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IMD 301
Introduction to Cataloging
TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO CATALOGING
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TOPIC 1: INTRODUCTION TO CATALOGING 1.1 Cataloguing in context -
Cataloging is a subset of the larger field of bibliographic control or organization of information.
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Catalogers, indexers, abstractors, bibliographers and information scientists establish bibliographic control over portions of the bibliographic universe.
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They create a bridge between the user and the many bibliographic tools available.
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The bibliographic tool created in the institutional library is the catalog.
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A catalog is an organized set of bibliographic records that represent the holding of a particular collection.
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Catalogs are necessary whenever a collection grows too large to be remembered.
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Objectives of catalog: to enable a person to find a book of which either the author, title or subject is known; to show what the library has; to assist in the choice of a book.
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Forms of catalogs: book catalog, card catalog, microform catalog, and online catalog.
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Characteristics of catalog: a catalog should be flexible and up-to-date; a catalog should be constructed so that all entries can be quickly and easily found; and a catalog should be economically prepared and maintained.
1.2 Library Catalog -
A library catalog is a record or a list of the collection of a particular library, or of the collection of many libraries that are connected electronically.
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When it is a combined list of the holdings of many libraries, it is called a union catalog or a shared catalog.
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Basically, catalogs are established so that library users are able to retrieve the needed information.
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A good catalog is a good information delivery tool. To produce a good catalog, all materials must be catalogued.
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A library catalog is never complete because the library collection is a living institution.
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Materials are added on a daily basis as well as removed at regular intervals.
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To accurately reflect the collection of the library, it is necessary to update the catalog constantly.
1.3 Objectives of catalog 1.3.1 To enable a person to find a book of which either the author, title or subject is known. 1.3.2 To show what the library has. 1.3.3 To assist in the choice of a materials.
1.4 Characteristics of good catalog 1.4.1 A catalog should be flexible and up-to-date 1.4.2 A catalog should be constructed so that all entries can be quickly and easily found. 1.4.3 A catalog should be economically prepared and maintained.
1.5 Cataloging -
The process of organizing library materials and making them accessible to library users. Cataloguing work is divided into three parts: descriptive cataloguing, subject cataloguing and classification.
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1.6 Descriptive Cataloging -
Descriptive cataloging is the cataloging process that is concerned with the identification and description of an information package.
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This is the first step of the cataloging process. This means describing the material physically and determining the choice of access point (headings).
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This is done by following the rules listed in the reference tool AngloAmerican Cataloguing Rules, Second Edition, 2002 Revision. (AACR2)
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TOPIC 2: CATALOGING OPERATIONS
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TOPIC 2: CATALOGING OPERATIONS Cataloging -
Cataloging is done in two ways: original cataloging and copy cataloging.
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Original cataloging means that the entire process of cataloging is completed locally by the library staff.
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In copy cataloging a shortcut is taken that entails copying the necessary information from a source that contains works already catalogued.
Original cataloging -
Original cataloguing means that the cataloging on an item is done by extracting the information needed for the bibliographic record from the material itself, plus using some standard tools to establish other necessary elements.
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The library cataloging staff performs all the procedures to completely catalog materials.
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The tasks include descriptive cataloging, and assigning subject headings, and classification numbers.
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Original cataloguing is divided into two broad areas, descriptive cataloging and subject cataloging. Subject cataloguing is done in two steps, subject heading and classification number.
Copy cataloging -
The library staff copies or matches the cataloging information that is already completed by another cataloger from another library.
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If the record can be found from other catalogs or from any of the bibliographic utilities, the work of cataloging is made easy by copying the existing information and inserting the needed local data.
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Copy cataloging is a widespread practice in the library world. It saves personnel, time, and money, resulting in speedier service while maintaining high quality.
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Introduction to Cataloging
Information for copy cataloging comes from different sources in the following: i. Library of Congress ii. Printed sources - Cataloging in Publication (CIP) iii. Bibliographic utilities and network iv. Commercial sources v. Internet
Shared Cataloging -
The preparation by one of several participating agencies or libraries of a cataloging record which is made available to the other participating agencies or libraries.
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Also called cooperative cataloging or centralized cataloging
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Advantages i. ii. iii. iv.
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Cheaper – done once per title Consistency and high standard – fewer specialist cataloging staff Cataloging staff builds up more expertise – specialization Fewer sets of cataloging tools needed
Disadvantages i. ii. iii. iv.
De-skilling of other library staff Local branches have no control over subject heading – difficult to relate cataloging to need of users. Other staff has fewer tasks to share around – professional staff being bored. Make take longer time for item being catalog.
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TOPIC 3: DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGING CODES
IMD 301
Introduction to Cataloging
TOPIC 3: DEVELOPMENT OF CATALOGING CODES
In the past years, cataloging was the main activity in libraries. But each library has their own style in doing their cataloguing. So, there were many form and style of bibliographic records.
Gradually, the librarian felt the need to standardize the records. The librarian also realized the benefits of the co-operation between the libraries and resource sharing; the result was benefit to all users.
Since then, in the middle of 19th centuries, cataloging network was produced. Each new code was improved.
In 1839, Sir Anthony Panizzi was developed British Museum Cataloguing Rules @ Panizzi’s 91 Rules. It was as a guide for compilation of the British Museum catalogues. Its function as a list of inventory for easy retrieval.
Cataloguing codes by Charles A. Jewett was developed in 1853. It consists of 33 rules for subject headings. Most of the rules were based on the Panizzi’s rules. It was the first rules for subject headings and were called as Jewett’s Code.
In 1876, Charles A.Cutter published “Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue 1st edition” consist of 369 rules for descriptive cataloguing, subject headings and filing. It became the basis forms of the dictionary catalogue, which was to become the predominant form of catalogs in general libraries in the United States.
Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries. (AA 1908) represented the first joint effort between American and British librarians in developing a cataloging code.
Prussian Instructions (PI) originally developed in 1908 as a standardized system of cataloging for Prussian libraries.
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Vatican Code rules were developed for the purpose of compiling a general catalog of printed books in the Vatican Library after its reorganization in the 1920s. Vatican Codes contains rules for entry, description, subject headings, and filing. Probably the most comprehensive and best-structured code at the time.
ALA Draft was developed in 1941, because there was a general feeling of the need for a revised ALA cataloging code by American Library Association. Its intention to cooperate with the Library Association of Great Britain and other national library associations.
In 1946, the Library of Congress published its Studies of Descriptive Cataloging: A Report to the Librarian of Congress by the Director of the Processing Department, which advocated simplification of cataloging details. The Library of Congress proceeded to complete the work on the rules for description. A preliminary edition appeared in 1947, and a final edition appeared in 1949 and was called as LC 1949.
Since the Library of Congress was revising its rules for description, the American Library Association also decided to improve the rules of ALA Draft. As a result the rules of ALA 1949 was launched.
ALA 1949 and LC 1949 served as the standards for descriptive cataloging for American libraries until the appearance of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules in 1967.
Anglo-American Cataloging Rules 1967 (AACR) was developed as a result of the most important events in the evolution of cataloging codes. The International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, October 9-18, 1961, with delegations from 53 countries and 12 international organizations. They discussed on the principles of cataloging and in the year 1967, the new code appeared. By the year 1973, AACR was revised and completed in the year 1978.
The standards and agreement produced by Paris Conference and International Meeting of Cataloging Experts played an important role in the revision of the AACR.
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In 1988 Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition 1988 (AACR2), was go through some revision related to a few rules for material such as computer files and music.
In 1998 the international committee of AACR2 again doing the revision for AACR2. This revision is important in enhancing the capability of AACR2 to cater description for any material that available. It was called as AngloAmerican Cataloguing Rules, Second edition, 1998 Revision (AACR2R).
Latest revision of AACR is Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, Second edition, 2002 Revision, 2005 update.
For the purpose of consistency, AACR2R has adopted by most libraries in the world. This book includes the rules that every library must follow when performing descriptive cataloging.
Besides the print edition, AACR2 is also available electronically on a CD-ROM titled AACR2R-e. AACR2R can also be found on a CD-ROM disk produced by the Library of Congress titled Cataloger’s Desktop
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TOPIC 4: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION (ISBD)
IMD 301
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TOPIC 4: INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION (ISBD) The primary purpose of the ISBDs is to provide the stipulations for compatible descriptive cataloging worldwide in order to aid the international exchange of bibliographic records between national bibliographic agencies and throughout the international library and information community. A standard that was designed to facilitate the international exchange of cataloging records by: i.
Specifying the elements, which comprise a bibliographic description – standardizing the elements to be used in the description.
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Prescribing the order in which those elements should be presented – assigning and order to elements in ISBD
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The punctuation by which they should be demarcated – specifying a system of symbols to be used in punctuating the elements.
The ISBDs aim to a. To standardize a bibliographic records for its contents, and information style - make records from different sources interchangeable, so that records produced in one country can be easily accepted in library catalogues or other bibliographic lists in any other country; b. To simplify the introduction of data records elements without concerning the language of the materials - assist in the interpretation of records across language barriers, so that records produced for users of one language can be interpreted by users of other languages; and c. To prepare and manipulation of bibliographic data in computer applications - Assist in the conversion of bibliographic records to electronic
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Type of ISBDs ISBD(G) General international standard bibliographic description; ISBD(A) for older monographs (Antiquarian); ISBD(CM) for Cartographic Materials; ISBD(CF) for Computer Files; ISBD(M) for Monographic Publications; ISBD(NBM) for non-Book Materials; ISBD(S) for Serials;. ISBD(PM) for Printed Music;
ISBD contains eight (8) elements/areas: Area 1 – Title and statement of responsibility Title proper assigned to the information package by persons responsible for its existence; name of individual or corporate bodies Area 2 – Edition Statement about the version of the information packaged. Area 3 – Material (or type of publication) specific details Data about particular type of information package Area 4 – Publication, distribution, etc Name of the entity that is responsible for the presentation and packaging of the information package . Area 5 – Physical description A physical description of an information package that is in tangible form.
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Area 6 – Series Title of any series of which the information package is part Area 7 – Notes Added information to the description to provide useful information Area 8 – Standard number and terms of availability The numbers recorded in this area are internationally agreed standard numbers. – ISBN, ISSN.
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TOPIC 5: CATALOGING FOR LIBRARY MATERIALS
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CATALOGING FOR LIBRARY MATERIALS Standardization in Cataloging practice / Purpose of Cataloging Rules a. To provide consistency within a single library b. To provide consistency between libraries – establish library corporation c. To reduce time involved in cataloging – shared cataloging d. To provide ease of use for library users using more than one library. e. To ensure that the purposes of the catalog are achieved – must enable users to find what they need efficiently and reliably.
The structure of AACR Second Edition (AACR 2002 Revision 2005 update) -
AACR2 is divided into two parts.
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The first part of AACR2 contains rules on the bibliographic description of library materials.
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These rules give instructions on how to represent the bibliographic and physical characteristics of the material being catalogued.
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Choice of access points, forms of headings, and cross-references are treated in Part Two of AACR2.
Description of materials using AACR2 Types of Library Materials -
For the purpose of bibliographic description, the following types of library materials have been identified in AACR2.
Books, pamphlets, and printed sheet Cartographic materials Manuscripts Music Sound recordings Motion pictures and video recordings 16
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Graphic materials Electronic Resources Three-Dimensional Artifacts and Realia Microforms Continuing Resources Analysis
Organization of the Description - The bibliographic description is divided into the following units, called areas, and presented in the order given: Title and statement of responsibility Edition Material (or type of publication) specific details Publication, distribution, etc Physical description Series Note(s) Standard number and terms of availability
Sources of Information -
AACR2 specifies sources of information to be used in describing a publication. It called as chief source of information
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The chief source of information is the source of bibliographic data to be given preference as the source from which a bibliographic description is prepared.
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Specifying the chief source of information helps to achieve consistency and uniformity in bibliographic description.
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The chief source of information may be unitary in nature or may be collective (entire material).
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For example, for a book, the chief source is the title page of the book. For a video recording, the chief source is the title frames or the information printed on its container.
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Type of Material
Source
Books, pamphlets, and printed Title page or its substitute sheets Cartographic materials (other than a printed atlas)
a. Cartographic item itself b. Container or case, the cradle and stand of a globe. Etc
Manuscripts
Manuscripts itself – title page, colophon, caption, heading, etc, content of the manuscripts
Music
Title page or its substitute
Sound recording - Disc - Tape (open reel-to-reel) - Tape cassette - Tape cartridge - Roll - Sound recording on film Motion pictures recordings
and
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Disc and label Reel and label Cassette and label Cartridge and label Label Container and label
video
a. Item itself b. Its container (if integral of item)
Graphic materials
Item itself, including any labels or the container
Computer files
Title screens or other formally presented internal evidence
3D artifacts and realia
Object itself with any accompanying textual material and container
Microforms
Title frame
Continuing resources (serial)
Title page
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Topic 6: CHOICE OF ACCESS POINT
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CHOICE OF ACCESS POINT (Ch.21) pg 21-1 Access Point -
Each bibliographic record is given one or more access points through which record can be retrieved.
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An access point is defined as a name, term, or code under which a bibliographic description is entered or filed in a catalog.
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Its presented in the form of a heading added to the description in a cataloging record.
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In manual catalogs, each heading applied to a record results in a separate catalog entry. In online catalogs, each access point constitutes a key with which a cataloging record maybe identified and retrieved.
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The four types of bibliographic access points found in catalog are:
Names of persons who perform certain functions Names of corporate bodies Titles Names of series
Main Entry and Added Entry -
Access points include main and added entries. Each record has one main entry. All other access points are added entries.
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A record can have many added entries, using, as many terms as library users may need to find the record in the catalog.
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Types of Main Entry The main entry of work is always A personal name entry, A corporate name entry, or A title entry.
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Most book-form materials have main entry under personal authors, while many government publications are entered under corporate bodies. Serial publications and non-book materials usually have title main entries.
Entry Under Personal Author Single personal authorship For works of single authorship, entry is under the author. (rule 21.4A) Examples: Islands in the stream / Ernest Hemingway A Benjamin Britten discovery / by Charles H.Parsons Carmen [sound recording] / George Bizet.
Shared responsibility For works of shared responsibility, i.e., works produced by the collaboration of two or more persons who performed the same kind of activity such as writing, adapting, or performing. (rule 21.6B) Examples: William S.Burroughs: a reference guide / Michael B.Goodman with Lemuel B.Coley (main entry under heading for Goodman; added entry under the heading for Coley) Beyond ambition: how driven managers can lead better and live better / Robert E.Kaplan with Wilfred H.Drath and Joan R.Kofodimos (main entry under heading for Kaplan; added entries under headings for Drath and Kofodimos).
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Mixed responsibility For works of mixed responsibility, i.e., previously existing works that have been modified (e,g.,adaptions, revisions, translations) and new works in which different persons or bodies performing different kinds of activity (e.g., collaborative work by a writer and an artist, reports of interviews, etc). Examples: Gone with the wind, the screenplay / Sidney Horward; based on the novel by Margaret Mitchell (main entry under the heading for Howard; added entry under the heading for Mitchell). Bungalow fungalo / by Pegi Deitz Shea; illustrated by Elizabeth Sayles (Main entry under the heading for Shea; added entry under the heading for Sayles)
Entry Under Corporate Body Main entry under a corporate body is restricted to those works, which emanate from a corporate body. Examples: Annual report of the Director / Universiti Teknologi Mara Johor (main entry under the heading for Universiti Teknologi Mara Johor) Directory of members & services / Turnaround Management Association (main entry under the heading for Turnaround Management Association)
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Entry Under Title By way of elimination, works that do not fall into the categories of works which require main entry under a person or a corporate body are entered under the title. In other words, a work is entered under title when: i. The personal authorship is unknown, diffuse or cannot be determined. Examples: The role of national saving in the world economy: recent trends and prospects / by Bijan B.Aghevli…[et.al] (main entry under title; added entry under the heading for Aghevli) The song of Roland / translated with an introduction and notes by Glyn Burgess (main entry under the uniform title for the song; added entry under the heading for Burgess)
ii. It is a collection or a work produced under editorial direction that has a collective title. Examples: Reading in the middle school / Gerald G.Duffy, editor (main entry under title; added antery under the heading for Duffy). The performance of power: theatrical discourse and politics / edited by Sue-Allen Case and Janelle Reinelt (main entry under title; added entries under the headings for Case and Reinelt.) iii. It emanates from a corporate body but does not fall into any of the categories listed under rule 21.1B2 and not of personal authorship. Example: Journal of the Chemical Society. Faraday transaction / Royal Society of Chemistry (main entry under title; added entry under the heading for the society) Nicholas of Cusa; in search of God and wisdom: papers from the American Cusanus Society / edited by Gerald Christianson and Thomas
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M.Izbicki (main entry under title; added entries under the headings for the society, Christianson, and Izbicki)
iv. It is accepted as sacred scripture by a religious group. Example: The Old Testament (main entry under the uniform title for the Bible) Upanishads du yoga (main entry under the uniform title for Upanishads).
Added Entries -
In addition to the main entry heading, added entries are assigned to bibliographic records in order to provide additional access points through names and titles that are bibliographically significant.
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Added entries are generally made for potential access points not chosen as the main entry.
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They appear in the form of personal name headings, corporate name headings, titles, series, and name-titles headings.
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A name-title heading consists of the name heading of a person or corporate body and the title of an item, for example: Faulkner, William, 1897-1962. Pylon.
Shelf list -
A file, either in card or book format or in the computer database, arranged in order by call numbers, showing the library’s holdings in shelf order.
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A file of cataloging records arranged by call number.
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The shelf list is used usually by library staff only for staff functions such as collection development or inventory control.
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Tracing -
In library catalogs in the card or book form, the added entries are recorded in a paragraph called a tracing, which appears on the main entry record.
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In the tracing, each added entry is preceded by a roman numeral. Subject entries are preceded by Arabic numerals.
Indention -
They are two (2) types of indention. Normal indention Works entered under person (s) and corporate body (ies) are type in a form of normal indention Hanging indention Works entered under title are typed in a form called hanging indention.
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TOPIC 7: AUTHORITY CONTROL AND FORM OF HEADINGS
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TOPIC 6: AUTHORITY CONTROL AND FORM OF HEADINGS Authority control -
Establishing list of all the authoritative access point is called authority control.
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Authority control has three main purpose: i. To ensure that all works written by a particular author are retrievable with the same access point (or under the same heading) ii. To ensure that only works by that author are entered under a particular heading. iii. To save time and effort of having to establish the heading each time a work by the same author is catalogued.
Authority File -
Files of authorized names, series, titles, or subject heading (access point used in a catalog). The file is checked when doing cataloging to ensure consistency in the form of names, series titles, and subject headings.
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The card catalog or the OPAC database is usually need the authority file.
Forms of Headings
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After the main entry and added entries for a work have been determined, the next step is to decide in what form these entries are to be presented.
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Chapters 22 through 25 of AACR2 are devoted to the forms of headings to be used in catalog entries.
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1.1 Headings for persons (Ch.22) pg 22-1 -
The determination of a personal name heading is normally based on information obtained from the chief sources of information in works by that person issued.
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In determining the uniform heading for a person, there are three basic aspects: choice of name, choice of form and choice of entry element.
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Choice of name is according to fullness, language or spelling. (Refer to AACR2R)
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The general principle for choice of entry element of a personal name is the person’s preference (if known) or the way the name would normally be listed in authoritative alphabetical lists in his or her language or country.
1.2 Heading for corporate bodies (Ch 24) pg 24-1
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A corporate body is defined as “an organization or group of persons that is identified by a particular name and that acts, or may act, as an entity”.
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By this definition, corporate bodies include associations, institutions, business firms, radio and television stations, nonprofit enterprises, governments, government agencies, religious bodies, local churches, conferences, expeditions, projects and programs, exhibitions, fairs, festivals, etc.
1.3 Uniform Titles
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A uniform title is “the particular title by which a work that has appeared under varying titles is to be identified for cataloging purposes”.
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The uniform title brings together under one heading the various manifestations (eg, edition, translations) of a work regardless of how many different titles it has appeared under.
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This device is particularly useful when the main entry of the work is under title.
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Without the use of a uniform title, the various manifestations of a work bearing different titles would be scattered throughout the catalog.
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It serves also to distinguish works with like titles. It is particularly useful for famous authors, such as Shakespeare, whose works have been published by many publishers in different countries under various titles.
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TOPIC 8: REFERENCES AND FILING RULES
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TOPIC 8 REFERENCES AND FILING RULES (CH.26) PG 26-1 -
References also called cross-reference are provided to connect related headings in the catalog and to give access to names, different forms of names, and uniform titles not used as headings.
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Chapter 26 of AACR2R contains rules for making references.
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There are four kinds of references 1. See reference. A see reference directs user from a name or a form of the name or a title not used as a heading to the one chosen as a name heading or uniform title heading. 2. See also reference A see also reference connects related authorized headings 3. Name-title reference These are a see or see also reference in the form of [name. title] Shakespeare, William, 1564 – 1616. Hamlet Unites States. Treaties, etc This form is used when the reference is made from a title entered under a personal or corporate heading. 4. Explanatory reference This is a see or see also reference containing an explanatory note giving more explicit guidance to the user.
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TOPIC 9: COPY CATALOGING
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TOPIC 9: COPY CATALOGING -
In cataloging, there are two ways to proceed. The first is to make the fullest possible use of records prepared elsewhere (copy cataloging) or to do the cataloging in-house, from scratch (original cataloging).
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In library with general collection it is usual to find a mix of both original and copy cataloging.
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Copy cataloging is a shortcut of cataloging that entails copying the necessary information taken from source that contains works already cataloged.
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The copy cataloging process: The library staff search for record that matches the item in hand The library staff will edit & validate the record to suit the local needs. If it is a CIP record found, the record will be upgrade to full cataloging Update, produce, and/or export record Professional judgments also needed to maintain the quality of records.
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In strict copy cataloging, a local cataloging record is based on an outside record with minimum modification to fit the item being catalogued.
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Nonetheless, in many cases of copy cataloging, they may be a high level of professional judgment needed once a candidate outside record is found.
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Its because to be sure that the record matches with the item in hand; to determine whether the item was adequately cataloged by the originating agency; and to alter, add or delete any cataloging elements to suit local needs
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Copy cataloguing is a widespread practice in the library world. It saves personnel, time, and money, resulting in speedier service while maintaining high quality.
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There are many cataloging networks within library sectors, regions, countries and internationally. The world’s largest cataloging network, OCLC ( Online Computer Library Center Inc.), has over 40 million items cataloged, and libraries all over the world share its records.
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Introduction to Cataloging
Information for copy cataloguing comes from different sources in the following: 1.1.1 Library of Congress (LoC) - The most extensive and commonly used sources of copy cataloging come from the Library of Congress in book form, on computer disk, or in CD-ROM format. LoC not only offered information for descriptive cataloging but also the subject heading and classification number as well. - Automated libraries can subscribe to the LoC cataloging records on MARC tapes. More often, libraries will share MARC tapes with other libraries through a consortium arrangement. - When using the MARC database as a copy-cataloging source, the copy cataloger matches the material on hand to the same title already in the database, cataloged by the LoC. - The local library code or symbol is then entered and the cataloging is done. - In 1996, the LoC started a cooperative arrangement called Program for Cooperative Cataloging. Currently, most libraries with large collections made up the membership. They contributes the original MARC records for monograph and serials, also name authorities, subject authorities and classification proposals. - As a result, the bibliographic records from the MARC tapes may not only originate from the Library of Congress but also from participating institutions. - Libraries around the world universally benefit from this vast database of high-quality cataloging. 1.1.2 Cataloguing in Publication (CIP) - In most books published, cataloging information can be found on the copyright page, which is the back of the title page. - Before a book is published, the publisher sends the galley proofs (title page, copyright page, series page, table of contents, and
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sample chapters to indicate subject coverage to the responsible agency. - The agency catalogs the material and sends the cataloging information back to the publisher so that the bibliographic record can be included and printed on the copyright page of the book when the book is published. - Because the cataloging is done before the book is published, information on the full description of the book, such as paging and other physical description, cannot be included. - Also, when the book is published on a later date, the title, subtitle, and the date of publication may be changed. - The copy cataloger must very careful in checking all the elements when examining and transcribing the CIP information and make the necessary changes.
1.1.3 Bibliographic utilities and network - A bibliographic utility is an organization that offers bibliographic resources and services to subscribing libraries. - Example: Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), RLIN/RLG, Univ.of Toronto Library Automation System (UTLAS), WLN, etc. - More than 53,548 libraries in 96 countries use OCLC services to locate, acquire, catalog, lend and preserve library materials. - OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorlCat – the OCLC Online Union Catalog. - With a database of millions of bibliographic records, it is estimated that over 80% of any library’s cataloging needs can be filled, thus greatly reducing the time-consuming task of original cataloging.
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1.1.4 Commercial Sources - If requested, commercial book vendors such as Bro-Dart and Baker & Taylor provide card sets at a minimum fee for all the materials ordered from them. - The sets are complete with cataloging information. Also, such libraries service companies will process the materials on demand by including pockets and cards for each item, allowing immediate shelving after receipt by libraries.
1.1.5 The Internet - The Internet has provided another avenue for copy cataloging. Searching the online public access catalogs (OPACs) of other libraries via an Internet connection may yield useful information for copy catalogers. - Library OPACs may be searched directly or through a search engine that is Z39.50 based, making it possible to search hundreds of library catalog simultaneously. - With special software, MARC records can be retrieved, displayed, and printed from these online catalogs. - The editor in the program allows you to edit the chosen MARC records and transfer the records to your library system.
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No matter how cataloging records are produced and displayed for consultation, the intellectual part of the cataloging process is still performed by human catalogers and is completed before the computer plays its part.
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No matter how little fully original cataloging is done, cataloging copy has to be screened and often altered before it can be used.
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TOPIC 10 APPLICATION OF MARC IN BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS
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INTRODUCTION Now, most libraries have converted to computer cataloging and all automated libraries follow the MARC format. Knowledge and understanding of the MARC format is essential for catalogers. MARC MARC stands for MAchine-Readable Cataloguing. It consists of a system of inputting the cataloguing information on the computer following a standard devised by the Library of Congress. MARC is a format standard for the storage and exchange of bibliographic records and related information in machine-readable form. This standardize format allows other libraries to share the data, the computer to interpret the data, and users to retrieve the data. The format was to be hospitable to all kinds of library materials, and is flexible enough to be used in variety of applications not only in library and information agencies, but also within the book industry and the information community at large. Cataloguing record, based on AACR2 and MARC, with automation, computer can interpret the record. Then, these records can be share by other library system that contributing to the copy cataloging and online catalog. MARC has been adopted by bibliographic utilities and individual libraries that catalog on computers.
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BENEFITS OF MARC Using the MARC standard prevents duplication of work and allows libraries to better share bibliographic resources. Choosing to use MARC enables libraries to acquire cataloging data that is predictable and reliable. Using the MARC standard also enables libraries to make use of commercially available library automation systems to manage library operations. Many systems are available for libraries of all sizes and are designed to work with the MARC format. Systems are maintained and improved by the vendor so that libraries can benefit from the latest advances in computer technology. The MARC standard also allows libraries to replace one system with another with the assurance that their data will still be compatible. As a result, Libraries in the world used MARC to encode information about their collections.
MARC FORMAT MARC 21 Background and principles for content designation in the MARC 21 formats was approved by the American Library Association's ALCTS/LITA/RUSA MachineReadable Bibliographic Information Committee (MARBI), in consultation with representatives from United States and Canadian national libraries and designated bibliographic networks. The statement includes the principles under which the MARC 21 formats were developed and constitutes a set of working principles for the ongoing process of format development. This document will be revised as necessary. MARC 21 is a standard agreed upon by Canadian and United States representatives that prescribes a method for encoding bibliographic records so that they can be read by computer.
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UKMARC The UKMARC format is the standard developed, managed and promoted by the British Library and applied by the Library in its bibliographic products and services and by many UK libraries in their bibliographic processing operations. USMARC U. S. Machine Readable Cataloging) are standards for the representation and communication of bibliographic and related information in machine-readable form. A USMARC record involves three elements: the record structure, the content designation, and the data content of the record. MALMARC MALMARC is stand for Malaysian Machine Readable Cataloging. PNM is a legal deposit library and is supported by Acts of Parliament. It is responsible for MALMARC, the national cataloging standard format. Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia together with five university libraries (USM, UKM, UPM, UTM) and the Nanyang Technical Institute in Singapore carried out a shared computerized cataloguing project (MALMARC) in an effort to develop a centralized union catalogue system in 1978. This project resulted in the creation of a Union catalogue database of consortium libraries, the National Union List of Serials and the Malaysian National Bibliography. In 1988, the National Library of Malaysia started it's own computerization with the acquisition of VTLS (Virginia Tech Library System) software, an integrated library system Then, this MALMARC project ended in 1990 when member libraries decided to have their own integrated library system.
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However each library had downloaded their records from MALMARC databases to their own database, which in turn enable libraries to share their catalogue databases via Internet or Telnet facilities. RETROSPECTIVE CONVERSION Maintaining the catalog is an ongoing, never-ending task. As the cataloging rules continually change, library catalogs need to be changed. When libraries are automated, the new acquisitions are cataloged instantly online. For a library to circulate materials that were cataloged before automation took place, the information materials need to be converted from catalog card to a machine readable format, a process referred to as retrospective conversion.
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REFERENCES Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2nd 2000 revision; update 2003. Prepared under the direction of the Joint Steering Committee for Revision of AACR. Bengston, Betty G (1991) Bibliographic Control. Library Technical Service.2nd.ed. San Diego : Academic Press Chan, Lois Mai (1994) Cataloguing and Classification: an introduction. 2nd ed. New York: MacGraw-Hill (Z693.5.U6 C48 1994) Gorman, Michael (1990) Descriptive cataloguing: its past, present and future. Technical service today and tomorrow. Libraries Unlimited Kao, Mary L (2000) Cataloging and Classification for Library Technicians. New York : The Haworth Press. Mortimer, Mary (1999) Learn Descriptive Cataloging. 2nd ed. Canberra: DocMatrix Pty Ltd.
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Taylor, Arlene G. (2000) Wynar’s Introduction to Cataloguing and Classification. ed. Connecticut: Libraries Unlimited
Taylor, Arlene G. (1999) Organization of Information. Col. United States: Libraries Unlimited. (Z667.T39 1999)
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