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CBSEWEI GHTAGE:19MARKS 6.Gener alPr i nci pl esandPr ocessesofI sol at i onofEl ement s 7.Thep–Bl ockEl ement s 8.d&fbl ockEl ement s 9.Coor di nat i onCompounds MAHENDRAKALRA PGT( CHEMI STRY)
REVI SI ONUni t :6: -Gener alPr i nci pl esandPr ocessesofI sol at i onofEl ement s 1.Di f f er ent i at ebet ween“ mi ner al s”and“ or es” .( Answer: Mi ner al sar enat ur al l yoccur r i ngchemi cal subst ancesi nt heear t h’ scr ustobt ai nabl ebymi ni ng.Or es:Themi ner al sf r om whi chmet al canbe economi cal l yandconv eni ent l yext r act edar ecal l edor es. 2.Descr i bet hepr i nci pl econt r ol l i ngeachoft hef ol l owi ngpr ocesses: a)Hy dr aul i cwashi ng:Thi si sbasedont hedi f f er encesi ngr av i t i esoft heor eandt hegangue par t i cl es. b)Magnet i csepar at i on:Thi si sbasedondi f f er encesi nmagnet i cpr oper t i esoft heor eComponent s. I fei t hert heor eort hegangue( oneoft heset wo)i scapabl eofbei ngat t r act edbyamagnet i cf i el d, t hensuchsepar at i onsar ecar r i edout( e. g. , i ncaseofi r onor es. c)Fr ot hf l oat at i onmet hodofconcent r at i onofasul phi deor e.: Thi smet hodofconcent r at i onofor e i sbasedupont hepr i nci pl et hatt hesur f aceofsul phi degetpr ef er abl ywet t edwi t hoi l . d)Leachi ng: Thi smet hodconsi st soft r eat i ngt hepowder edor ewi t hsui t abl eor ewi t hasui t abl e r eagentwhi chcansel ect i v el ydi ssol v et heor ebutnoti mpur i t i es. e)Li quat i on: Thi smet hodi sbasedonpr i nci pl et hatt hemel t i ngpoi ntoft hemet al t obepur i f i ed shoul dbel owert hant hatofeachoft hei mpur i t i esassoci at edwi t ht hemet al . f ) Di st i l l at i on: Thi si sv er yusef ul f orl owboi l i ngmet al sl i kezi ncandmer cur y .Thei mpur emet al i s ev apor at edt oobt ai nt hepur emet al asdi st i l l at e. g)El ect r ol y t i cr ef i ni ng: I mpur emet al actasAnode, St r i poft hesamemet al i npur ef or m, actas Cat hodeandSol ubl esal toft hesamemet al i susedasEl ect r ol y t e.Whenel ect r i ccur r entof appr opr i at est r engt hi spassedt hr ought heel ect r ol y t i csol ut i on, met al f r om t hei mpur epl at e( anode) i st r ansf er r edt ot hepur epl at e( cat hode)wher ei tget sdeposi t ed. h)Zoner ef i ni ng:Thi smet hodi sbasedont hepr i nci pl et hatt hei mpur i t i esar emor esol ubl ei nt he mel tt hani nt hesol i dst at eoft hemet al . i ) Vapourphaser ef i ni ng: I nt hi smet hod, t hemet al i sconv er t edi nt oi t sv ol at i l ecompoundand col l ect edi nsomev essel .I ti st hendecomposedt ogi v epur emet al .Thet wor equi r ement sf ort hi s ar e: ( i )t hemet al shoul df or m av ol at i l ecompoundwi t hanav ai l abl er eagent ,( i i ) Thev ol at i l e compoundshoul dbeeasi l ydecomposabl e, sot hatt her ecov er yi seasy . j ) Mond’ spr ocessf orr ef i ni ngNi ckel : I nt hi spr ocess, ni ckel i sheat edi nast r eam ofcar bon monoxi def or mi ngav ol at i l ecompl ex , ni ckel t et r acar bony lNi +4CO → Ni ( CO) Thecar bony l 4, i ssubj ect edt ohi ghert emper at ur esot hati ti sdecomposedgi v i ngt hepur emet al : Ni ( CO) + 4→ Ni 4CO k)Vanar kelmet hodr ef i ni ngoft i t ani um met al: I nt hi smet hod, t hemet al i sconv er t edi nt oi t s v ol at i l ecompoundandcol l ect edel sewher e.I ti sdecomposedt ogi v epur emet al .Ti + I i I i +2I 2───→T 4───→T 2 l ) Chr omat ogr aphi cmet hods:Thi smet hodi sbasedont hepr i nci pl et hatdi f f er entcomponent sof ami xt ur ear edi f f er ent l yadsor bedonanadsor bent 3.Descr i bet her ol eoft hef ol l owi ng a.Col l ect or si nf r ot hf l oat at i onpr ocess: col l ect or s( eg, pi neoi l , xant hat eset c. )enhancenon wetabi l i t yoft heor epar t i cl es. b.Pi neoi li nf r ot hf l oat at i onpr ocess: enhancenonwetabi l i t yoft heor epar t i cl es. c.Depr essanti nf r ot hf l ot at i onmet hod:Topr ev entt hef r ot hf or mat i onofonemet al sul phi de f r om t hemi x t ur eofsul phi desoft wodi f f er entmet al s. d.NaCNi susedi nf r ot hf l ot at i onmet hod:NaCNi susedasdepr essantasi tpr ev ent sZnSf r om comi ngt ot hef or t hf r om mi xt ur eofZnS&PbS e.Si l i cai nt hemet al l ur gyofcopper : Si l i car emov esFe2O3r emai ni ngi nt hemat t ebyf or mi ng si l i cat eFeSi O3] f . Cr y ol i t ei nt heext r act i onofAlf r om pur eal umi na:i tl ower st hemel t i ngpoi ntoft hemi xt ur et o about1140K, I ti ncr easet heel ect r i cal conduct i v i t yoft hemi xt ur e g.NaCNi nt heext r act i onofsi l v erf r om si l v eror e: :si l v eror ei sl eachedwi t hdi l ut eNaCNi nt he pr esenceofai rf r om whi cht hemet al i sobt ai nedl at erbyr epl acementf4M( s)+8CN–( aq) + 2H2O( aq)+O2→ 4[ M( CN) –+4OH–( aq)( M=AgorAu) 2] h.NaCNi nt heext r act i onofgol df r om gol dor e:Gol dor ei sl eachedwi t hdi l ut eNaCNi nt he pr esenceofai rf r om whi cht hemet al i sobt ai nedl at erbyr epl acement .4M( s)+8CN–( aq) + 2H2O( aq)+O2→ 4[ M( CN) –+4OH–( aq)( M=AgorAu) 2] i . Zi nci nExt r act i onofsi l v er :Zi ncact sasr educi ngagenti nt heExt r act i onofsi l v eri tr educeAg+ t oAgandi t sel fgetoxi di zedt oZn+2.2Na[ Ag( CN) +Zn→ Na2[ Zn( CN) +2Ag. 2] 4]
j . Si O2i nt heext r act i onofcopperf r om coppermat t e: Coppermat t echi ef l yconsi stofCu2Sand someFeS.Si l i caact sasaf l uxi nt heext r act i onofcopperf r om coppermat t et or emov e f er r ousoxi deasf er r oussi l i cat esl ag. 2FeS+3O2 → 2FeO+2SO2. . . . . . . . . . FeO+Si O2 → FeSi O3 k.COi nt hepur i f i cat i onofNi ckel :I mpur eni ckel i sheat edi nast r eam ofcar bonmonoxi de f or mi ngav ol at i l ecompl ex, t et r acar bony l ni ckel .Ni ( CO) het et r acar bony l ni ckel .i ssubj ect ed 4T t ohi ghert emper at ur esot hati ti sdecomposedgi v i ngt hepur eni ckel met al . l . Gr aphi t er odi nt heel ct r omet al l ur gyofal umi ni um: Gr aphi t er odact saanodet heox y gen l i ber at edatanoder eact swi t ht hecar bonofanodepr oduci ngCOandCO2 m.I odi nei nt her ef i ni ngofZi r coni um :I mpur ezi r coni um i sheat edi nanev acuat edv essel wi t h i odi ne.Themet al i odi debei ngmor ecov al ent , v ol at i l i ses.Zr+2I Zr I hemet al i odi dei s 2 4T decomposedonat ungst enf i l ament , el ect r i cal l yheat edt oabout1800K.Thepur emet al i s t husdeposi t edont hef i l ament .Zr I Zr+2I 4 2 n.l i mest onei nt heext r act i onofi r on: Li mest onei sdecomposedt oCaOwhi chr emov essi l i cat e i mpur i t yoft heor eassl ag.Thesl agi si nmol t enst at eandsepar at esoutf r om i r on.( i ) CaCO3 CaO+CO2 ( i i )CaO+Si O2 CaSi O3 4. Gi v i ngexampl esdi f f er ent i at ebet weenCal ci nat i onandRoast i ng.(Answer: Cal ci nat i on: I ti sa pr ocessofheat i ngt heor ei nl i mi t edsuppl yofai r .I ti nv ol v esr emov al ofv ol at i l ei mpur i t i es, moi st ur e Or gani cmat t er , i fpr esenti nt heor e, get sexpel l edandt heor ebecomespor ous: ZnCO3( s) ZnO( s)+CO2( g), Roast i ng:I nr oast i ng, t heor ei sheat edi nar egul arsuppl yofai ri naf ur naceata t emper at ur ebel owt hemel t i ngpoi ntoft hemet al .2ZnS+3O2→ 2ZnO+2SO2 5. Whati sPy r omet al l ur gy ?(Thepr ocessofext r act i ngt hemet al byheat i ngt hemet al oxi dewi t h sui t abl er educi ngagent . 6. Howc any ousepar at et heal umi naf r om si l i cai nabauxi t eor eassoci at edwi t hsi l i ca.Gi v echemi cal r eact i ons. 7. Anor esampl eofgal ena( PbS)i scont ami nat edwi t hzi ncbl ende( ZnS) .NameoneChemi cal whi ch canbeusedt oconcent r at egal enasel ect i v el ybyf r ot hf l oat at i onmet hod. 8. Namet hemet hod&pr i nci pl eused ( i ) Ref i ni ngofNi ckel . ( i v ) Ref i ni ngofzi nc. ( i i ) Ref i ni ngofZi r coni um &Ti t ani um. ( v ) Ref i ni ngofsemi conduct orandot her ( i i i ) Ref i ni ngoft i n. met al sofv er yhi ghpur i t y . 9. Howar emet al susedassemi conduct or sr ef i ned?Whati st hepr i nci pl eoft hemet hodused? 10.Wr i t edownt her eact i onst aki ngpl acei ndi f f er entzonesi nt heBl astf ur nacedur i ngt heext r act i on ofi r on.[( i ) C+O2 CO2, ( i i )C+CO2→ 2CO( At900–1500K), ( i i i )3Fe2O3+CO→ 2Fe3O4+ CO2( At500–800K), ( i v )Fe3O4+CO→ 3FeO+CO2 ( At500–800K) ,( v )FeO+CO Fe+CO2 ( At900–1500K)( v i )CaCO3 CaO+CO2 , ( v i i ) CaO+Si O2 CaSi O3] 11.Wr i t eanonex ot her mi cr eact i ont aki ngpl acei nBl astf ur nacedur i ngt heext r act i onofi r on? 12.Whi cht y peofi r oni sobt ai nedf r om Bl astf ur nacedur i ngt heex t r act i onofi r on? 13.Whyi ssul phi deor eofcopperheat edi naf ur naceaf t ermi xi ngwi t hsi l i ca?[ Answer :I r onoxi de pr esentasi mpur i t yi nsul phi deor eofcopperf or mssl agwhi chi si r onsi l i cat eandcopperi s pr oducedi nt hef or m ofcoppermat t e.FeO+Si O2 FeSi O3 14.Whyar esul phi deor esconv er t edt ooxi debef or er educt i on? [Sul phi desar enotr educedeasi l ybut oxi desar eeasi l yr educed. ] 15.Whats houl dbet heconsi der at i onsdur i ngt heext r act i onofmet al sbyel ect r ochemi cal met hod? [( i ) r eact i v i t yofmet al pr oduced.( i i )sui t abi l i t yofel ect r odes. ] 16.Whati st her ol eoff l uxi nmet al l ur gi cal pr ocesses? [Fl uxcombi nesganguet of or m sl ag. ] 17.Wr i t edownt her eact i onst aki ngpl acei nBl astf ur nacer el at edt ot hemet al l ur gyofi r oni nt he t emper at ur er ange500800K.[ 3Fe2O3+CO 2Fe3O4+CO2 Fe3O4+4CO3Fe+4CO2 Fe2O3+ CO 2FeO+CO2 18.Wr i t et hechemi cal r eact i onsi nv ol v edi nt heex t r act i onofgol dbycy ani depr ocess.Al sogi v et he r ol eofzi nci nt heex t r act i on[ I nt hi sr eact i onzi ncact sasar educi ngagent . ] 19.Des cr i bet hepr i nci pl econt r ol l i ngpr epar at i onofcasti r onf r om pi gi r on. 20.Ex pl ai nHal l Her oul tel ect r ol y si spr ocessoft heex t r act i onofal umi ni um. 21.Ex pl ai nt heExt r act i onofcopperf r om cupr ousoxi dewi t hchemi cal r eact i ons[( i )2FeS+3O2 2FeO+2SO2 ( i i )FeO+Si O2 FeSi O3 ( i i i )2Cu2S+3O2 2Cu2O+2SO2 ( i v )2Cu2O+Cu2S 6Cu +SO2( Sel fr educt i on)] 22.Namet hecommonel ement spr esenti nt heanodemudi nel ect r ol y t i cr ef i ni ngofcopper .Whyar e t heysopr esent ? 23.Whati sf l ux. Whati st her ol eoff l uxi nt hemet al l ur gyofI r on&Copper .
24.Whatpr i nci pl ei si nv ol v edi nchoosi ngar educi ngagentf orget t i ngt hemet al f r om i t soxi deor e? 25.OutofCandCO, whi chi sabet t err educi ngagentf orZnOandWhy . 26.Whyi szi ncnotext r act edf r om zi ncoxi det hr oughr educt i onusi ngCO? 27.Cons i dert hemet al oxi desAl ndFe2O3andj ust i f yt hechoi ceofr educi ngagenti neachcase. 2O 3a 28.Pr edi ctcondi t i onsunderwhi chAl mi ghtbeex pect edt or educeMgO. 1 1 29.Thev al ueofΔfG0f orf or mat i onofCr O i s 5 4 0k J mo l a ndt hatofAl s-827kJmol . I st he 2 3 2O 3i 0 0 0 r educt i onofCr ossi bl ewi t hAl ?[ Ans:Cr Al Al CrΔG=ΔfG( Al -ΔfG( Cr 2O 3p 2O 3+2 2O 3+2 2O 3) 2O 3) 0 1 1 , ΔG=-827–( -540)kJmol =287kJmolYes, t her educt i onofCr ossi bl ewi t hAl ] 2O 3p 0 30.Ther eact i on, Cr Al Al Cr(ΔG=421kJ)i st her mody nami cal l yf easi bl easi s 2O 3+2 2O 3+2 appar entf r om t heGi bbsener gyv al ue.Whydoesi tnott akepl aceatr oom t emper at ur e? [ Ans: Cer t ai namountofact i v at i onener gyi sessent i al ev enf orsuchr eact i onswhi char e t her mody nami cal l yf easi bl e, t her ef or eheat i ngi sr equi r ed. ] 31.Fr eeener gi esoff or mat i onofMgO( s)andCO( g)at1273Kand2273Kar egi v enbel ow ( MgO( s) ) =-941kJ/ mol at1273K ( MgO( s) )=-314kJ/ mol at2273K( CO( g) )=-439kJ/ mol at1273K ( CO( g) )=-628kJ/ mol at2273K. Ont hebasi sofabov edat a, pr edi ctt het emper at ur eatwhi ch car boncanbeusedasar educi ngagent . 32.Thec hoi ceofar educi ngagenti napar t i cul arcasedependsont her mody nami cf act or .Howf ardo y ouagr eewi t ht hi sst at ement ?Suppor ty ouropi ni onwi t ht woexampl es. [ Ans: Yes, t hechoi ceofa r educi ngagentdependsuponv al ueofrGoatapar t i cul art emper at ur e, .I frGoi sv e, pr ocesswi l l o t akepl aceatt hatt emper at ur e, ot her wi senot .I ft hev al ueofrG hasl ar gernegat i v ev al ue, t hen r educt i onwi l l t akepl aceeasi l y .I frGohasposi t i v ev al uet henr educt i onwi l l nott akepl aceatt hat t emper at ur e.] 33.Whyi st heext r act i onofcopperf r om py r i t esmor edi f f i cul tt hant hatf r om i t soxi deor et hr ough r educt i on? [ Ans: TheGi bbsener gi esoff or mat i onofmostsul phi desar egr eat ert hant hatf orCS2. I n f actCS2i sanendot her mi ccompound. Hencei ti scommonpr act i cet or oastsul phi deor est o cor r espondi ngoxi despr i ort or educt i on] 34.Whyt her educt i onofamet al oxi dei seasi eri ft hemet al f or medi si nl i qui dst at eatt he t emper at ur eofr educt i on?[ Ans:Theent r opyi shi gheri ft hemet al i si nl i qui dst at et hanwheni ti s i nsol i dst at e.Thev al ueofent r opychange( ΔS)oft her educt i onpr ocessi smor eon+v esi dewhen t hemet al f or medi si nl i qui dst at eandt hemet al oxi debei ngr educedi si nsol i dst at e.Thust he v al ueofΔG0becomesmor eonnegat i v esi deandt her educt i onbecomeseasi er . ] 35.Al t hought her mody nami cal l yf easi bl e, i npr act i ce, magnesi um met al i snotusedf ort her educt i on ofal umi nai nt hemet al l ur gyofal umi ni um.Why ? [ Ans:Thepr ocesswi l l beuneconomi cbecause Mgi si t sel fcost l ymet alandt echnol ogi cal l ydi f f i cul tal so] 36.Copperc anbeext r act edbyhy dr omet al l ur gybutnotzi nc.Expl ai n[ Ans: Zi nci shi ghl yr eact i v emet al , i tmaynotbepossi bl et or epl acei tf r om asol ut i onofZnSO4. ] 37.Howi sl eachi ngcar r i edouti ncaseofl owgr adecopperor es?[Copperi sext r act edby hy dr omet al l ur gyf r om l owgr adeor es.I ti sl eachedoutusi ngaci dorbact er i a.Thesol ut i on 2+ 2+ + cont ai ni ngCu i st r eat edwi t hscr api r onorH2. Cu ( aq)+H2( g) Cu( s)+2H ( aq)] 38.Atas i t e, l owgr adecopperor esar eav ai l abl eandzi ncandi r onscr apsar eal soav ai l abl e.Whi chof t het woscr apswoul dbemor esui t abl ef orr educi ngt hel eachedcopperor eandwhy ? [ Ans:Zi nc bei ngabov ei r oni nt heel ect r ochemi cal ser i es( mor er eact i v emet al i szi nc) , t her educt i onwi l l be f ast eri ncasezi ncscr apsar eused.Butzi nci scost l i ermet al t hani r onsousi ngi r onscr apswi l l be adv i sabl eandadv ant ageous. ] 39.Namet hepr ocessesf r om whi chchl or i nei sobt ai nedasaby pr oduct . [ Ans:I nmanuf act ur eof NaOHbyCast nerKel l nercel l &i nmanuf act ur eofNabyDown' scel l ] 40.Whatwi l l happeni fanaqueoussol ut i onofNaCl i ssubj ect edt oel ect r ol y si s? 41.Gr aphi t ei susedasananodebutnotdi amond.Why[ Answer : Gr aphi t ei sgoodconduct orof el ect r i ci t yduet opr esenceoff r eeel ect r ons. ] 42.Thepur estf or m ofi r oni spr epar edbyoxi di si ngi mpur i t i esf r om casti r oni nar ev er ber at or y f ur nace.Whi chi r onor ei susedt ol i net hef ur nace?Expl ai nbygi v i ngr eact i on.[ Answer :Haemat i t e Fe2O3+3C 2Fe+3CO] 43.Themi xt ur eofcompoundsAandBi spassedt hr oughacol umnofAl yusi ngal cohol asel uant . 2O 3b CompoundAi sel ut edi npr ef er encet ocompoundB.Whi choft hecompoundsAorB, i smor e r eadi l yadsor bedont hecol umn?[ Answer :Si ncecompound‘ A’ comesoutbef or ecompound‘ B’ , t hecompound‘ B’ i smor er eadi l yadsor bedoncol umn]
Uni t : 7:p–Bl ockEl ement sREVI SI ON
GROUP15 Accountf ort hef ol l owi ng( 1t o40) 1. Thei oni sat i onent hal pyoft hegr oup15el ement si sgr eat ert hant hatofgr oup16el ement si n t hecor r espondi ngper i ods. 2. Thef i r sti oni zat i onener gyofni t r ogeni sgr eat ert hanoxy gen. 3. Ni t r ogenex i st sasdi at omi cmol ecul eandphosphor usasP4. 4. NH3i sbasi cwhi l eBi H3i sonl yf eebl ybasi c. 5. TheHNHa ngl ev al uei shi ghert hanHPH, HAsH, andHSbHangl es. 6. R3P=Oe xi stbutR3N=Odoesnot . 7. Ni t r ogenshowscat enat i onpr oper t i esl esst hanphosphor us. 8. Ammoni ahashi gherboi l i ngpoi ntt hanPhosphi ne. 9. Ni t r ogendoesnotf or mt hecompoundNCl 5. 10.Ni t r ogendoesnotf or m pent ahal i des. 11.Ni t r ogeni sf ai r l yi ner tgas. 12.Re act i v i t yofni t r ogendi f f erf r om phosphor us? 13.Al l t hebondsi nt hemol ecul esofPCl r enotequal . 5a 14.I nsol i dst at ePCl xi st sasI oni ccompound. 5e 15.NH3i sagoodcompl exi ngagent . 16.Ni t r ogenshowsanomal ousbehav i our . 17.Bi ( V)i sast r ongoxi di zi ngagentt hanSb( V) 18.NCl et shy dr ol y sedeasi l ywhi l eNF3doesnot . 3g 19.PH3ha sl owerboi l i ngpoi ntt hanNH3. 20.NH3f or m hy dr ogenbondbutPH3doesnot . 21.Pe nt ahal i desofgr oup15ar emor eCov al entt hant r i hal i des 22.N2i sl essr eact i v eatr oom t emper at ur e. 23.NH3a ctasLewi sbase. 24.Ammoni aactasl i gand. + 25.Bonda ngl ei nPH4 i shi ghert hant hati nPH3. 26.NO2di mer i sest of or m N2O4 27.NO2i scol our edbutN2O4i scol our l ess. 28.H3PO3i sdi pr ot i caci d. 29.H3PO2a ndH3PO3actasasgoodr educi ngagent swhi l eH3PO4doesnot . 30.CN¯i oni sknownbutCP¯i oni snotknown. 31.Re dphosphor ousi sl essr eact i v et hanwhi t ePhosphor ous. 32.Pe nt av al entBi smut h( Bi ( V) )i sast r ongoxi di zi ngagent . 33.I nt hest r uct ur eofHNO3, t heNObond( 121pm)i sshor t ert hanNOHbond( 140pm) 34.NCl sanendot her mi ccompoundwhi l eNF3i sanexot her mi cone. 3i 35.PH3f or msbubbl eswhenpassedsl owl yi nwat erbutNH3di ssol v es. + 36.PCl sl i kel yt oex i stbutPCl sl i kel ynott oexi st . 4i 4 i 37.Ni t r i caci dbecomesbr owni ncol ourwhenr el easedi nai r . 38.TheN–Obondi nNO2 i sshor t ert hant heN–Obondi nNO339.N–N s i ngl ebondi sweakert hanPPsi ngl ebond. 40.NH3ha sahi gherpr ot onaf f i ni t yt hanPH3 41.Ar r anget hef ol l owi ngi ni ncr easi ngor deroft hepr oper t yi ndi cat ed: ( a)NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3,Bi H3( Ther mal st abi l i t y ) ( b)NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3,Bi H3( Bonddi ssoci at i onent hal py ) ( c)NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3,Bi H3( Reduci ngchar act er ) ( d)NH3,PH3,AsH3,SbH3,Bi H3( Basi cchar act er ) 42.Wr i t et her eact i onof : Ther mal decomposi t i onofsodi um azi de. 43.Onhe at i ngPb( NO3) r owngasi sev ol v edwhi chunder goesdi mer i zat i ononcool i ng. I dent i f y 2ab t hegas. 44.Me nt i ont hecondi t i onsr equi r edt omaxi mi zet hey i el dofammoni a? 45.Dr awt hest r uct ur eofAmmoni a? 46.Dr awt hest r uct ur eofN2O,NO,N2O3,NO2, N2O4,&N2O5.
47.Wha ti st hecov al enceofni t r ogeni nN2O5? 48.I l l ust r at ehowcoppermet al cangi v edi f f er entpr oduct sonr eact i onwi t hHNO3. 49.Me t al sl i keCr , Al donotdi ssol v ei nni t r i caci d.Why 50.Wr i t emai ndi f f er encesbet weent hepr oper t i esofwhi t ephosphor usandr edphosphor us. 51.I nwhatwaycani tbepr ov edt hatPH3i sbasi ci nnat ur e? 52.Wha thappenswhenwhi t ephosphor usi sheat edwi t hconcent r at edNaOHsol ut i oni nani ner t
at mospher eofCO2? 53.Dr awt hest r uct ur eofPCl 3 54.Dr awt hest r uct ur eofPCl nt hegaseousst at eandi nt hesol i dst at e 5i 55.Whydoe sPCl umei nmoi st ur e? 3f 56.Ar eal l t hef i v ebondsi nPCl qui v al ent ?Just i f yy ouranswer . 5e 57.Wr i t et henameanddr awt heshapeoff ol l owi ngoff ol l owi ng H3PO4, H3PO3,H3PO2&( HPO3) 3. 58.Wha ti st hebasi ci t yofH3PO4, H3PO3,H3PO2? 59.Wha thappenswhenH3PO3i sheat ed? 60.Gi v et hedi spr opor t i onat i onr eact i onofH3PO3. 61.Ca nPCl ctasanoxi di si ngaswel l asr educi ngagent ?Just i f y 5a 62.Howdoy ouaccountf ort her educi ngbehav i ourofH3PO2ont hebasi sofi t sst r uct ur e? 63.Compl et et her eact i ons ( a) Na N3→ ( k) P4+HNO3( conc. ) ( b) N2( g)+H2( g) ( l ) P4( Whi t ephosphor us) +NaOH+H2O ( m) Ca 3P 2+H2O ( c) Na NO3+H2SO4 ( n ) C a P l 3 2+HC ( d) Cu+HNO3( di l ut e) ( o) Cu SO4+PH3 ( e) Cu+HNO3( conc. ) ( p) Hg Cl H3 2+P ( f )Z n+HNO3( di l ut e) ( q) P4+S OCl 2 ( g) Z n+HNO3( conc. ) ( r ) P4+S O2Cl 2 ( h) I 2+HNO 3 ( s) PCl 3+H2O ( i ) C+HNO3 ( j ) S conc. ) 8+HNO 3( ( t ) Hy dr ol y sesofPCl nt hepr esenceofmoi st ur e 3i ( u) H3PO3 ( v ) Or t hophosphor ousaci di sheat ed GROUP16 Accountf ort hef ol l owi ng( 62t o87) 64.Thene gat i v ev al ueofel ect r ongai nent hal pyofoxy genat om i sl esst hant hatofsul phur 65.Di oxy geni sagasbutSul phuri sasol i d. 66.Ox y genmol ecul ehasf or mul aO2whi l eSul phurS8 67.Ox y gengener al l yexhi bi toxi dat i onst at eof–2onl ywher easot hermember soft hef ami l y exhi bi t+2, +4, +6oxi dat i onst at esal so. 68.H2Sa ct sasonl yr educi ngagentbutSO2act sasar educi ngaswel l asanoxi di zi ngagent . 69.Ss howsgr eat ert endencyf orcat enat i ont hansel eni um. 70.Sul phurhasgr eat ert endencyf orcat enat i ont hanoxy gen. 71.I nspi t eofnear l yt hesameel ect r onegat i v i t y , oxy genf or mshy dr ogenbondi ng whi l echl or i ne doesnot . 72.H2Oi sal i qui dwhi l eH2Si sagas. 73.H2Si sl essaci di ct hanH2Te. 74.H2Si smor eaci di ct hanH2O. 75.H2Oha shi gherboi l i ngpoi ntt hanH2S. 76.SF6i sknownbutSH6i snotknown. 77.SF6i smuchl essr eact i v et hanSF4 78.SF4i seasi l yhy dr ol y sed, SF6i snoteasi l yhy dr ol y sed. 79.SCl i s n o t k n o w nb u t S F i s k n o w n . 6 6 80.Sul phurv apour sexhi bi t spar amagnet i sm. 81.I nsol ut i onofsul phur i caci di nwat ert heKa2