ……………………. .Far mi ng 5)Coal i sa………………………. .Ener gy .