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DI GI TALTEXTBOOKPREPARATI ON SUBMI TTEDTO
KI RANLAL. Asst .Pr of essorofPTM Col l egeofEducat i on. Mar ut hoor konam
SUBMI TTEDBY
ANIMORAI S. S PTM Col l egeofEducat i on
“ Goodpeopl edon’ tneedl awst ot el l t hem t or esponsi bl y ……. . . andbad peopl ewi l l f i ndawayar oundt hel aws” PLATO. Democr acyi snotnear l yaf or m ofgov er nment . I ti sal soaf or m ofst at easawel l soci et y . I tcl osel yassoci at edwi t hpar t i ci pat i on, consumpt i onandci v i l l i ber t i es. I ti sor der ofsoci et y . A democr acy means r ul ebyt hepeopl e. [ 1] Thenamei susedf ordi f f er entf or ms of gov er nment , wher et hepeopl ecant akepar ti nt hedeci si onst hataf f ectt heway t hei r communi t y i sr un.I nmoder nt i mes, t her ear edi f f er entway st hi scanbedone: 1.Thepeopl emeett odeci deaboutnew l aws, andchangest oexi st i ngones.Thi si susual l y cal l ed di r ectdemocr acy . 2.Thepeopl eel ectt hei rl eader s.Thesel eader st aket hi sdeci si onaboutl aws.Thi si s
commonl ycal l ed r epr esent at i v edemocr acy .Thepr ocessofchoosi ngi s cal l ed el ect i on. [ 2] El ect i onsar eei t herhel dper i odi cal l y , orwhenanof f i cehol derdi es. 3.Somet i mespeopl ecanpr oposenewl awsorchangest oexi st i ngl aws.Usual l y , t hi si s doneusi nga r ef er endum, whi chneedsacer t ai nnumberofsuppor t er s. 4.Thepeopl ewhomaket hedeci si onsar echosenmor eorl essatr andom.Thi si s common, f orexampl ewhenchoosi nga j ur yf ora t r i al .Thi smet hodi sknownas sor t at i onor al l ot ment .I nat r i al , t hej ur ywi l l hav et odeci det hequest i onwhet hert he per soni sgui l t yornot .I nEur ope, t r i al swi t haj ur yar eonl yusedf orser i ouscr i mes, such as mur der , host age t aki ngor ar son.
Tobecomeast abl edemocr acy , ast at eusual l yunder goesapr ocessof democr at i c consol i dat i on. Ademocr acyi st heopposi t eofa di ct at or shi p, at y peofgov er nmenti nwhi cht hepower i scent r al i zedont hehandsofasi ngl eper sonwhor ul est henat i on, l acks pol i t i cal pl ur al i sm, t hepeopl ehav enopar t i ci pat i oni nt hel ocal pol i t i csandl i t t l et ono f r eedom ofexpr essi on. democr acy means r ul ebyt hepeopl e. [ 1] Thenamei susedf ordi f f er entf or ms of gov er nment , wher et hepeopl ecant akepar ti nt hedeci si onst hataf f ectt heway t hei r communi t y i sr un.I nmoder nt i mes, t her ear edi f f er entway st hi scanbedone:
1.Thepeopl emeett odeci deaboutnew l aws, andchangest oexi st i ngones.Thi si susual l y cal l ed di r ectdemocr acy . 2.Thepeopl eel ectt hei rl eader s.Thesel eader st aket hi sdeci si onaboutl aws.Thi si s commonl ycal l ed r epr esent at i v edemocr acy .Thepr ocessofchoosi ngi s cal l ed el ect i on. [ 2] El ect i onsar eei t herhel dper i odi cal l y , orwhenanof f i cehol derdi es. 3.Somet i mespeopl ecanpr oposenewl awsorchangest oexi st i ngl aws.Usual l y , t hi si s doneusi nga r ef er endum, whi chneedsacer t ai nnumberofsuppor t er s. Thepeopl ewhomaket hedeci si onsar echosenmor eorl essatr andom.Thi si scommon, f orexampl ewhenchoosi nga j ur yf ora t r i al .Thi smet hodi sknownassor t i t i onor al l ot ment . I nat r i al , t hej ur ywi l l hav et odeci det hequest i onwhet hert heper soni sgui l t yornot .I n Eur ope, t r i al swi t haj ur yar eonl yusedf orser i ouscr i mes, suchas mur der , host age t aki ng or ar son.
I NDI ANDEMOCRACY.
. . ThePol i t i csofI ndi awor kswi t hi nt hef r amewor koft hecount r y ’ s const i t ut i on.I ndi ai sapar l i ament ar ysecul ardemocr at i cr epubl i ci nwhi cht hePr esi dentofI ndi a i st heheadofst at eandt hePr i meMi ni st erofI ndi ai st heheadofgov er nment .I ti sbasedont he f eder al st r uct ur eofgov er nmental t hought hewor di snotusedi nt heconst i t ut i oni t sel f .I ndi a f ol l owst hedual pol i t ysy st em, i . e.adoubl egov er nment( f eder al i nnat ur e)t hatconsi st soft he cent r al aut hor i t yatt hecent r eandst at esatt heper i pher y .Theconst i t ut i ondef i nest he or gani sat i onal power sandl i mi t at i onsofbot hcent r al andst at egov er nment s, andi ti swel l r ecogni sed, f l ui d( Pr eambl eoft heconst i t ut i onbei ngr i gi dandt odi ct at ef ur t heramendment st o t heconst i t ut i on)andconsi der edsupr eme; i . e.t hel awsoft henat i onmustconf i r mt oi t .
I ndi a’ sdemocr acycr umbl i ng?Const i t ut i on showshowt ocr eat edemocr acyi nunl i kel y set t i ngs Ashut oshVar shney , i nhi sr eadi ngofMadhavKhosl a’ snewbook, wr i t es howI ndi ai sademocr acybydesi gnandt heConst i t ut i oni t st eacher . Hi st or y
Thet er m“ democr acy ”f i r stappear edi nanci entGr eekpol i t i cal and phi l osophi cal t houghti nt heci t y st at eofAt hensdur i ngt hecl assi cal ant i qui t y . Thewor dcomesf r om Gr eekwor d demos, “ commonpeopl e” and Kr at os, st r engt h.I twasest abl i shedi n 508–507BCbyt he At heni ansandi t wasl edby Cl ei st henes. Cl ei st henesi sal soknownast he” t hef at herof At heni andemocr acy ” .
HowdoesDemocr acyl ookl i kei nt heCont empor ar yWor l d? HowDoesDemocr acywor k?
Oneoft het enet sofdemocr acyi st hatal l member soft hesoci et ymustbe equal .Fori tt of unct i on, t hi sequal i t ymustbepr esenti nt hei ndi v i dual v ot e. Deny i nggr oupst her i ghtt ov ot ei scont r ar yt ot hef unct i onof a democr acy , asy st em ofgov er nmentwher eeachi ndi v i dual ’ sv ot ehasequal wei ght .TheU. S.sy st em ofgov er nmenti sar epubl i c, at y peof democr acy i n whi chel ect edof f i ci al scar r youtt hewi l l oft hepeopl e.
Democr acyi nI ndi a I ndi ai st hewor l d’ sl ar gestdemocr acy . I ndi abecamea democr at i cnat i on post i t si ndependencei nt hey ear1947.Ther eaf t er , t heci t i z ensofI ndi awer egi v en t her i ghtt ov ot eandel ectt hei rl eader s.I nI ndi a, i tgi v esi t sci t i z enst her i ghtt o v ot ei r r espect i v eoft hei rcast e, col or , cr eed, r el i gi on, andgender .I thasf i v e democr at i cpr i nci pl es–sov er ei gn, soci al i st , secul ar , democr at i candr epubl i c.
I NDI AWASAMI RACLEDEMOCRACYBUTI T’ STI METODOWNGRADEI T’ SCREDENTI ALS. Jawahar l al Nehr usal ut est hef l agashebecomesi ndependentI ndi a' sf i r stpr i memi ni st eron Aug.15, 1947, dur i ngt heI ndependenceDaycer emonyi nNewDel hi .( AP) Opi ni onby Ramachandr aGuha August14, 2019at6: 35p. m.EDT
Ramachandr aGuhai sahi st or i anofmoder nI ndi aandbi ogr apherofMahat maGandhi . Wer eIabi ogr apheroft heBuddhaorahi st or i anoft heMughal s, t her ewoul dbel i t t l eov er l ap bet weenmypol i t i csandmypr of essi on.Howev er , asahi st or i anofmoder nI ndi a, If i ndt her ei sa cont i nual andof t enagoni zi ngt ensi onbet weenhowIt hi nkasaschol arandhowIf eel asa ci t i zen.Thepastf ewday s— f ol l owi ngt hegov er nment ’ sdeci si ont oscr ap
t hespeci al st at usofKashmi r —hav ebeen, ev enbyI ndi anst andar ds,
ext r aor di nar i l yt umul t uousf ormycount r yandi t speopl e. Meanwhi l e, Iwasaskedt owr i t et hi sessayt ocoi nci dewi t ht heanni v er sar yofmycount r y ’ s i ndependencef r om Br i t i shcol oni al r ul e.Howcant heev ent soft hepastt woweeksaf f ecta br oader( anddeeper )under st andi ngofwhatI ndi anshav edonewi t h72y ear soff r eedom?CanI setasi dewhatIf eel about mygov er nment ’ sper secut i onofmyKashmi r i f el l owci t i zens when consi der i ng, di spassi onat el yandobj ect i v el y , howI ndi ahasf ar edsi nce1947? Imust , ormustatl eastt r y . Kashmi rsi t sononeofI ndi a’ sf oundat i onal f aul tl i nes, t hatofr el i gi on.Wi t ht her i seand consol i dat i onofanaggr essi v eHi ndumaj or i t ar i ani sm, manyr i ght f ul l ywor r yaboutI ndi a’ sf ut ur e asamul t i cul t ur al democr acy .Butnoassessmentofourr ecenthi st or ycanbecompl et ewi t hout f i r stacknowl edgi ngwhatI , asbot hhi st or i anandci t i zen, seeasI ndi a’ st hr eemostst r i ki ng achi ev ement s.
Anat i onoutofmanynat i ons
Hadt hecount r ybeenast ar t upi n1947, notev ent hemostv ent ur esomeofv ent ur ecapi t al i st s woul dhav ei nv est edi ni t .Shor t l yaf t erI ndi abecamef r ee, t hel astBr i t i shcommanderi nchi efof
t heI ndi anAr my , Gen.Cl audeAuchi nl eck, wr ot e:“TheSi khsmayt r yt osetupasepar at e r egi me.It hi nkt heypr obabl ywi l l andt hatwi l l beonl yast ar tofagener al decent r al i zat i onand br eakupoft hei deat hatI ndi ai sacount r y , wher easi ti sasubcont i nentasv ar i edasEur ope. ThePunj abi i sasdi f f er entf r om aMadr assi asaScoti sf r om anI t al i an.TheBr i t i sht r i edt o consol i dat ei tbutachi ev ednot hi ngper manent .Noonecanmakeanat i onoutofacont i nentof manynat i ons. ” Suchpr edi ct i onswer eubi qui t ousi nt heear l yy ear sofi ndependence.I ndi acoul dnotsur v i v eas asi ngl enat i on, sai dt hesmar t estofWest er nobser v er s, andi tcoul dnev erbecomeademocr acy ei t her .Buti tdi d.Anot herf or merBr i t i shof f i ci al whowasi nI ndi adur i ngt hef i r stgener al el ect i onsof1952wr ot ehomet hat“ af ut ur eandmor eenl i ght enedagewi l l v i ewwi t h ast oni shmentt heabsur df ar ceofr ecor di ngt hev ot esofmi l l i onsofi l l i t er at epeopl e. ” ButI ndi adef i edi t sskept i cst or emai nuni t ed, andst aysomewhatdemocr at i c.Tobesur e, t her e wasv i ol enceati t sbi r t h, andr ebel l i onaf t er war d, i nKashmi r , Nagal andandel sewher e, putdown byf or ce.Butwhenoneconsi der showmuchbl oodwasshedi nt hef or gi ngoft heBr i t i shor Amer i canorFr enchorChi nesenat i on, It hi nkI ndi anshav egot t enof fr el at i v el yl i ght l y .Thata poor , di v i dedandst i l l notf ul l yl i t er at ecount r yi sademocr acyi sanev engr eat erf eat .Each gener al el ect i oni st hegr eat estexer ci seoff r eewi l l i nhumanhi st or y—andwi t hmanyst at es bei ngl ar gert hansomeEur opeancount r i es, hol di nghundr edsofpr ov i nci al el ect i onsi sr at her i mpr essi v easwel l . Ther ei sat hi r dt hi ngI ndi ansshoul dbepr oudof : ourr ecor di nsust ai ni ngl i ngui st i cpl ur al i sm. Amer i cansar epar anoi daboutpeopl ewhodonotspeakEngl i sh; y ett her upeenot ei nmy pockethasnotj ust17l anguages, but17scr i pt spr i nt edoni t .Wi sel y , t hef ounder sofI ndi a r ej ect edt heconv ent i onal wi sdom t hatasi ngl el anguagewoul denhancenat i onal uni t yand r ef usedt oi mposeHi ndi acr osst her epubl i c.Ont heot herhand, i nPaki st anandSr i Lanka, l i ngui st i cdi f f er enceshel pedpr ov okebl oodyconf l i ct sandev ensecessi on.
I ndeed, asal ar ge, di v er semul t i l i ngual pol i t i cal uni twi t hasi ngl emar ketandf r ee mov ementofpeopl e, I ndi aant i ci pat edt heEur opeanUni onbymanydecades.