Story Transcript
g]kfn kl/ro
k|sfzs
;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu
k':ts M k|sfzs M k"0f{ kl/dflh{t ;+:s/0f M bf];|f] ;+:s/0f M t];|f] ;+:s/0f M rf}yf] ;+:s/0f M kf“rf} ;+:s/0f M kl/dflh{t 5}6f}“ ;+:s/0f M kl/dflh{t ;ftf}“ ;+:s/0f M kl/dflh{t cf7f}“ ;+:s/0f M kl/dflh{t gjf}“ ;+:s/0f M ;jf{lwsf/© M n]cfp6 l8hfOg M d'b|s M
g]kfn kl/ro g]kfn ;/sf/ ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu ;~rf/u|fd, ltnuª\uf, sf7df8f}“, g]kfn . kmf]g g+= $!!@%%$, $!!@&!& j]a M www.doinepal.gov.np @)^( j}zfv @)&) j}zfv @)&@ j}zfv @)&# j}zfv @)&$ j}zfv @)&% j}zfv @)&^ c;f/ @)&& c;f/ @)&* c;f/ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu vu]Gb| sfsL{÷;'jf; /fO{ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu d'b|0f ljefu
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/fli6«o ufg
;of}+ y'“uf km"nsf xfdL Pp6} dfnf g]kfnL ;fj{ef}d eO{ km}lnPsf d]rL–dxfsfnL . k|s[ltsf sf]6Lsf]6L ;Dkbfsf] cf“rn jL/x¿sf /utn] :jtGq / c6n 1fge"ld zflGte"ld t/fO{ kxf8 lxdfn cv08 of] Kof/f] xfd|f] dft[e"ld g]kfn ax'n hflt efiff wd{ ;+:s[lt 5g\ ljzfn cu|ufdL /fi6« xfd|f] ho ho g]kfn .
kl/dflh{t gjf}“ ;+:s/0faf/] g]kfn :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf;DkGg, wd{lg/k]If, ;dfj]zL, nf]stGqfTds, ;dfhjfb pGd'v, ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo xf] . g]kfndf ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtf /x]sf 5g\ . log} ljljwtfn] g} g]kfnnfO{ ljZjd} k[ys Pjd\ df}lns klxrfgsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . ljZjdf g]kfn ;u/dfyfsf] b]z, eujfg uf}td a'4sf] b]z, jL/x¿sf] b]z, zflGtsf] e"ld, dlGb/} dlGb/sf] b]zsf gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf g]kfnsf bz :yfg ;dfj]z 5g\ . tL P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[ lts, ko{6sLo, /fli6«o lgs'~hcGtu{tsf ;Dkbf x'g\ . g]kfn Ps ljljwtfn] el/k"0f{ ;'Gb/ b]z xf] . g]kfndf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{sf] ef}uf]lns ;lDd>0f 5 eg] ;+:s[ltdf klg plQs} ljljwtf 5, tyflk ljljwtfdf Pstf 5 . ;doqmd;Fu} g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb kIfx¿df kl/jt{g / ;'wf/ x'Fb} uPsf] / g]kfnsf] :jflwgtf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf / /fli6«o Pstf yk dha't ePsfn] gful/s xs lxtsf] /Iff dfkm{t æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆsf] /fli6«o cfsfª\Iff xfFl;n ug{df of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;du| kIfaf/] hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psf] g]kfn kl/ro k':tsdf g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, /fhgLlts / ;+j}wflgs ljsf;, jt{dfg zf;g k|0ffnL, k|zf;lgs Joj: yf, cfly{s Joj: yf tyf ljsf;sf k|of;, ljleGg hflt, efiff, ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; k':tsn] g]kfnsf] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL -dxfsfnL kf/L g]kfnsf] e"dL dxfsfnL gu/kflnsf bf]wf/f rfFbgL;d]t_ ;Dd tyf pQ/ lxdfnb]lv blIf0f t/fO{;Dd / ;ft} k|b]zsf ;a} ljifonfO{ ;ªlIfKt¿kdf ;d]6]sf] 5 . k':ts k|sfzgnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] qmddf kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L cflwsfl/s tYo tyf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t /x]/ ;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿k, xfnsf] cy{ Joj:yf, g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . k|:t'ltnfO{ ;s];Dd ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t agfpFb} ;/n, ;l6s / l;nl;n]jf/ ?kdf k|:t't ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L /fVg rfxg] :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL JolQmTjx¿nfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u ug]{5 eGg] clenfiff lnPsf] 5' . xfn} ljZjJofkL dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] sf]/f]gf /f]usf] k|efj g]kfnsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhsnufot ;a}kIfdf k|ToIf, ck|ToIf ¿kdf k|efj kf/]sf]5 .
o; c;xh kl/l:yltdf klg g]kfn kl/ro k|sfzg ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5f}F . k':tsnfO{ :t/Lo / ljZj;gLo agfpg] k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg s]xL sdhf]/Lx¿ /x]sf x'g ;S5g\, tL sdLsdhf]/Lx¿ / kf7sju{sf cd"No ;Nnfx, ;'emfjx¿ pknAw u/fO{ o; k':tssf] cfufdL ;+:s/0fnfO{ yk u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ;a}af6 ;xof]usf] ck]Iff ub{5' . o; ;+:s /0fsf]æg]kfn kl/roÆ k|sfzg ug]{l;nl;nfdf /rgfTds ;'emfj k|bfg ug'{x'g]dfggLo ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqL gogsnf yfkfHo", ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfnosf ;lrj >Ldfg\ xl/k|;fb a:ofnHo"k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ub{5' . k':ts tof/ug]{;Gbe{df efiff tyf ljifoj:t' ;Dkfbg ug'{x'g] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf lgb]{zs u0f]zk|;fb e§/fO{, ljefusf lgb]{zsx¿ e/t uf}td, ;'lbk e§/fO{ /;'dg ah|frfo{, zfvf clws[tx¿ nIdL b'/f, j;Gtaxfb'/vqL /s]zj/fh zdf{, ;'dg e§/fO{, OlGhlgo/dlgiff zdf{, s[i0f emf, gf;' /~hgf s'df/L bfxfn, n]vfkfn ;+ho bfxfn, vl/bf/x¿ lbg]z kf08]o /aL/axfb'/;'g'jf/, clwsf/a'9f, k|d ] k|sfz s]; Lnufot ljefusf ;Dk"0f{ sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . g]kfn kl/ro k':ts tof/sf nflu kmf]6f] Joj:yfkg ug'{x'g] 5ljsf/ k|jL0f >]i7, sDKo'6/ ;]l6Ë;DaGwL sfo{ ug'{x'g]sDKo'6/ck/]6/x¿ vu]Gb| sfsL{ /;'jf; /fO{nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . ;fy};dodf g}k':ts 5kfO u/L pknJw u/fpg]d'b|0f ljefunfO{ ;d]t wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . wGojfb . uf]ugaxfb'/ xdfn dxflgb]{zs ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu
kl/R5]b M Ps g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro !=! ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt !=@ ef}u f]lns ljefhg !=@=! w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg !=@=@ gbLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg !=@=# xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg !=# g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljefhg -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ !=#=! ;ª\3 !=#=@ k|b]z !=#=# g]kfnsf :yfgLo tx !=$ g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ !=$=! e"ld !=$=@ g]kfndf e"ld;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf / e"pkof]u !=$=# jg !=$=$ vlgh !=$=% hn;|f]t !=$=^ tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx¿ !=% g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof !=^ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf g]kfndf ;+/lIft hLjhGt'x¿
@=! @=@ @=# @=$
kl/R5]b M b'O{ g]kfnsf] ;ª\lIfKt P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf g]kfn Ps k|frLg d'n'ssf]¿kdf g]kfn gfds/0fsf] cfwf/ @=@=!= efiffut cfwf/ @=@=@ hfltut cfwf/ g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ k|frLg g]kfn @=$=! uf]kfnj+zL zf;sx¿ @=$=@ dlxifkfnj+zL /fhfx¿
! @ @ !) !! !# !# !# !^ $$ $$ $^ %) %@ %# %$ %( ^&
&& &* &* &( &( *! *@ *@
@=$=# ls/ftj+zL /fhfx¿ @=$=$ lnR5lj sfn @=$=% k"j{dWo sfn @=$=^ l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo @=$=& s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHo @=$=* slknj:t'sf] zfSo zfl;t /fHo @=% dWosfn @=%=! dNn j+zsf] kl/ro @=%=@ dNnx¿sf] g]kfn cfudg @=%=# dNn /fHosf] ljefhg @=^ cfw'lgs sfn @=^=! zfx j+zsf] kl/ro @=^=@ uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf @=^=# k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg @=& /f0ffzf;g sfn @=* /f0ffsfnkl5sf] /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd @=*=! @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf]36gfqmd @=*=@ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#& ;fn;Ddsf b'O{ bzs @=*=# hgdt;ª\u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng;Dd @=*=$ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / To;kl5sf] /fhgLlt kl/R5]b M tLg g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd #=! g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd #=!=! g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ #=!=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& #=!=# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% #=!=$ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( #=!=% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& #=!=^ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# #=!=& g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg #=!=&=!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ #=!=&=@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf plNnlvt df}lns
*@ *# ** ** *( () (! (! (@ (@ (% (% (^ (& !)! !)@ !)@ !)% !)^ !)&
!!( !!( !!( !@) !@) !@) !@@ !@# !@#
xs / st{Jo #=!=&=# ;ª\3Lo zf;sLo :j¿k #=!=&=$ k|fb]lzs zf;sLo :j¿k #=!=&=%= :yfgLo zf;sLo :j¿k
!@% !@^ !#@ !#^
kl/R5]b M rf/ g]kfnsf];fj{hlgs k|zf;g $=! k|frLg sfn -lj=;+= !*@% cufl8_ $=@ dWosfn -lj=;+= !*@%–@))&_ $=# cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;++= @))&–@)^#_ $=$ pQ/cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;+= @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd_ $=% g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf
!$% !$^ !$* !%) !%@ !%$
kl/R5]b M kf“r g]kfnsf]cfly{s ljsf; %=! g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; %=!=! k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#–@)!*_ %=!=@ bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ %=!=# t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@@–@)@&_ %=!=$ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ %=!=% kfrf}“k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#@–@)#&_ %=!=^ 5}6f“} k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ %=!=& ;ftf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$@–@)$&_ %=!=* cf7F}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ %=!=( gjf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ %=!=!) b;f}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ %=!=!! P3f/f}“ lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ %=!=!@ afx|f“}lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ %=!=!# t]/f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_ %=!=!$ rf}wf}“ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ %=!=!% bL3{sfnLg ;f]r @!)) %=!=!^ kGw|f“}of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ %=@ cfly{s ljsf;sf kIfx¿
!%% !%^ !%^ !%& !%& !%* !%* !%( !%( !^) !^! !^@ !^# !^$ !^^ !^* !^( !&@ !*)
%=@=! s[lif %=@=@ pBf]u %=@=# Jofkf/ %=@=$ ko{6g %=@=% j}b]lzs /f]huf/ %=#= cf=j= @)&*÷)&( sf] ah]6
!*) !*! !*# !*$ !*^ !*&
kl/R5]b M 5 g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hLjg tyf ;+:s[lt ^=! g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs hLjg !*( ^=!=! hfltut ljljwtf !() ^=!=@ g]kfnsf ;"rLs[t cflbjf;L hghfltx¿ !(^ ^=!=# a;f]jf;, /xg;xg / e]ife"iff @)) ^=!=$ gkfnsf ] ljleGg hft hfltx¿sf];ª\lIfKt kl/ro @)@ ^=!=% g]kfnsf ljleGg hfthflt, ju{, ;d'bfo / ltgLx¿sf] pTyfgsf nflu /fHon] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ @)& ^=!=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf @)* ^=@ g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjg @)( ^=@=! g]kfndf dgfOg]k|d'v hfqf Pjd\ rf8kj{ @)( ^=@=@ g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljj/0f @@@ ^=@=# ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @@# ^=@=#=! ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf] ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbf @@# ^=@=#=@ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿ @@^ ^=@=#=# ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbf :ynx¿ @@& ^=@=$ /fli6«o ;f+:sl[ ts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt @@( kl/R5]b M ;ft g]kfnsf] efiff, ;flxTo / snf &=! efiff @#! &=!=! g]kfndf af]lng] d'Vo efiffx¿ -/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/_ @#@ &=!=@ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ @#$
&=!=# efiff kl/jf/ &=!=$ s]xL efiffeflifsf lnlkx¿ &=@ ;flxTo &=@=! g]kfnsf k|d'v ;flxTos k'/:sf/x¿ &=# rnlrq &=$ snf &=$=! g]kfnL jf:t'snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf &=$=@ g]kfnL lrqsnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf &=$=# g]kfnL d"lt{snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf &=$=$ g]kfnL sfi7snf / ltgsf ljif]ztfx¿ &=$=% g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL uLt, ;ª\uLt /g[To snf
@#& @#( @$@ @%$ @%^ @%& @%& @%( @^# @^( @&!
kl/R5]b M cf7 g]kfndf k"jf{wf/ ljsf; *=! *=@ *=#
lzIff :jf:Yo v]ns'b *=#=! g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'b *=#=@ g]kfnsf 7'nf 3/]n' v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx¿ *=#=# g]kfnsf] v]n ;ª\u|xfno *=#=$ cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'bdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf *=#=% cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfn *=#=^ blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfn *=$ vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO *=% oftfoft *=%=! ;8s oftfoft *=%=@ xjfO{ oftfoft *=%=# /]n oftfoft *=^ phf{ *=& l;“rfO *=* ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw
@&# @&% @&^ @&& @&( @&( @&( @*) @*) @*@ @*# @*# @*^ @*& @** @(@ @(#
*=( jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g *=!) lbuf] ljsf;
@(& @(*
kl/R5]b M gf} g]kfndf cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf (=! cfd;~rf/ / kqsfl/tf (=!=! 5fkf dfWod (=!=@ 6]lnlehg (=!=# /]l8of] k|;f/0f (=!=$ cgnfOg ldl8of (=@= /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt (=# ;~rf/;“u ;DalGwt lgsfox¿
#)! #)@ #)% #)^ #)& #)& #)*
!)=! !)=@ !)=# !)=$ !)=% !)=^
kl/R5]b M bz g]kfnsf]k//fi6« gLlt /cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / o;sf d"n cfwf/x¿ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 / g]kfn ;fs{ / g]kfn g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ g]kfn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿
#!# #!% #@# #@% #@& ##!
kl/R5]b M P3f/ g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgx¿ ##%
kl/R5]b M Ps
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro !=! ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofdf cjl:yt e"kl/jl] i7t d'ns ' xf] . g]kfn @^ l8u|L @@ ldg]6b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/L cIff+z / *) l8u|L $ ldg]6b]lv ** l8u|L !@ ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ljZjsf] s'n e"efusf] )=)# k|ltzt, Pl;of dxfb]zsf] )=# k|ltzt /blIf0f Pl;ofsf]@=*@ k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . g]kfn Pl;ofsf b'O{ ljzfn d'ns ' x¿ ef/t / rLgsf] lardf kb{5 . of] ;d'b÷| aª\ufnsf] vf8Lb]lv sl/a !!@& ls=ld= 6f9f 5 . g]kfnsf] If]qkmn !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= cyf{t %^,*@& ju{dfOn 5 . g]kfnsf] k"j–{ klZrd nDafO **% ls=ld= / pQ/ blIf0f rf}8fO ;/b/ !(# ls=ld= 5 . o;sf] blIf0fdf ef/tsf] ljxf/ / pQ/ k|bz ] /fHo, klZrddf ef/tsf] pQ/fv08 /fHo, k"jd{ f klZrd aª\ufn, l;lSsd /fHo / pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat kb{5 . g]kfnsf] k|dfl0fs ;do bf]nvf lhNnfdf kg]{ uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfnnfO{ sf6]/ uPsf] *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;do lu|gljr dfgs ;doeGbf % 306f $% ldg]6 l56f]5 . of];do lj=;+= @)$@ ;fn j}zfv ! ut]bl] v nfu' ul/Psf] xf] . ljZjsf *,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !$ r'r/' fdWo] g]kfndf cf7cf]6f kb{5g\ . ^,))) ld6/ / ;f]eGbf cUnf r'r/' f !,#)) eGbf a9L 5g\ . d':tfª Onfsfdf dfq o:tf nueu #)! r'r/' fx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lxdfnosf ;fy;fy} sf];L, u08sL, s0ff{nLh:tf 7'nf gbLx¿ / /f/f, km]jf, uf];fOFs0' 8h:tf ;'Gb/ tfnx¿ 5g\ . e":j¿ksf] ljljwtfsf ;fy} hnjfo' / df};dsf] cTolws ljleGgtfn] ubf{ pmi0f (Tropical), cwf]i{ 0f (Mesothermal), ;"Id tfkLo (Micro thermal), 6fOuf /6'Gb|f k|sf/sf hnjfo' g]kfndf kfOG5g\ . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ef}lts :j¿kdf prfOut ljljwtfn] ef}uf]lns ljleGgtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/s ] f] 5 . ljZj dfglrqdf g]kfn ;u/dfyfsf] b]z, uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLsf] b]z / ljlzi6 emG8fsf] b]zsf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt 5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷1
!=@ ef}uf]lns ljefhg !=@=! w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg ljleGg cfwf/df ljleGg lsl;dn] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . w/ftnsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] e"efunfO{ pQ/b]lv blIf0f;Dd qmdzM tLg a[xt\ k|b]zdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf g+= !=! :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ -)&$ c;f]h @( ut] k|df0fLs/0f_ cg';f/ lhNnfx¿sf] juL{s/0f
lxdfnL lhNnfx¿
tfKn]h'ª, ;ª\v'jf;ef, ;f]n'v'Da', bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, d'u', x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, bfr'{nf, wflbª, /fd]5fk, uf]vf{, ?s'd -k"j{_, DofUbL -@)&% df kxf8Laf6 lxdfnLdf ylkPsf]_
kxf8L lhNnfx¿
kfFry/, Onfd, t]/y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'ª\uf, vf]6fª, sfe|]knf~rf]s, g'jfsf]6 ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, afUn'ª, @* kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, ?s'd -klZrd_ lhNnf /f]Nkf, Ko'7fg, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, 8f]6L, c5fd, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f
leqL dw];sf lhNnfx¿
pbok'/, dsjfgk'/, lrtjg, l;Gw'nL, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tfk"j{_, bfª, ;'v]{t
& lhNnf
t/fO{sf lhNnfx¿
emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/xf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tfklZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/
!* lhNnf
sf7df8f}“ pkTosfsf lhNnfx¿
sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/, eQmk'/
# lhNnf
2÷g]kfn
kl/ro
@! lhNnf
-s_ lxdfnL k|b]z g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf lxpF / r§fgn] lgld{t lxdfnL If]qn] g]kfnsf] !% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6s ] f] 5 . sl/a @% b]lv %) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/blIf0f rf}8fOleq km}lnPsf] lxdfnL k|bz ] ;d'b| ;txb]lv sl/a #,))) ld6/dflysf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . lxdfno g]kfnsf] pQ/kl§dfq geO{ pQ/L g]kfn ;/xbaf6 blIf0flt/ lxdfnL z[ªv \ nf b]lvg] g]kfnsf w]/} e"efux¿ 5g\ . h:tM} cGgk"0f{ / uª\ufk"0f{ lxdfnsf] pQ/kl§ dgfª, d':tfª cflb g]kfnsf If]q k5{g \ . wjnflul/ r'/g] lxdfnosf] pQ/df d':tfª tyf 8f]Nkfsf e"efu k5{g \ . tL If]qx¿af6 lxdfno blIf0flt/ b]lvG5 . ljZjsf pRrtd / dgf]/d lxdfnL 6fs'/fx¿ g]kfnsf] lxdfnov08df 5g\ . s~rghª\3f, hgs, pDas, dxfnª\u/' , /fN] jflnª, k'd/L, h'un, nfª6fª, u0f]z, ;]/fª, s'6fª, dgl;/L, k]/L, n'un ' f, bfdf]b/, lgnlul/, cGgk"0f{, wjnflul/, d':tfª, uf}td, kfnr'ª xduf, sflGh/fj] f, sflGt, uf]/vf, rfª\unf, r08L, gfnfsª\s/, u'/f; F k"jb{ l] v qmdzM klZrd;Dd km} lnPsf k|l;4 @* lxdz[ªv \ nfx¿ x'g \ . oL z[ªv \ nfx¿ clwstd ef] 6 -ltAat_ sf ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf /xs ] f 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qsf] cfly{s ultljlw ;Lldt 5 . pAhgL Go"g x'g]x'Fbf s[lif guGo eP klg ofs, e]8f, Rofª\u|f, 3f]8f cflb kz'kfng /h8La'6Ldf of]If]q ;DkGg 5 . pgsf un}Frf, /f8L, kfvL a'Gg] 3/]n' pBf]ux¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ko{6g pBf]u, h8La'6L / kof{j/0f ;Dkbf oxfFsf dxŒjk"0f{ ;|ft] x'g\ . of] If]q cNkfOg / cfs{l6s hnjfo'If]qcGtu{t k5{ . prfO / kj{tsf] cjl:yltcg';f/ hnjfo' km/s k5{ . ;f]nv ' D' a'sf] $,$)) ld6/ prfODff /xs ] f] r'ªs'ª ufpFdf cfn' kmN5 . @,*)) ld6/ prfOdf /xs ] f] d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]ddf b'O{ ;o ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'G5 . o:tf pRr lxdfnsf v]tLof]Uo hldg ;f]nv ' D' a', dgfª, d':tfª / 8f]Nkf lhNnfdf kfOG5 . sl/a %,))) ld6/dfly ^ b]lv !@ dlxgf;Dd lxpF /xG5 . nueu $,))) ld6/dflysf e"efudf 5f]6f] cjlwsf] jiff{ofddf klg t';f/fkft x'G5 . $,)))– %,))) ld6/;Dd xf]rf] emfª emf8L -h8La'6L_ kfOG5 . d':tfª / 8f]Nkfdf k|fs[lts jg:klt ljz]if sf/0fn] @,*)) ld6/ prfO;Dd klg x'g] u/s ] f] kfOG5 . sl/a !@ k|ltzt pRr lxdfnL If]q dg;'gL r/gsf nflu pko'Qm 5 . c¿ e"efu 7f8f] le/, 9'ªu\ ] / 7G8f x'bF f r/gsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g . 3fF; k'gM knfpg ;do nfUg] ePsfn] clws r/gaf6 hf]ufpg r/g Joj:yfkg oxfFsf] d"n cfjZostf xf] . df6f]/hnjfo'sf b[li6n]Ps k|ltzteGbf sd hldg dfq}v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5 . oftfoftsf]cfjZos Joj:yf cem;Dd klg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f pTkfbgsf] ahf/Ls/0f ug{ sl7gfO x'g] u/s ] f] 5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷3
g]kfnsf] nueu !(=& k|ltzt -@,*((,%)) x]S6/_ cf]u6\g] pRr kj{tsf] blIf0fdf dWokj{t / pQ/df pRr lxdfn k5{ . o; If]qsf ;a}h;f] d'Vo pkTosf lxdfgLu|:t (Glaciated) 5g\ . gbLn] lkFw s6fg a9L u/]sf] kmn:j¿k gbL 9nfg (Gradient) n] uN5]8f / uN5L (Canyons) ag]sf 5g\ . 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkf] / pkTosfsf] km]b;Dd @,))) ld6/eGbf a9L prfOsf] leGgtf 5 . o;}n] oxfFsf] Pp6} 9nf]df pmi0f, pmkf]i0f / Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f Pjd\ lr;f] zLtf]i0f af]6la?jf kfOG5g\ . of] If]qsf] %) k|ltzt efu s'g} klg v]tLsf nflu sfd nfUb}g . afFsL %) k|ltzt e"efudWo]#$ k|ltzt e"efudf v]tLsf nflu ckof{Kt kftnf] df6f] 5 eg] !^ k|ltzt e"efun] dfq v]tL wfg]sf] 5 . o:tf] @)),))) x]S6/ hldgdf klg $) k|ltztdf dfq /fd|/L v]tL ug]{ ul/G5 . lxdfnL If]qdf g]kfnsf k"jb{ l] v qmdzM tfKn]hª' , ;ª\vj' f;ef, ;f]nv ' D' a', bf]nvf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;j' f, dgfª, d':tfª, 8f]Nkf, d'u,' x'Dnf, h'Dnf, sflnsf]6, afh'/f, aemfª, bfr'n { f wflbª, /fd]5fk, uf]/vf / ?s'd -k"j_{ u/L @) lhNnf kb{5g\ . lxdfnL k|bznfO{ ] lgDglnlvt tLg a[xt\ If]qdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ ;lsG5M d'Vo lxdfnL If]q
ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf
lxdfnocGtu{tsf pRrtd r'nLx¿ s]lGb| t d'Vo lxdfnodf *,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf r'nLx¿ k5{g \ . t6jtL{ lxdfnosf]blIf0f /x]sf a[xQ/lxdfnL z[ªv \ nfdf ^,))) ld6/eGbf cUnf !,#!! r'r/' fx¿ /xs ] f 5g\ . ljZjsf] ;jf]R{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyf / t];f| ] pRr lxdlzv/ s~rghª\3fsf cltl/Qm Nxf]T;], dsfn', rf]– cf]o,' wjnflul/, dgf:n', cGgk"0f{;d]t ljZjsf b'O{ bh{g r'nLdWo] g]kfndf sl/a 8]9 bh{g r'r/' fx¿ /xs ] f 5g\ . s~rghª\3f, v'Da', dxfnª\u/' , /fN] jflnª\, 4÷g]kfn
kl/ro
df5fk'R5«] lxdfn, u08sL
u0f]z, uf]/vf, cGgk"0f{, wjnflul/, sfl~h/fj] f, ckL / ;}kfn lxdz[ªv \ nfcGt{ut ljZjsf !) ;jf]R{ r lzv/x¿dWo] cf7cf]6f lxdlzv/x¿ kb{5g\ . leqL lxdfnL If]q d'Vo lxdfnoaf6 pQ/ / ltAat t6jtL{ If]qaf6 blIf0flt/ of] If]q /xs ] f] 5 . gbL lgld{t pkTosfx¿ pRr lxdfnL If]qdf lgs}/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF k'/fª\ u, x'Dnf, d'u,' nfªu', a'9L vf]6fª, s]?ª, Gofgd, /fª] u\ ;f/, v'Da', sdf{ cflb lxdj]li7t pkTosfx¿ 5g\ . pQ/df cUnf lxdfno / blIf0fdf xf]rf kj{tsf lardf /xs ] f oL pkTosf @,$))–%,))) ld6/;Ddsf prfOdf /xs ] f 5g\ . st}st} ulx/f] vf]r F / a]; F L /xs ] f 5g\ . x'Dnf, h'Dnf, d'u,' 8f]Nkf, d':tfª / dgfª j[li65fofdf kg]{x'bF f jiff{ Hofb}sd x'G5 . o; e]udf z'is hnjfo' kfOG5 . of] kj{tLo If]qdf lr;f] zLtf]i0f sf]0fwf/L jg x'g] x'Fbf 8fn]3fF; k|foM kfOFb}g . oxfFsf afl;Gbf vfBfGg, n'uf /cGo ;fdfgsf]9'jfgL vRr/, 3f]8f, rf}F/L cflb hgfj/af6 ug]{ ub{5g\ . hf}, ux'F, sf]bf] / cfn' #,))) ld6/ prfO;Dd kmN5 . lxpFbdf 7G8f x'g] x'Fbf dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; of] If]qdf lgs} kftnf] 5 . ;LdfGt lxdfnL If]q of] cGt/lxdfnL z[ª\vnf ltAatsf] ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/L If]q sl/a !#) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . ;/b/ ^,))) ld6/ prfOb]lv sl/a &,))) ld6/;Dd /x]sf] ltAatL k7f/sf] ;d:ynL If]q uª\uf / ;fª\u kf] -a|Xdk'q_ sf] kfgL 9nf] If]qsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . pRr lxdz[ª\vnf l5rf]nL cfPsfn] of] If]qsf gbL -sfnLu08sL cflb_ lxdfnoeGbf k'/fgf dflgG5g\ . dgfª, d':tfªdf a:tL 5g\ / ef]6 lg:sg] eGHofªx¿ lgs} k5{g\ . j[li65fofdf kg]{ ePsfn] of] If]q d"ntM lxdfnL d?e"ldsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷5
tflnsf g+= !=@ g]kfnsf k|d'v lxdlzv/ / ltgsf] prfO qm= ;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !(
lxdlzv/
prfO -ld6/_ *,*$*=*^ *,%*^ *,%!^ *,$^# *,@)! *,!^& *,!^# *,)(! &,*%% &,%(! &,@#$ &,!^# &,!^! &,!#$ &,!#@ ^,((# &,)#! ^,**# ^,*!@
lxdz[ª\vnf
lhNnf÷k|b]z
;u/dfyf v'Da'÷ dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷! s~rghª\3f s~rghª\3f tfKn]h'ª÷! Nxf]T;] v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷! dsfn' s'Des0f{ ;ª\v'jf;ef÷! rf] cf]o' v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷! wjnflul/ wjnflul/ DofUbL÷d':tfª÷u08sL dgf:n' u0f]z uf]/vf÷u08sL cGgk"0f{ cGgk"0f{ sf:sL÷u08sL g'K;] v'Da' ;f]n'v'Da'÷! zflGt lks v'Da' ;f]n'v'Da'÷! nfª6fª ln?ª nfª6fª /;'jf÷# u0f]z lxdfn u0f]z uf]/vf, wflbª÷# k'df]/L v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷! uf}/Lzª\s/ /f]Njflnª bf]nvf÷# ckL u'/fF; bfr'{nf÷;'b'/klZrd df5fk'R5«] cGgk"0f{ sf:sL÷u08sL ;}kfn clk ;}kfn aemfª÷;'b'/klZrd sf~hL/f]jf sfl~h/f]jf 8f]Nkf÷s0ff{nL cdfbAnd v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ ;f]n'v'Da'÷! h'un @) ^,%#% h'un l;Gw'kfNrf]s÷# -e}/j 6fs'/f_ @! e[s'6L ^,#^$ bfdf]b/ d':tfª÷u08sL -v_ kxf8L k|b]z pQ/df lxdfn / blIf0fdf t/fO{lar /x]sf] dWoefu k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd cUnfxf]rf kxf8x¿, km/flsnf–;fFu'/f pkTosf, b"g, a]F;L tyf 6f/ / u/fo'Qm 6÷g]kfn
kl/ro
kfvfx¿n] 3gLe"t 5 . blIf0fdf ;d'b| ;txb]lv sl/a #)) ld6/b]lv pQ/df #,))) ld6/;Ddsf e"efux¿ cf]u6]/ &^ lsnf]ld6/b]lv !@% lsnf]ld6/;Dd rf}8f eO{ lj:tfl/t ePsf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L e"efu o; k|b]zn] cf]u6]sf] x'Fbf g]kfnnfO{ kxf8L d'n's klg elgG5 . o; If]qdf Onfd, kfFry/, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, cf]vn9'ª\uf, sfe|]knf~rf]s, g'jfsf]6, tgx'F, ndh'ª, sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, DofUbL, afUn'ª, Ko'7fg, /f]Nkf, ¿s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v, c5fd, 8f]6L, 88]nw'/f / a}t8L u/L @( cf]6f lhNnf kb{5g\ . kxf8L k|b]znfO{ lgDg tLg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M r'/] kj{t >]0fL g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] lxdfno kj{tdfnf eGbf lgs}kl5 ljsl;t /x]sf] ;d'b| ;txb]lv ^!) b]lv !*&@ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd ePsf] kj{tdfnfnfO{ r'/] kj{t elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;fdfGotM r'l/of jf r'/] kj{t elgG5 . afx\o lxdfno elgg] of] kj{t lzjflnssf] gfdn] ;d]t k|l;4 5 . of] gjLgtd kj{t xf] . g]kfnsf] klZrddf cUnf] / k"j{df xf]rf] x'Fb} lanfPsf] r'/] dxfsfnLb]lv sf];L;Dd 5'§} >]0fL eP/ km}lnPsf] 5 . sf];Lk"j{ y'DsLsf] ¿kdf df]/ª / emfkfsf] pQ/df d}gfr'nL, r'nfr'nL 5g\ . r'/] kj{t >]0fLsf] w]/} efu hª\unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . bfª, b]pv'/L, /fKtL, lrtjg cflb pkTosf b"g cjf]Ggt (Synclinal) k|s[ltsf efu 5g\ . oxfF tftf]xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . of]If]qn] !@=& k|ltzt -!,*&(,))) x]S6/_ 9fs]sf] 5 . hnfwf/ If]qsf] prfO leGgtf &)) ld6/eGbf sd 5 . oxfFsf] df6f] jiff{sf] kfgL yfDg ;Sg] vfnsf] 5}g . of] If]qdf x\jfQ af9L cfPh:tf] jiff{df vf]nfx¿ aU5g\ . jftfj/0fLo b[li6n] r'/] kj{t >]0fL cToGt ;+j]bgzLn dflgPsf] 5 . ;txL 9'ª\ufn] lzjflns If]qsf] kj{tLo e"efunfO{ lgoGq0f u/]sf] 5 . of] z[ª\vnf sdhf]/ Pjd\ cl:y/ 5 . sl/a (# k|ltzteGbf a9L e"efu Hofb} 7f8f] / cK7]/f] ePsfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g . lzjflns If]qdf v]tL x'g ;Sg]hldg sl/a @$ k|ltzt -%,@(,^)) x]S6/_ 5 . b"g pmi0f If]q eP klg oxfFsf] df6f] t/fO{eGbf leGg 5 . of] If]qdf kmnkm"n / t/sf/L sd} x'G5 . o; If]qdf cltqmd0fn] jgljgfz, e"Ifo / k|fs[lts jftfj/0f vnalng k'u]sf] 5 . lzjflns If]qsf] blIf0f Pp6f nfdf] k]6L k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . of] If]q afn'jf, sª\s8, 9'ª\uf / v's'nf v;|f kbfy{n] ag]sf] 5 . v's'nf] r§fgn] ag]sf] efa/df ;fnsf] jghª\un kfOG5 . ulx/f] 3fF6Ldf gbLn] y'kf/]sf df6fsf] efun] ag]sf d}bfgx¿ uª\uf d}bfgs} c+zsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷7
dxfef/t >]0fL k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] ;d'b| ;xtb]lv sl/a !@,))) lkm6;Dd prfOsf] of] kxf8L efu g]kfnsf] dxŒjk"0f{ efu xf] . of] efu ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, nfOd:6f]g, dfa{n, :n]6h:tf r§fgo'Qm 5 . 7'nf7'nf rf/ gbL s8f r§fg] kxf8 5]8]/ au]sf 5g\ . s0ff{nLn] lr;fkfgLdf, sfnLu08sLn] b]j3f6df, lqz"nLn] h'u/Ldf / sf];Ln] rt/fdf 5]8f] agfPsf] 5 . xf]rf] lxdfno (Lesser Himalaya) sf] gfdn] klg of] kj{t lrlgg] u5{ . oxfFsf] xfjfkfgL /d0fLo / :j:Yos/ x'g] x'Fbf dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLnfO{ g]kfnsf] Hill-Station klg elgG5 . ;}n'ª\u, 6\ofDs], h}ys, km"nrf]sL, lzjk'/L, l5Ds]Zj/L, bfdg, :ju{åf/L, ;flsg] 8fF8f, vf]Fr cflb oxfFsf k|d'v lzv/x'g\ . k"jL{ g]kfnsf t'ngfdf klZrdsf]efu a9L 7f8f]5 . dWoe"ld >]0fL dxfef/t kj{t >]0fL / lxdfno kj{t >]0fLx¿sf lardf /xs ] f 7'nf–7'nf 6f/, a]; + L / pkTosfx¿nfO{ dWoe"dL elgG5 . o;cGtu{t sf7df8fF,} kf]v/f, lqz'nL, kfFrvfn, df8L h:tf pkTosfx¿ kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf rd]lnof -;'b/" klZrd_, lqz"nL -dWo_, ;'gsf];L / c?0f tyf tdf]/ gbLåf/f lgld{t 7'nf pkTosf Pjd\ ;dy//pj{/If] q dWoe"ldcGtu{t k5{g \ . oxfF t'lDnª6f/ -;ª\vj' f;ef_, ?Dhf6f/ -cf]vn9'ªu\ f_, a]N6f/ -pbok'/_ dª\un6f/ -sfe|k] nf~rf]s_, v'dn6f/ -nlntk'/_, a§f/ -g'jfsf]6_, ;Nofg6f/ -wflbª_, v}/g] L6f/ -tgx'_F , rf}/hxf/L6f/ -?s'd_ h/fof]6f/ -ef]hk'/_, v/fgL6f/ -g'jfsf]6_ h:tf 6f/ klg 5g\ . dWokj{tLo If]qn] g]kfnsf] @(=% k|ltzt -$,#%),#)) x]S6/_ hldg 9fs]sf] 5 . oxfFsf]hnjfo' jif}{le/s[lifsf nflu pko'Qm 5 . tfkqmd g a9L g 36L dWod k|sf/sf] 5 . hg;ª\of j[l4n] ubf{ e"lddfly a9L rfk k/]sf] 5 . oxfF *& k|ltzt v]tLof]Uo e"ld kj{tLo kfvfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . dWokxf8L e"ldsf] u/fv]tL k|ljlw g} :yflkt k|ljlw xf] . s[lif, jg / jfuafgLaf6 o;nfO{ ;3fp x'g]u/]sf] 5 . dWokxf8df lk|SoflDa|og (Precambraian), kmfOnfO6;\ (Phyllites), Sjf6{hfO6;\ (Quartzites), ce|v, lzi6 / u|g ] fO6 (Granite) h:tf ljljw r§fg kfOG5g\ . dWokxf8sf] blIf0f lsgf/fdf k|foM dxfef/t n]sh:tf p7]sf (Uplifted) kj{t 5g\ . of] efu Ct'Ifo ePsf u|g] fO6, r'g9'ªu\ f, 8f]nf]dfO6, ;]n, :ofG8:6f]g, :n6] / Sjf6{hfO6n] ag]sf] 5 . lzjflns h:tf] e"Ifosf] k|efj 5}g . o; If]qsf s8f r§fg e"kfiff0f ePsf efu 7f8f]le/-#% l8u|L 9nf]eGbf a9L_ / kftnf] df6fn] 9fs]sf] x'gfn] v]tLsf nflu pko'Qm 5}g . kxf8L k|b]zdf ls/ft -/fO{, lnDa"_, tfdfª, du/, u'?ª, afx'g, If]qL, g]jf/ 8÷g]kfn
kl/ro
cflb ljleGg hfltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5{g\ . kxf8 cfkmF}df ljljwtfo'Qm ePsfn] oxfFsf] 3/ lgdf{0f, njfOvjfO, k];f cflbdf leGgtf kfOG5 . kmnkm"n v]tL /h8La'6Lsf nflu a9L pko'Qm jftfj/0f kfOG5 . kxf8sf blIf0f kfvfdf a:tL / v]tL w]/} e]l6G5g\ . o; e]sdf Onfd, wgs'6f, r}gk'/, ef]hk'/, cf]vn9'ª\uf, r/Lsf]6, ag]kf, sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, h'Dnf, ;Nofg, l;nu9Lh:tf ;fgf7'nf a:tL 5g\ . kxf8L If]qsf] s'n a:tLdWo] !,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf !^=#& k|ltzt, !))!–@,))) ld6/;Dddf %(=) ( k|ltzt /o;eGbf dfly #,))) ld6/;Dddf !(=(( k|ltzt a:tLx¿ /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;jf{lws a:tLx¿ !))!–@))) ld6/;Dddf s]lGb|t 5g\ . cfly{s lqmofsnfkdf kxf8L If]q d"ntM kmnkm"n /vfBfGgsf nflu pko'Qm If]q xf] . wfg, ds}, ux'F / u]8fu'8Ldf of] If]q ljljwtfo'Qm pTkfbgzLn If]q eP klg pj{/e"ldsf]sdLn]ubf{ vfBfGg cefj x'g]ub{5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosf sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ u/L tLg lhNnfx¿ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . tflnsf g+= !=# kxf8L k|b]zdf cjl:yt d'Vo pkTosfx¿ pkTosf prfO -dL=_ lhNnf sf7df8f}F !##& sf7df8f}F, nlntk'/ / eQmk'/ lqz"nL %&( g'jfsf]6 kf]v/f *!( sf:sL kfFrvfn *&! sfe|]knf~rf]s ag]kf !%%$ sfe|]knf~rf]s kf6g !%#$ a}t8L w'lga];L *%) wflbª bfª ^^# bfª ;'v]{t ^^$ ;'v]{t pbok'/ #^) pbok'/ -u_ t/fO{ k|b]z kxf8L efub]lv blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] ;Ldf;Dd k"jk{ lZrd km}lnPsf] g]kfnsf] ;dtn e"efu t/fO{ k|bz ] xf] . o;nfO{ dw]; klg elgG5 . o; k|bz ] sf] rf}8fO @% g]kfn kl/ro÷9
lsnf]ld6/bl] v #) lsnf]ld6/;Dd 5 . t/fO{sf] l;/fg efa/ / r'/] xf] . pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ xf]rf] x'bF } hfg' t/fO{sf] nIf0f xf] . of] If]q pmi0f If]q xf] . oxfFsf] hldg k|foM ;dyn 5 . ;g\ !(^) ;Dd of] If]qdf yf¿x¿sf] afx'No lyof] . cf}nf] pGd'ngkl5 b"g pkTosf kxf8nufot cGo If]qsf hgtfsf]klg s]Gb|:yn eO{ of] If]q ax'hftLo If]q aGof] . ;d'b; | txaf6 ^) b]lv ^)) ld6/sf] prfOdf /xs ] f] 5 . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] cGge08f/ klg dflgG5 . o; If]qcGt{ut emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /ft} x6, af/f, k;f{, gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t,' afFs,] alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/ u/L !* lhNnfx¿ kb{5g\ . t/fO{ k|bznfO{ ] lgDg tLg >]0fLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5M vf; t/fO{ b]zsf] blIf0fL efudf blIf0ftkm{ xf]lrFb} uPsf] e"efunfO{ vf; t/fO{ elgG5 . ldxLg kfFuf] df6fn] ag]sf] of] If]q pj{/ /x]sf] 5 . lrtjgsf] blIf0fdf ;f]d]Zj/ kj{tdfnf / b]pv'/Lsf] blIf0fdf 8'G8'jf kj{tdfnfn] sf6]sfn] vf; t/fO{nfO{ tLg efu -k"jL{, dWo / klZrd_ df afF8\g] klg ul/Psf] 5 . emfkf, df]/ª, ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, /f}tx6, af/f, k;f{sf] blIf0f, gjnk/f;Lsf] klZrd blIf0f, ¿kGb]xL / slknj:t'sf] blIf0f / afFs], alb{of, s}nfnL / s~rgk'/sf] blIf0fL If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] vf; t/fO{ elgG5 . efj/ If]q vf; t/fO{sf] pQ/ / r'/] kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fdf ;d'b|;txb]lv #*) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd km}lnPsf] ;fFu'/f] k]6LnfO{ efj/ If]q elgG5 . * b]lv !) dfOn;Dd rf}8fO ePsf] efj/ k|b]zn] d'n'ssf] s'n If]qkmnsf] $=% k|ltzt e"efu cf]u6]sf] 5 . leqL dw]; r'/] / dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLsf] lardf ;d'b| ;txb]lv ^!) ld6/sf] prfO;Dd rf/}lt/ kxf8 kj{tn] 3]l/O{ km}lnPsf ljzfn kmfF6nfO{ leqL dw]; jf b"g If]q elgG5 . #@ b]lv ^$ ls=ld=;Dd nDafO /!^ ls=ld= ;Dd rf}8fO ePsf] of] If]qn] d'n'ssf] s'n If]qkmnsf] *=% k|ltzt e"efu ;d]6]sf] 5 . leqL dw];nfO{ rf/ If]qdf afFl8Psf] 5 . o;df pbok'/ / l;Gw'nL pkTosfnfO{ k"jL{ leqLdw];Ù dsjfgk'/, lrtjg / gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{_nfO{ dWo leqL dw];Ù bfª b]pv'/LnfO{ klZrdL leqL dw]; / ;'v]{t pkTosfnfO{ dWoklZrd leqLdw]; elgG5 . !=@=@ gbLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg -s_ sf];L If]q -k|b]z_ k"jd{ f s~rghª\3f lxdfnb]lv klZrddf nfª6fª lxdfn -uf];fO:yfg_ larsf] 10÷g]kfn
kl/ro
If]qnfO{ sf];L k|bz ] elgG5 . tdf]/, c?0f, lnv", b"wsf];L, tfdfsf];L, ;'gsf];L / OGb|fjtL ldn]/ ;Ktsf];L gbL ag]sf] 5 . of] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] gbL xf] . of] gbL &@) ls=ld= nfdf] 5 eg] hnk|jfx Ifdtf cf};t !,%^$ So"ljs ld6/ k|lt ;]s0] 8 /xs ] f] 5 . o; gbLaf6 @@,))) d]ufjf6;Dd ljB't\ lgsfNg ;lsg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . sf];L k|bz ] sf] k|efj If]q emG8} ^) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= /xs ] f] 5 . ;Ktsf];L gbLsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;xfos gbL c?0f xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] gbL lnv' xf] . -v_ u08sL If]q -k|b]z_ k"j{df nfª6fª lxdfnb] lv klZrddf wjnflu/ L lxdfn;Ddsf]u08sL gbL k|efljt If]qnfO{ u08sL k|b]z elgG5 . u08sL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos gbLx¿ lqz"nL, a'9Lu08sL, b/f}bL, dfbL, d:of{ª\bL, ;]tL / sfnLu08sL x'g\ . uf08j Clifsf] gfdaf6 gfds/0f ul/Psf] dflgPsf] o; gbLnfO{ lrtjg lhNnfdf cfPkl5 -b]j3f6eGbf tn_ gf/fo0fL gbLsf] gfdn] lrlgG5 . of] gbL dWog]kfndf aUb5, h;sf] k|jfx If]q sl/a #*,))) ju{ ls=ld /x]sf] 5 . sl/a ##* ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ Ifdtf sl/a @!,))) d]=jf= /x]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . o;sf ;xfos gbLx¿dWo] sfnLu08sL ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / b/f}FbL ;a}eGbf ;fgf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] of] gbLn] k|lt;]s]08 cf};t !&!# So'=ld= kfgL k|jfx ub{5 . -u_ s0ff{nL If]q -k|b]z_ k"j{df wjnflu/L lxdfnb]lv klZrddf Jof; lxdfnlar s0ff{nL gbL k|efljt If]qnfO{ s0ff{nL k|bz ] elgG5 . s0ff{nL gbLsf ;ft k|d'v ;xfos gbLx¿ x'Dnf s0f{fnL, d'u' s0ff{nL, 7"nL e]/L, ;fgL e]/L, ltnf, a'9Luª\uf / ;]tL gbL x'g\ . o;nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL klg elgG5 . of] gbL ef/tdf k'u]kl5 3f3F/f / ;/o" gfdn] ;d]t lrlgG5 . of] gbL sl/a $@,))) j=ls=ld= If]qkmn ;d]6]/ aUb5 . sl/a %)& ls=ld= nfdf] o; gbLsf] ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf #@,))) d]=jf=/x]sf] dflgPsf] 5 . of] gbLsf] cf}ift hnk|jfx Ifdtf k|lt;]s]G8 !#!^ So'=ld= /x]sf] 5 . !=@=# xfjfkfgLsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg g]kfnsf] xfjfkfgLnfO{ ef}uf]lns agfj6 / prfOsf] cfwf/df kfFr k|sf/sf xfjfkfgLdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ pmi0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL (Sub Tropical Monsoon Climate) cw{pmi0f / pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL elgg] o:tf] xfjfkfgL g]kfnsf] t/fO{, efj/, b'g / r'/] If]qsf] !,@)) ld6/ -$,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5 . u|Lidofddf oxfFsf] tfkdfg #* b]lv $@ l8u|L ;]lG6u|8] ;Dd k'Ub5 eg] zLtsfndf !% b]lv g]kfn kl/ro÷11
% l8u|L;Dd cf]ln{G5 . jiff{ Ct'df lxGb dxf;fu/sf] aª\ufnsf] vf8Laf6 cfpg] dg;'gL xfjfn] jiff{ u/fpg] ub{5 . jiff{ ;fdfGotf k"ja{ f6 klZrd 36\b} hfg] / pQ/af6 blIf0f a9\b} hfg] ePaf6 k"jL{ t/fO{eGbf klZrdL t/fO{ k|bz ] df clws udL{ x'G5 . ljif]zt e}/xjf, g]kfnu~h tyf s}nfnLnufotsf t/fO{ If]qdf clws udL{ x'G5 . o;}u/L bfª, ;'vt{] h:tf leqL dw];df klg udL{ w]/} g} x'G5 . -v_ Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Warm Temperate Climate) r'/] kxf8 / dxfef/t kj{tsf] !,@)) b]lv @,!)) ld6/ -$,)))–&,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o; k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lid ofddf Gofgf] x'G5 eg]lzlz/df a9L 7G8f x'G5 . u|Lid Ct'df tfkqmd @$ b]lv #!) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'U5 eg] lxpbFdf ) l8u|L ;]= ;Dd cf]ln{G5 . g]kfndf kfgL kfg]{ dg;'gL xfjf blIf0fL efuaf6 aUg] x'Fbf blIf0fsf] le/fnf] 7fpFdf @%) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 eg] pQ/tkm{sf] le/fnf] kfvfdf !)) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . -u_ 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgL (Cool Temperate Climate) dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnfsf] @,!)) b]lv #,#%) ld6/ -&,)))–!!,))) lkm6_ ;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] o:tf] xfjfkfgLdf u|Lid Ct'df Gofgf] x'G5 eg] lxpFbdf lgs} hf8f] x'G5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmd u|Liddf !%) b]lv @)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] lxpFbdf )) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd cf]ln{G5 . oxfF jif{df !) ;]lG6ld6/;Dd kfgL kb{5 eg]lxpFbdf lxpF jlif{G5 . Go"g tfkqmd /Go"g jiff{sf]sf/0fn]oxfF v]tLkftL cToGt} sd x'G5 . oxfFsf] hghLjg si6s/ eP klg :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] o:tf] xfjfkfgL pko'Qm dflgG5 . -3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL (Alpine Climate) g]kfndf ;d'b|;txb]lv #,#%) b]lv %,))) ld6/ -!!,)))–!^,))) lkm6_ prfO;Ddsf] lxdfnL If]qsf] 7G8f xfjfkfgLnfO{ n]sfnL xfjfkfgL elgG5 . oxfFsf] tfkqmd r}t, j}zfv, h]7df !)) ;]lG6u|]8;Dd k'Ub5 eg] c¿ ;dodf -( dlxgfhlt_ ) l8u|L ;]lG6u| ]8eGbf tn g}/xG5 . oxfF jiff{df #) ldlnld6/;Dd jiff{ x'G5 . oxfF v]tLkftL x'Fb}g, t/oxfFsf 7'nf lxdfnL kmfF6x¿df kz'r/g u/fOg] x'Fbf of] 7fpF kz'kfng / ko{6sLo ultljlw ;~rfngsf nflu pko'Qm 5 . -ª_ w|'jLo jf lxdfnL xfjfkfgL (Tundra Climate) lxdfnL If]qsf] cToGt} lr;f] / z'is xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL, w|'jLo jf 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL elgG5 . oxfF ;Fw}h;f] lxdkft eO/xG5 eg] jiff{sf ¿kdf lxpF g} kb{5 . %,))) xhf/dL=-!^))) lkm6_ eGbf dflysf]e"efusf]tfkqmd z"Go 12÷g]kfn
kl/ro
l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd x'g] xF'bf oxfF dWofGxkl5 lxpFsf] eLif0f x'/L rNb5 . oxfFsf]xfjfkfgLnfO{ lxdfnL d¿e"ld hnjfo' klg eGg]ul/G5 . !=# g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ljefhg -;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx_ !=#=! ;ª\3 ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] Joj:yf 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] PsfOsf] ¿kdf /xg] ;ª\3Lo txnfO{ ;ª\3sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cg';"rL % df ;ª\3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:tf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] 5 . To;}u/L cg';"rL & df ePsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;'rL / cg';"rL ( adf]lhdsf] ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/ ;'rLsf] k|of]u klg ;ª\3 dfkm{t x'g] ub{5 . ;fy} cljlzi6 clwsf/sf] k|of]u ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/n] ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . !=#=@ k|b]z ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ;ª\3Lo PsfOdf ljefhg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] If]q / :j¿knfO{ k|b]zsf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"lr $ adf]lhd & k|b]z / ;DalGwt k|b]zdf /xg] lhNnfx¿sf] af/]df :ki6 u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ ;ft k|b]znfO{ lgDgadf]lhd ;ª\lIfKt rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z g+ ! o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ ef/tsf] klZrd a+ufn / l;lSsd /fHo, blIf0ftkm{ laxf/ /fHo, pQ/tkm{ rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat tyf klZrdtkm{ k|b]z g+ @ / afudtL k|b]z kb{5g\ . k|b]z g+ ! df tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, ;ª\v'jf;ef, t]/y'd, wgs'6f, ef]hk'/, vf]6fª, ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'ª\uf, pbok'/, emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/L u/L !$ lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z g+= ! sf] s'n If]qkmn @%,()% j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !&=^)%_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf tfKn]h'ª -#,^$^ j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf t]x|y'd -^&( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\ . xfn o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL lj/f6gu/ -df]/ª_ /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf (,(@,$$% kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg] s'n hg;ª\Vof $%,#$,($# -k'?if @!,^^,%#^ / dlxnf @#,^*,$)& /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf]o; k|bzdf ] d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, /fO{, lnDa', yf?, n]Krf, tfdfª, u'?ª, d]r], sf]r], ofbj, /fhj+zLnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, d}lynL, ls/ftL, tfdfª, lnDa', u'?ª, n]Krf, du/ / yf? efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷13
k|b]z g+= @ o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ k|b]z !, blIf0ftkm{ ef/t, pQ/tkm{ k|b]z ! / afudtL k|b]z / klZrdtkm{ afudtL k|b]z /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z g+ @ df ;Kt/L, l;/fxf, wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL, /f}tx6, af/f / k;f{ u/L cf7 lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn (,^^! j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] ^=%&%_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf ;Kt/L -!,#^# j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf dxf]Q/L -!,))@ j=ls=ld=_ x'g\ . o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL hgsk'/ -wg'iff_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf s'n hg;ª\Vof %$,)$,!$% 5, h;df k'?ifsf];ª\Vof @&,!&,(#* / dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof @^,*^,@)& -;|f]tM s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf]o; k|b]zdf d'Vo¿kdf ofbj, u'Ktf, bf;, yf?, /fhj+zL, d';ndfg nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5, eg] d}lynL, alHhsf, cjwL, pb'{, lxGbL,yf? /g]kfnL cflb efiff af]lnG5g\ . afudtL k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ k|b]z !, klZrdtkm{ u08sL k|b]z, pQ/df rLg / blIf0ftkm{ k|b]z @ / ef/t /x]sf 5g\ . afudtL k|b]zdf bf]nvf, /fd]5fk, l;Gw'nL, sfe|]knf~rf]s, l;Gw'kfNrf]s, /;'jf, g'jfsf]6, wflbª, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, eQmk'/, nlntk'/, sf7df8f}F u/L !# lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn @),#)) j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !#=&(%_ . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf l;Gw'kfNrf]s -@,%$@ j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf eQmk'/ -!!( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL x]6f}+8f -dsjfgk'/_ /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf !@,&),&(& kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg]s'n hg;ª\Vof %%,@(,$%@ -k'?if @&,$&,^## hgf /dlxnf @&,*!,*!( hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf tfdfª, a|fx\d0f, If]qL, g]jf/ nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, g]jf/L, tfdfª efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . u08sL k|b]z u08sL k|bz ] sf] k"jt{ km{ afudtL k|bz ] , klZrdtkm{ s0ff{nL k|bz ] / n'lDagL k|bz ] , pQ/df rLg / blIf0ftkm{ n'lDagL k|bz ] / ef/tsf] laxf/ /fHo;Fu l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, dgfª, d':tfª, kj{t, :ofª\hf, DofUbL, afUn'ª / gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{_ u/L !! lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn @!,&## j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !$=^!%_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf uf]vf{ -#,^!) j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf kj{t -$($ j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/f -sf:sL_ /x]sf] 5 . 14÷g]kfn
kl/ro
s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf %,&*,@!( kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg]s'n hg;ª\Vof @$,)#,&%& -k'?if !),(),*)* /dlxnf !#,!@,($( hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, u'?ª, du/ nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, u'?ª, du/efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . n'lDagL k|b]z o; k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ u08sL k|b]z, klZrdtkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z / ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z pQ/tkm{ u08sL k|b]z / s0ff{nL k|b]z / blIf0ftkm{ ef/t kb{5 . n'lDagL k|b]zdf gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6 ;':tf klZrd_, ¿kGb]xL, slknj:t', kfNkf, c3f{vfFrL, u'NdL, ?s'd -k"jL{ efu_, /f]Nkf, Ko'7fg, bfª, afFs]/alb{of u/L !@ lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn @@,@** j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !%=!$%_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf] lhNnf bfª -@,(%% j=ls=ld=_ /;fgf]lhNnf gjnk/f;L ab{3f6 ;':tf klZrd -^#$=** j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|bzsf] ] /fhwfgL efn'jfª -bfª_ /x]sf] 5 s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf *,*%,@)# kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg]s'n hg;ª\Vof $$,((,@&@ -k'?if @!,$),#!^ /dlxnf @#,%*,(%^ hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, du/, yf?, tfdfª, g]kfn, d';ndfgnufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; 5 eg] g]kfnL, yf?, cjlw, ef]hk'/L, pb'{, du/ efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . s0ff{nL k|b]z s0ff{nL k|bz ] sf] k"jt{ km{ u08sL k|bz ] / n'lDagL kb{5 . klZrdtkm{ ;'b/" klZrd k|bz ] / rLg, pQ/tkm{ rLg / blIf0ftkm{ n'lDagL, ;'b/" klZrd k|bz ] /xs ] f] 5 . s0ff{nL k|b]zdf ?s'd -klZrd_, ;Nofg, 8f]Nkf, h'Dnf, d'u', x'Dnf, sflnsf]6, hfh/sf]6, b}n]v / ;'v]{t u/L !) lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|bz ] sf] s'n If]qkmn @&,(*$ j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !(=)!%_ /xs ] f] 5 . o; k|bz ] sf] 7'nf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf -&,**( j=ls=ld=_ / ;fgf] lhNnf ?s'd klZrd -!,@!#=$( j=ls=ld=_ /xs ] f 5g\ . o; k|bz ] sf] /fhwfgL jL/G] b|gu/sf] ;'vt{] df /xs ] f] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf @,(*,#%( kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg]s'n hg;ª\Vof !%,&),$!* -k'?if &,^&,(@# /dlxnf *,)@,$(% hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, 7s'/L, If]qL, z]kf{, u'?ª, du/nufotsf hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] g]kfnL, u'?ª, du/efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] k"j{tkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z / n'lDagL k|b]z, klZrdtkm{ ef/t, g]kfn kl/ro÷15
pQ/tkm{ s0ff{nL k|b]z /rLg tyf blIf0ftkm{ ef/t kb{5 . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zdf afh'/f, aemfª, 8f]6L, c5fd, bfr'{nf, a}t8L, 88]nw'/f, s~rgk'/ / s}nfnL u/L ( lhNnfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn !(,%#( j=ls=ld= -g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] !#=@*%_ /x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zsf] 7'nf]lhNnf aemfª -#,$@@ j=ls=ld=_ /;fgf]lhNnf a}t8L -!,%!( j=ls=ld=_ /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL uf]bfj/L -s}nfnL_ /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefusf cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf $,^(,(&! kl/jf/ ;ª\Vof 5 eg]s'n hg;ª\Vof @%,%@,%!& -k'?if !@,%@,%!& /dlxnf !#,#$,^#) hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . hftLo tyf eflifs ljljwtf /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf d'Vo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f, If]qL, 7s'/L, yf? hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 eg] 8f]6]nL, v;, yf? efiff d'Vo ¿kdf af]lnG5g\ . !=#=# g]kfnsf :yfgLo tx g]kfn ;/sf/n] g]kfnnfO{ &%# :yfgLo txdf ljefhg u/]sf] 5 . h;cg';f/ dxfgu/kflnsf ^, pkdxfgu/kflnsf !!, gu/kflnsf @&^ / ufpFkflnsf $^) /x]sf 5g\ . tflnsf g+= !=$ dxfgu/kflnsf qm= lhNnf dxfgu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof If]qkmn j8f ;+= gfd -ju{ ls=ld=_ ;ª\Vof ! sf7df8f}F sf7df8f}F (,&%,$%# $(=$% #@ @ nlntk'/ nlntk'/ @,*$,(@@ #^=!@ @( # sf:sL kf]v/f $,!$,!$! $^$=@$ ## $ lrtjg e/tk'/ @,*),%)@ $#@=(% @( % df]/ª lj/f6gu/ @,!$,^^# && !( ^ k;f{ jL/u~h @,$),(@@ !#@=)& #@ tflnsf g+= !=% pkdxfgu/kflnsf qm= pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof If]qkmn j8f lhNnf ;+= gfd -ju{ ls=ld=_ ;ª\Vof 1,40,517 93=78 20 ! O6x/L ;'g;/L 1,37,705 192=32 20 @ w/fg 16÷g]kfn
kl/ro
wg'iff dsjfgk'/ af/f ¿kGb]xL bfª afFs] s}nfnL
lhNnf tfKn]h'ª kfFry/ Onfd
emfkf
df]/ª
1,53,614 85=99 24 hgsk'/ 1,52,875 261=59 19 x]6f}+8f 1,23,659 108=94 27 sn}of 1,14,185 309=67 23 lhtk'/–l;d/f 1,38,742 101=61 19 a'6jn 1,41,528 384=63 19 t'n;Lk'/ 1,56,164 522=21 19 3f]/fxL 1,38,951 85=94 23 g]kfnuGh 1,47,741 261=75 19 wgu9L tflnsf g+= !=^ gu/kflnsf flnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof If]qkmn j8f qm=;+= gu/kgfd -ju{ ls=ld=_ ;ª\Vof 1 km'ª\ulng @^$)^ !@%=%& !! 2 lkmlbd $(@)! !(@=% !$ 3 48536 173=32 12 Onfd 4 32927 191=63 9 b]pdfO{ 5 32576 246=11 10 dfO{ 6 56691 252=52 14 ;"of]{bo 7 111797 192=85 15 d]rLgu/ 8 75102 70=86 10 bds 9 40141 80=98 9 sGsfO{ 10 65543 96=35 10 eb|k'/ 11 60204 109=86 11 ch'{gwf/f 12 64596 145=87 11 lzj;tfIfL 13 53033 149=86 9 uf}/fbx 14 81878 78=24 10 ljtf{df]8 15 65892 132=79 11 a]naf/L 16 32053 119=23 9 n]6fª 17 62440 79=81 10 ky/L zlgZr/] 18 52013 111=78 9 /ª\u]nL
# $ % ^ & * ( !) !!
g]kfn kl/ro÷17
19 20 21 22 23
;'g;/L
24 25 26 27
wgs'6f
28 29
t]x|y'd
30 31 32 33
;ª\v'jf;ef
34 35 36
ef]hk'/ ;f]n'v'Da' cf]vn9'ª\uf
37 38 39 40 41
vf]6fª
42 43
pbok'/
44 45 46
18÷g]kfn
kl/ro
/t'jfdfO{ ;'gjifL{ pnf{af/L ;'Gb/x/}Frf Og?jf b'xjL /fdw'gL a/fx kflv|af; wgs'6f dxfnIdL Dofª\n'ª nfnLu'/fF; r}gk'/ wd{b]jL vfFbaf/L dfbL kfFrvkg ef]hk'/ if8fgGb ;f]n'b"ws'08 l;l4r/0f xn];Lt'jfr'ª lbQm]n ¿kfsf]6 dem'jfu9L s6f/L rf}b08Lu9L lqo'uf j]nsf
55380
142=15
10
50758
106=4
9
54696
74=62
9
80518
110=16
12
63593
77=92
10
56269
76=67
12
51752
91=69
9
77408
222=09
11
22078
144=29
10
36619
111
10
24800
129=39
9
19659
100=21
10
16970
90=27
9
27308
223=69
11
18235
132=82
9
31177
122=78
11
14470
110=1
9
17521
148=03
9
27207
159=51
12
31610
241=15
14
20399
538=09
10
28374
167=88
12
29532
280=17
11
46903
246=51
15
56146
424=89
14
48574
283=78
10
87557
547=43
16
42386
344=73
9
47
;Kt/L
48 49 50 51 52 53 54
%% 56 57 58
l;/fxf
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
wg'iff
67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74
/fhlj/fh s~rg¿k 8fSg]Zj/L af]b]a/;fOg v8s zDe'gfy ;'?ª\uf xg'dfggu/ sª\sflngL ;Ktsf];L nxfg wgu9LdfO{ l;/xf uf]nahf/ ldr}{of sNof0fk'/ sh{Gxf ;'lvk'/ lIf/]Zj/gfy u0f]zdfg rf/gfy wg'iff wfd gu/fOg ljb]x ldlynf ;lxbgu/ ;a}nf sdnf ldlynf ljxf/L x+;k'/
67262
52
15
35898
143=33
12
49788
77=83
11
65048
91=97
16
45367
96=77
11
33012
99=99
11
44221
107=04
11
45734
118=19
14
21131
60=25
11
91766
167=17
24
47449
159=51
14
82531
94=2
22
52137
111=94
13
50079
91=97
12
49288
76=81
12
30965
76=84
11
37592
54=78
10
47453
60=39
11
37300
244=31
11
45665
91=64
9
47628
49=19
10
38877
52=67
10
41030
181=90
10
43770
57=37
9
45879
64=47
13
65=85
9
33521
37=6
10
39145
48=71
9
g]kfn kl/ro÷19
75 76 77
dxf]Q/L
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
;nf{xL
91 92 93 94 95
l;Gw'nL /fd]5fk bf]nvf
96 97 98 99 100 101 102
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
103 104
20÷g]kfn
kl/ro
hn]Zj/ alb{af; uf}zfnf nf]x/k§L /fduf]kfnk'/ dg/f lz;jf dl6xfgL eFufxf anjf cf}/xL O{Zj/k'/ dnª\ujf nfnaGbL xl/k'/ xl/k"jf{ xl/jg j/xyjf an/f uf]8}6f afUdtL sljnfzL sdnfdfO{ b'wf}nL dGynL /fd]5fk lh/L eLd]Zj/ rf}t/f ;fFufrf]su9L afx|aL;] d]nDrL
58549
44=26
12
63912
315=57
13
66673
144=73
12
39579
50=06
9
29612
39=54
9
49692
49=73
10
31026
29=02
9
46754
77=21
9
42341
44=07
11
31751
35=76
9
59986
163=83
15
46516
30=44
12
59395
238=5
17
44342
73=45
10
51355
46=95
11
43924
86=12
11
69822
107=05
18
49452
52=1
12
43429
45=07
11
40399
101=18
10
42336
48=11
10
65064
482=57
14
65302
390=39
14
45416
211=78
14
28612
202=45
9
15515
211=27
9
32480
132=5
9
46501
165=25
14
26700
96=73
9
45343
158=17
13
105 106
sfe|]knf~rf]s
107 108 109 110
nlntk'/
111 112 113
eQmk'/
114 115 116 117 118 119 120
sf7df8f}F
121 122 123 124 125 126
g'jfsf]6 wflbª dsjfgk'/
127 128 129 130 131 132 133
/f}tx6
134 135 136
w'lnv]n ag]kf kgf}tL kfFrvfn gdf]a'4 dG8gb]pk'/ uf]bfj/L dxfnIdL rfFu'gf/fo0f eQmk'/ dWok'/ lydL ;"o{ljgfos sfu]Zj/L dgf]x/f sLlt{k'/ uf]s0f]{Zj/ rGb|flul/ 6f]vf tf/s]Zj/ blIf0fsfnL gfufh'{g a'9flgns07 zª\s/fk'/ ljb'/ a]nsf]6u9L w'lga]F;L gLns07 yfxf rGb|k'/ u?8f uf}/ af}lwdfO{ j[Gbfjg
32162
55
12
55628
55
14
46595
118
12
37997
103
13
29519
102
11
32659
89
12
78301
96=11
14
62172
26=51
10
55430
62=98
9
81728
6=89
10
83036
11=47
9
78490
42=45
10
60237
27=38
12
65602
14=76
10
107351
58=5
9
85198
43=92
15
99032
17=11
11
81443
54=95
11
24296
42=86
9
67420
29=85
10
107918
34=8
13
25338
60=21
9
54351
130=01
13
39888
155=6
13
31029
96=3
9
58515
197=7
14
41623
191=12
12
72058
249=96
10
50481
44=46
9
68476
51=3
13
36265
35=343
9
42735
95=4
9
g]kfn kl/ro÷21
137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150
af/f
151 152 153 154
k;f{
155 156 157
lrtjg
158 159 160
uf]/vf
161 162 163
ndh'ª
164 165 166
22÷g]kfn
kl/ro
b]jfxL uf]gfxL u9LdfO{ u'h/f s6xl/of dfwjgf/fo0f df}nfk'/ kmt'jfljhok'/ Ozgfy k/f]xf /fhk'/ /fhb]jL sf]NxjL lghu9 dxfu9LdfO{ l;d|f}gu9 kr/f}tf kf]vl/of jx'b/dfO{ k;f{u9L sflnsf v}/xgL df8L /Tggu/ /fKtL uf]/vf kfn'ª\6f/ a];L;x/ dWog]kfn /fOgfz ;'Gb/ahf/
32143
33=99
9
40410
49=44
9
46592
150=33
9
38413
40=69
9
35175
48=53
9
26431
34=75
9
36533
65=24
11
41435
35=17
9
37453
37=45
9
31292
28=21
9
43036
157=4
11
35335
289=43
13
54474
55=32
11
49939
42=65
11
34175
44=01
11
55338
56=81
11
39673
31=55
9
68067
99=96
9
41442
149=08
11
56094
85=55
13
37683
218=24
9
69848
68=68
16
57107
212=31
13
49272
131=86
14
38174
158=62
10
39356
127=64
11
23385
113=86
10
18527
71=97
10
26861
72=05
11
167
tgx'F
168 169 170 171 172
:ofª\hf
173 174 175
DofUbL kj{t
176 178 178 179
afun'ª
180 181 182
u'NdL kfNkf gjnk/f;L k"j{
183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190
gjnk/f;L klZrd
191 192 193 194 195
¿kGb]xL
196 197 198
efg' ledfb Jof; z'Snfu08sL uNofª rfkfsf]6 k'tnLahf/ le/sf]6 jflnª a]gL s':df kmn]jf; afun'ª unsf]6 h}ldgL 9f]/kf6g d'l;sf]6 /];'Ëf /fdk'/ tfg;]g sfjf;f]tL u}F8fsf]6 b]jr'nL dWoljGb' ab{3f6 /fdu|fd ;'gjn b]jbx n'lDagL ;f+:sl[ ts ;}gfd}gf l;4fy{gu/ ltnf]Qdf
45792
184
13
31362
129
9
70335
248
14
48456
165
12
36967
122=71
11
26042
120=59
10
44876
147=21
14
25583
78=23
9
51143
128=40
14
33498
76=57
10
39600
93=18
14
24687
85=7
11
57823
98=01
14
33097
194=39
11
31430
118=71
10
26215
222=85
9
32802
114=74
9
32548
83=74
14
35396
123=34
10
50405
109=8
14
62421
108=34
17
58836
159=93
18
42603
112=72
17
54140
233=35
15
55382
162=05
16
59455
128=32
18
55424
139=1
13
53523
136=95
12
72497
112=21
13
55822
162=18
11
63483
36=03
13
100149
126=19
17
g]kfn kl/ro÷23
199 200
slknj:t'
201 202 203 204 205
c3f{vfFrL
206 207 208
Ko'7fg
209
/f]Nkf
210
?s'd klZrd
212
211 213 214
;Nofg
215 216 217
bfª afFs]
218 219 220 221
alb{of
222 223 224 225 226 227
;'v]{t
228 229 24÷g]kfn
kl/ro
slknj:t' a'4e"ld lzj/fh dx/fhu~h s[i0fgu/ jf0fuª\uf ;lGwvs{ zLtuª\uf e"ldsf:yfg Ko'7fg :ju{åf/L /f]Nkf d'l;sf]6 rf}/hxf/L cf7la;sf]6 zf/bf afurf}/ aguf8 s'lk08] ndxL sf]xnk'/ u'nl/of dw'jg /fhfk'/ 7fs'/afaf afF;u9L af/alb{of jL/]Gb|gu/ e]/Luª\uf u'ef{sf]6 k~rk'/L n]sa];L
76394
136=91
12
64949
366=67
10
66781
284=07
11
54800
112=21
11
62370
96=66
12
75242
233=68
11
41079
129=42
12
43373
610=43
14
32640
159=13
10
38449
128=96
10
30940
224=70
9
32759
270=42
10
32939
136=06
14
27438
107=38
14
33601
560=34
14
33730
198=34
15
34118
163=14
12
36053
338=21
12
47655
326=66
9
70647
184=26
15
66679
118=21
12
46437
129=73
9
59553
127=08
10
44361
104=57
9
55875
206=08
9
68012
226=09
11
100458
245=06
16
41407
256=2
13
43765
228=62
14
32231
329=9
11
30295
180=92
10
230
b}n]v
231 232 233 234
hfh/sf]6
235 236
8f]Nkf h'Dnf
237 238 239 240
sflnsf]6
241 242
d'u'
243 244
afh'/f
245 246 247
aemfª
248 249 250
c5fd
251 252 253
8f]6L
254 255 256
s}nfnL
257 258
gf/fo0f b'Nn' rfd'08f laGb|f;}gL cf7aL; e]/L 5]8fuf8 gnuf8 7'nL e]/L lqk'/f ;'Gb/L rGbggfy vfF8frqm /f:sf]6 ltnfu'kmf 5fofgfy /f/f a8Ldflnsf lqj]0fL a'9Luª\uf a'9LgGbf hok[YjL a'ª\un dª\un;]g sdnahf/ ;fFkm]au/ k~rb]jn ljgfos lbkfon l;nu9L lzv/ 6Lsfk'/ 3f]8f3f]8L nDsLr'xf
27037
110=63
11
41540
156=77
13
26149
90=6
9
29227
168
9
33515
219=77
13
35295
284=2
13
25597
387=44
13
8370
421=34
11
10104
395=54
11
19047
102=03
10
20288
133=29
11
16272
59=73
9
15766
262=56
11
20078
480=67
14
16818
276
9
18363
170=32
9
21677
59=2
10
18776
232=48
10
22191
166=79
11
33224
447=59
11
32331
210=14
14
23738
120=78
10
33788
166=71
14
27485
147=75
9
32941
126=62
9
31801
285=37
11
76084
118=33
9
75586
354=45
12
75425
225
10
g]kfn kl/ro÷25
259 260 261 262 263 264
s~rg'k/
265 266 267 268
88]Nw'/f
269
270 271 272
a}t8L
273 274
bfr'{nf
lhNnf
tfKn]h'ª
26÷g]kfn
kl/ro
275 276
ehgL uf]bfj/L uf}/Luª\uf eLdbQ k'gfjf{; j]bsf]6 dxfsfnL z'SnfkmfF6f a]nf}/L s[i0fk'/ cd/u9L k/z'/fd bz/yrGb kf6g d]nf}gL k'rf}{F8L dxfsfnL z}Nolzv/
51845
176=25
9
78018
308=63
12
55314
244=44
11
104599
171=8
19
53633
103=71
11
49479
159=92
10
39253
56=84
10
46834
162=57
12
53544
123=37
10
56643
252=75
9
21245
139=33
11
34983
414=07
12
34575
135=15
11
30435
219=26
10
22545
119=43
9
39174
198=52
10
21231
135=11
9
22060
117=81
9
tflnsf g+= !=& ufp“kflnsf flnsfsf] hg;ª\Vof If]qkmn j8f qm=;+= ufp“kgfd -ju{ ls=ld=_ ;ª\Vof cf7/fO{ lqj]0fL 1 !#&*$ **=*# % l;lbª\jf 2 !@)(( @)^ & kmQmfªn'ª 3 !@)!& !*%*=%! & ldSjfvf]nf 4 (!^) $$@=(^ % d]l/ªb]g 5 !@%$* @!)=## ^ d}jfvf]nf 6 !!)#& !#* ^ kfyLe/f 7 !#%(! (#=&^ ^ ofªj/s l;l/hª\uf 8 !%*)^ $*!=)( *
9 10 11
kfFry/
12 13 14 15 16 17
Onfd
18 19 20 21 22 23 24
emfkf
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
df]/ª
32 33 34 35 36
kmfn]n'ª kmfNu'gGb lxlnxfª s'Ddfos ldSnfh'ª t'Dj]jf ofªj/s kmfskmf]sy'd r'nfr'nL dfO{hf]udfO{ dfª;]a'ª /f]ª ;Gbsk'/ sdn uf}/Lu~h afx|bzL emfkf a'4zflGt xNbLaf/L srgsjg a'9Luª\uf wgkfnyfg u|fdyfg hxbf sfg]kf]v/L s6x/L s]/faf/L ldSnfh'ª
@!**$ @$)^)
@)&=!$ !)&=%#
* &
22913
123=01
7
16118
129=3
5
24715
166=61
8
13419
117=34
5
18281
208=63
6
21619
108=79
7
20820
108=46
6
21044
172=41
6
18503
142=41
6
19135
155=06
6
16065
156=01
5
44365
104=57
7
33038
101=35
6
33653
88=44
7
34601
94=12
7
41615
79=78
7
29223
117=34
5
39535
109=45
41586
56=41
7
39394
70=26
7
32717
71=84
7
41819
62=38
7
38033
82=83
7
39775
51=59
7
30431
219=83
10
28708
158=98
9
g]kfn kl/ro÷27
37 38 39
;'g;/L
40 41 42 43 44
wgs'6f
45 46 47
t]x|y'd
48 49 50 51 52
;+v'jf;ef
53 54 55 56 57 58 59
ef]hk'/
60 61 62 63
;f]n'v'Da'
64 65
28÷g]kfn
kl/ro
b]jfgu~h sf];L u9L ah'{ ef]qmfxf g/l;+x xl/gu/f ;fFu'/Lu9L ;lxbe"ld 5y/ hf]/kf6L rf}la;] cf7/fO{ 5y/ km]bfk d]G5ofo]d ef]6vf]nf lrlrnf dsfn' ;efkf]v/L l;lnrf]ª 6]Ds]d}o'ª /fdk|;fb/fO{ c?0f kf}jfb'ªdf ;fNkfl;ln5f] cfdrf]s xt'jfu9L b'wsf];L v'Da' kf;fªNxfd' y'n'ª b'wsf];L
35073
53=56
7
4326
75=98
8
34852
67=7
6
31178
69=43
6
40509
63=37
8
40846
52=29
7
21536
166=44
10
18760
99=55
7
18322
102=83
6
19283
147=60
8
21747
167=07
7
16715
133=93
6
17700
110=83
5
8078
70=09
6
6576
639=01
5
7065
88=63
5
13204
519=45
6
10492
222=08
6
12174
293=26
5
17911
173=41
9
18848
158=83
8
17687
154=76
7
15394
118=86
6
13111
193=33
6
18720
184=89
10
20404
142=61
9
13414
167=67
7
8989
1539=11
5
19672
144=6
9
66 67 68 69 70 71 72
cf]vn9'ª\uf
73 74 75 76 77 78 79
vf]6fª
80 81 82 83 84 85
pbok'/
86 87 88 89 90
;Kt/L
91 92 93
g]rf;Nofg dfxfs'n'ª lnv' lks] ;f]tfª lvlhb]Djf rDkfb]jL lr;+v'u9L dfg]eGHofª df]n'ª lnv' ;'gsf];L P]F;]n'vs{ /fjfj];L hGt]9'ª\uf vf]6]xfª s]lknf;u9L lbk|'ª r'Or'Ddf ;fs]nf a/fxkf]v/L pbok'/u9L tfKnL /f}tfdfO{ lnDr'ªa'ª cUgL;fO/ s[i0ff;j/g l5Ggd:tf dxfb]jf anfgljx'n lt/x't
16129
94=49
6
11452
648=05
5
5534
124=38
5
9530
103
5
15106
179=77
9
18613
126=91
10
15196
126=91
8
21082
146=61
9
15862
112
8
14049
88=03
9
18550
143=75
10
16097
125=93
7
133=69
97=44
6
15444
128=68
6
22474
164=09
9
15288
191=55
7
20175
136=59
7
11594
79=99
5
14349
141=57
6
30731
269=51
8
14562
119=11
5
23481
204=08
8
11992
106=8
5
28481
77=08
5
33867
47=92
8
28542
34=97
6
26068
33=04
6
22010
37=81
5
g]kfn kl/ro÷29
94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102
l;/fxf
103 104 105 106 107 108 109
wg'iff
110 111 112 113 114 115
dxf]Q/L
116 117 118 119
;nf{xL
120 121
30÷g]kfn
kl/ro
ltnf7L sf]Onf8L ¿kgL a]NxL rk]gf lji0f'k'/ eujfgk'/ cf}/xL lji0f'k'/ al/of/k§L nIdLk'/ ktf/L g/xf ;v'jfgfGsf/fs§L cg{df gj/fhk'/ hgs glGbgL a6]Zj/ d'lvofk§L d';x/ldof nIdLlgof wgf}hL cf}/xL Ps8f/f ;f]gdf ;fD;L dxf]Q/L lkk/f sf}8]gf rqm3§ rGb|gu/ wgsf}n
32389
32=91
8
26387
56=08
6
23982
38=7
5
22454
40=25
7
20957
33=03
5
23046
35=86
5
18522
26=34
5
25256
37=72
5
26913
42=33
6
19369
29=28
5
18558
32=84
5
22912
37=76
5
19019
32=18
5
25085
27=62
6
19679
28=14
5
25482
26=84
6
28251
30=66
7
21395
22
5
32294
36=32
8
38962
30=97
8
38747
57=77
8
33791
21=57
7
27430
28=08
6
35524
39=98
7
25=33
7
46805
43=36
13
33328
47=5
7
32881
46=06
9
122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
l;Gw'nL
130 131 132 133 134 135
/fd]5fk
136 137 138 139 140 141 142
bf]nvf
143 144 145 146 147
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
148 149
a|Xdfk'/L /fdgu/ lji0f' k;f{ a;al/of uf]nGhf]/ £ofªn]v tLgkf6g lkmSsn dl/0f ;'gsf];L xl/x/k'/u9L pdfs'08 vfF8fb]jL uf]s'nuª\uf bf]/Daf lnv' tfdfsf];L ;'gfktL sflnGrf]s uf}/Lzª\s/ tfdfsf];L d]n'ª lau' j}t]Zj/ z}n'ª OGb|fjtL h'un kfFrkf]v/L yfªkfn
36169
40=56
9
40128
51=59
10
39204
39=87
12
23=12
6
23568
29=42
6
19329
184=13
7
13661
166=77
5
38395
280=26
11
16968
186=06
6
27822
324=55
8
21473
154=68
7
27727
343=9
8
17601
451=99
7
27761
150=7
9
20058
198=4
6
22738
140=88
7
23109
124=51
7
18141
186=98
5
22954
132=49
9
17062
681=39
9
18849
153=06
7
20210
86=54
7
18449
663=2
8
19876
80=41
8
20098
128=67
8
28517
105=09
12
19331
273=62
7
20860
187=29
8
g]kfn kl/ro÷31
150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158
sfe|]knf~rf]s
159 160 161 162 163
nlntk'/
164 165 166 167 168
/;'jf
169 170 171 172 173
g'jfsf]6
174 175 176 177 178
32÷g]kfn
kl/ro
an]kmL ef]6]sf];L ln;ª\v' ;'gsf];L x]nDa' lqk'/f;'Gb/L vfgLvf]nf rf}/Lb]p/fnL t]dfn a]yfgrf]s e'Dn' dxfef/t /f]zL sf]GHof];f]d afUdtL dxf+sfn pQ/uof sflnsf uf];fOFs'08 gf}s'08 cfdf 5f]lbª\df] ssgL ls:kfª tfbL tf/s]Zj/ b'Kr]Zj/ kGrsGof lnv' Douª
18909
61=60
8
17156
278=31
5
15155
98=61
7
16713
72=84
7
17671
287=26
7
15062
94=28
6
14398
132
7
20829
98
9
22712
89
9
16777
101
6
18916
91
10
18283
186
8
28746
176
12
9709
44=16
5
13049
111=49
7
9453
82=44
6
8255
104=51
5
9421
192=54
5
7143
978=77
6
11825
126=99
6
5490
682=23
5
27073
87=97
8
14861
82=57
5
17932
69=8
6
15719
72=62
6
22106
131=62
7
15945
53=47
5
16852
47=88
6
13479
97=83
6
179 180 181 182 183 184 185
wflbª
186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194
dsjfgk'/
195 196 197 198 199
/f}tx6
200 201 202 203
af/f
204 205 206 207
lzjk'/L ;"o{u9L vlgofaf; uh'/L uN5L uª\ufhd'gf Hjfnfd'vL yfqm] g]qfjtL a]gL3f6 /f]/fª ?jL EofnL l;4n]s lqk'/f;'Gb/L OGb|;/f]j/ s}nfz as}of afudtL eLdkm]bL dsjfgk'/u9L dgx/L /flS;/fª b'uf{eujtL od'gfdfO{ cfbz{ sf]6jfn s/}ofdfO{ b]jtfn la>fdk'/ k/jfgLk'/ k|;f}gL
20769
101=5
8
16800
49=09
5
12749
120=8
5
27084
138=66
8
27784
129=08
8
21784
152=72
7
23966
114=04
7
32914
96=41
11
12870
181=78
5
31475
29=17
10
95665
401=85
6
23729
106=09
7
22960
271=23
7
17585
97=34
5
23922
204=48
10
39620
393=75
12
30495
311=79
9
23344
245=27
9
25322
148=72
8
38399
199=52
9
26192
226=7
9
39288
30=41
8
23884
16=7
5
27552
36=25
8
26400
47=69
8
23223
23=31
7
23785
19=81
5
37795
29=25
9
33485
26=35
7
g]kfn kl/ro÷33
208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215
k;f{
216 217 218 219 220 221
lrtjg
222 223 224 225
uf]/vf
226 227 228 229 230 231 232
ndh'ª
233 234
34÷g]kfn
kl/ro
km]6f af/u9L ;'j0f{ hu/gfyk'/ wf]lagL l5kx/dfO{ ksxf d}gk'/ ljGbjfl;gL 7f]/L sflnsfdfO{ lh/fejfgL ;v'jf k|;f}gL k6]jf{ ;'uf}nL OR5fsfdgf af/kfs ;'lnsf]6 l;/fgrf]s clh/sf]6 cf?3f6 u08sL r'dg'j|L wfr]{ eLd;]g yfkf ;lxb nvg SJxf]nf;f]yf/ b"wkf]v/L bf]bL{ d:of{ª\bL
30786
26=1
8
27191
39=29
6
29602
36=84
8
31591
45=29
6
19911
24=41
5
26671
24=90
5
20717
21=26
5
24468
26=04
5
20296
128=67
5
21131
24=33
5
22765
55=39
5
32448
74=27
6
36226
103=11
7
25012
166=73
7
25389
200=63
8
23628
121=66
8
14802
198=05
5
23887
160=79
10
23253
123=86
8
6923
1648=65
7
13229
651=52
7
22033
101=25
8
27555
148=97
9
10032
175=37
9
10975
153=33
6
18392
350=93
9
18759
597=25
9
235 236
tgx'F
237 238 239 240 241 242
:ofª\hf
243 244 245 246 247
sf:sL
248 249 250 251
dgfª
252 253 254 255 256
d':tfª
257 258 259 260
DofUbL
261 262
cfa'v}/]gL l/l;ª l3l/ª b]j3f6 DofUb] aGbLk'/ ch'{g rf}kf/L cfFwLvf]nf sfnLu08sL km]bLvf]nf lj?jf xl/gf; cGgk"0f{ df5fk'R5«] dfbL ¿kf rfd] gfkf{e"ld gf;f] dgfª l8:ofª 3/kemf]ª yf;fª nf] 3]s/ bfdf]b/s'08 nf]dGyfª af/u'ª d'lQmIf]q cGgk"0f{ wjnflul/ dª\unf
20768
128
6
25870
215
8
19318
126
5
16131
159
5
22502
115
7
20013
102
6
16176
57=22
6
16589
69=61
6
21728
73=51
7
12341
56=73
5
18413
95=79
8
17343
87=48
7
23417
33=33
11
21868
544=58
9
18153
563
12
14519
94=81
7
1129
78=86
5
538
837=54
5
1938
709=58
2222
694=63
9
3029
316
5
2912
289
5
1423
1344
5
1899
727
5
2330
886
5
13315
556=41
8
14104
1037
7
16286
89
5
g]kfn kl/ro÷35
263 264 265 266 267
kj{t
268 269 270 271 272
afun'ª
273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280
u'NdL
281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289
kfNkf
290 291 292 36÷g]kfn
kl/ro
dflnsf /3'uª\uf hnhnf k}o'F dxflznf df]bL ljxfbL a/]ª sf7]vf]nf tdfgvf]nf tf/fvf]nf lg;Lvf]nf al8uf8 O:df sfnLu08sL u'NdLb/af/ ;TojtL rGb|sf]6 ?? If]q 5qsf]6 w'sf{]6 dbfg] dflnsf lg:bL k"j{vf]nf /Def dfyfu9L ltgfp augf;sfnL l/AbLsf]6
19458
147
7
15753
379
8
21454
82=26
9
15381
42=65
7
9857
49=38
6
21284
143=6
8
13403
44=8
6
14492
75=28
5
22865
82=88
8
10659
178=02
6
12009
129=53
5
20611
244=37
7
30906
178=68
10
20964
81=88
6
18876
101=04
7
22037
79=99
7
23807
115=92
8
21827
105=73
8
18581
67=38
6
21481
87=01
6
22454
86=32
7
21899
94=52
7
21729
92=49
8
22611
194=5
7
19589
138=05
6
20190
94=12
5
25017
215=49
8
11085
202
6
21361
84=17
9
18770
124=55
8
293 294
gjnk/f;L klZrd
295 296 297 298
gjnk/f;L k"j{
299 300 301 302 303 304 305
¿kGb]xL
306 307 308 309 310 311 312
slknj:t'
313 314 315 316
c3f{vfFrL
317 318
/}gfb]jL 5x/f ;':tf kfNxLgGbg k|tfkk'/ ;/fjn a'lnª6f/ ljgoL lqj]0fL af}bLsfnL x'K;]sf]6 u}+8xjf sGrg sf]6xLdfO{ dr{jf/L dfofb]jL cf]d;ltof /f]lx0fL ;Dd/LdfO{ l;o/L z'4f]wg dfofb]jL ozf]w/f z'4f]wg ljhogu/ 5qb]j kfl0fgL dfnf/fgL
26469
175=88
8
43797
112=17
7
35429
44=67
7
41315
87=55
9
38163
73=19
7
19122
147=68
6
25036
267=13
5
15734
91=87
6
25065
189=21
6
47565
96=79
9
33072
58=51
5
41006
58=26
7
38776
48=55
7
47196
72=44
8
34191
48=54
6
37175
64=62
7
38305
50=78
7
38466
66=17
7
34638
57=66
7
48218
88=53
8
37952
67=56
8
45201
91=69
6
36937
173=19
7
25336
87=62
8
26424
151=42
8
28044
101=06
9
g]kfn kl/ro÷37
319 320 321 322
Ko'7fg
323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330
/f]Nkf
331 332 333 334 335
?s'd k"j{
336 337 338
?s'd klZrd
339 340 341 342 343 344
;Nofg
345 346 347 38÷g]kfn
kl/ro
uf}d'vL df08jL ;?df/fgL dNn/fgL gf}alxgL lemd?s P]/fjtL lqj]0fL b'O{vf]nL df8L ?G6Lu9L n'ª\u|L ;'lsbx ;'g5xf/L ;'j0ff{jtL yjfª k'yf pQ/uª\uf e"d] l;:g] afFlkmsf]6 lqj]0fL ;fgLe]/L sfnLdf6L lqj]0fL sk''/sf]6 5q]Zj/L 9f]/rf}/ s'dfvdflnsf bfdf{
25421
139=04
7
15058
113=08
5
18627
157=97
6
17686
80=09
5
30292
213=41
8
27931
106=93
8
22392
156=75
6
22957
205=39
7
20778
163=01
6
17986
129=05
6
27929
232=69
9
23631
135=23
7
20009
124=38
7
16034
277=62
7
28213
156=55
8
10881
191=07
5
17932
560=34
14
18589
273=67
9
16497
327=12
8
18696
190=42
10
19404
85=49
10
22194
133=8
11
23005
500=72
7
16624
119=11
6
18204
119=21
6
21452
150=69
7
13593
89=36
5
24972
177=28
7
19966
81=46
6
348 349 350
bfª
351 352 353 354 355 356
afFs]
357 358 359 360
alb{of
361 362 363
;'v]{t
364 365 366 367 368 369
b}n]v
370 371 372 373 374
hfh/sf]6
375 376 377
aª\unfr'nL bª\lu;/0f u9jf /fhk'/ /fKtL zflGtgu/ aaO{ g/}gfk'/ /fKtL;f]gf/L a}hgfy vh'/f 8'8'jf hfgsL a9}oftfn u]?jf rf}s'g] a/fxtfn lrª\uf8 l;Dtf eujtLdfO{ u'/fF; 8'ª\u]Zj/ gf}d'n] dxfa' e}/jL 7fFl6sfFw s';] h'lgrfFb] af/]sf]6 lzjfno
24245
245=14
8
21484
110=7
7
38592
358=57
8
25037
577=33
7
40763
161=07
9
25203
116=02
7
27469
257=48
7
34942
172=34
6
59946
1041=73
9
54418
141=67
8
50961
101=91
8
37460
91=1
6
37839
63=32
6
47868
115=19
9
34871
78=41
6
25240
381=01
10
26802
455=09
10
17275
170=19
6
25845
241=64
9
18778
151=52
7
22033
164=79
8
15883
105=19
6
20802
228=59
8
19277
110=8
6
21233
110=46
7
18896
88=22
6
20621
273=97
9
21733
246=21
11
18083
577=5
9
15269
134=26
9
g]kfn kl/ro÷39
378 379 380
8f]Nkf
381 382 383 384 385 386 387
h'Dnf
388 389 390 391 392
sflnsf]6
393 394 395 396 397 398
d'u'
399 400 401 402 403
x'Dnf
404 405 406 40÷g]kfn
kl/ro
8f]Nkf] a'4 z] kmf]S;'G8f] hub'Nnf d'8\s]r'nf sfOs] 5fsf{ tfª;f]ª sgsf;'Gb/L l;Ghf lxdf ltnf u'7Lrf}/ tftf]kfgL kftf/f;L krfnem/gf ;fGgL lqj]0fL g/x/Lgfy sflnsf dxfj} knftf d'u'dsfdf{/f]Fu ;f]? vTof8 l;dsf]6 gfDvf vfk'{gfy ;s]{uf8 rª\v]nL cbfgr'nL tfFhfsf]6
2126
377=38
6
3099
123=07
9
2273
83=3
6
5129
250=08
9
3576
466=6
7
1451
345=57
6
12977
225=39
8
12395
153=29
6
10961
132=32
7
13607
175=49
9
9870
427
5
14638
525=56
8
14571
814=07
7
12343
166=92
9
12846
136=71
9
21366
143=86
9
14080
97=32
8
8323
322=07
7
15303
318=84
9
5396
2106=91
9
12238
365=8
11
17116
281=12
11
11557
785=89
8
3900
2419=64
6
6011
880
5
9868
306=7
8
5517
1310=41
6
7116
150=61
6
5964
159=1
5
407 408
afh'/f
409 410 411 412 413 414
aemfª
415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423
c5fd
424 425 426 427 428 429 430
8f]6L
431 432 433 434
uf}d'n kf08j u'kmf :jfldsflQs 5]8]bx lxdfnL tnsf]6 di6f vKt85fGgf ynf/f ljTy8lr/ ;"df{ 5lj;kflye]/f b'uf{ynL s]bf/:o'F ;fOkfn rf}/kf6L d]Nn]v afGgLu9L hou9 /fdf/f]zg 9sf/L t'df{vfFb k"jL{rf}sL a8Ls]bf/ hf]/fon ;fon cfbz{ s]=cfO{=l;+= af]u6fg km'ª\l;n
8515
314=66
6
9432
171=72
6
12748
110=55
5
18575
135=08
7
9214
830=33
7
11557
335=26
7
14951
109=24
7
15893
113=52
7
17952
105=51
9
17154
86=15
9
9022
170=8
5
16296
116=34
7
12972
61=83
7
21307
113=91
9
2182
1467=27
5
25149
182=16
7
24670
134=78
8
17359
58=26
6
25166
173=33
7
21562
227=88
8
24940
232=07
8
22483
117=66
7
16720
332=55
5
20814
419=09
6
19551
122=72
6
23945
128=47
7
20903
127=01
7
17902
300=22
7
g]kfn kl/ro÷41
435 436 437
s}nfnL
438 439 440
s~rgk'/
441 442 443 444 445
88]Nw'/f
446 447 448 449 450
a}t8L
451 452 453 454 455 456 457
bfr'{nf
458 459 460
hfgsL ab{uf]l/of df]xGofn s}nf/L hf]zLk'/ r'/] a]n8fF8L nfnemf8L cflntfn efu]Zj/ gjb'uf{ chod]? uGofkw'/f ;'g{of l;uf; lzjgfy k~r]Zj/ bf]u8fs]bf/ l8nf;}gL dflnsfh'{g clk lxdfn b'x'F gf}uf9 dfdf{ n]sd Aof;
48540
107=27
9
32683
77=26
6
22053
626=95
7
47987
233=27
9
36459
65=57
7
18924
493=18
6
21949
36=70
5
22569
154=65
6
18531
292=87
8
14129
233=38
5
19957
141=89
5
7066
148=9
6
15093
135=65
5
18549
124=52
8
21510
245=44
9
17115
81=65
6
18766
120=41
6
24632
126=38
8
22924
125=28
7
15581
100=82
8
6779
613=95
6
10818
65=35
5
15874
180=27
6
14956
208=06
6
14838
83=98
6
10347
839=26
6
;|f]t M ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno 42÷g]kfn
kl/ro
tflnsf g+= !=* gbL lsgf/df cjl:yt gu/x¿ gu/ sf7df8f}F ljb'/ kf]v/f bdf}nL j];L;x/ afUn'ª s':df a'6jn 3f]/fxL :ofª\hfahf/ a]gL hf]d;f]d rfd] dx]Gb|gu/ h'Dnf lbkfon e/tk'/ -gf/fo0fu9_ ufO3f6 rGb|u9L sfFs8le§f dGynL l;ldsf]6 w'Gr] x]6f}F8f
lhNnf sf7df8f}F g'jfsf]6 sf:sL tgx'F ndh'ª afUn'ª kj{t ¿kGb]xL bfª :ofª\hf DofUbL d':tfª dgfª s~rgk'/ h'Dnf 8f]6L lrtjg pbok'/ emfkf emfkf /fd]5fk x'Dnf /;'jf dsjfgk'/
gbL afUdtL lqz'nL ;]tLu08sL ;]tL÷dfbL d:of{ª\bL sfnLu08sL df]bL ltgfp aaO{ cfFwLvf]nf sfnLu08sL sfnLu08sL d:of{ª\bL dxfsfnL h'Dnf s0ff{nL -tLnf_ ;]tL gf/fo0fL -;Ktu08sL_ lqo'uf d]rL d]rL ;'gsf];L x'Dnfs0ff{nL lqz'nL /fKtL g]kfn kl/ro÷43
l;Gw'nLdf9L u'n/Lof dfGdf
l;Gw'nL abL{of sflnsf]6
sdnfdfO{ aaO{ h'Dnfs0ff{nL
!=$ g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgx¿ !=$=! e"ld g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgdWo] e"ld Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t xf] . g]kfnsf] w/ftn / jg:kltdf leGgtf ePem}F oxfFsf] df6f]sf] cj:yf / u'0fdf klg w]/} leGgtf 5 . Land Resource Mapping Project -!(&*÷&(_ sf cg';f/ g]kfndf v]tLof]Uo e"efu !* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cEof; ul/Psf s]xL e"ld Joj:yf /}s/ e"ld /}s/ zAbsf] Jo'TklQ b'O{ zAbsf] cy{af6 ePsf] xf] . …/}Ú zAbn] /fHo / …s/Ú eg]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ltg'{kg]{ clgjfo{ e'QmfgL xf] . To;}n] /}s/ e"ld jf hUuf eGgfn] ;/sf/L :jfldTjdf /x]sf] / ef]urng ug]{ JolQmn] dfnkf]t ltg'{kg]{ hUufnfO{ hgfpFb5 . o:tf] hUuf cfˆgf] cwLgdf /fv]/ k|of]u ug]{ JolQmn] ;/sf/L /fh:jsf ¿kdf ;/sf/nfO{ dfnkf]t a'emfpg'kb{5 . ljtf{ e"ld s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] axfb'/Lk"j{s sfd u/]df jf s'g} JolQm d'n'sL zf;gsf] b[li6df /fd|f] ;fljt ePdf p;nfO{ …j[lQÚ :j¿k k|bfg ul/g] hUufnfO{ ljtf{ hUuf elgG5 . g]kfndf ljz]if u/L /f0ffzf;g sfndf o:tf] hUuf afF8\g] rng lyof] . a|fXd0fnfO{ bfg :j¿k k|bfg ul/g] hUufnfO{ s'z ljtf{, s'g} ;/sf/L sd{rf/LnfO{ /fd|f] sfo{ u/]afkt k|bfg ul/g] hUufnfO{ lkmsb/ ljtf{, o'4 ubf{ub}{ d/]sf] ;}lgssf kl/jf/nfO{ lbg] hUufnfO{ d/j6 ljtf{ elgGYof] . /f0ffsfndf pgLx¿sf]cg'ofoL h'g;'s}JolQmnfO{ klg ljtf{sf ¿kdf hUuf lbg]k|rng lyof] . o;n]ubf{ sl/a #% k|ltzt s[lifof]Uo e"ld ljtf{sf ¿kdf ljt/0f ePsf] lyof] . lj=;= @)!^ ;fndf ljtf{ pGd"ng P]g hf/L u/L ;Dk"0f{ ljtf{ hUufx¿nfO{ /}s/df kl/0ft ul/of] . u'7L e"ld s'g}ljz] if ;fj{hlgs jf ;fd"lxs p2] Zo k"lt{sf nflu s'g}6«i6sf ¿kdf k|of]u ePsf];+:yfut hUufnfO{ u'7L hUuf elgG5 . u'7L zAbsf] pTklQ ;+:s[t zAbsf] …uf]i7LÚ af6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ …kl/ifb\Ú eGg] hgfpFb5 . g]kfndf d7 dlGb/jf b]jfnodf k"hfcfhf ug{sf nflu tyf 44÷g]kfn
kl/ro
wfld{s w/f]x/x¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tsf ¿kdf pknAw u/fOPsf] hUuf u'7Lsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf ljz]if u/L kz'kltgfy, hoafu]Zj/L, /fdhfgsL dlGb/h:tf w]/} d7dlGb/sf u'7L hUufx¿ 5g\ . o:tf hUufaf6 lgoldt ¿kdf cfDbfgL k|fKt eO/xg] ePsfn] wfld{s lqmofsnfkx¿ ;~rfng ug{ tyf d7 dlGb/agfpg Pjd\ hL0ff]{4f/ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 . o:tf u'7Ldf vf;u/]/ /fhu'7L, b'lgofF u'7L, lkns/fgf u'7L, as; u'7L cflb a9L dfqfdf kfOG5g\ . g]kfndf e"ld;'wf/P]g, @)@! cg';f/;a}lsl;dsf u'7LnfO{ lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu u'7L ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . lsk6 e"ld g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L efudf o:tf] e"ld k|yf k|rlnt lyof] . o:tf hUufdf k|of]ustf{n] s/ ltg'{kb}{g . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] k"j{sf /fO{ tyf lnDa" hfltx¿nfO{ lsk6 hUuf k|bfg u/]sf lyP . o;/L lsk6 hUuf k|fKt u/]sf tL If]qsf hgtfn] cfjZos k/]sf] avt ;/sf/nfO{ jf /fhfnfO{ ;xof]u k|bfg ug'{kb{Yof] . o:tf] hUuf cGo JolQmnfO{ a]Rg dgfxL ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ lj=;+= @)@! df e"ld;'wf/ nfu' ePkl5 o:tf] hUuf /}s/ hUuf ;/x lsga]r ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ul/of] . g]kfndf pknAw df6f]sf k|sf/ -s_ kf“uf] df6f] t/fO{ k|b]z / a]F;Ldf kfFuf] df6f] kfOG5 . gbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f] / afn'jfdf s'lxPsf] emf/kft;d]t ldnL aGg] of] df6fdf afn'jf / lrD6] df6fsf] dfqf sl/a a/fa/ x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df r'g, km:kmf]/; / kf]6f; cflb vlgh tTjsf]ld>0f x'G5 . o;}n]of]df6f]s[lif sfo{sf nflu pQd dflgG5 . wfg, ;gkf6, pv', ;'tL{, t]nxg cflb of]df6f]df Hofb};lk|G5 . -v_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f] efa/ k|b]z, leqL dw]; / r'/] kxf8df o; lsl;dsf] df6f] kfOG5 . of] df6f] gbLåf/f hDdf ePsf afn'jf, sª\s8, kTy/h:tf v's'nf v;|f kbfy{ ldnL ag]sf] x'G5 . dlnnf] df6f]sf] cg'kft / h}ljs kbfy{ sd x'g] of] df6f]df kfgL c8\b}g / df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm klg clt sd x'G5 . o:tf] df6f]df l;FrfO ug{ sl7g x'G5 . of] s[lif sfo{sf nflu tNnf] :t/sf] df6f] xf], t/ ;fn, l;;f} cflb cfly{s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ ¿vx¿ o:tf] df6f]df Hofb} ;lk|g] x'Fbf o:tf] df6f]sf] clwsf+z efu hª\unn]9flsPsf]5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷45
-u_ /ftf] km';|f] df6f] dxfef/tsf 7f8f le/x¿df 6'lqmPsf r§fgdf ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]/ ag]sf] df6f]nfO{ /ftf] km';|f] df6f] elgG5 . o; df6f]sf] h}ljs kbfy{ / cf]hgLs[t kmnfdsf] dfqf sd x'g] x'Fbf o; If]qsf] df6f]sf] /ª /ftf], km';|f] jf kx]Fnf] x'G5 . r"g, gfO6«f]hg / km:kmf]/;h:tf vlgh tTj sd x'g] / df6f]sf] ulx/fO klg sd x'g]x'Fbf o; lsl;dsf]df6f]df wfg, pv', ;gkf6, ;"tL{ cflb v]tL k|foM ul/Fb}g . t/ o:tf] df6f]df cDn, kmnfdh:tf vlgh tŒj x'g]x'Fbf kmnkm"n, lrof, cfn', ds}, sf]bfsf] v]tL ug{ of] pkof]uL x'G5 . -3_ tn}of df6f] pkTosfsf tfn ;'s/] ag]sf] df6f]nfO{ tn}of df6f] elgG5 . o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df k|z:t ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]sf] x'bF f df6f]sf] /ª sfnf] x'G5 . df6f]sf] ulx/fO a9L x'gsf ;fy} h}ljs kbfy{ klg k|z:t x'g] x'bF f tn}of df6f] s[lifsf nflu ;jf]Q{ d dflgG5 . vf; u/L of] df6f]df wfg, ux',F ;fukft /fd|/L ;lk|G5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] df6f]df sd jiff{df klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf o:t} df6f] kfOG5 . -ª_ lxdfnL df6f] lxdgbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f], afn'jf, sª\s8, kTy/ cflb ldn]/ lxdfnL df6f] aGb5 . vf;u/L g]kfnsf] leqL / pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] km]bLdf o; lsl;dsf] df6f] kfOG5 . xfjfkfgL 7G8f / z'is x'g] tyf df6f]sf] ulx/fO Pjd\ h}ljs kbfy{ sd x'g] x'bfF o;sf] pj{/f zlQm Go"g x'G5 . of] df6f]df ds}, hf}, cfn', kmfk/h:tf afnLdfq nufOG5 . !=$=@ g]kfndf e"ld;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf / e"pkof]u e"ld / e"pkof]u M e"ld eGgfn]k[YjLsf];tx, ;tx eGbf l;wf tn k[YjLsf]s]Gb| ;Dd /;tx eGbf dfly k[YjLsf] u'?Tjfsif{0fn] e]6\g] ;Ldf ;Ddsf] efu ;Demg'k5{, -e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^_ . e"pkof]u eGgfn] hUufsf] pkof]u cg';f/ ljleGg If]qdf ljleGg k|sf/n] hUufsf] ljefhg u/L k|of]udf Nofpg] k|s[of xf] . d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf;df b|'tt/ult Nofpg e"ldaf6 lgliqmo k'FhL /hg;ª\Vofsf]ef/lemsL cy{ Joj:yfsf] cGo If]qdf nufpg / s[lif of]Uo e"ldsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f /s[lif ;DalGw cfjZos 1fg /;fwg ;'ne u/fO{ e"lddf cfl>t jf:tljs ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg, s[lif pTkfbgdf clwstd j[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg k}bfg u/L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf / cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg e"ldsf] plrt Joj:yfkg u/L ul/jL Go"gLs/0f u/L ;du| cfly{s ljsf; ug{ e"ld ;DalGw g]kfndf ljleGg sfg'gL Joj:yf ljBdfg 5g\ . 46÷g]kfn
kl/ro
-!_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg M g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% df df}lns xs cGtu{t …;DklQsf] xsÚsf] pkwf/f -$_ df e"ldsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{,s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, Jojl:yt cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf; ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu /fHon] sfg'gadf]lhd e"ld ;'wf/, Joj:yfkg / lgodg ug{ ;Sg] 5 eGg] :ki6 k|fjwfg /x]sf]5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %! df /fHosf gLltx¿ cGtu{t s[lif / e"ld;'wf/ gLlt lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf]5, h;df M -!_ e"lddf /x]sf] bf]xf]/f] :jfldTj cGTo ub}{ ls;fgsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ ug]{, -@_ cg'kl:yt e":jfldTjnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ hUufsf] rSnfaGbL u/L pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{], -#_ ls;fgsf] xs lxt ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ub{} s[lifsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg e"pkof]u gLltsf] cjnDag u/L e"ldsf] Joj:yfkg / s[lifsf] Jofj;foLs/0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ljljwLs/0f / cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{], -$_ e"ldsf] pTkfbgzLntf, k|s[lt tyf jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng ;d]tsf cfwf/df lgodg / Joj:yfkg ub}{ To;sf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug]{, -%_ s[ifssf nflu s[lif ;fdu|L, s[lif pkhsf]plrt d"No /ahf/df kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ug]{ . @_ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! d'n'ssf]cfly{s ljsf;df b|'tt/ult Nofpg e"ldaf6 lgliqmo k'FhL / hg;ª\Vofsf] ef/ l´sL cy{ Joj:yfsf] cGo If]qdf nufpg, s[lif of]Uo e"ldsf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f / s[lif;DaGwL cfjZos 1fg / ;fwg ;'ne u/fO{ e"lddf cfl>t jf:tljs ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg / s[lif pTkfbgdf clwstd a[l4 ug{ k|f]T;fxg k|bfg u/L ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;'ljwf / cfly{s lxt sfod /fVg of] P]g agfOPsf] xf] . e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! df !! cf]6f kl/R5]b / ^$ cf]6f bkmf /x]sf 5g . lhldGbf/L pGd"ng, hUufsf] xbaGbL tf]lsPsf] 5, hUufsf] ljs|L ljt/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf, df]xL;DaGwL Joj:yf, s"tsf] Joj:yf / e"dL;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfof]u u7g ug{ ;Sg] h:tf Joj:yf 5g\ . of]P]g lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf cfPkl5 ;dofg's'n ¿kdf lj=;+= @)&^ ;Dd & -;ft_ k6s ;+zf]wg ePsf]5 . #_ e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^ e"ldsf] juL{s/0f, ;d'lrt pkof]u / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 g]kfn kl/ro÷47
clwstd / lbuf] nfe xfl;n ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug{ g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo ;+;b\n] of] P]g agfPsf] 5 . e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^ df ^ cf]6f kl/R5]b / #$ bkmf 5g\ . of] P]g e"ldsf] juL{s/0f, ;d'lrt pkof]u / k|efjsf/L Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodaf6 clwstd / lbuf] nfe xfl;n ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . e"pkof]u sfo{qmd ;~rfng, e"pkof]u If]q lgwf{/0f, e"ldsf] juL{s/0f, e"pkof]u of]hgf agfpg] / e"ld a}ª\ssf] :yfkgf ug]{ h:tf Joj:yf of] P]gdf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)&@ ;fndf e" pkof]u gLlt Nofof] . o;}sf] cfwf/df @)&^ ;fndf e" pkof]u P]g, @)&^ hf/L u/]sf] 5 . jt{dfg sf]le8—!( dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yfdf gful/sx¿sf] /f]huf/L u'd]sf] / u'Dg ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf], j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf o'jf hgzlQm /f]huf/L u'dfP/ :jb]zdf kms{g ;Sg] cj:yf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 kms]{sf ;d]t hg;ª\Vofsf] rfkn] x'g] vfBfGg cfk"lt{sf] ;d:of, hgzlQmsf] cefjaf6 pTkfbg of]Uo hldg afFemf] /x]sf] cj:yfdf pTkfbg of]Uo hldg v08Ls/0f Pjd\ 38]/L ljsf; eO{ 3/ ag]sf hUufdf afFemf] /xg] ;d:of ;/sf/nfO{ s[lif If]qdf g} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|b'if0f lgoGq0f, k|sf]k Joj:yfkg rSnfaGbL, e"Ifo lgoGq0f, pTkfbsTj j[l4, a]df};dL v]tL k|0ffnL, l;rfO{ k|j4{g, cf}Bf]lus ljsf; cflbnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^ cfPsf] 5 . o; P]gdf ePsf vf; vf; k|fjwfg / ljz]iftfx¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5 M P]gsf] bkmf $ n] e"pkof]u If]qsf] juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . s_ s[lif If]q v_ cfjf;Lo If]q u_ Jofj;flos If]q 3_ cf}Bf]lus If]q ª_ vfgL tyf vlgh If]q r_ jg If]q 5_ gbL, vf]nf, tfn, ;Ld;f/ If]q h_ ;fj{hlgs pkof]usf] If]q, em_ ;f+:s[lts tyf k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf] If]q `_ g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cfjZostfcg';f/ tf]lsPsf] cGo If]q oL dflysf If]q afx]s klg :yfgLo txn] tf]lsPadf]lhd pk If]qx¿df juL{s/0f ug{ l;kmfl/; e} cfPdf juL{s/0f x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; P]gadf]lhd ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/, dGqfnon] k|To]s :yfgLo txsf] e"pkof]u If]q gS;f tof/ ul/lbg] Joj:Yff /x]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ gS;f tof/ ug{] sfddf k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txn] s'g} ;d:of ef]Ug'kg{] 5}g . o;} u/L P]gsf] 48÷g]kfn
kl/ro
bkmf ^ df e"pkof]usf] of]hgf th'{dfdf g]kfn ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;/sf/ -tx_ sf] ;xeflutf x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5, h;n] ubf{ e"pkof]usf nflu tLgcf]6} ;/sf/lar ;xsfl/tf / ;dGjosf] dfWodaf6 nIodf k'Ug ;lsg] x'G5 . o:tf] of]hgf th'{df ubf{ b]xfosf ljifox¿nfO{ cfwf/ lnOg] sfg'gL Joj:yf 5 M– l e"ldsf] j:t'l:ylt l hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ l vfB tyf cfjf;sf]cfjZostf l cfly{s ljsf; tyf k"jf{wf/lgdf{0fdf e"ldsf]dfudf x'g]a[l4 l bL3{sfnLg e"pkof]u of]hgfsf] cfwf/ kq l ;du| cfly{s, ;fdflhs, k"jf{wf/ljsf;nufotsf ljifo o;}u/L e"pkof]u of]hgf th'{df ubf{ b]xfosf If]qx¿ b]lvg] u/L tof/ ug'{ kg{] x'G5 . -s_ cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/ -v_ ljz]if cfly{s If]q -u_ /fli6«o kl/of]hgf -3_ cGt/k|b]z km}lnPsf kl/of]hgf -ª_ ;+/If0f of]Uo /fli6«o dxŒjsf k|fs[lts tyf ef}lts ;Dkbfx¿ -r_ cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg / dfgjLo cf:yf af]s]sf wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf :yfgx¿, -5_ ljBfno jf cGo z}lIfs If]q, ;8s, :jf:Yo ;+:yf, l;FrfO s'nf] jf gx/ /x]sf] If]q, -h_ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] ;+j]bgzLn :yfgx¿ -em_ ljkb\ hf]lvdo'Qm If]q -`_ jftfj/0fLo :jR5tf tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu ;'/lIft If]q -6_ cGo cfjZos If]q . o; P]gsf] bkmf * df e"pkof]usf nflu juL{s/0f e} ;s]sf] hUuf kof{Kt k|df0f / dgfl;j sf/0f ljgf e"pkof]u kl/jt{g ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . bkmf !) df adf]lhd dGqfno, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txn] hUufsf] v08Ls/0f lgoGq0f tyf lsQfsf6 ug]{sfo{nfO{ lgodg ug{ cfjZos cfwf/ / dfkb08 tf]Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;fy} hUufsf] rSnfaGbLnfO{ k|f]T;xfg ul/g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s[lif e"lddf cfw'lgsLs/0f, ofGqLs/0f, Joj;foLs/0f, ;xsf/L v]tL, ;fd"lxs v]tL g]kfn kl/ro÷49
tyf ;fj{hlgs v]tL ug{ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf] If]qkmnsf lsQf hUuf PsLs/0f u/L dGqfno, k|bz ] ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txn] rfSnfaGbL sfo{qmd ug{ u/fpg ;Sg] 5 . bkmf !! df adf]lhd s[lif If]qdf a;f]af; / k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ aGb]h nufOPsf] 5 . bkmf !@ df adf]lhd cfjf;Lo k|of]hgdf afx]s juL{s/0f u/L 38]/L ljsf; ljsf; ug{ gkfOg] / hUufsf] v08Ls/0f x'gaf6 /f]Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLotxdf e"pkof]u kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yfsf ;fy} kl/ifb\x¿sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . P]gsf] bkmf @! df e"ld a}s + sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] Joj:Yff /xs ] f] 5 . bkmf @@ df s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{n ] fO{ tLg txs} ;/sf/af6 k|fT] ;fxfgsf] Joj:Yff /xs ] f] 5 . e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^ n] e"pkof]u If]q gS;f tof/ ug'{ kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . of] P]g adf]lhd hUufwgL ;]|:tf / k|df0fk"hf{ cBfjlws ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . of] P]gdf hUufsf] v08Ls/0f lgoGq0f tyf rSnfaGbL ug]{ / 38]/L ljsl;t ug{ gkfOg], hUufsf] d"Nof+sg / s/sf] lgwf{/0f ubf{ e"pkof]u juL{s/0f cg';f/ ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg 5g\ . g]kfndf e"ld;DaGwL cGo s]xL P]g, lgod / cfof]u u7g cfb]zx¿ M l :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]g, @)&$ l e"pkof]u gLlt, @)&@ l e"ld;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@! l e"ld;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ u7g cfb]z, @)&^ dfly pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ sfg'gx¿sf] k|dv ' p2]Zo g} e"ldsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf, u'0f:tl/otfdf / pkof]lutfdf j[l4 NofO{ ;du| gful/ssf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg]{ / d'ns ' sf] cfly{s j[l4 / cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ /xs ] f] 5 . oL dflysf ljifo Pjd\ If]qx¿sf] Joj:yf ePdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . !=$=# jg s'g} 7fpFsf] e"w/ftn, xfjfkfgL, df6f] cflbn] To; :yfgsf] jg:kltnfO{ k|efljt ub{5g\ . xfjfkfgLn] jg:kltnfO{ k|efljt ug]{ x'bfF oL b'O{lar cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f / ;Gt'ngdf jg ;Dkbfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . ;g\ !(%$ sf] tYofª\scg';f/ b]zsf] $% k|ltzteGbf a9L e"efu jg hª\unn] 9fs]sf] lyof] t/ ;g\ !(&( lt/ $# k|ltzt, ;g\ !(*^ df #&=$ k|ltzt / ;g\ !((* df ul/Psf] Ps ;j]{If0fn] jg If]q s]jn #(=^ k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!$ sf] jg ;j]{If0fn] jgIf]q $$=&$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] tYo b]vfPsf] 5 . ljutdf cfjf; tyf k'gjf{;sf nflu w]/} 7fpFx¿df 50÷g]kfn
kl/ro
jg kmF8fgL ul/of] eg] sltko If]qx¿df jgsf] cltqmd0f eof] . g]kfnsf] e"w/ftn tyf jghª\unsf] ljljwtfsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] jg:klt hutnfO{ lgDglnlvt kfFr ;d"xdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M -s_ pmi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ hª\un (Sub Tropical Evergreen Forest) t/fO{, efa/, b'g, r'/] kj{tsf] !,@)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOg] pmi0f k|b]zLo ;bfaxf/hª\undf udL{ /jiff{ oy]i6 dfqfdf x'g]x'Fbf oxfFsf ¿vx¿ cUnf, df]6f, alnof / ;Fw} xl/of x'G5g\ . k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd ;dfgfGt/ ¿kdf /x]sf] of] hª\un klxn] rf/ sf]z;Dd km}lnPsfn] o;nfO{ rf/sf]z] emf8L klg elgG5 . oxfF ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, l;dn cflb k|d'v jg:kltsf ;fy};fFj,] 98\8L, ufFh klg kfOG5g\ . o; hª\undf xfQL, u}F8 f, af3, efn', d[u cflb jGohGt' kfOg] x'Fbf of] If]q cfly{s tyf h}ljs b[li6n] lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . -v_ ;dzLtf]i0f ktem/ hª\un (Temperate Deciduous Forest) g]kfndf !,@)) ld6/bl] v @,!)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfO;Dd r'/] kxf8sf] dflyNnf] efu, dWoefu / dxfef/t kj{tsf] tNnf] efusf] ;dzLtf]i0f ktem/ hª\undf kfOg]¿v cUnf /df]6f x'G5g\ . tNnf]efu ;3g 5fFofbf/eP klg dflyNnf] efu lr;f] x'gs ' f ;fy} t';f/f] kg]{ ePsfn] clwsf+z kftkltË/ emg]{ x'bF f of] jg z[ªv \ nfnfO{ ktem/ elgPsf] xf] . pRr efudf s]xL dfqfdf ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L ¿vx¿sf] ldl>t hª\un kfOG5 . oxfF kfOg] s8f / g/d hftsf ;bfaxf/, ktem/ / sf]0fwf/L ¿vdWo] ;fn, ;Nnf, b]jbf?, rfFk, s6';, cf]v/, u'/f; F , lkkn, lrnfpg], j/, afF;, l;dn, plQ;, knfF;, nfs'/L, rfFk k|dv ' 5g\ . o:tf]jg pmi0fk|bz ] Lo ;bfaxf/ hª\uneGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] dflgG5 . -Uf_ ;dzLtf]i0f ;bfaxf/ sf]0fwf/L hª\un (Coniferous Forest) dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] efu tyf lxdfn kj{tsf] tNnf] efudf @,!)! ld6/b]lv #,#%) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf sf]0fwf/L hª\un kfOG5 . oxfF jif{}le/ lr;f] x'g] / lxdkft eO/xg] x'Fbf ¿v / ¿vsf kftx¿ sf]0fh:t} r'Rrf] k/]sf x'G5g\ . oFxfsf] df6f] ;]]lknf] x'g]x'Fbf ;bfaxf/ hª\un x'G5 . oxfF demf}nf g/d hftsf ¿v kfOg]/o;df klg rfFk, ;Nnf, b]jbf?, s6';, w'kL, ;Ldn, lrnfpg], a]tafF ;, plQ;, afF;, u'F/f;, ef]hkq cflb pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . -3_ n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3f“;] d}bfg (Alpine Forest) g]kfndf #,#%! ld6/b]lv %,))) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf sd tfkqmd / sd jiff{ x'g] kxf8L tyf tNnf] lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] jg:kltnfO{ n]sfnL jg:klt elgG5 . of]prfOdf lr;f]/z'is hnjfo' kfOg]x'bfF oxfF cUnf, df]6f /s8f g]kfn kl/ro÷51
hftsf ¿vx¿ ;lk|g ;Sb}gg\ . n]sfnL jg:kltdWo] sd prfOsf u'/fF;, lgufn] / s]xL emf8Lh:tf ¿vx¿ #,^)) ld6/;Ddsf] prfOdf kfOG5g\ eg]Tof] eGbfdfly 3fF;sf 7'nf 7'nf kmfF6x¿ kfOG5g\ . dflyNnf]efudf /ª\uLla/ª\uLsf a'sLkm"n, h8La'6Lx¿ kfOG5g\ . -ª_ zLt d?e"ldsf] jg:klt (Tundra Vegetaion) g]kfndf %,))) ld6/sf] prfOeGbfdfly lxFp kg]{x'Fbf oxfF jg:kltx¿ pld|g g;Sg] ePsfn] lxpF gcl8g] le/fnf] 7fpFdf sfO{ / n]pdfq kfOG5g\ . pld|g / x's{g g;Sg] o:tf] 7fpFdf pd|]sf n]p / em\ofpnfO{ 6'08«f jg:klt jf zLt d?e"ldsf] jg:klt elgG5 . !=$=$ vlgh k[YjLleq /xs ] f tfdf, sf]Onf, r'g9'ªu\ f, k]6f« l] nod kbfy{, UofF;, v/L, u]?, l;;f, DofUg];fO6, :n6] cflbnfO{ vlgh elgG5 . g]kfn k|fs[lts ;|ft] / ;fwgn] ;DkGg d'ns ' xf] . cfly{s jif{ @)^%÷@)^^ df o; If]qsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf )=%$ k|ltzt of]ubfg /xs ] f] lyof] . g]kfndf vlghsf] pTvggsf nflu ul/Psf] k|of;sf] Oltxf; Tolt nfdf] 5}g . vlgh kbfy{sf] pTvggnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu lj=;= @)@$ df ef}ule{s ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/of] . oBlk, b]zsf] e"ue{df /xs ] f vlgh kbfy{nfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . tflnsf g+= !=( g]kfndf vlgh ;fwgsf ;DefJo If]q qm= pknAw vlgh kfOg] :yfgx¿ ;+= vlgh km"nrf]sL, 7f];], lrtjg, s'n]vfgL, e}F;], Ko'7fg, aemfª, ! kmnfd 8f]6L, hGt/, nAwL, kmlk{ª @
tfdf
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!=$=% hn;|f]t g]kfn ;d'bL| ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt eP klg hn;Dkbfsf]b[li6n]a|flhnkl5 ljZjsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷53
bf];f| ] ;a}eGbf ;d[4 / Pl;ofsf] klxnf] /fi6« dflgG5 . g]kfndf ^ xhf/eGbf a9L gbLgfnf 5g\ . g]kfnsf tLg 7'nf gbLx¿ sf];L, u08sL /s0ff{nLsf]hne08f/ Ifdtf ! nfv $* xhf/So'ljs ld6/cyf{t s'n hne08f/Ifdtfsf]&$ k|ltzt /xs ] f] 5 . s'n hnljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf sl/a *# xhf/ d]ufjf6 /xs ] f] 5 . g]kfnsf ;fgf 7'nf gbLx¿sf] k|jfx, hne08f/ / pkof]lutfsf b[li6n] gbLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ tLg >]0fLdf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5M -s_ klxnf] :t/sf gbL lxdfnsf] lxpF kUn]/ jf lxdfnoaf6 pTklQ eO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf 7'nf hn/flzsf ;fy k|jflxt x'g] ;Ktsf];L, ;Ktu08sL / s0ff{nLh:tf 7'nf gbLx¿ klxnf] :t/sf gbL x'g\ . o:tf gbL 7'nf hnljB't\ / l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿sf nflu pkof]uL dflgG5g\ . -v_ bf];|f] :t/sf gbL lxdfno kj{teGbf tnsf] dxfef/t kj{t >]0fLaf6 pTklQ eO{ slxNo} g;'Sg] lg/Gt/¿kdf hnk|jflxt x'g]ePtf klg jiff{tdf a9L kfgL x'g]t/lxpFbdf kfgLsf]dfqf lgSs}36\g]d]rL, sgsfO{, lqo'uf, sdnf, afUdtL, jf0fuª\uf, ltgfp, /fKtL, aaO{, df]xgf cflb bf];|f] :t/sf gbLx¿ x'g\ . -u_ t]>f]:t/sf gbL lzjflns kj{tdfnf r'/] kxf8af6 pTklt eO{ dg;'gdf lgs} 7'nf] ¿k lng] / lxpFbdf lgs} sd x'g] jf ;'Sg] c:yfoL k|sl[ tsf gbLx¿ t];f| ] :t/sf gbLx¿ x'g \ . o:tf gbLx¿df l;l;{of, ltnfa], hd'gL, xlb{gfy, 8'8F j' f, ch'g{ vf]nf kb{5g\ . o:tf gbLx¿ j;]v { t] L tyf cNksfnLg l;FrfOsf nflu pkof]uL x'g] ub{5g\ . !=$=^ tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx¿ ltlnrf] tfn ltlnrf] tfn ;d'b|;txb]lv $,(!( ld6/sf] prfOdf kmfSr] lxdfnsf] sfvdf /x]sf] 5 . of] dgf]/d tfn d':tfªsf] ;fFwdf cGgk"0f{ lxdfnsf] pQ/L e]s dgfª lhNnfdf kb{5 . of]tfnsf]nDafO sl/a $ ls=ld= tyf rf}8fO !=@ ls=ld= / ulx/fO sl/a @)) ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o; tfnnfO{ ltl/–rf] jf ltlnhf] klg elgG5 . o; tfnsf] pQ/lt/ lgnlu/L / blIf0ftkm{ cGgk"0f{ lxdfno kb{5 . lxpF, hn tyf 9'ª\ufsf] ;f}Gbo{df v'n]sf] x'gfn] of] tfn cToGt} dgdf]xs 5 . /f/f tfn d'u' lhNnfdf cjl:yt of] tfn g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tfnsf] ¿kdf k|l;4 5 . o;sf]nDafO %=@ ls=ld=, rf}8fO @=$ ls=ld= /ulx/fO !^& ld6/5 . of];d'b| 54÷g]kfn
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sf7df8f}F pkTosf hndo ePsf] cj:yfdf dGh'>Ln] v8\un] sf6]/ jf eujfg >Ls[i0fn] rqm k|xf/ u/L rf]ef/sf] uN5L sf6]/ kfgL aflx/ k7fPkl5 oxfFsf gfux¿ klg aflx/ hfg'kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf]n] rf]ef/ e"tv]n eGg] 7fpFdf kf]v/L agfO{ ;f]xL 7fpFdf gfux¿sf /fhf ssf]{6snfO{ a:g] 7fpF lbOPsf]n] 6f}bxnfO{ ssf]{6s gfusf] jf:f:yfg klg elgG5 . of] *$ /f]kgL hnIf]q;lxt (^ /f]kgL hUufdf km}lnPsf] 5 . bh{gf}F k|sf/sf kIfLx¿ oxfF kfOg] x'Fbf r/fx¿sf]cWoog /cg';Gwfgsf nflu of]7fpF cfs{ifs 5 . 3f]8f3f]8L tfn s}nfnL lhNnfcGt{ut dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] pQ/tkm{ xTs]nfsf] cfsf/df !=% x]S6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 3f]8f3f]8L tfn /x]sf] 5 . o; tfnsf] larlardf rf/kfFrcf]6f y'Dsf y'DsLx¿ ag]sf 5g\ . of] tfnsf] 5]pdf 3f]8f3f]8L dlGb/ /x]sf]n] ;f]xL dlGb/sf] cfwf/df tfnsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] . of] tfnsf] 5]psf] hª\undf b'n{e kIfL wg]zsf cltl/Qm cg]sfF} kz'kIfLx¿ kfOG5g\ . tfnleq df5f, uf]xL, s5'jf cflb kz'kIfLx¿ kfOG5g\ . a]ugf; tfn
a]ugf; tfn, sf:sL ¿kftfn;Fu} kre}of 8fF8fsf] csf]{ kfvfdf a]ugf; tfn /x]sf] 5 . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 ^&& ld6/ prfOdf cjl:yt &=% ld= ulx/f] of] tfn @@% x]S6/df km}lnPsf] 5 . uf];fOFs'08 hg}k"l0f{dfsf] lbg d]nf eg{ xhf/f}F wdf{jnDaLx¿ cfpg] ;fy} wfld{s tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt /x]sf] uf];fOFs'08 afUdtL k|b]zsf] /;'jf lhNnfdf kb{5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷57
lxdfnL sfnf]s8f r§fgdf lgd{n hno'Qm of]tfn ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/a $,#^) ld6/ prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . ;"o{s'08 -k"j{_ / pQ/L em/gfaf6 uf];fO{s'08 aGg k'u]sf] xf] . ¿kf tfn sf:sL lhNnf kf]v/fsf] k"j{ pQ/L efudf kre}of kj{tsf] km]bdf ¿kf tfn 5 . ;d'b|L ;txaf6 &)! ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt $=% ld6/ ulx/fO ePsf] ¿kf tfn !@) x]S6/ If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . of] tfndf xfn dT:okfng u/L cfly{s nfe lng yflnPsf]5 . tflnsf g+=!=!) g]kfnsf s]xL k|l;4 tfn, s'08 / kf]v/Lx¿ qm=;+= tfn, s'08, kf]v/L :yfg -lhNnf_ ! /f/f tfn d'u' @ km]jf tfn sf:sL #
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z]–kmf]S;'G8f] jf l/Ud tfn la;xhf/ tfn, gGbefph" tfn u}8xjf tfn
(
nf};f tfn
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!)
;u|xjf tfn
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!!
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3f]8f3f]8L tfn
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!#
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!$
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slknj:t'
!%
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!^
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&
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kl/ro
lrtjg ¿kGb]xL
!& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #) #! #@=
lt/L5f] -ltlnrf]_ tfn vKt8 bx uf];fO{s'08 OGb|;/f]j/ 6f}bx /fgLkf]v/L gfubx uª\uf;fu/ dxf/fhf ;'GjifL{ kf]v/L dfOlbof kf]v/L ;'df{ ;/f]j/ kGrf;] tfn lu/L bx ;'gf bx u'kmf kf]v/L, ;efkf]v/L dfO{ kf]v/L
dgfª c5fd /;'jf dsjfgk'/ sf7df8f}F sf7df8f}F sf7df8f}F wg'iff df]/ª k;f{ aemfª :ofª\hf, kj{t / sf:sL h'Dnf 8f]Nkf / afUn'ª lhNnfsf] ;Ldf If]q ;ª\v'jf;ef Onfd
!=% g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof g]kfndf ljqmd ;+jt\ !(^* -;g\ !(!!_ b]lv hgu0fgf ug]{sfo{ ;'? ePsf]xf] . To;kl5 nueu k|To]s !)÷!) jif{sf]cGt/df hgu0fgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng x'Fb}cfPsf]5 . lj=;+= !((* ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgf ;fdfGo JolQm u0fgf (Head Count) sf ¿kdf dfq ;Lldt lyP eg]lj=;+= @))(÷!! -;g\ !(%@÷%$_ b]lv ;~rfng ePsf hgu0fgfx¿ cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf t'ngfof]Uo cfw'lgs -j}1flgs_ hgu0fgf dflgG5g\ . o; qmddf lj=;+= @)^* sf]/fli6«o hgu0fgf g]kfnsf] P3f/f}F / hgu0fgfsf] Oltxf;df !)) jif{sf] hgu0fgf xf] . c;f/ * ut]nfO{ hgu0fgf lbj; (Census Day) dflgPsf]5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof @,^$,($,%)$ /x]sf] 5 ., h;dWo]k'?if $*=%) k|ltzt -!,@*,$(,)$!_ /dlxnf %!=% k|ltzt !,#^,$%,$^#_ /x]sf 5g\ . o; cg';f/ n}ª\lus cg'kft (Sex Ratio) ($=!^ /x]sf] 5 . hg;ª\ofsf] jflif{s j[l4b/ klg 36\b} uPsf] 5 . @)%* g]kfn kl/ro÷59
;fnsf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/ @=@% k|ltzt b]vfPsf] lyof] eg] @)^* sf] hgu0fgfn] hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ !=#% k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] tYo k|sfzdf NofPsf]5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ lxdfnL If]qsf] hg;ª\Vof !&,*!,&(@ -^=&# k|ltzt_ 5 eg] kxf8L If]qsf] !,!#,($,))& -$# k|ltzt_ / t/fOsf] hg;ª\Vof !,##,!*,&)% -%)=@& k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ljsf; If]qcg';f/ k"jf{~rndf %*,!!,%%% -@!=(# k|ltzt_, dWodf~rndf (^,%^,(*% -#^=$% k|ltzt_, klZrdf~rndf $(,@^,&^% -!*=^) k|ltzt_, dWoklZrdf~rndf #%,$^,^*@ -!#=#( k|ltzt_ /;'b"/klZrdf~rndf @%,%@,%!& -(=^# k|ltzt_ hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] tYo pQm hgu0fgfn] b]vfPsf] 5 . lhNnfut hg;ª\Vof ljt/0fsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf7df8f}F lhNnfdf -!&,$$,@$)_ /x]sf] 5 eg] To;kl5 bf];|f] / t];|f] :yfg qmdzM df]/ª -(,^%,#&)_ / ¿kGb]xL -*,*),!(^_ n] cf]u6]sf 5g\ . csf]{tkm{, ;a}eGbf sd hg;ª\Vof x'g]tLg lhNnfx¿df qmdzM dgfª -^,%#*_, d':tfª -!#,$%@_ /8f]Nkf lhNnf -#^,&))_ kb{5g\ . g]kfndf ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf xfn @&^ gu/kflnsfx¿ 5g\ . gu/kflnsfleq a;f]af; ug]{ hg;ª\VofnfO{ ;x/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} hg;ª\Vofsf] b[li6sf]0fn] sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf (,&%,$%#, kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf $,!$,!$!, nlntk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf @,*$,(@@, e/tk'/ dxfgu/kflnsf -@,*),%)@_, jL/u~h dxfgu/kflnsf @,$),(@@ / lj/f6gu/ dxfgu/kflnsf @,!$,^^# qmdzM klxnf], bf];f| ,] t];f| ,] rf}yf], kfrf}F / 5}6f}F 7'nf ;x/sf ¿kdf /xs ] f 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tfsf] l:yltdf klg lgs} k|ult ePsf] kfOG5 . @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ ;fIf/tf b/ -% jif{ / ;f]eGbfdflysf] hg;ª\Vof_ ^%=( k|ltzt 5 . !) jif{ cufl8 ;fIf/tf b/ %$ k|ltztdfq} lyof] . o:t} k'?if ;fIf/tf b/ &%=! k|ltzt / dlxnf ;fIf/tf b/ %&=$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;fIf/tf b/k"jf{~rndf ^^=!@ k|ltzt, dWodf~rndf ^#=(@ k|ltzt, klZrdf~rndf &)=(* k|ltzt, dWoklZrdf~rndf ^$=@! k|ltzt /;'b"/klZrdf~rndf ^#=$* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df sf7df8f}F lhNnf *^=# k|ltzt ;fIf/tf b/;lxt klxnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 eg] x'Dnf lhNnf -$&=* k|ltzt_ clGtd :yfgdf kg{ uPsf]5 . hg;ª\Vofsf] j[l4b/, ef}uf]lns, If]qut tyf lhNnfut ljj/0f, u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L hg;ª\Vofsf] ljj/0f cflb tnsf tflnsfx¿df lbOPsf] 5 . 60÷g]kfn
kl/ro
jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/
hg;ª\Vof bf]Aa/ x'g nfUg] cjlw -jif{_
n}lª\us cg'kft
hg3gTj
tflnsf g+= !=!! hg;ª\Vof kl/jt{g / j[l4b/
2009-11
82,56,625
1972976
31.4
2.28
31
96.8
56
2018
94,12,996
1156371
14.0
1.64
42
97.0
64
2028
1,15,55,983
2142987
22.77
2.05
34
101.4
79
2038
1,50,22,839
3466856
30.0
2.62
26
105.0
102
2048
1,84,91,097
3468258
23.09
2.08
33
99.5
126
2058
2,31,51,423
4660326
25.2
2.25
31
99.8
157
2068
2,64,94,504
3343081
14.44
1.35
52
94.16
180
cGt/ u0fgf ;ª\Vof jif{ -lj=;+=_
hg;ª\Vof
ylkPsf] ;ª\Vof
k|ltzt
tflnsf g+= !=!@ ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof ljt/0f u0fgf jif{ -lj=;++_
%
lxdfn
%
kxf8
lxdfn / kxf8
%
t/fO{
%
hDdf
@))(–!!
–
–
–
–
%#,$(,(**
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@)$*
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&=*
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@,#!,%!,$@#
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–
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tflnsf g+= !=!# ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ hg;ª\Vof ;"rs -@)^*_ ;"rs hDdf hg;ª\Vof
lxdfn k'?if dlxnf
n}ª\lus cg'kft
kxf8
t/fO{
1781792
11394007
13318705
862592
5440067
6546382
919200
5953940
6772323
93.84
91.37
96.66
g]kfn kl/ro÷61
jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/ hg3gTj hDdf ;fIf/ hg;ª\Vof % k'?if dlxnf ckfª\utf ePsf] hg;ª\Vof
0.54
1.06
1.72
34
186
392
60.45
72.33
61.16
71.62
81.43
70.34
50.09
64.15
52.36
53240
251780
208301
k'?if
dlxnf
jflif{s hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/
hg3gTj
hDdf
k'?if
dlxnf
1
tfKn]h'ª
127461
60552
66909
-0.55
35
71.3
79.29
64.15
3730
2
kfFry/
191817
90186
101631
-0.52
155
75.58
80.35
65.78
5049
3
Onfd
290254
141126
149128
0.26
170
77.91
84.16
72.05
7636
4
emfkf
812650
385096
427554
1.66
506
75.09
82.34
68.65
15376
5
;ª\vj' f;ef
158742
75225
83517
-0.03
46
67.38
77.47
62.20
4054
6
t]/y'd
101577
47151
54426
-1.08
150
74.62
83.53
67.04
2626
7
wgs'6f
163412
76515
86897
-0.19
183
74.37
82.4
67.41
4881
8
ef]hk'/
182459
86053
96406
-1.07
121
69.34
78.39
61.38
4618
9
df]/ª
965370
466712
498658
1.35
520
70.63
78.73
63.13
17053
10
;'g;/L
763487
371229
392258
1.99
607
68.46
76.96
60.49
10409
11
;f]n'v'Da'
105886
51200
54686
-0.17
32
64.22
73.39
55.69
2609
12
cf]vn9'ª\uf
147984
68687
79297
-0.57
138
64.43
74.33
56.01
3490
13
vf]6fª
206312
97092
109220
-1.15
130
68.83
77.67
61.1
5328
14
pbok'/
317532
149712
167820
0.99
154
68.82
77.18
61.47
6781
15
;Kt/L
639284
313846
325438
1.14
469
54.5
66.98
42.57
8044
16
l;/fxf
637328
310101
327227
1.07
536
50.15
61.85
39.20
8465
17
bf]nvf
186557
87003
99554
-0.91
85
62.78
73.34
53.64
5587
18
/fd]5fk
202646
93386
109260
-0.47
131
62.24
72.64
53.47
4418
19
l;Gw'nL
296192
142123
154069
0.57
119
60.53
69.80
52.10
6466
20
wg'iff
754777
378538
376239
1.17
640
50.44
60.61
40.23
8412
hg;ª\Vof qm= ;=
lhNnf
62÷g]kfn
kl/ro
;fIf/ hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt
ckfª\utf ePsf] hg;ª\Vof
hDdf
tflnsf g+= !=!$ lhNnfut hg;ª\Vof ;"rs -@)^*_
21
dxf]Q/L
627580
311016
316564
1.26
626
46.44
56.55
36.55
10166
22
;nf{xL
769729
389756
379973
1.91
611
46.30
55.76
36.60
9885
23
/;'jf
43300
21475
21825
-0.33
28
53.60
60.85
46.50
1016
24
wflbª
336067
157834
178233
-0.08
174
62.86
71.08
55.7
7827
25
g'jfsf]6
277471
132787
144684
-0.39
248
59.8
67.95
52.41
4690
26
l;Gw'kfNrf]s
287798
138351
149447
-0.61
113
59.59
67.97
51.88
6608
27
sfe|]knf~rf]s
381937
182936
199001
-0.01
274
69.8
79.59
60.92
6670
28
sf7df8fF}
1744240
913001
831239
4.78
4416
86.25
92.18
79.77
17122
29
nlntk'/
468132
238082
230050
3.26
1216
82.53
90.11
74.72
4934
30
eQmk'/
304651
154884
149767
3.01
2560
81.68
90.48
72.65
3204
31
lrtjg
579984
279087
300897
2.06
261
76.98
83.87
70.68
12937
32
dsjfgk'/
420477
206684
213793
0.69
173
67.85
75.41
60.59
8467
33
k;f{
601017
312358
288659
1.9
444
55.9
66.93
43.89
6215
34
af/f
687708
351244
336464
2.07
578
51.96
62.75
40.67
11649
35
/f}tx6
686722
351079
335643
2.31
610
41.69
50.88
32.03
8698
36
uf]/vf
271061
121041
150020
-0.61
75
66.34
75.09
59.44
6269
37
tgFx'
323288
143410
179878
0.25
209
74.83
83.68
67.93
6168
38
dgfª
6538
3661
2877
-3.83
3
74.84
83.02
64.22
204
39
ndh'ª
167724
75913
91811
-0.55
99
71.11
80.73
63.33
4745
40
sf:sL
492098
236385
255713
2.57
244
82.38
90.1
75.35
9219
41
:ofª\hf
289148
125833
163315
-0.93
248
76.61
86.05
69.55
5714
42
kj{t
146590
65301
81289
-0.74
297
73.85
83.42
66.38
3653
43
DofUbL
113641
51395
62246
-0.07
49
71.87
81.07
64.48
6122
44
d':tfª\
13452
7093
6359
-1.08
4
66.21
75.4
55.82
452
45
afUn'ª
268613
117997
150616
-0.01
151
71.88
80.59
65.29
6179
46
u'NdL
280160
120995
159165
-0.57
244
72.56
81.35
65.94
7671
47
c3f{vfFrL
197632
86266
111366
-0.53
166
72.59
81.76
65.79
5165
48
kfNkf
261180
115840
145340
-0.28
190
76.22
84.88
69.52
6537
49
?kGb]xL
880196
432193
448003
2.17
647
69.78
79.22
60.79
9890
50
gjnk/f;L k=
331904
160896
171008
51
gjnk/f;L k"=
311604
142997
168825
52
slknj:t'
571936
285599
286337
1.71
329
54.91
64.94
44.97
7333
g]kfn kl/ro÷63
53
?s'd k"=
53184
24980
28204
54
?s'd k=
155383
74179
81204
55
/f]Nkf
224506
103100
121406
0.67
119
60
71.55
50.48
7458
56
;Nofg
242444
115969
126475
1.27
166
64.04
73.88
55.17
6233
57
Ko'7fg
228102
100053
128049
0.71
174
67.01
78.18
58.63
5930
58
bfª
552583
261059
291524
1.78
187
70.32
78.88
62.78
12881
59
b}n]v
261770
126990
134780
1.5
174
62.47
72.84
52.86
7607
60
hfh/sf]6
171304
85537
85767
2.39
77
57.27
65.9
48.7
6848
61
;'v]{t
350804
169421
181383
1.95
143
73.12
82.04
64.92
10291
62
afFs]
491313
244255
247058
2.42
210
62.39
69.96
54.95
7468
63
alb{of
426576
205080
221496
1.09
211
65.39
73.54
57.95
8197
64
8f]Nkf
36700
18238
18462
2.17
5
54.15
67.86
40.62
1602
65
x'Dnf
50858
25833
25025
2.25
9
47.82
62.06
33
2411
66
h'Dnf
108921
54898
54023
1.97
43
54.66
68.24
41.84
3248
67
sflnsf]6
136948
68833
68115
2.6
79
56.83
67.89
45.73
5262
68
d'u'
55286
28025
27261
2.3
16
51.25
65.17
36.92
1917
69
aemfª
195159
92794
102365
1.56
57
55.55
72.99
40.12
4976
70
afh'/f
134912
65806
69106
2.15
62
55.68
68.84
43.33
5895
71
8f]6L
211746
57252
114494
0.22
105
56.35
73.41
52.34
7302
72
c5fd
257477
120008
137469
1.07
153
55.65
70.7
42.87
8602
73
s}nfnL
775709
378417
397292
2.29
240
66.32
76.16
57.05
15378
74
bfr'{nf
133274
63605
69669
0.88
57
65.36
79.26
52.88
3669
75
a}t8L
250898
117407
133491
0.68
165
62.97
79.01
49.22
7788
76
88]Nw'/f
142094
66556
75538
1.19
92
65.31
79.66
52.94
5150
77
s~rgk'/
451248
216042
235206
1.77
280
70.67
81.35
61.02
9072
tflnsf g+= !=!% k|b]zut cfwf/df g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
3/w'/L
hDdf
992,445
64÷g]kfn
kl/ro
hDdf k|b]z g+= ! 4,534,943
hg;ª\Vof k'?if
dlxnf
2,166,536 2,368,407
dxfgu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
47,798
214,663
108,827
105,836
66,487
278,222
131,237
146,985
484,031
2,147,061
393,434
1,859,946
885,480
974,466
695
35,051
30,733
4,318
1,010,259 1,136,802
hg;ª\Vof
3/w'/L
hDdf
k'?if
dlxnf
k|b]z g+= @ hDdf dxfgu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut lhNnf / :yfgLo tx hDdf dxfgu/kflnsf pkdxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut
932,308
5,404,145 2,717,938
2,686,207
39,286
240,922
127,227
113,695
70,948
402,290
206,649
195,641
571,005
3,240,347
1,611,048
1,629,299
250,848
1,507,790
761,154
746,636
221
12,796
11,860
936
3/w'/L
hg;ª\Vof hDdf afudtL k|b]z
1,270,797
k'?if
dlxnf
5,529,452 2,747,633
2,781,819
393,583
1,540,877
791,766
749,111
34,270
152,875
74,964
77,911
526,552
2,258,109 1,102,003
1,156,106
314,739
1,481,957
703,861
778,096
1,653
95,634
75,039
20,595
g]kfn kl/ro÷65
hg;ª\Vof k'?if
lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
3/w'/L
hDdf dxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut
578,219
2,403,757
1,090,808
1,312,949
105,630
402,995
192,977
210,018
255,622
1,042,011
462,022
579,989
216,430
932,348
414,476
517,872
537
26,403
21,333
5,070
lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
3/w'/L
hDdf u08sL k|b]z
hDdf
hg;ª\Vof k'?if
dlxnf
dlxnf
n'lDagL k|b]z hDdf pkdxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
885,203
4,499,272
2,140,316
2,358,956
128,651
575,385
278,169
297,216
350,619
1,749,672
829,039
920,633
405,487
2,140,128
1,003,390
1,136,738
446
34,087
29,718
4,369
3/w'/L
hDdf
hg;ª\Vof k'?if
dlxnf
s0ff{nL k|b]z hDdf gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;+:yfut
66÷g]kfn
kl/ro
298,359
1,570,418
767,923
802,495
155,748
774,316
373,610
400,706
142,426
780,926
380,331
400,595
185
15,176
13,982
1,194
lhNnf / :yfgLo tx
3/w'/L
hg;ª\Vof hDdf
k'?if
dlxnf
;'b"/klZrd k|b]z hDdf
469,971
2,552,517
1,217,887
1,334,630
29,143
147,741
73,462
74,279
gu/kflnsf
255,278
1,355,814
641,811
714,003
ufpFkflnsf
185,282
1,027,433
483,053
544,380
268
21,529
19,561
1,968
pkdxfgu/kflnsf
;+:yfut
;|f]tM s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefu
!=^ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, lzsf/ cf/If, ;+/If0f If]q tyf g]kfndf ;+/lIft lhjhGt'x¿ tflnsf g+= !=!^ /fli6«o lgs''~h qm= ;++=
!
/fli6«o lgs'~hsf] gfd
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
:yfkgf ldlt
@)#)
qkmn ef}uf]lns If]-ju{ If]q -lhNnf_ ls=ld=_
lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, k;f{, gjnk/f;L -k"j{_
kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/ tyf k|d'v k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿
Psl;Fu] u}8+ f, kf6] af3, lrt'jf, /tj' f, lrQn, 3l8ofn uf]xL, du/ uf]xL, ;f]; + , clhË/, uf}/L ufO{, sf7]efn', nu'gf, rf}l;Fuf tyf ljljw hftsf r/fx¿ -g]kfnsf] 3f]lift klxnf] /fli6«o (%@=^# lgs'~h_ . @)#).)^.)$ ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ (#@ ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmn sfod ePsf]df ldlt @)&#.)&.)! ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] If]qkmn (%@=^# ju{ ls=ld= sfod ePsf] . g]kfn kl/ro÷67
s[i0f;f/
@
#
$
nfª6fª /fli6«o lgs'~h
;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h
/f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h
68÷g]kfn
kl/ro
@)#@
@)#@
@)#@
/;'jf, g'jfsf]6 / l;Gw'kf~rf]s
;f]n'v'Da'
d'u', h'Dnf
!&!)
lrt'jf, xfa|] -/ftf] k08f_ s:t/' L d[u, /tj' f, emf/n, 3f]/n, yf/, hª\unL e]8+ f, efn', nª\u/' afFb/ -h}ljs ljljwtfsf b[li6sf]0fn] ljZjs} cu|0fL :yfg_ . @)#@.!@.)( ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
!!$*
s:t/' L d[u, lxdfnL efn', 8fFkm], lrlnd], sfnLh, nfnr'Rr], lxFp lrt'jf, yf/ . -;jf{lws prfOdf /xs ] f] /fli6«o lgs'~h_ . @)##.)$.)$ ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
!)^
lxdfnL efn', yf/, 3f]/n, aFb]n / ljljw hftsf r/fr'?ËL -;a}eGbf ;fgf] /fli6«o lgs'~h_ . @)#$.)@$ ut]sf] /ftkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
%
^
&
alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)#@
;] kmf]S;'G8f] /fli6«o @)$) lgs'~h
vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)$@
alb{of
8f]Nkf, d'u'
(^*
#%%%
aemfª, afh'/f, 8f]6L, @@% c5fd
af3, efn', lrt'jf, s[i0f;f/, afx|l;ª\u,] 3f]8ubfx, h/fof], hª\unL xfQL, u}8F f, uf]xL, ;f]; F tyf ljljw hftsf r/fx¿ /xg] . @)#@.!!.@% ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ zfxL s0ff{nL lzsf/ cf/If ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . @)$!.)%.!! ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ zfxL alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ¿kdf gfdfs/0f eO{ If]qkmn (^* ju{ ls=ld= sfod ePsf] . lxpF lrt'jf, ltAatL v/fof], gfp/, lgnf] e]8f, s:t'/L, d[u, hª\unL ofs, AjfF;f], ltAatL uwf, lr? . -z]–kmf]S;'G8f] tfn_ -g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] /fli6«o lgs'~h_ . @)$!.)$.@@ ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] . /t'jf, s:t'/L d[u, 3f]/n, r/Laf3, lrt'jf, hª\unL s's'/, jg la/fnf], ;fy} 8fFkm], d'gfn h:tf r/fx¿ kfOg] . @)$#.)#.)( ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
g]kfn kl/ro÷69
*
dsfn' a?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h
(
@)$(
;ª\v'jf;ef / ;f]n'v'Da'
!%))
lzjk'/L gfufh'{g /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)%*
sf7df8f}F, g'jfsf]6, l;Gw'kf~rf]s / wflbª
!%(
s] /fli6«o !) afF lgs'~h
@)^&
afFs], ;Nofg, bfª
%%)
s~rgk'/
#)%
!!
z'SnfkmfF6f /fli6«o lgs'~h
70÷g]kfn
kl/ro
@)#!
ljZjsf b'n{e jg:klt / lxdfnL sfnf] efn'h:tf k|f0fLx¿ -klxn] gb]lvPsf] l5s]{lds]{ /]g a]An/, cf]lnkm u|fpG8, jfj{ne/_, @)$*.)*.)@ ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] . sf7df8f}d F f b}lgs !) nfv So'ljs ln6/kfgL pknAw x'g] ;fy}, WjfF;] lrt'jf, cf;fdL afFb/, ;fns tyf cGo ljljw hftsf hLjhGt' kfOg] . @)%*.!!.)^ ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ o; lgs'~hsf] If]qkmn !$% ju{ ls=ld= /xs ] fdf @)^%.!!.!@ ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ o; lgs'~hsf] If]qkmn !%( jut{ ls=ld= sfod ePsf] . af3, x'F8f/, ;fns, rf}l;ª\uf tyf ljljw hftsf kIfLx¿ . @)^&.)#.@* ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . afx|l;ª\u,] Ps l;ª\u] u}8F f, xfQL, kf6]af3, efn', lrtjf, n3'gf, uf]xL, Pjd\ r/fr'?ËL . @)##.)$.)$ ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf cg';f/ z'SnfkmfF6 jGohGt' / cf/Ifsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff ePsf]df @)&#÷!!÷!( ut]sf] ;"rgfcg';f/ /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ¿kdf :yflkt .
;fns, x'F8f/, rf}l;+uf, kf6]af3, Psl;+u] u}F8f, uf}/L ufO{, clhª\u/, ;'g uf]xf]/f] . @)$!.)@.)* lrtjg, ut]sf] /fhkqsf] ;"rgf dsjfgk'/ / ^@&=#( cg';f/ k;f{jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff k;f{sf s]xL ePsf]df g]kfn ;/sf/ efux¿ dGqL kl/ifbsf] ldlt @)&$÷)@÷!( ut]sf] lg0f{o cg';f/ /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ¿kdf :yflkt_ !!,*)^=)@
k;f{ /fli6«o @)$) lgs'~h
!@
hDdf
tflnsf g+= !=!& lzsf/ cf/If qm= ;+=
!
:yfkgf If]qkmn ef}uf]lns jif{ -ju{ ls=ld=_ If]q
lzsf/ cf/If
9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If
@)$$
!#@%
?s'd, afUn'ª tyf DofUbLsf] s]xL efu
kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/x¿ / /fhkqfg';f/ 3f]if0ff ljj/0f gfp/, emf/n, yf/, lxdfnL efn' lgnf] e]8f cflb . @)$$.)!.!$ ut]sf] /fhkqdf ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf] .
tflnsf g+= !=!* ;+/If0f If]q qm= ;+=
;+/If0f If]q
:yfkgf jif{
If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_
ef}uf]lns kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/x¿ / cjl:ylt If]q /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ljj/0f
!
cGgk"0f{
@)$(
&^@(
ndh'ª, dgfª d':tfª, DofUbL, sf:sL
@
s~rghª\3f @)%$
@)#%
tfKn]h'ª
lxdfnL b'n{e hLjhGt', jg:klt tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f . @)$(.)$.)% ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . lxpF lrt'jf, s:t/' L d[u, lxdfnL v}/f] efn', AjfF;f], gfp/, 3f]/n, xfa|,] r/Laf3 cflb . @)%$.)$.)^ ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . g]kfn kl/ro÷71
#
dgf:n'
@)%%
!^^#
@)^%
!^=(%
% uf}/Lzª\s/ @)^^
@!&(
^
!()#
$ s[i0f;f/
clk–gfDkf @)^&
lxpF lrt'jf, s:t'/L, d[u , gfp/, emf/nnufot ljleGg uf]/vf r/fx¿ / ;k{ hfltx¿ . @)%%.)(.!# ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ePsf] . s[i0f;f/, x'F8f/ clhª\u/ . alb{of @)^%.!@.)# ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . lxFp lrt'jf, s:t'/L d[u, /fd]5fk, r/Laf3, 8fFkm], d'gfn cflb . bf]nvf / @)^^.)(.@& ut]sf] /fhkq l;Gw'kfNrf]s cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . lxFp lrt'jf, 3f]/n, sfnf] efn", yf/, h/fd;L, of;f{ bfr'{nf u'Daf, kfFr cf}Fn] cflb . @)^&.)#.@* ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
tflnsf g+= !=!( dWojtL{ If]qx¿ qm= ;++=
dWojtL{ If]q
3f]lift jif{
If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_
/fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ljj/0f
@)%#.)*.!& ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]qsf] If]qkmn @)%# &@(=#& &%) ju{ ls=ld= 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df @)&@.)&.)! ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ ;f] If]qkmn &@(=#& ju{ ls=ld= sfod ul/Psf] .
!
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
@
nfd6fË /fli6«o @)%% lgs'~h
$@)
@)%%.)!.!$ ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
#
;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)%*
@&%
@)%*.)(.!& ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
$
/f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)^#
!(*
@)^#.)^.)( ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
72÷g]kfn
kl/ro
%
^ & * ( !) !!
!@
!#
alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~h z]–kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o lgs'~h vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~h lzjk'/L gfuf{h'g /fli6«o lgs'~h afFs] /fi6«o lgs'~h dsfn' j?0f /fli6«o lgs'~h z'SnfkmfF6 /fli6«o lgs'~h k;f{ /fli6«o lgs'~h
@)%#.)*.!& ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] jl/k/Lsf] #@& ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmn ePsf] If]qnfO{ alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] @)%# %)& dWojtL{ If]q 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]df @)^&.)$.#! ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ ;f] dWojtL{ If]q lj:tf/ u/L %)& ju{ ls=ld= sfod ul/Psf] . @)%%.)&.)@ ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff @)%% !#$( ul/Psf] . @)^#.)&.!# ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff @)^# @@% ul/Psf] . @)&@ !!*=^! @)^& @)%% @)^!
@)^@
@)&@.!@.!% ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
@)^&.)#.@* ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] . @)%%.!).@% ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff *#) ul/Psf] . @)^!.)@.)( ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff @$#=% ul/Psf] . @)^@.)#.!# ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ 3f]if0ff ePsf] / @)&@.)%.)& ut]sf] /fhkq cg';f/ @*%=# WojtL{ If]qsf] ;Ldfgf x]/km]/ eO{ k;f{ jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] dWojtL{ If]qsf] If]qkmn @*%=# ju{ ls=ld= sfod ePsf] . @)^!.)%.!$ ut]sf] /fhkqcg';f/ 3f]if0ff !&# ul/Psf] . %^*&=&* #$#
sf];L6Kk' @)^! jGohGt' cf/If hDdf s'n hDdf If]qkmn -ju{ #$,$!(=&% ls=ld=_
tflnsf g+= !=@) jGohGt' cf/If qm=;+= jGohGt' cf/If
:yfkgf jif{
sf]]zL6Kk' ! @)#@ jGohGt' cf/If
If]qkmn ef}uf]lns -ju{ If]q ls=ld=_ !&%
kfOg] k|l;4 hgfj/x¿
b'n{e cgf{, 3l8ofn tyf ;'g;/L du/uf]xL, ;f]; tyf ljleGg df5f tyf r/fr'?ª\uL . g]kfn kl/ro÷73
tflnsf g+= !=@! /fd;f/ ;fO6df ;"rLs[t g]k fnsf ;Ld;f/ If]qx¿M qm= gfd ;+= ! sf];L6Kk' @ aL; xhf/L tfn
If]qkmn ;"rLs[t ldlt lhDd]jf/ :yfgLo -x]=_ -O:jL ;Djt_ Joj:yfkg lgsfo !&%)) !(*&–!@–!& sf];L6Kk' jGohGt' cf/If #@))
# 3f]8f3f]8L tfn If]q
@%^#
$ hubLzk'/ hnfzo
@@%
% /f/f tfn ^ kmf]S ;'08f] tfn
!%*# $($
& uf];fO{s'08 tyf !)#) cf;kf;sf tfnx¿ * uf]Sof] tyf cf;kf;sf &&&) tfnx¿ ( dfO{ kf]v/L ()
@))#–)*–!#
lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h lhNnf jg sfof{no, @))#–)*–!# s}nfnL lhNnf jg sfof{no, @))#–)*–!# slknj:t' @))&–)(–@# /f/f /fli6«o lgs'~h z]–kmf]S;'08f] /fli6«o @))&–)(–@# lgs'~h @))&–)(–@# nfª6fË /fli6«o lgs'~h @))&–)(–@# ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h @))*–!)–@*
!) kf]v/f pkTosfsf (Pokhara valley Lake cluster) tfnx¿
@^!)^ @)!^–)@–)@
lhNnf jg sfof{no, Onfd lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt, sf:sL lhNnf jg sfof{no, sf:sL
tflnsf g+= !=@@ ;+/lIft :gtwf/L jGohGt' != @= #= $= %= ^= &=
cf;fdL afFb/ (Macaca Assamensis) ;fns -Manis pentadactyla_ / (Manis crassicaudata) lxl:k8 v/fof] (Caprolagus hispidus) ;f]+; (Platanista Gangetica) AjfF;f] (Canis lupus) lxdfnL v}/f] efn' (Ursus arctos) xfa|] (Ailurus fulgens)
74÷g]kfn
kl/ro
*= (= !)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^=
lnª;fª÷l;n' (Prionodon pradicolor) r/L af3 (Prionailurus bengalensis) lnªs; (Felis lynx) WjfF;] lrt'jf (Pardofelis nebulosa) af3 (Panthera tigris tigris) lxpF lrt'jf (Panthera uncia) hª\unL xfQL (Elephas maximus) Ps l;Ë] u}F8f (Rhinoceros unicornis) k'8\s] aFb]n (Sus salvanius) s:t'/L d[u (Moschus chrysogaster) afx|l;Ëf (Cervus duvauceli) uf}/LufO{ (Bos gaurus) hª\unL ofs (Bos mutus) cgf{ (Bubalus arnee) gfog (Ovis ammon) lr? (Pantholops hodgsoni) s[i0f;f/ (Antilope cervicapra) rf}sf (Tetracerus quadricornis) x'F8f/ (Hyaena hyaena)
;+/lIft != @= #= $= %= ^= &= *= (=
kIfL sfnf] u?8 (Ciconia nigra) ;]tf] u?8 (Ciconia ciconia) ;f/; (Grus antigone) rL/ sflnh (Catreus wallichii) 8fFkm] (Lophophorus impejanus) df]gfn (Tragop-an satyra) v/ d'h'/ (Houbarpsis bengalensis) ;fgf] v/ d'h"/ (Sypheotides indica) /fh wg]z (Buceros bicornis) g]kfn kl/ro÷75
;+/lIft 3;|g] jGohGt' M != clhª\u/ (Python molurus) @= 3l8ofn uf]xL (Vavialis gangeticus) #= ;'g uf]xf]/f] (Varanus flavescens) ;|f]tM /fli6«o lgs'~h ljefuåf/f k|sflzt g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If]qx¿ cg';"rL ! / @ k]h &@–&(, @)&$
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g]kfnsf] ;ª\lIfKt P]ltxfl;s ¿k/]vf @=! g]kfn Ps k|frLg d'n'ssf]¿kdf ljleGg wd{zf:q tyf k'/f0fx¿df g]kfnnfO{ cToGt} k|frLg e"ldsf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . s/La !# s/f8] jif{cufl8 ag]sf oxfFsf kj{t z[ªv \ nfx¿ / pkTosfx¿df kl5 cfP/ k|f0fLx¿sf] cfsif{0f ljz]if ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . klZrd g]kfnsf] a'6jnIf]qdf kfOPsf] /fdflky]s; dfgjsf] cjz]ifn] Ps s/f8] jif{eGbf cufl8b]lv g} g]kfndf dfgjsf] a;f]af; ;'? eO;s]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . g]kfn gfdsf] klxnf] pNn]v cyj{ kl/lzi6df ul/Psf] kfOG5 . cyj{ kl/lzi6sf];do lglZrt ug{ g;lsP tfklg O;fk"j{ %))–^)) sf]lardf o;sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] dflgG5 . o;df g]kfnnfO{ sfd?, ljb]x, pb'Da/, cjGtL / s}so b]zx¿;Fu} /fvL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . d"n ;jf{l:tjfb, ljgo;ª\u|x gfdsf] af}4 u|Gydf klg g]kfnaf/] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;df eujfg a'4sf] ;dod} pgsf r]nfx¿ Jofkf/Lx¿sf ;fy g]kfn k;]sf] 36gf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . dxfef/tsf] jgkj{df g]kfnnfO{ ljifo -lhNnf_ sf] ¿kdf j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . h}g u|Gysf] cfjZos ;"q tyf sf}l6Nosf] cy{zf:q -O{=k"= rf}yf] ztfAbL_ n] klg g]kfnsf] af/]df pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . To:t} ef/tLo u'Kt ;d|f6 ;d'b|u'Ktn] cfˆgf] Onfxfjfb clen]vdf g]kfnsf] pNn]v …l5d]s /fHoÚ sf] ¿kdf u/]sf 5g\ eg] To;kl5sf k|foM ;a} ;|f]tx¿n] g]kfnsf] pNn]v :jtGq /fHosf] ¿kdf g} u/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf lznfn]vx¿df eg] lj=;+= %^( sf] l6:6'ª clen]vdf klxnf]k6s g]kfn zAbsf] pNn]v ePsf] 5 . o;/L of] d'n's cToGt} k|frLg ;dob]lv g} …g]kfnÚ gfdaf6 kl/lrt /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;Too'udf ;TojtL, q]tfo'udf tkf]jg / åfk/o'udf d'lQm;f]kfg elgGYof] / slno'udf g]kfn eGg] ul/Psf] s'/f kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx¿df pNn]v 5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷77
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;+:s[t efiff gLkM -kj{tkfb_ zAbdf pk;u{ cfn -:yfg_ hf]8]/ g]kfn ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . lxdfn / k~rfn h:t} gLkM -km]bL_ / cfnoM -lgjf;_ af6 kj{t km]bLsf] lgjf;sf ¿kdf g]kfn gfd /x]sf] eflifs JofVof klg ul/Psf] 5 . oh'j]{bdf k|o'Qm j}lbs zAbdf …gLkMÚ sf] cy{ pkTosf lgjf;L x'G5 . g]kfn zAbsf] d"n …gLkÚ elgG5 . …gLkMÚ eg]sf] czf]s -sb+a_ j[If klg xf] . ;++:s[tdf lzjsf] z}j ePem}F g]kfnsf] g}kfn zAb k|of]u ePsf] e]l6G5 . kf/:kl/s cfVofgdf efiffut zflAbs ;flgWo /WjGofTds ;ª\ult b]lvP tfklg pko'{Qm ;lGw zAbfy{ 7f]; /k|dfl0ft rflxF ePsf 5}gg\ . tfdfª efiff tfdfª hfltsf Ps dxfk'?if ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ub{y] . oL tfdfª nfdfs}gfOs] ag] . tfdfª nfdf af]nLdf …g]Ú eg]sf] :tg xf] . k[YjLsf] :tg:j¿k kj{taf6 kflnt g]kfnaf6 Jofkf/ ug]{ dxfk'?if kj{ts} gfddf lrlgP / kj{tsf] gfdaf6 g} g]kfn elgof] . @=@=@ hfltut cfwf/ -s_ g]kfn dxfTDocg';f/ …g]Ú gfdsf] Clifn] oxfFsf hgtfsf] nfng kfng u/]sf]n] o; b]zsf] gfd g]kfn /xg uPsf] dflgG5 . -v_ blIf0f ef/tsf] s]/nf If]qdf a:g] dfnaf/ hflt g]jf/, l;d|f}gu9sf ;+:yfks gfGob]jsf] ;fy oxfF cfPsf lyP . logLx¿sf] cfudgkZrft\ oxFfsf] gfd g]kfn /xg uof] . g]kfnsf k|frLg zf;s uf]kfnj+zLx¿nfO{ ælgkÆ elgGYof] . pgLx¿sf] cfno -3/_ nfO{ g]kfn elgof] . …gLkÚ zAbsf] pNn]v j}lbs u|Gydf / kfl0fgLsf] ci6fWoflodf ;d]t ePsf] kfOG5 . -u_ ef]6df g]kfnnfO{ (Balyal) cyjf jfKnf] elgGYof] eg] lrlgof ofqLn] lg–kf]–nf] eGg] uy]{ . ls/ftx¿sf] k|d'v a:tL ePsfn] af}4 wd{u|Gyx¿df oxFfsf] gfd -g]jfn_ / c+u|]hLdf NIPAUL, NEPAUL, NIPAL / NEPAL zAbsf ;fy} ef/tLox¿åf/f -g]kfn_ zAbsf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o:tf ljljw cfwf/ / dfGotf eP tfklg jf:tjdf g]kfn gfd o;} sf/0fn] x'g uPsf]] egL ls6fg ug{ eg] ;lsPsf] 5}g . tyflk df}lns ;Eotf, ;+:sl[ t / snfn] ubf{ g]kfnsf] :jtGq / cljl5Gg :j¿k eg] sfod /xs ] f] s'/fdf eg] dtfGt/ 5}g . @=# g]kfn pkTosfsf] pTklQ lnR5ljsfneGbf cl3sf] k|frLg Oltxf; e/ kbf]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] cefjdf g]kfn kl/ro÷79
:ki6 x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . j+zfjnL / k'/f0fx¿sf] cfwf/df dfq o; o'usf] Oltxf; cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 . tL u|Gyx¿df eg]g]kfn pkTosf pTklQsf] ;DaGwdf cg]s /f]rs syfx¿sf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf ;|f]tx¿n] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ k|frLg ;dodf sf7df8f}F pkTosf 3gf hËnn] 9flsPsf] lyof] / o;sf] lar efudf ljzfn ;/f]j/ lyof] . ;f] ;/f]j/df gfux¿sf] lgjf; ePsf]n] o;nfO{ gfubx elgGYof] . oxfF a]nfavtdf ljkZjL a'4, lzvL a'4, ljZje" a'4, d~h'>L af]lw;Tj, qms'R5Gb a'4h: tf ljleGg tk:jLx¿ cfpg] ub{y] . ljkZjL a'4 g]kfn pkTosfdf cfpg]k|yd dxfTdf ljkZjL a'4 lyP . logL cfˆgf]:yfoL lgjf; aGw'dtL gu/df ;Too'udf g} cfPsf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . oxfF cfP/ pgL gfufh'{g kj{tdf a;] / s]xL ;dokl5 r}q z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg gfubxsf] lardf sdnkm"nsf] aLh /f]k] . lxhf]cfh klg r}q z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg gfufh'{g kj{tdf d]nf nfUb5 / of] ljkZjL a'4s} ;Demgfdf nfu]sf] d]nf xf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . lzvL a'4 ljkZJfL a'4n] /f]k]sf] aLhaf6 5 dlxgfkl5 cflZjg z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg Ps cnf}lss km"n pTkGg eof] / To; km"nsf] larefudf Hof]ltd{o eujfg\ :joDe" k|s6 eP . o;/L dTo{nf]sdf :joDe" eujfg\sf] cfudgsf] va/ ;'g]/ c?0fk'/sf lzvL a'4 oxfF cfP/ :joDe"sf] cf/fwgf ubf{ub{} s]xL sfnkl5 eujfgdf g} ldNg uP . pgL cfP/ a;]sf] kj{tnfO{ Wofgf]Rj kj{t elgG5 . x/]s df3 ! ut] ToxfF nfUg] d]nfnfO{ lzvL a'4sf] ;+:d/0fdf nufOPsf] d]nf dfGg]rng 5 . ljZj+e" a'4 logL q]tfo'udf oxfF cfPsf lyP . g]kfn pkTosfdf cfP/ w]/} km"n ePsf] kj{t 5fg]/ cfˆgf] cf>d agfO{ a;] . pgL a;]sf] kxf8 km"nf]Rr gfdn] k|l;4 eof] . logn] g} klxnf]kN6 pkTosfsf] kfgL aflx/ hfg] dfu{sf] af/]df cfˆgf r]nfx¿nfO{ cjut u/fPsf lyP . d~h'>L af]lw;Tj ljZj+e" a'4 kms]{sf] s]xL jif{kl5 q]tfo'udf g} rLgaf6 d~h'>L af]lw;Tjsf] oxfF cfudg eof] . oL d~h'>L af]lw;Tjsf] af/]df j+zfjnLx¿n] y'k|} j0f{g u/]sf 5g\ . pgn] oxfF cfP/ :joDe"sf] bz{g kfPkl5 pkTosfsf] kfgL aflx/ k7fpg] ljrf/ u/] . ;/f]j/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ef}uf]lns cWoog u/]/ pgn] s6'jfn 80÷g]kfn
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@=$=! uf]kfnj+zL zf;sx¿ g]kfnsf k|yd /fhfx¿ uf]kfnj+zL lyP . uf]kfn eGgfn] ufO{kfns ;d'bfo eGg] a'lemG5 . sf7df8f}s F f] kfgL aflx/ km\ofFsk] l5 pkTosf a;f]af; of]Uo eof] . To;kl5 blIf0ftkm{sf gLk hfltsf uf]kfnx¿ oxfF cfsli{ft eP . blIf0faf6 cfPsf uf]kfnx¿ /oxfFsf k|frLg gfu hfltlar eL8Gt x'bF f gfu hfltx¿ k/flht eO{ blIf0f e]utkm{ nfu] eg] g]kfn pkTosfdf uf]kfnx¿sf] jr{:j sfod eof] . j+zfjnLx¿df pNn]lvt syfcg';f/ logLx¿sf] Pp6f ax'xL| gfd u/s ] f] ufO{n] ;w}F afUdtLsf] lt/sf] Ps 7fpFdf uP/ b"w r9fpg] ub{lyg\ . ;f] :yn vgL x]bf{ kz'kltsf] Hof]lt{lnË pTkGg eof] . 6]s' bf]efgdf tk:of u/L a:g] …gÚ] d'gLn] uf]kfnj+zsf e'Qmdfg -e"ldu'Kt_ nfO{ /fhf agfP . logL uf]kfnj+zsf ;+:yfksdfq geO{ g]kfnsf k|yd /fhf klg eP . uf]kfnj+zL cf7hgf zf;sx¿ -e"ldu'Kt, hou'Kt, wd{uK' t, xif{uK' t, eLdu'Kt, dl0fu'Kt, lji0f'uK' t / hLgu'Kt_ n] s/La %)% jif{ zf;g u/ ] . @=$=@ dlxifkfnj+zL /fhfx¿ Uff]kfnj+zsf hLg u'KtnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L dlxifkfnx¿n] g]kfnsf] zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] s'/f uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf pNn]v 5 . s]xL Oltxf;sf/x¿sf cg';f/ ufO{ kfNg]nfO{ uf]kfn eg] em}+ e};L kfNg]nfO{ dlxifkfn jf cfle/ elgGYof] . t/ uf]kfn / cfle/ Pp6} j+zsf ePsf / k]zfut cfwf/df dfq b'O{ ;d'bfodf ljeflht ePsf] dflgG5 . ss{Kofl6«ssf] j+zfjnLdf cfle/x¿ /fhk"t pTklQsf Ujfnfx¿ ePsf / l;d|f}gu9 / hgsk'/larsf] ;dtn e"lddf cfkm";Fu xftxltof/;d]t /fvL 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf e}+;L kfNg] u/]sf]df kl5 pkTosf k|j]z u/L uf]kfnj+zL /fhfnfO{ x/fO{ zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o; j+zsf k|yd /fhf j/l;+x x'g\ . uf]kfn j+zfjnLcg';f/o; j+zsf tLg zf;sx¿ j/l;+x, hol;+x / e'jgl;+xn]qmdzM $( jif{, &! jif{ @ dlxgf /$! jif{ u/L hDdf !^! jif{ @ dlxgf zf;g u/]sf lyP . @=$=# ls/ftj+zL /fhfx¿ g]kfn pkTosfdf /fHo ug]{ lnR5jL /fhj+zeGbf cufl8 / dlxifkfn jf cfeL/j+zeGbf k5fl8 larsf] ;dodf ls/ftj+zLo /fhvnssf] zf;g pkTosfdf /x]sf] lyof] eGg] ljj/0f ;flxlTos ;|f]tx¿df km]nf kb{5 . uf]kfn j+zfjnLdf ls/ft /fhfx¿sf] ;"rLsf ;fy} pgLx¿sf] d"n:yfg tfdfsf];L / ;'gsf];Llarsf] e"efu egL atfOPsf] 5 . cfle/j+zsf clGtd /fhf e'jgl;+xnfO{ o'4df k/flht u/L ls/ftj+zL /fhf 82÷g]kfn
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on'ª jf onDa/n] zf;gdf lgoGq0f sfod u/]sf lyP . of] åfk/o'usf] cGTo jf slno'usf] k|f/Delt/ 5}6f}F ztfAbLdf 36]sf] 36gf dflgG5 . g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdsf] ;'?jft ls/ftL /fhfx¿af6} ePsf] dflgG5 . uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf #@, efiff j+zfjnLdf @* / /fO6 j+zfjnLdf @( /fhfx¿sf] ljj/0f kfOG5 . tyflk, ls/ftj+zsf @( k':tfsf #@ /fhfx¿n] em08} !%)) jif{ hlt zf;g rnfPsf] dflgG5 . ls/ftj+zL d'Vo /fhfx¿sf] gfdfjnL lgDgadf]lhd 5M onDa/ ls/ft /fHosf ;+:yfks onDa/ Hofb} jL/ lyP . logn] dlxifkfn cfle/ j+zsf zf;s e'jgl;+xnfO{ x/fP/ ls/ft /fHoJoj:yf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . lognfO{ st}st} on'ª klg elgPsf] 5 . logs} gfdaf6 kf6g ;x/sf] k'/fgf] gfd on /xg uPsf]dflgG5 . x'dlt logL 5}6f}F ls/ftL /fhf lyP . lognfO{ uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf xFlt eg]/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . 8]lgon /fO6n] 5kfPsf] j+zfjnLn] lognfO{ dxfef/tsf] o'4sfnsf egL pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . lht]bf:tL ls/ft /fhf lht]bf:tL csf{ pNn]vgLo zf;s x'g\ . lognfO{ efiff j+zfjnLx¿n] ;ftf}+ qmddf /fv]sf 5g\ eg] uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLn] s]xL kl5Nnf] qmddf pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . logsf] ;dodf uf}td a'4 sf7df8f}F cfPsf] rrf{ j+zfjnLdf ul/Psf] ul/Psf] 5 . :y'+sf] s]xL j+zfjnLx¿n] ls/ft /fhf :y'+sf]sf ;dodf df}o{ ;d|f6 czf]s 5f]/L rf?dtLsf ;fy sf7df8f}F cfPsf lyP . logn] rf/:t"k agfP . 5f]/L rf?dtLsf] ljjfx IfqLo s'df/ b]jkfn;Fu ul/lbPsf lyP . t/ j+zfjnLsf] egfO ;To b]lvb}g . czf]s n'lDagL, slknj:t'df dfq cfPsf lyP . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfPsf] s'/f eg] k|dfl0ft 5}g . @=$=$ lnR5lj sfn lnR5lj zf;gsf] :yfkgf ls/ftx¿kl5 lnR5lj j+zsf /fhfx¿n] g]kfndf zf;g ;~rfng u/s ] f] kfOG5 . j+zfjnL Pjd\ k'/f0fx¿df ;"oj{ z + L If]qLox¿n] ls/ftx¿nfO{ lht]/ gofF zf;g Joj:yf sfod u/s ] f] kfOG5 . uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf …clg ;"oj{ z + sf] g]kfn kl/ro÷83
k|efjn] g]kfndf ls/ft /fhfnfO{ lht]/ lnR5lj /fhj+z rNof]Ú egL n]lvPsf] 5 eg] kz'klt k'/f0fdf klg …ls/ftx¿nfO{ af]lnjrgn] ljZjf;df kf//] tyf o'4df k/f:t u//] j}zfnLsf :jfdL jf kltx¿n] cfˆgf] zf;g;Qf sfod u/s ] f]Ú eGg] pNn]v o;}ks | f/sf] ;Gbe{ lxdjTv08df klg kfOG5 . h;df j}zfnLsf :jfdLx¿n] ls/ftx¿nfO{ lht]/ g]kfndf zf;g ;'? u/s ] f] pNn]v 5 . o;k|sf/ g]kfndf lnR5lj zf;g Joj:yfsf] yfngL ls/ftLx¿sf] zf;gkl5 nuQ} ;'? ePsf] b]vfkb{5 . uf]kfn j+zfjnLcg';f/ clGtd ls/ftL /fhf …lvu'Ú, efiff j+zfjnLcg';f/ …uflnhÚ, /fO6 j+zfjnLcg';f/ ls/ft /fhf …ul:tÚ nfO{ k/f:t u//] jf wkfP/ lnR5lj /fhj+zn] g]kfndf zf;g ;'? u/s ] f] b]lvG5 . lnR5lj /fhj+zsf] yfngL s'g ;dob]lv eof], o;af/] olsg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . Oltxf;ljb\ afa'/fd cfrfo{sf cg';f/ …oxfFsf] ls/ft /fHonfO{ eª\u u/L cfˆgf] :jtGq lnR5lj /fHo :yfkgf ug{ O:jL ;+jt\ @%) sf] cf;kf;lt/ lnR5ljx¿ ;dy{ ePsf]b]lvG5 . lnR5ljx¿ g] kfndf cfpg'eGbf cufl8 ef/tsf] d'hˆkm/k/' gu/sf] a;f9 eGg] j}zfnLdf :jtGq u0ftGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnLcg';f/ zf;g rnfpg] ub{y ] . Tof] efudf /fhtGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL ;'b9[ x'bF } uPsf] / /fhf chftzq'af6 k/flht eO{ O;fsf] k|yd ztfAbLlt/ z/0ffyL{sf ¿kdf lnR5ljx¿ g]kfn k|jz ] u/s ] f lyP . j}zfnLdf zf;g rnfPsf lnR5ljx¿n] oxfFsf e'/,] 6fs'/,] ;fdGt /fhfx¿nfO{ x/fO{ zf;gdf sAhf ug]{
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dxŒjfsfª\Iff k|bz{g u/ ] . t/ lnR5ljx¿sf] ;Qfdf sAhf Tolt ;/n / ;xh geO{ 7'nf] ;ª\3if{ / /Qmkftk"0f{ 36gfaf6 dfq ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg zf;s ju{kl| t hgtfsf] tLj| c;Gtf]if JofKt ePsf] a]nfdf hgefjgfsf] cg'sn ' lnR5ljx¿n] hg;ª\3if{sf] g]tT[ j u/s ] f lyP . ls/ftx¿ o'4df xf//] k"jL{ e]udf lj:yflkt x'g afWo eP eg] s]Gb|df lnR5ljx¿sf] /fHo;Qf sfod x'g k'Uof] . hglxtnfO{ a9L :yfg lbg]zf;gJoj:yf, ;Ël7t hghLjg, pGgt cfly{s cj:yf, lzIffsf] :t/, cfs{ifs snf cflb s'/fn] ubf{ lnR5lj sfnnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df :j0f{ou' klg dflgPsf] 5 . x'g klg t'ngfTds b[li6n] x]g{] xf] eg] of] o'u ;jf{lË0f ljsf;sf] o'usf] ¿kdf /xs ] f] 5 . lnR5lj zf;gsfncGtu{t km]nf k/s ] f] klxnf] k|dfl0ft clen]v /fhf dfgb]jsf] ;g\ $^$ sf] rfFus ' f] clen]v xf] h;df dfgb]jeGbf cufl8sf tLg k':tfsf] ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . o;afx]s lnR5lj j+zsf cf7f}F ztfAbLlt/sf /fhf hob]jsf] kz'klt clen]vdf lnR5lj /fhfx¿sf] ;'?b]lvs} j+zfjnL n]lvPsf] 5 . t/ o; j+zfjnLdf lnR5lj /fhfx¿sf] gfdsf] ;§f qmdfÍdfq n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . o; j+zfjnLsf] cfwf/df ;\g $^$ df rfFu' clen]v :yfkgf ug]{ /fhf dfgb]j lnR5lj j+zsf #( cf}F /fhfsf] ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . dfgb]jcl3sf /fhfsf] ;fnfvfnf zf;g @) jif{ dfg]sf]v08df dfgb]jeGbf &^) jif{cl3 cyf{t @(^ O{;fk"jd{ f lnR5lj zf;g g]kfndf ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . k|l;4 lnR5ljsfnLg zf;sx¿ lnR5ljx¿ d"ntM ;"o{j+zL dflgG5g\ . cof]Wofsf ;"o{j+zL /fhf bz/ysf cf7f}+ k':tfdf lnR5lj eGg]JolQm ePsf]dflgG5 . lnR5lj j+zdf ;'k'ik gfdsf /fhf eP h;nfO{ lnR5lj /fhj+zsf ;+:yfks /cflbk'?if klg dflgG5 . ;'k'ik hob]j låtLosf] kz'klt clen]vdf pTsL0f{ j+zfjnLdf lnR5lj gfd u/s ] f /fhfkl5 t]xf| F} k':tfdf sfdb]jh:tf /fd|f] ¿k/Ë ePsf /fhf ;'ki' k eP elgPsf] 5 . sltkon] /fhf ;'ki' knfO{ g} g]kfnsf k|yd lnR5lj /fhfsf] ¿kdf dfGg] u/s ] f] kfOG5 . j+zfjnLx¿df eg] ;'ki' knfO{ rf}yf] lnR5lj /fhfsf] ¿kdf b]vfOPsf] 5 ;fy} uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLdf lognfO{ ;'ki' kb]j, efiff j+zfjnLdf kz'ki' kjdf{ / /fO6 j+zfjnLdf kz'kv ]| b]j eg]/ gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLcg';f/ logn] g]kfndf j0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug's { f ;fy} kz'kltsf] b]jn agfpg], To;df 5fgf xfNg], ;x/nfO{ ;'Gb/ agfpg], /fHodf dof{bf sfod ug]{ tyf Gofok"js { k|hfx¿sf] kfng ug]{ sfd u/s ] f lyP . o;afx]s /fO6sf] j+zfjnLdf oL /fhfn] kz'klt dlGb/df ;'gsf] 5fgf xfNg'sf ;fy} uh'/;d]t g]kfn kl/ro÷85
yk]/ cUnf] / eJo t'NofPsf] pNn]v 5 . o;} u/L /fhf ;'ki' kn] e"ld jf hUuf;DaGwL dof{bf afFws ] f] s'/fsf] pNn]v uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLd} kfOG5 . dfgb]j zf;g ;~rfngdf s'zn dfgb] j k|ydsf] zf;g sfndf cfP/ g]kfn /fHo cem Jojl:yt, ljsl;t / alnof] aGof] . zf:q hfGg], hgtfnfO{ cfkm\g} kl/jf/ 7fGg]h:tf /fhu'0fx¿n] o'Qm oL /fhfn] /fHodf cfly{s pGglt / zflGt Joj:yfåf/f $! jif{ -lj=;+= %@!–%^@, O{=;+= $^$–%)%_ ;Dd cfˆgf] zf;gdf l:y/tf sfod u/ ] . cfˆgf] /fHodf d'bf| sf] Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm snf / ljBf If]qsf] ;d]t ljsf; u/ ] . k|yd /fhb/af/ dfgu[xh:tf] eJo ejg …>L dfgf+sÚ / …>L ef]lugLÚ cª\lst g]kfnsf] k|yd d'bf| logs}sfndf tof/ ePsf] lyof] . logs} ;dob]lv k|frLg ho jdf{sf] d"lt{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf; klg a9L :ki6 / e/kbf]{ ePsfn] k|yd k|dfl0fs /fhf log}nfO{ dflgG5 . logsf] /fHo k"j{df sf];L, klZrddf u08sL -sfnLu08sLkf/L dNnk'/L_ / pQ/df lxdfno;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . clen]v / :jtGq 6s cflb k|fdfl0fs s'/fx¿ dfgb]jsf] kfnfb]lv kfOPsf 5g\ . rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] dfgb]j g[ksf] clen]v lj=;+= %@! -O{=;+=$^$_ eGbf dfnLufpFdf k|fKt hoadf{sf]O{=;+= !^# -;+jt\ !)&_ nfO{ k|fKt ;j{k|frLg k|fdfl0fs clen]v dflgG5 . o;/L ljs|dsf] 5}6f}F ztfAbLb]lv g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0ft Oltxf; k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . dfgb]jkl5 dlxb]j, j;Gtb]j cflb /fhf eP . j;Gtb]j afns ePsfn] dGqLx¿ /lju'Kt / qmdnLn zlQmzfnL eP . ;+o'Qm zf;g / km]/abn l56f] ePsfn] O{=;+= %#^ b]lv %$% ;Dd /fhgLlts cl:y/tf JofKt ePsf] kfOG5 . o;kl5 ef}du'Kt, u0fb]j, u+ufb]j / lzjb]jh:tf ef/bf/x¿lar zlQm ;ª\3if{h:t} eof] . lzjb]jn] cfˆgf] eflgh c+z'jdf{sf] d2taf6 u'Kt k|efj arfP klg c+z'jdf{sf] k|e'Tj a9]/ lzjb]j lg:t]h aGg k'u] . kmn:j¿k c+z'jdf{ /fhf eP . dGqLn] /fHoflwsf/ lnPsf] of] klxnf] 36gf lyof] . 86÷g]kfn
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c+z'jdf{ c+zj' df{sf] zf;gsfn -O{=;+= ^)%–^@!_ df g]kfndf v]tL, kz'kfng / Jofkf/dfq x}g k//fi6« ;DaGw / /Iff Joj:yfh:tf rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿ eP . pgn] s}nfzs'6 b/af/ cToGt snfTds eJo / k|z; + gLo tj/n] tof/ u/fPsf lyP . k//fi6« gLlt -ltAat /rLg;Fu_ pgs};dodf ;kmntfk"js { ;~rflnt eP . pgsf] ;dodf ef/tdf xif{j4{g / ltAatdf ;|fª] rªuDkf]n] zlQmzfnL ;fd|fHo v8f u/s ] f x'gfn] ltAat;Fu pgn] ;fF7ufF7 u/ ] . ltAatL /fhf ;|fª] rªuDkf];uF pgn] /fhs'df/L e[s6' L -lrh'_ sf] ljjfx u/fPsf] s'/f rlr{t 5 . pgsf] ;dodf k|hfn] wfld{s pbf/tf tyf :jfoQ zf;g;d]t k|fKt u/sf ] lyP . snf tyf ljBfsf];d]t ljsf; eO{ hghLjg ;';ª\ul7t / pGgt x'bF } uPsf] lyof] . oL ;a pGglt k|ultsf] sf/0faf6 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df pgL g} ;j{ky| d …dxf/fhflw/fhÚ pkflwk|fKt zf;s aGg k'u ] . ljlwjt\ o'j/fh 3f]if0ff ug]{ rng klg ;j{ky| d logs} ;dob]lv rNof] . lxGb" /fhfsf] ¿kdf pgn] …kz'kltkfbfg'ux[ LtÚ pkflw;d]t wf/0f u/s ] f lyP . …kh | flxt ;dfwfgtTk/Ú tyf …sy+ d] k|hf ;'lvgf ej]tÚ h:tf ljz]iftfo'Qm 7s'/L j+zsf logn] …zAb ljBfÚ -Jofs/0f_ klg tof/ u/s ] f] a'lemG5 . lj=;+= ^&* lt/ pgsf] d[To' eof] . g/]Gb|b]j zf;g ;~rfngdf s'zn g/]Gb|b]jsf] sfo{sfndf O:jLsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLsf] dWod -O{=;+= ^$%–^&(_ tfsf ef]6 -ltAat /rLg_ ;Fu Jofkfl/s ;DaGw :yfkgf x'g'sf cltl/Qm g]kfnsf k"j{ / klZrd e]usf Jofkfl/s a:tL -b|Ë_ x¿sf] k|f/De x'g uO{ g]kfn s]xL ;do;Dd cGt/f{li6«o Jofkfl/s s]Gb| aGof] . g/]Gb|b]jn] dxf/fhflw/fhsf] kbjL lnP / …k/d e§f/sÚ sf] k|l;l4 klg kfPsf lyP . pgn] eb|flwjf; /fhb/af/ klg agfP . pgsf] cf;gdf l;+xsf] cfs[lt ePsf]n] l;+xf;g k|rlnt ePsf] a'lemG5 . hob]j låtLo hob]j låtLo -O{=;+= &!#–&@#_ slj x'g'sf cltl/Qm d'n's lj:tf/ ug]{ dxfŒjfsfª\IfL;d]t ePsfn] lnR5lj zf;sx¿df pgsf] lqmofsnfk klg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . pgL slj/fhfsf cltl/Qm …k/rqmsfdÚ -csf{sf] b]z lhTg] clenfiff_ h:tf] pkgfdn] lje"lift lyP . pgsf] sljtf kz'klt lznfn]vdf cª\lst 5 . lnR5ljsfnsf k|d'v /fhfx¿ o; k|sf/lyP M ;'k'ik, hob]j k|yd, xl/bQ jdf{, j[ifb]j, z+s/b]j, wd{b]j, dfgb]j k|yd, dlxb]j, ;Gtb]j, a;Gtb]j, pbob]j, dfgb]j låtLo, lzjb]j k|yd, c+z'jdf{, g]kfn kl/ro÷87
g/]Gb|b]j, hob]j låtLo, lzjb]j låtLo, hob]j t[tLo @=$=% k"j{dWo sfn hob]j låtLosf] zf;gsfnkl5 pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf /xs ] f -clen]vdf pQ/flwsf/L egL lsl6Psf_ ljhob]jsf] zf;g klg g]kfndf lglZrt ¿kn] rn]sf] eg] kfOG5 . ljhob]jkl5sf zf;sx¿af/d] f ;j{;fw/0fåf/f /flvPsf clen]v, x:tlnlvt u|Gy, j+zfjnLcg';f/ u'0fsfdb]j, dfgb]j t[tLo, anL/fh, anb]j, dfgb]j rt'y{ -*&& O{=_ sf ;fy} /f3jb]j -O{=;=*&(_ /fhf ePsf] kfOG5 . u'0fsfdb]j O{=;+= (*& / (() ;Ddsf @ cf]6f clen]vx¿df u'0fsfdb]jn] sf7df8fF}F pkTosfdf zf;g u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . Oltxf;sf/ ss{kfl6«ssf cg';f/ logsf] zf;gsfn !* jif{ /x]sf] lyof] . logn] pdfdx]Zj/sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} kz'kltgfy dlGb/ kl/;/df /x]sf] Ozfg]Zj/ dlGb/df tfdfsf] 5fgf, ;Qn tyf ;'Gwf/f agfPsf lyP . logn] sfi7d08k, d?;Qn / d?lx6L;d]tsf] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . @=$=^ l;d|f}gu9sf] s0ff{6s /fHo
l;d|f}gu9df /x]sf] :tDe, af/f l;d|f}gu9 gf/fo0fL c~rnsf] af/f lhNnfdf kb{5 . o;sf] k|frLg gfd l;d/f– jgu9 lyof] . To; a]nf 7'nf a:tL ePsf ;a} If]qx¿ ;'/Iffsf] lx;fan] u9 -lsNnf_ sf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ul/Psf x'Gy] . o:tf lsNnfx¿ hËnsf] lardf ;d]t ag]sf x'Gy] . jgleq ag]sf] u9nfO{ …jgu9Ú jf …jgb'u{Ú elgGYof] . h'g 7fpFsf] jgdf ;f] u9 ag]sf] x'GYof] ToxL gfd ljz]if k|rlnt x'GYof] . l;d/fsf] 88÷g]kfn
kl/ro
jgdf /x]sf] u9¿ksf] a:tL ePsfn] g} …l;d/f–jgu9Ú elgPsf] xf] . oxL zAb kl5 cke|+z eO{ l;d|f}gu9 ePsf] xf] . l;d|f}gu9 j/k/sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q To;a]nf lt/x'tsf] gfdn] k|l;4 lyof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf tTsflns k|df0fx¿df eg] of] If]qnfO{ …8f]o/fHoÚ elgPsf] kfOG5 . klZrdsf] v; /fHosf] :yfkgf ePtfsf g} blIf0f / k"jL{ t/fO{ e]s ;d]6]/ s0ff{6sj+zsf] 8f]k -lt/x't]_ /fHo v8f ePsf] kfOG5 . o;sf] /fhwfgL l;d|f}gu9 -l;d/f jgu9_ cyf{t l;d/fdf lyof] . lt/x'tdf :yflkt s0ff{6s /fHo gfGob]jn] lj=;= !!%$ -O{=;=!)(&_ df :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . of] :jtGq /fHosf] cl:tTj sl/a @@( jif{ hlt /x\of] /O{=;= !#@^ df lj36g x'g uof] . o; /fHodf zf;g ug]{k|d'v zf;sx¿ gfGob]j / xl/l;+xb]j lyP . gfGob]j blIf0fL ef/tsf] s0ff{6s If]qsf lgjf;L lyP . logL blIf0fL ef/tsf rfn'So zf;ssf ;]gfklt lyP . rfn'Son] pQ/L ef/ttkm{ ljho cleofg rnfpFbf Gofob]j o;tkm{ cfPsf lyP . kl5 logL cfkm}n] l;d|f}gu9nfO{ s]Gb| agfO{ o; If]qdf /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf] kfOG5 . gfGob]jkl5 qmdzM uËfb]j, g/l;+xb]j, /fdl;+xb]j, zlQml;+xb]j, e'kfnl;+xb]j / xl/l;+xb]j cflb zf;sx¿n] l;d|f}gu9df zf;g u/] . xl/l;+xb]j s0ff{6sj+zsf clGtd zf;s x'g\ . logsf] zf;gsfndf lbNnLsf d';ndfg afbzfx uof;'2Lg t'Unsn] cfqmd0f u/]/ ;f] /fHo Wj:t kf/]sf lyP . pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx¿sf] s'nb]jLsf ¿kdf k"hf ul/g] t'nhf ejfgL jf:tjdf s0ff{6 /fhfx¿s} s'nb]jL x'g\ . xl/l;+xb]jsL /fgL b]jnb]jL z/0ffyL{sf] ¿kdf pkTosf k:bf cfkm"l;t t'nhf ejfgLsf]snz klg lnP/cfPsL lyOg\ . b]jnb]jL / pgsf 5f]/f hutl;+xsf] pkTosf k|j]zkl5 s0ff{6ssf] k|efj pkTosfdf k/]sf] lyof] h'g :jefljs g} lyof] . xl/l;+xb]jsf] d[To' ePtfsf pkTosfdf ¿b| dNn / cl/ dNnsf] ;+o'Qm zf;g rln/x]sf] lyof] . cl/ dNn gfd dfqsf zf;s lyP . ¿b| dNnn] xl/l;+xb]jsf] d[To'kl5 pgsL /fgL b]jnb]jL / 5f]/f hutl;+xnfO{ cfˆgf] b/af/df z/0f lbPsf lyP . b]jnb]jLn] cfˆgf] ;fydf NofPsf tn]h'sf] snz b/af/df :yflkt ul/g\ . kl5 g]kfnsf zf;sx¿ klg tn]h'sf pkf;s ag] . b]jnb]jLsf 5f]/f s'df/ hutl;+xsf] ljjfx dNn /fhs'df/L gfosb]jL;Fu ;DkGg eof] / o; hf]8Laf6 /fhNnb]jLsf] hGd eof] . log} /fhNnb]jL;Fu hol:ylt dNnsf] ljjfx ePsf] xf] . @=$=& s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] v; dNn /fHo k"j{df g'jfsf]6, klZrddf s]bf/, pQ/df ltAat, blIf0fdf t/fO{ e"v08;Dd v; dNn /fHo lj:tfl/t lyof] . v; dNn /fHosf] åf/ s}nfnL s~rgk'/sf] g]kfn kl/ro÷89
dNnjf/ lyof] . ltAatsf s]xL efu;d]t o; /fHosf] k|efjdf k/]sf lyP . klZrddf u9jfn, s'dfpFb]lv k"j{df uf]/vfsf] ;fFw;Dd km}lnPsf] v; ;fd|fHo tTsfnLg g]kfnsf] 7'nf] e"v08 lyof] . v; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;Ghf lyof] . ltAatsf] vf8L k|b]zaf6 cfPsf gfu/fhn] s0ff{nL k|b]zdf :jtGq v; /fHo :yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5 . of] ;do !@ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ -O{=;=!!%)_ ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . ltJatL j+zfjnL, lj=;+= !$!$ sf]b'Nn' clen]v tyf uf]kfn/ fhj+zfjnL cflb ;|f]tx¿af6 g} To; If]qsf] Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; /fHosf zf;sx¿df gfu/fh, qmfrNn, czf]s rNn, lhtf/L dNn, l/k' dNn, cflbTo dNNf, k'0o dNn / k[YjL dNn cflb /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] /fHosf] cl:tTj s/La @@^ jif{ hlt /Xof] . v; /fHosf] ktgkl5 ;'b"/ klZrddf aemfª, 8f]6L, hfh/sf]6h:tf afO;] /fHo hGd]sf x'g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf ;a}eGbf cljsl;t tyf lk5l8Psf] dflgPsf] of] If]q dWosfndf lgSs} zlQmzfnL /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . klZrdL v; /fHosf] ;a}eGbf k|d'v / dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg efiff;DaGwL of]ubfg xf] . jt{dfg g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ v; dNn /fHod} ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] o; efiffnfO{ …v;s'/fÚ jf …l;+hfnL efiffÚ ;d]t eGg] ul/G5 . v; dNn /fhfx¿n] o; efiffnfO{ /fhsfhsf] dfWod agfP/ /fi6« efiffsf] :yfg lbPsf] x'gfn] g} of] efiff lg/Gt/ kl/dflh{t / ljsl;t x'Fb} uof] . v; dNn /fHosf] lj36gkl5 v8f x'g k'u]sf afO;] / rf}aL;] /fHox¿df ;d]t o;} efiffnfO{ Jofks k|of]udf NofOof] . afO;] / rf}aL;] /fHox¿df /fHo efiffsf ¿kdf o;} efiffn] :yfg kfof] / ljzfn g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkl5 g]kfnsf] /fi6« efiff aGg k'Uof] . @=$=* slknj:t'sf] zfSo zfl;t /fHo slknj:t' lhNnfdf ltnf}/fsf]6 gfds :yfg /xs ] f] 5 . k|fKt tYox¿sf] cfwf/df of] ltnf}/fsf]6 g} zfSox¿sf] k|frLg slknj:ts ' f] /fhwfgL lyof] . k|frLg u0f/fHox¿dWo] zfSox¿sf] of] /fHo ljz]if pNn]vgLo lyof], lsgeg] qms'5Gb, sgsd'lg, l;4fy{ uf}tdnufotsf a'4x¿sf] hGd oxL :yfgdf ePsf] lyof] . pg} l;4fy{ uf}td a'4wd{sf k|jt{s dxfTdf uf}td a'4sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5g\ . k|frLg slknj:t' gu/ k~re'hfsf/ lsNnfsf] ¿kdf a;fOPsf] gu/ lyof] . To; avt Jofkfl/s /fhdfu{sf ¿kdf pQ/bl] v blIf0fk"j{ xFb' } >fj:tLb]lv /fhlu/;Dd k'Ug] /fhdfu{ w]/h } ;f] slknj:t' /fHoleq} kb{Yof] . zfSox¿sf] /fHo u0f/fHosf] ¿kdf ePsf] x'gfn] slknj:t' u0f/fHosf] zf;g Joj:yf k|frLg pQ/ ef/tLo u0f/fHox¿sf] zf;g Joj:yfcg'¿k g} lyof] . zf;g ;~rfngfy{ ;fwf/0f ;ef / ef/bf/L ;ef u/L b'O{ PsfOx¿ lyP . ;fwf/0f ;efn] /fHosf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ub{Yof] / o:tf] sfo{sf/L ;efsf 90÷g]kfn
kl/ro
ltnf}/fsf]6 k"jL{åf/, slknj:t' d'Vo JolQmnfO{ g} /fhf elgGYof] . a'4sf] hGdtfsf sfo{sf/L ;efsf d'Vo JolQm ;'4f]wg lyP . /fhf z'4f]wgkl5 sfo{sf/L ;efsf] d'Vo JolQm jf /fhfsf] ¿kdf dxfgfdfnfO{ lgjf{lrt ul/Psf] lyof] . slknj:t' /fHosf] l5d]sdf kg]{ sf]zn /fHosf /fhflj¿4sf] cfqmd0fdf k//] slknj:t' /fHosf] ktg x'g k'Uof] . @=% dWosfn lj=;= (#^ df …g]kfn ;+jt\Ú ;'? ePkl5 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df …dWosfnÚ k|f/De ePsf] dflgPsf] 5 . lj=; (#^ b]lv g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ePsf] cjlw !*@% ;Dd / lnR5ljsfnsf] ;dflKtkl5 / dNnsf] ktg x'g'cl3;Ddsf] sl/a ()) jif{ nfdf] ;donfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dWosfn elgG5 . jf:tjdf dWosfn eGgfn] g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df …dNnsfnÚ sf] ¿kdf cWoog ug]{ k|rng 5 . o; sfnsf s]xL ztfAbL;Dd g]kfn klxnfsf] lnR5lj /fHohq} ljzfn /x]sf] t/ kl5 qmdzM 7fpF7fpFdf ;fgf :jtGq /fHox¿ ag]sf b]lvG5g\ . lar–lardf PsLs/0fsf] k'gM k|of; / lj:tf/ klg ePsf] lyof] . t;y{ dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns l:ylt slxn] PsLs[t, slxn] ljvl08t, slxn] lj:tfl/t / slxn] ;ª\s'lrt ePsf]kfOG5 . @=%=! dNn j+zsf] kl/ro t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] cf/Deb]lv g]kfn pkTosfdf dNnx¿sf] zf;g Joj:yf sfod ePsf] dflgG5 . o; j+zsf klxnf] zf;s eg]/ cl/dNnsf] gfd lnOG5 . tyflk cl/dNneGbf w]/} cufl8b]lv zf;gdf dNnx¿sf] ;lqmotf lyof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷91
cl/dNneGbf Ps ztfAbLcl3b]lv g} dNnx¿ s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf zf;gdf ;lqmo ePsf] s'/f uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnL tyf s]xL clen]vx¿df ;d]t kfOG5 . dNnx¿ k|frLg hflt dflgG5g\ . k|frLg ;+:s[t jfª\dox¿df dNnx¿sf]pNn]v ljlzi6 ju{sf If]qLosf] ¿kdf ul/Psf] 5 . dxfef/t, ljleGg af}4 ;flxTox¿, dg':d[ lt tyf cGo ljleGg k'/f0fdf dNnx¿sf];Gbe{ kfpg ;lsG5 . dxfef/tdf sf];nx¿sf] ;fydf dNnx¿sf] klg ;dfg rrf{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . dfs{08]o k'/f0fdf ldlynfsf ljb]xx¿;Fu dNnx¿ bfFlhPsf 5g\ . kfrf}F, 5}6f}F ztfAbL O{=k"= sf ;ª\ul7t u0f/fHosf] ;~rfng u/]/ a;]sf w]/} /fhj+zx¿ kl5 qmdzM /fhtGqfTds zf;gcGtu{t rn]sf /fHox¿sf] ;fd|fHo lj:tf/sf] rk]6fdf k/]/ g]kfnsf] e"efudf k;]sf pbfx/0fx¿ ljleGg k|frLg ;|f]tx¿n] lbPsf 5g\ . lnR5lj, sf]nLo, zfSo, dNn cflb ;a} g} g]kfndf z/0ffyL{ ¿kdf k;]sf lyP . zfSox¿ nlntk'/ If]qdf a;]sf lyP eg] sf]lnox¿ sflGtk'/ -cfhsf] s]n6f]n_ df a;f]af; ub{y] . To:t}, dNnx¿n] ;'?df u08sL If]qdf / kl5 pkTosfdf st} g st} a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOG5 . @=%=@ dNnx¿sf] g]kfn cfudg pQ/ ef/tdf duwsf u'Kt ;d||f6sf] lblUjhon] j}zfnLsf lnR5ljx¿ ToxfF l6Sg g;sL sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfPh:t} ef/tsf] s'zLgu/ / To;sf] 5]p5fp d"n ePsf dNnx¿ klg z/0ffyL{x¿sf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] u08sL If]qdf cfPsf lyP . /fhNnb]j / s7o dNnn] nlntk'/sf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt rDkflul/ -rfkfufFp_ a:tL a;fPsfn] dNnx¿n] sf7df8f}Fdf cfˆgf] /fhg}lts k|efj a9fpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 . dfgb]jåf/f dNn k|b]zdf cfqmd0fsf] d'Vo p2]Zo dNnx¿sf] dxŒjsfª\IffnfO{ bafpg' g} lyof] . s]Gb|df lnR5lj zf;g sdhf]/ x'g yfn]kl5 dNnx¿sf] s]Gb|df zf;g ug]{ cfsfª\Iff a9\of] . o;df cl/b]j -cl/_ dNn ;kmn eP . lj=;= !@!) df hGd]sf cl/b]j lj=;+=!@%* df /fhf eO{ !% jif{ hlt /fHo u/]/ lj=;= !@&$ df b]x Tofu u/] . cl/ dNnkl5 ceo dNn lj=;+= !@&$ df /fhf eP . pgn]#* jif{;Dd zf;g rnfP . @=%=# dNn /fHosf] ljefhg dNnsfndf PsLs[t g]kfn pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL eQmk'/ lyof] / /fhfx¿ …o'ylgDxdÚ / …lqk'/Ú b/af/df /xL zf;g rnfpFy] . cGo d'n'ssf] cfqmd0faf6 aRg ;lsg] u/L rf/kf6] lsNnfsf ¿kdf b/af/ agfPsf] x'GYof] h;nfO{ :yfgLo efiffdf rf}SjfF7 elgG5 . g]kfn pkTosfsf] ;ª\ul7t dNn /fHosf clGtd dNn /fhf oIf dNn lyP . oIf dNnsf]zf;gsfnkl5 g]kfn pkTosf sflGtk'/, kf6g /efbufpFsf ¿kdf ljeflht eP . sflGtk'/df xg'dfg 9f]sf 92÷g]kfn
kl/ro
b/af/sf] lgdf0f{ O:jLsf] afx|f}F ztfAbLdf /fhf u'0fsfdb]jsf kfnfdf ePsf] s'/f jzf+jnLdf pNn]v 5 . k|tfk dNnn] sflGtk'/sf] o; b/af/df w]/} v08 / rf]sx¿ yk]/ ljzfn ¿k lbPsf lyP . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx sflGtk'/sf] /fhu2Ldf cf?9 ePkl5 s]xL k'/fgf] v08 / rf]s x6fpg], gofF rf]sx¿ / v08x¿ yKg] sfd ePsf] lyof] . tflnsf g+= @=! pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx¿ sflGtk'/sf dNn /fhfx¿ !_ /Tg dNn @_ ;"o{ dNn #_ cd/ dNn $_ dx]Gb| dNn %_ lzjl;+x dNn ^_ nIdLg/l;+x dNn &_ k|tfk dNn *_ g[kGb| ] dNn (_ kfly{j]Gb| dNn !)_ e"kfn]Gb| dNn !!_ efis/dNn !@_ hoHho dNn !#_ hok|sfz dNn
kf6gsf dNn /fhfx¿ !_ /0f dNn @_ lji0f' dNn #_ g/l;+x dNn, k'/Gb/l;+x dNn, p4jl;+x dNn $_ xl/x/l;+x dNn %_ l;l4g/l;+x dNn ^_ >Llgjf; dNn &_ of]ug/]Gb| dNn *_ nf]sk|sfz dNn (_ OGb| dNn !)_ dxLGb| dNn !!_ jL/g/l;+x dNn !@_ Cl4g/l;+x dNn !#_ efis/ dNn !$_ of]uk|sfz dNn !%_ lji0f' dNn !^_ /fHok|sfz dNn !&_ ljZjlht dNn !*_ hok|sfz dNn !(_ /0flht dNn @)_ t]hg/l;+x dNn
!_ /fo dNn #_ k|f0f dNn
efbufp“sf dNn /fhfx¿ @_ ;'j0f{ dNn $_ ljZj dNn g]kfn kl/ro÷93
%_ huHof]lt{ dNn &_ hutk|sfz dNn (_ e"ktLGb| dNn
^_ g/]Gb| dNn *_ lhtfldq dNn !)_ /0flht dNn tflnsf g+= @=@ s]xL dNn /fhfx¿sf d'Vo s[ltx¿
/fhf
d'Vo s[ltx¿÷sfo{x¿
hol:ylt dNn
k];fut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f, hUufnfO{ cAan, bf]od, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ efudf ljefhgÙ 3/, hldg a]rljvg ug{ / aGws /fVg klg kfOg] Joj:yfÙ dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fh'df ;'wf/Ù rf/j0f{ 5lQ; hftsf] ;fdflhs Joj:yf, hftLo k];f / klx/gsf] Joj:yfÙ uf]kfn /fhj+zfjnLsf] /rgf
oIf dNn
eQmk'/ tf}d8L 6f]nsf] dlGb/, bQfqo dlGb/, oIfZj/ dlGb/, nlntk'/sf] eLdgfy dlGb/ :yfkgf,
/Tg dNn
tfdfsf] d'b|f k|rngÙ tn]h' dlGb/ lgdf{0fÙ kz'kltdf blIf0fsfnL, ;Ktlif{ /ci6dft[sfsf d"lt{ :yfkgf
dlxGb| dNn
pkTosfdf rfFbLsf] df]xf]/ -dx]Gb| dNnL_ rnfPsf, tn]h'glhs dx]G b|]Zj/ dxfb]j dlGb/ lgdf{0f
nIdLg/l;+x dNn
g'jfsf]6 e}/jL dlGb/sf] lh0ff]{åf/ u/fP/ kfFr cf]6f ;'gsf uh'/ r9fPsf, dvgsf] lzjfno :yfkgf, sfi7d08k lgdf{0f,
k|tfk dNn
tn]h' ejfgLsf] dlGb/cufl8 vDaf uf8]/ ;'gsf] df]nDaf nufOPsf] wft'sf] l;+x :yfkgf -!^((_, xg'dfg 9f]sf b/af/sf] lj:tf/, df]xgrf]s, ;'Gb/L rf]s, gf;nrf]s, e08f/vfn au}Frfsf] lgdf{0f, xg'dfg9f]sf, b/af/If]qdf ljZj¿ksf] ;'gf}nf] d"lt{ :yfkgf, xg'dfg9f]sf aflx/ b'O{ cf]6f xg'dfgsf d"lt{ :yfkgf, gf;nrf]sdf g[l;+xsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf, /fgLkf]v/L lgdf{0f, u'x]Zj/L, blIf0fsfnLsf] :yfkgf, kz'kltdf sf]l6lnª\u :yfkgf
94÷g]kfn
kl/ro
hok|sfz dNn
s'df/Lrf]s :yfkgf, s'df/Lsf] /yofqf cf/De, afnfh'sf] @@ dWo] @! wf/f lgdf{0f
l;l4 g/l;+x dNn
kf6gsf] s[i0f dlGb/ lgdf{0f, e08f/vfnsf] wf/f kf]v/L lgdf{0f
huHof]lt dNn
eQmk'/df lj:s]6 hfqf ;'? u/]sf eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf snfs[lt, %% em\ofn] b/af/, dfntL rf]s lgdf{0f .
e"kltGb| dNn
@=^ cfw'lgs sfn cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf; lj=;= !*@% -O{=;=!&^*_ b]lv k|f/De x'G5 . zfxj+zLo /fhf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] pkTosf ljho k|fKt u/]kl5 g} cfw'lgs sfn ;'? ePsf] dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf; / e"uf]nsf k|jt{s k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfˆgf lbJo pkb]zdf æd]/f ;fgf b'vn] cfHof{sf] d'n's xf]Og, g]kfn rf/ hft 5QL; j0f{sf] km"naf/L xf] ;a}nfO{ r]tgf eofÚ eGg] Pstfaf]wsf] ;Gb]z;d]t lbPsf 5g\ . ljzfn g]kfn lgdf{0fdf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ PsLs/0f clwi7ftf dflgG5 . ;fgf–;fgf y'd / 6fs'/] /fHodf ljeQm e"–v08nfO{ ;d]6L zlQmzfnL /fHodf PsLs[t / ;ª\ul7t ug{ lj=;= !*)! -O{=;= !&$$_ sf]g'jfsf]6 ljhob]lv lj=;= !*&# -O{=;=!*!^_ sf] ;'uf}nL ;lGw;Dd s/La &# jif{ nfu]sf] lyof] . @=^=! zfxj+zsf] kl/ro zfxj+zsf] k|frLg Oltxf;af/] ljleGg j+zfjnLx¿n] cnu–cnu ¿kdf j0f{g u/s ] f 5g\ tfklg xfn;DDf k|fKt ljljw tYox¿sf] cfwf/df x]bf{ uf]/vf–/fhj+zsf] ;DaGw ef/tsf] lrtf}8sf l;;f}lbof /fhk'tx¿l;t sfod /xs ] f] a'lemG5 . d';ndfgL cfqmd0faf6 lrtf}8sf] ktg ePkl5 ToxfFsf zf;sx¿ klg efu]/ oqtq nfu] . s]xL jif{kl5 oxL /fhj+zsf e"kfnn] g]kfnsf] l/8L / kl5 le/sf]6df a;f]af; u/s ] f] a'lemG5 . oL e"kfnsf b'O{ 5f]/fx¿ xl/x/l;+x / chol;+xn] klxnf]kN6 cfP/ kxf8L Onfsfdf cf–cfˆgf] :jtGq /fHosf] :yfkgf u/ ] . oL b'j} efOx¿n] tTsfnLg ef/tjif{sf zf;sx¿n] lnP ;/x dfg kbjL wf/0ff u/s ] f lyP . To;}n] Oltxf;df logLx¿ vfFrf vfg / ldrf vfg eg]/ klg lrlgG5g\ . sfG5f chol;+xsf]j+zdf logLkl5 ljlrq vfg, s'nd08g cflb eP . s'nd08gn]lbNnLsf afbzfxaf6 zfx kbjL kfPsf]s'/f j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;y{ s'nd08gsf] kfnfb]lv g} o; /fhj+zn] cfˆgf] g]kfn kl/ro÷95
gfdsf] ;fy zfx k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf] dflgG5 . s'nd08g zfxsf] ;dodf ndh'ªsf] /fhu2L vfnL ePsf]n] ndh'ªsf] cg'/fw] df logsf sfG5f 5f]/f ozf]aX| d zfxnfO{ ToxfFsf] /fhf agfOof] . ozf]ax| d \ zfxsf b'O{ efO 5f]/fx¿ lyP . h]7f g/xl/ zfx / sfG5f b|Jo zfx . ozf]a| Dx zfxsf sfG5f 5f]/f b|Jo zfxn] uf]/vfdf ljho u//] cfˆgf] /fHo :yflkt u/s ] f x'g \ . uf]/vf /fHo rf}la;]s} ju{df k/] klg o;sf] cfˆg} cl:tTj / dxŒj lyof] . k|f/Dedf uf]/vfdf v8\sfx¿n] /fHo uy] { . ndh'Ë] /fhf o;f]aX| dsf 5f]/f /fhf b|Jozfx lj=;=!^!^ -O{=;= !%%(_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g} uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] ¿kdf ljsf; eof] . @=^=@ uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf uf]/vfdf zfxj+zsf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbfcl3 /hfOF ul//x]sf v8\sf /fhfx¿nfO{ hftLo e]befj, bdg / wfld{s pR5[ª\vntfsf] sf/0fn] uf]/vfsf a'h|'sx¿ qm'4 eO{ /fHoRo"t u/fO{ s'g} ;'of]Uo JolQmnfO{ /fhf agfpg rflx/x]sf] cj:yfdf b|Jo zfxsf] ;Dks{ uf]/vfnL hgtf;Fu x'g uof] . uf]/vfnL hgtf pgsf] cf]h:jL JolQmTjaf6 k|efljt eO{ pgnfO{ /fhf agfpg] t/v/df nfu] . Tof] ;dodf lnulnu] eGg] 7fpFdf 3n] y/sf u'?ªx¿n] /fHo ub{y] . ToxfF k|To]s jif{ ljhofbzdLsf] lbg bf}8df k|yd x'g]nfO{ /fhf agfpg] k|rng lyof] . To; pT;jnfO{ x]g{ pkl:yt ePsf] a]nf b|Jo zfxn] ck|Toflzt ¿kdf cfqmd0f u/L ToxfF cfˆgf] k|e'Tj sfod u/] . lnulnudfly ljho xfl;n u/]nut} uf]/vfdf cfqmd0f u/], t/ uf]/vfnLx¿n] b|Jo zfxsf] tLj| k|lt/f]w u/] . !% lbg;Dd o'4 ubf{ klg ljho x'g g;s]sf]sf/0fn]b|Jo zfx lnulnu kms{g afWo x'g'k¥of] . b|Jo zfx lgs} dxŒjfsf+IfL ePsf]n] k|yd k/fhon] pgsf] pT;fxnfO{ bdg ug{ ;s]sf] lyPg eg] eflu/y kGt, u0f]z kf08], ;j]{Zj/ vgfn, u+uf/fd /fgf, uhfgGb e§/fO{, s]zj af]x/f, d'/fnL vjf;x¿n] pgsf] pT;fxnfO{ 96÷g]kfn
kl/ro
a9fO/x]sf lyP . b|Jozfxsf ;}lgsx¿ yfkf, e'iffn, df:s], /fgfx¿;d]tn] uf]/vfsf /fhfsf] b/af/nfO{ 3]/L cfqmd0f u/] . b|Jo zfxsf] xftaf6 v8\sf /fhfn] jL/ult k|fKt u/] . o;k|sf/ lj=;=!^!^ efb| @% df b|Jo zfx uf]/vfsf /fhf eP . b|Jo zfxsf ;Gtfg /fd zfx !^^# lt/ uf]/vfsf /fhf eP . logL Gofo lbg]/fhfsf ¿kdf k|l;4 lyP . tflnsf g+= @=# k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxk"j{sf /fhfx¿ qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * (
/fhfx¿ b|Jo zfx k'/Gb/ zfx 5q zfx /fd zfx 8Da/ zfx s[i0f zfx ?b| zfx k[YjLklt zfx g/e"kfn zfx
;dofjlw -lj=;+=_ !^!^–!^@& !^@&–!^^@ !^^@–!^^# !^^#–!^() !^()–!&)@ !&)@–!&!* !&!*–!&#) !&#)–!&&# !&&#–!&((
@=^=# k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx / g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx g/e"kfn zfxsf 5f]/f x'g\ . pgsf] hGd !&&( kf}if @& ut] uf]/vfdf ePsf] lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx Ps k|tfkL /fhf lyP . b|Jo zfx lj=;=!^!^ df uf]/vfsf] /fhu2Ldf a;]kl5 g} uf]/vf zfxj+zLo /fHosf] ¿kdf ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . uf]/vfsf] :yfkgfkl5 dfq k"j{sf ;]g /fHox¿, sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf dNn /fHox¿, afO;L, rf}la;]eGbf uf]/vf /fHo ;zQm / ;ª\ul7t ePsfn] PsLs/0fsf] cleofg o;n] ;kmntfk"j{s ;~rfng u¥of] . s]xL /fHox¿ uf]/vfeGbf alnof eP klg dWosfnsf] …u'xf/ o'u] /fhgLltÚsf] km]/f]kmGbf]df k/L dha't x'g;s]sf lyPgg\ . uf]/vfn] s"6gLlts rfnafhL ;'?b]lv g} ub}{ lyof] . o; /fHodf b|Jo zfx, /fd zfx, g/e"kfn zfx / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxh:tf k|tfkL /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/]sf lyP . g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] k|of; dWosfnLg g]kfndf ePklg cfw'lgs g]kfnsf]yfngLkl5 dfq of]sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷97
ndh'ª / eQmk'/;“u d}qL ;DaGw sfod k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf cfqmd0f ug'{cufl8 ndh'ª;Fu d}qL ;lGw u/] . ;g\ !&$) sf] hgj/L dlxgfdf ePsf] of] ;lGwdf cfk;df cgfqmd0f / csf]{ b]zn] cfqmd0f u/]df b'j} b]z Ps eP/ n8\g] s'/f pNn]v lyof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx l5d]sL b'Zdg /fHo;Fu d}qL ;lGw ug{ ;kmn ePsfn] pkTosf cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf /fd|/L cufl8 a9]sf] xf] . To;} u/L ;g\ !&$! df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] eQmk'/sf /fhf /0fhLt dNnsf 5f]/f jL/g/l;+x dNn;Fu ldt]/L ;fOgf] ufF;]/ csf]{ l5d]sL;Fu d}qL ;DaGw :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . g'jfsf]6dfly cfqmd0f / ljho k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;g\ !&$# df g'jfsf]6 cfqmd0f u/] . g'jfsf]6 To; ;dodf sf7df8f}Fsf /fhf hok|sfz dNnsf] clwgdf lyof] / pgLx¿;Fu uf]/vfnLsf eGbf /fd|f / cfw'lgs xltof/x¿ ePsfn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g'jfsf]6 cfqmd0f c;kmn ePsf] lyof] . bf];|f] k6s @% ;]K6]Da/ !&$$ O{= df uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] lqz"nL laxfg} kf/ u/L g'jfsf]6sf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yn dxfd08ndf b'O{lt/af6 cfqmd0f u/]/ g'jfsf]6nfO{ cfˆgf] agfof] . o;} qmddf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] a]nsf]6dfly klg ljho k|fKt u/] . pkTosf gfsfaGbL ug]{k|of; pkTosfdf ;f]em} cfqmd0f ug'{eGbf klxn] o;nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]g]{ k|of; eof] . o; qmddf uf]/vfn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf /fHox¿ Pjd\ ndh'ª;Fu d"7e]8 ug'{k/]sf] lyof] . pQ/–klZrd / blIf0flt/af6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfnfO{ 3]/]/ cfly{s gfsfaGbL ug]{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] of]hgf nueu ;kmn ePkl5 pkTosfsf]k"j{lt/af6 gfsfaGbL ug'{ cfjZos lyof] . o; qmddf @# cS6'a/ !&^# df xl/jz+ pkfWofo, sflnbf; v8\sf / /fds[i0f s'Fj/n] w'lnv]n, v8\k', rf}sf]6, kgf}tL, ag]kf, gfnf, ;fFuf cflb ;ft ufpFdf cfqmd0f u/L ljho k|fKt u/] . @ gf]e]Da/ !&^# df o'4 gul/sg g} kmlk{ª uf]/vfsf] cwLgdf cfof] . sf7df8f}F pkTosf ca k"j{tkm{af6 klg 3]l/of] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] rf/}lt/af6 pkTosfnfO{ 3]/]/ g'g, skf;, vfBfGg Pjd\ cGo ;fdfgx¿ pkTosfleq k|j]z ug{ k"0f{ k|ltaGw nufO lbP . l;¥xfgrf]s u9Lsf] o'4 d] !&%% O{= df rf}aL;L /fHox¿sf] ;+oQ ' m ;]gfn] r]kg] bL t/L uf]/vfsf] l;¥xfgrf]s u9Ldf xdnf u/ ] . uf]/vfnL ;]gf sfn' kf08]sf] g]tT[ jdf xdnfjf/x¿nfO{ k|lt/fw] ug{ To;tkm{ nfUof] . b'jt} km{sf ;]gfx¿lar 3df;g o'4 eof] . b'jt} km{ w]/} xtfxt eP . cGTodf ljho uf]/vfnL kmf}hs} xft nfUof] . 98÷g]kfn
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sf7df8f}“ / uf]/vflarsf] ;lGw ltAat;Fu Jofkf/ ug]{ d'Vo 3fF6L s]?ª / s'QL uf]/vfsf] lgoGq0fdf eP tfklg uf]/vfn] vf; Jofkf/df nfe lng kfPsf] lyPg . pkTosfsf /fhfx¿sf lardf km'6 u/fpg klg sf7df8f}F; Fu ;lGw ug{ cfjZos lyof] . To;sf/0f sflGtk'/;Fu ;g\ !&%* df ltAat;Fu ePsf] Jofkf/sf] nfe b'j} b]zn] kfpg] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] ;lGw ul/of] . dsjfgk'/ ljho uf]/vfn] lj=;=!*!( efb| ( ut] /ftL dsjfgk'/dfly ljho k|fKt u¥of] . To; avt ef/tsf] lrQf}8df lbNnLsf ;'Ntfg cnfp2Lg lvhnLn] cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . cGTodf /fhk't /fhfx¿n] xf/ :jLsf/ u/]/ cfˆgf ar]sf] ;]gf ;fydf lnP/ lxdfnosf sGb/ftkm{ k|:yfg u/] . rf}aL;L /fHox¿sf] bf];|f] cfqmd0f dsjfgk'/sf /fhf lbUaGwg ;]g uf]/vfdf gh/aGb eP . sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf rf/}tkm{af6 cfly{s gfsfaGbL eO{ xfxfsf/ dlRrPsf] a]nf rf}la;L /fHox¿ uf]/vfdf n8fOF ug{ ;+o'Qm ¿kn] h'6] . rf}la;L /fHox¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;]gfn] uf]/vfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf xgL{, le/sf]6, w'nfsf]6, Bf}/fnL cflbdf cfqmd0f u/] . To;sf] k|Tofqmd0f ug{ cufl8 a9]sf uf]/vf ;]gfsf] cufl8 rf}la;L /fHosf] ;+o'Qm ;]gf l6Sg ;s]g . n8fOFsf] d}bfg 5f]8L efufefu eP . sLlt{k'/dfly ljho uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] kmlk{ª, af]8] / vf]sgf sAhf ul/;s]kl5 O=!&%& df sLlt{k'/dfly xdnf u/] . hok|sfz dNnsf] kmf}h Pjd\ sLlt{k'/sf hgtfsf] ;+o'Qm k|Tofqmd0faf6 uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] g/fd|f] lsl;dn] k/flht x'g'k¥of] . o'4df ;]gfklt sfn' kf08]n] jL/ult k|fKt u/] . hLjg yfkf / nf6f vqLh:tf uf]/vfnL ;}lgssf] d[To' eof] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] hLp hf]ufpg klg xDd]xDd] k/]sf] lyof] . lj=;= !*@! cflZjg $ ut] ;"/k|tfk zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] sLlt{k'/dfly bf];|f] k6s cfqmd0f u¥of] . o; o'4df ;"/k|tfk zfxsf] cfFvf km'6\of] . bnhLt zfx 3fOt] eP / w]/} uf]/vfnL ;]gf dfl/P . afFr]sf ;}lgs Hofg hf]ufO{ bxrf]s k'u] . lj=;+= !*@@ r}q # ut] uf]/vfn] t]>f] k6s crfgs cfqmd0f u/L sLlt{k'/dfly ljho k|fKt u¥of] . sf7df8f}“ pkTosf ljho sLlt{k'/ ljhokl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f}F /fHodf cfqmd0f ug]{ of]hgf agfP . uf]/vfnL kmf}håf/f sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf lj=;+= !*@% efb|z'Sn rt'b{zL g]kfn kl/ro÷99
cfOtaf/ -OGb|hfqf_ sf lbg eLd;]g :yfg, 6'F8Lv]n / g/b]jL u/L tLglt/af6 cfqmd0f u/L sf7df8f}Fdfly ljho k|fKt u/] . nlntk'/ ljho kf6g ljho ug]{l;nl;nfdf >Lxif{ kGtnfO{ b"t agfP/kf6g k7fpFbf kf6gsf k|wfgx¿n] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] zf;g :jLsf/ u/L cfTd;dk{0f u/s ] fn] uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] ;g\ !&^* cS6'a/ ^ sf lbg nlntk'/dfly xdnf u/L sAhf u¥of] . eQmk'/ ljho sf7df8f}F / nlntk'/ uf]/vf /fHon] sAhf u/k] l5 b'j} /fHosf /fhfx¿ qmdzM hok|sfz dNn / t]hg/l;+x dNn eQmk'/sf /fhf /0flht dNnsf z/0fdf k'u ] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] oL b'j} /fhfnfO{ ;'kb' u{ L ug{ eQmk'/sf /fhf;Fu cfu|x u/] t/ z/0fsf] d/0f ug'{ dfgjf]lrt gePsf] s'/f b;f{pbF } uf]/vfnL cfu|xnfO{ /0fhLt dNnn] :jLsf/ gu/s ] f] x'bF f lj=;=!*@^ sflQs z'Sn åfbzLsf lbg uf]/vfnL kmf}hn] eQmk'/dfly xdnf u/ ] . cGTodf pkTosfsf tLg} /fhfn] cfTd;dk{0f u/ ] . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] sf];L If]qsf] ljho cleofgdf sf:sL / ndh'ªsf s'Fj/If]qLx¿n]clws dfqfdf efu lnPsf lyP . k"jL{ ljhokl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn]/fds[i0f s'Fj/nfO{ Ko'7fg k7fP . ToxfF pgL af?bvfgf tof/ug{ nufpFb}lyP, To;}a]nf @! dfr{ !&&! O{=df pgsf]d[To' eof] . /fds[i0f s'Fj/sf] d[To'kl5 !* jifL{o pgsf 5f]/f /0flht sF'j/ gjljlht h'Dnfsf xflsd lgo'Qm eP . ToxfF zflGt ;'Joj:yf /fd|f]ug{ ;kmn ePsfn] pgnfO{ g]kfnsf rf/sfhLdWo] Ps sfhL agfOof] . /0flht s'Fj/sf tLg 5f]/f lyP M afngl;+x s'Fj/, an/fd s'Fj/ / /]jGt s'Fj/ . /0faxfb'/ zfxsf xTof/f z]/axfb'/ zfxnfO{ l7s df}sfdf df/]afkt\ afng/l;+x s'Fj/ sfhL agfOP . pgsf] dfg / hflu/ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] klg kfpg] eP . sfhL afng/l;+x @$ l8;]Da/ !*!$ O{=df lbjª\ut eP . tflnsf g+= @=$ g]kfnsf zfxj+zLo /fhfx¿ qm=;+= ! @ # $
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@=& /f0ffzf;g sfn afng/l;+x s'Fj/sf 5f]/f h+uaxfb'/ s'Fj/n] sf]tkj{kl5 /fHo zf;g xTofP . e08f/vfn kj{ / cnf} kj{kl5 h+uaxfb'/ zlQmzfnL ag] / ndh'ª / tgx'Fsf] >L # ag] / /f0ff zf;gsf] hu a;fn] . k|wfgdGqL tyf ltgsf] d'Vo of]ubfg != hª\uaxfb'/-!()$–!(##_ M lj=; !(!) df Gofo Joj:yf tyf ck/fw sfg'g tf]lsPsf] d'n'sL P]g klxnf] k6s hf/L . b/af/ xfO:s'nsf] :yfkgf . gofF d'n's k|fKt . @= /0ff]2Lk -!(##–!($@_ M x'nfs 3/sf] :yfkgf, dfnkf]t p7fpg] gofF aGbf]a:t ul/Psf] . #= jL/ ;d;]/ -!($@–!(%&_ M efbufFp / sf7df8f}Fdf jL/wf/fsf] Joj:yf, k'nx¿sf] lgdf{0f, jL/ c:ktfn -lj=;=!(&$_, jL/ k':tsfnosf] :yfkgf, 306f3/sf] lgdf{0f . $= b]j ;d;]/ -!(%&–!(%*_ M uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzg k|f/De, ;/sf/L ;do !)–% ah] lgwf{/0f, ;/sf/L labfsf] Joj:yf, kf7zfnfx¿sf] :yfkgf . %= rGb| ;d;]/ -!(%*– !(*^_ M ;tL k|yfsf] pGd"ng, bf;df]rg, klxnf] k6s lah'nL aQLsf] Joj:yf, klxnf] sn]h lq–rGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf, uf]/vf efiff k|sflzgL ;ldltsf] :yfkgf, g]kfnsf] gS;f lgdf{0f . ^= eLd ;d;]/ -lj=;=!(*^–!(*(_ M g'g /skf;df eG;f/dfkmL, skf; v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg . g]kfn kl/ro÷101
&= h'4 ;d;]/ -lj=;=!(*(–@))@_ M klxnf] a}ª\s -g]kfn a}ª\s_ :yfkgf, 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf;, pRr cbfnt, h'4 af?0f oGq, Do'lhod / lrl8ofvfgfsf] :yfkgf . *= kß ;d;]/ -@))@–@))%_ M klxnf] ;+ljwfg hf/L, sf7df8f}F Do"lgl;kfln6L :yfkgf . (= df]xg ;d;]/ -@))%–@))*_ M cfsfzjf0fLsf] :yfkgf, /fli6«o cfly{s ;ldltsf] u7g . @=* /f0ffsfnkl5sf] /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx uf]/vfsf] /fhf x'Fbf ef/tdf O:6 OlG8of sDkgLsf] gfddf cª\u|]h ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf / lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] lyof] . ljutsf] PsLs[t g]kfn ljljw sf/0fn] afO;] rf}la;] /fHodf ljeflht eO{ Ps cfk;df zq'tfk"0f{ Jojxf/ / o'4df ;Lldt lyP . Psftkm{ b]zsf] /fli6«o cv08tf ;ª\s6df lyof] eg] csf]{tkm{ cfly{s ljsf; cj?4 lyof] . o; r'gf}tLk"0f{ 38Ldf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] /fli6«o PsLs/0fsf] >Lu0f]z u/L PsLs[t cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] :yfkgf u/] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f ug{ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;kmn s"6gLlt, /0fgLlt / o'4gLlt cjnDag u/]sf lyP . PsLs/0fsf] cfGbf]ng ;'uf}nL ;lGwkZrft\ /f]lsof] . To;kl5 /fhb/af/df if8\oGqn] :yfg lnof] . sf]tkj{kl5 hËaxfb'/n] /f0ff zf;g :yfkgf u/] . cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;sf] ljsf; /f0ff zf;glj¿4sf] cfGbf]ngaf6 ;'? x'G5 . lj=;+= @))& ;fn c;f]h & / * ut] ef/tsf] j}/ugLofdf ePsf] g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] ;Dd]ngn] g]kfndf /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/]cg'¿k @))& ;fn sflQs @% ut]b]lv dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] ;z:q ;ª\3if{ ;'? u¥of] . @))& ;fn kmfu'g $ ut] /fhf lqe'jg ;kl/jf/ g]kfn kms]{kl5 & ut] zfxL 3f]if0ffåf/f k|hftGq :yfkgf ul/of] . @=*=! @))& b]lv @)!& ;fn;Ddsf]36gfqmd @))& ;fnsf] 3f]if0ff / ;+o'Qm dlGqd08nsf] u7g M lbNnL ;Demf}tfkl5 @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut] g]kfndf /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo eO{ k|hftGq :yfkgf ePsf] P]ltxfl;s 3f]if0ff ul/of] . pQm 3f]if0ffdf lgDg a'Fbfx¿ lyPM s= hg lgjf{lrt j}wflgs ;efn]u0ftGqfTds ljwfg th{'df ug]{5 . v= gofF ljwfg th'{df gx'Gh] n;Dd k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{ cGtl/ d dlGqd08n u7g ug]{ h;df /f0fftkm{sf] % / g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf] 102÷g]kfn
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tkm{af6 % hgf ;b:o lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ . u= @))& ;fn r}q @) ut]leq ;a}/fhgLlts aGbLx¿nfO{ cfd dfkmL x'g] 5 / To:tf /fhgLlts aGbLx¿n] cfˆgf] vf]l;Psf] ;DklQ lkmtf{ kfpg] 5g\ . /f0ff / sfª\u|]; ;lDdlnt of] ;+o'Qm ;/sf/ gf} dlxgfeGbf a9L l6Sg ;s]g / @))* ;fn dª\l;/@! ut]lj36g eof] . sf“u|];sf] Psdgf dlGqd08n @))* ;fn dª\l;/ ! ut] dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf] Psdgf dlGqd08n u7g ul/of] . o; cjlwdf ;jf]R{ r Gofofno, klAns ;le{; sld;g, cfo Joo lg/LIf0f k|wfg c8\8fsf]:yfkgf eof] . @))( ;fn h]7df ;DkGg g]kfnL sf+u; ]| sf] clwj]zgdf jL=kL= sf]O/fnfsf] 7fpFdf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnf sfª\u; ]| cWoIf 5flgP . ;/sf/ cfGtl/s ljjfbdf kmF:b} uPkl5 @))( ;fn >fj0f @^ ut]of];/sf/klg lj36g eof] . @))( ;fn >fj0f #) ut] /fhf lqe'jgaf6 cfkm\g} dWo:ytfdf ^ ;b:oLo zfxL k/fdz{bfqL ;/sf/ u7g eof] . @)!) ;fn c;f/ ! ut];Dd of] ;/sf/ cl:tTjdf /xo\ f] . o;kl5 lj=;= @)!) c;f/@ ut]/ fli6«o k|hfkf6L{sf cWoIf dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ k'gM k|wfgdGqL agfOof] . @)!) kmfu'gdf dlGqd08ndf x]/km]/ u/L 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{ / l8NnL/d0f /U] dLnfO{ ;d]t ;f]xL ;/sf/df ;fd]n ul/of] . ax'bnLo ;+o'Qm dlGqd08n g]kfnL /fli6«o sfª\u|];, k|hfkl/ifb\ / hgsfª\u|]; u/L tLgcf]6f ;fgf kf6L{sf] ;xeflutfdf k'gM dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnfs} k|wfgdGqLTjdf lj=;= @)!) kmfu'gdf csf]{ ;/sf/ u7g eof] . o;df 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{ / l8NnL/d0f /]UdL ylkP . /fhf lqe'jgn] dft[sfsf] dlGqd08n lj=;= @)!! df lj36g u/L /fHo Joj:yfsf] cleef/f :jo+df lnO{ ;f]em} ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . /fhf lqe'jgsf] d[To'kl5 /fhf dx]Gb|sf]] /fHo/f]x0f lj=;= @)!! r}q ! ut] ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!# df dx]Gb|sf] /fHoleif]s eof] . zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;/sf/ lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn j}zfv ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|n] u'Ghdfgl;+xsf] cWoIftfdf zfxL ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt u7g u/L zf;g ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . of] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf % hgf ;b:o lyP . k|hfkl/ifb\sf] dlGqd08n ljqmd ;+jt\ @)!@ ;fn df3 !# ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 k|hfkl/ifb\sf g]tf 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf # hgf :jtGq ;b:o;d]t ;dfj]z ePsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷103
;ft ;b:oLo dlGqd08nsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . of] ;/sf/n] @)!# c;f]h % ut]sf lbg rLg;Fu zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw u¥of] . of] ;/sf/ @)!$ c;f/;Dd l6Sof] . 8f= s]= cfO{= l;+xsf] ;/sf/ @)!$ ;fn >fj0f !! sf lbg ;+oQ' m k|hftflGqs kf6L{sf]cWoIf 8f= s]= cfO{= l;+xsf] g]tT[ jdf P3f/ ;b:oLo dlGqd08n u7g eof] . t/, /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ @)!$ sflQs @( sf lbg pQm dlGqd08n eª\u ul/of] . /fhf dx]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g ldlt @)!$ sflQs @( ut]b] lv >L % dx]Gb| af6 k|ToIf zf;g ;'? eof] . ldlt @)!% h]7 @ ut] ;'j0f{;d;]/sf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g ul/of] . @)!% ;fn kmfu'g & ut] cfd r'gfj ug]{ 3f]if0ff eof] . @)!% ;fnsf] dxflgjf{rg / To;sf] kl/0ffd k|ltlglw ;efsf]r'gfjsf nflu d'n'snfO{ !)( lgjf{rg If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf] lyof] . dxflgjf{rg Ps–;b:oLo lgjf{rg If]qdf cfwfl/t lyof] . @! jif{ pd]/ k'u]sf k|To]s aflnu g]kfnL dtbftf lyP . /fli6«o bnsf] ¿kdf dfGotf k|fKt ug{ sd;]sd @@ l;6sf nflu pDd]bjf/ v8f u/fpg' cfjZos lyof] . o; dfkb08cg';f/ g]kfnL sfª\u|];, ;+o'Qm k|hftflGqs kf6L{, uf]/vf kl/ifb\, g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ / k|hftflGqs dxf;efdfq /fli6«o :t/sf /fhgLlts bn dflgP . !)( l;6sf nflu hDdf &*^ pDd]bjf/v8f ePsf lyP . pQm r'gfjdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] &$, uf]/vfkl/ifb\n] !(, ;+o'Qm k|hftGq kf6L{n] %, g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] $ / k|hfkl/ifbn] # l;6df ljho xfl;n u/]sf lyP eg]:jtGq $ :yfgdf ljhoL ePsf lyP . klxnf] lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj u/fpg] 3f]if0ff /fhf lqe'jgn] lj=;+= @))& kmfu'g & ut] u/]sf lyP . lj=;= @)!% kmfu'g & ut] ;+;b\\sf] tNnf] ;bgsf nflu cfdlgjf{rg ;'? eO{ lj=;+= @)!^ j}zfv @* ut]glthf k|sflzt eof] . o; r'gfjdf cTolws ax'dt k|fKt ug]]{ sfª\u|]; g]tf ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]t[Tjdf lj=;+= @)!^ h]7 !# ut] gofF ;/sf/ aGof] . lj=;+= @)!^ c;f/ !^ df k|ltlglw;efsf] k|yd clwj]zg ;'? eof] . o;} ;fn c;f]hdf ljtf{ k|yf pGd"ng ljw]os kfl/t eof] . lhNnfdf ljsf; af]8{ u7g ul/of] . /fhf dx]Gb|n] @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %% sf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L aL=kL=sf]O/fnfsf] dlGqd08n lj36g tyf ;+;b\\sf] b'j} ;bg eË u/L ;+ljwfgsf cg]sf}F wf/fx¿;d]t lgnDag ub}{ zf;gclwsf/ cfˆgf] xftdf 104÷g]kfn
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lnP . o;/L @))& ;fnsf] zfxL 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ cfPsf] k|hftGqsf] cj;fg @)!& ;fnsf] zfxL sbd;Fu} eof] . @=*=@ lj=;+= @)!& b]lv @)#& ;fn;Ddsf b'O{ bzs lj=;+= @)!& k'if ! ut]bnut /fhgLlts k|0ffnL lj36g ePkl5 gofF zf;g ;~rfngsf] ;"rgf k'; ( ut] hg;dIf cfof] . k'if !@ ut] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] cWoIftfdf gf}–} ;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g eof] . k'if @@ df ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{ cj}w 3f]lift eO{ k|ltalGwt;d]t eP . g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] hu tnaf6} alnof] t'Nofpg k~rfot Joj:yf NofOg]3f]if0ff eof] . o;cg'¿ ' k lj=;+= @)!* df ufFp k~rfotsf]lgjf{rg eof] . lj=;+= @)!* df3df hgsk'/ad sf08 eof] . lj=;= @)!( k'if ! ut]gofF k~rfotL Joj:yf cg'sn ' ;+ljwfgsf]3f]if0ff eof] . ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] cGTokl5 /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;= @)!& ;fn kf}if @@ ut] k~rfotL k/Dk/f yfngL ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L pQm 3f]if0fdf b]zsf] ;j{Qf]dv ' L ljsf; tyf lgdf{0fsf lglDt gofF zlQmsf]d"n km'6fpg bl/b|tf, c1fgtf /lk5l8Psf] cj:yfnfO{ x6fO{ g]kfnsf] df6f]df h/f xfNg ;Sg] oxfFs} xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] k|hftGqsf] la?jf :j¿k k~rfotsf] lahf/fk] 0f ul/Psf] elgof] . ;a} bnx¿dfly k|ltaGw nufO{ k~rfot k4lt g}k|hftGqsf]hu ePsf]/dflyaf6 nflbPsf] k|hftGq b]zdf ckmfkl;4 ePsf] tyf k|hftGqsf] hu tn}af6 alnof] t'Nofpg :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gsf ;+:yfåf/f hgtfnfO{ k|zf;gdf ;l/s u/fO{ b]zsf] ;d:of / k|ultdf hg cle?lr a9fpg] p2]Zon] k~rfotsf] lbzfaf]w u/fpg vf]lhof] . lj=;= @)!( ;fn kf}if ! ut]k~rfotL Joj:yfg'sn ' gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L eof] . b]zsf] ;jf]{Rr ljwflosf /fli6«o k~rfotsf] pb\3f6g ;j{k|yd /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;= @)@) df eof] . lj=;= @)@# df ;+ljwfgsf]k|yd ;+zf]wg eO{ k~rfot lgb{nLo Joj:yf aGg k'Uof] . @)!& ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] k~rfotL zf;g k|0ffnLdf /fhf dx]Gb| / jL/]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;gdf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] cWoIftf ug]{ df}sf 8f= t'n;L lu/L, ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf -k~rfot Joj:yfcGtu{t k|yd k|wfgdGqL_, sLlt{lglw lji6, gu]Gb| k|;fb l/hfn, dl/rdfg l;+x / nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbn] k|fKt u/] . @)#^ h]7 !) ut] hgdt;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff eof] . @)#& ;fn j}zfv @) ut] ;DkGg hgdt ;ª\u|xdf k~rfotsf]] ljho eof] . /fli6«o lgb]{zg dGqfnosf]] :yfkgf ljleGg If]qdf lgwf{l/t nIo k|flKtsf lglDt ;fd"lxs zlQmnfO{ ;ª\ul7t / ljsl;t ug{ lj=;= @)!& kmfu'g & ut]/fli6«o lgb]{zg dGqfno v8f eof] . /fli6«o lgb]{zg P]g, @)!& cg';f/ pRr:t/Lo /fli6«o lgb]{zg kl/ifb\ klg u7g ul/of]] . ljleGg ju{nfO{ ;dGjo u/L /fli6«o hLjgdf k|jflxt ug]{h:tf g]kfn kl/ro÷105
sfd st{Jo ePsf]of]dGqfno lj=;= @)!( r}}q @) df k~rfot dGqfnodf ufleof] / lj=;= @)@) ;fndf ;f] kl/ifb\ lj36g eof] . k~rfot ;'wf/sf k|of;x¿ ;j{ky| d lj=;= @)!* ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b] lv ufFp /gu/k~rfot txdf lgjf{rg k|f/De eof] . /fli6«o k~rfotsf] k|yd clwj]zgkl5 lj=;= @)@) h]7df klxnf] k6s k~rfot ljsf; ;Dd]ng eof] ] . lj=;= @)@) ebf}! df gofF d'ns ' L P]g nfu' eof] . lj=;= @)@! dª\l;/ * ut] e"ld;'wf/ P]g hf/L ePsf] lyof] . lj=;= @)@$ c;f]h ^ ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 /fli6«o k~rfotnfO{ Ps ;Gb]z k7fO{ k~rfotsf] ljsNKf ;f]wgL x'bF f /fli6«o k~rfotsf] a}7sn] ;j{;Ddltaf6 c;f]Hf !! ut] of] lglj{sNk 5 eGg] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L c;f]h !# ut] bz;"qLo of]hgf agfOof] . h;df b]z ljsf;sf nflu u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOg] s'/fx¿ pNn]v ul/Psf lyP . @)## ;fn ebf} / c;f]hdf klxnf]k6s /fli6«o:t/df k~re]nf cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . o; e]nfdf k~rfotsf] l;4fGt Jojl:yt ul/Psf] lyof] . hgdt ;ª\u|x, @)#& lj=;=@)!& b]lv @)#^ ;Ddsf]!( jifL{o k~rfotL zf;gaf6 /fhgLlts jftfj/0f z'4 x'g g;s]sf], hLjg:t/ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf p7\g g;s]sf], dxFuL a9\b} uPsf], k~rfotsf sfo{stf{ hglk|o x'g g;s]sf h:tf cg]sf}F lj/f]wsf cfjfhx¿ ;Qf ;~rfns tyf ;j{;fwf/0fdfem;d]t p7\g yfn] . lj=;= @)#^ h]7 !) ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 zfxL 3f]if0ff u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ ;'wf/;lxtsf] k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ sfod} /fVg] xf] jf ax'bnLo zf;g k4lt rfxg] xf] ;f]dWo] PsnfO{ /f]Hg nf]s;Ddltsf nflu aflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df /fi6«JofkL hgdt u/fpg] s'/f 3f]if0ff eof] . o;kl5 lj=;= @)#& j}zfv @) ut] ;DkGg ePsf] hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] kl/0ffd @)#& h]7 ! ut] 3f]if0ff ul/of] . s'n ;b/ dt $* nfv !# xhf/$ ;o 5of;LdWo]@$,##,$%@ -%$=* k|ltzt_ dt k|fKt u/L k~rfot kIf ljhoL eof] . @=*=# hgdt ;ª\u|xb]lv hgcfGbf]ng;Dd hgdt ;ª\u|xkl5 ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/Pjd\ aflnu dtdf cfwfl/ t r'gfj ;DkGg eof] . lgjf{rgkl5 k~rfotsf] klxnf] @& ;b:oLo dlGqd08n !@) hgf /fli6«o k~rfot ;b:ox¿åf/f lglj{/f]w lgjf{lrt ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf lj=;=@)#* c;f/@ df /kl5 lj=;= @)#( c;f]h @$ ut] s]xL x]/km]/;fy #% ;b:oLo dlGqd08n aGof] . t/ lj=;= @)$) c;f/ @& ut] !)* ;b:osf] ax'dtåf/f k|wfgdGqL ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfn] cfˆgf] kbsf] lhDd]jf/L Odfgbf/Lk"j{s k"/f gu/]sf] eGg] /fli6«o k~rfotaf6 kfl/t cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj /fhfaf6 :jLs[t ePkl5 lj=;= @)$) c;f/ @& ut] 106÷g]kfn
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yfkf ;/sf/ lj36g eof]] . nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb !)& ;b:osf] ax'dtåf/f lglj{/f]w 5flgP / /fli6«o k~rfots} l;kmfl/;df /fhfaf6 c;f/ @* ut] pgnfO{ k|wfgdGqLsf] kbdf lgo'lQm ul/of] tyf @( ut] @! ;b:oLo dlGqd08n u7g eof] . @=*=$ @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng / To;kl5sf] /fhgLlt @)!& ;fn k'; ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL 3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ :yflkt k~rfotL Joj:yf tL; jif{;Dd l6Sof] / @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ng;Fu} tx;gx; eof] . @)$^ ;fn df3 % ut]b]lv & ut];Dd g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf u0f]zdfgl;+xsf] 3/df g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf sfo{stf{x¿sf] b]zJofkL ;Dd]ng eof] . pQm ;Dd]ngdf ef/tsf al/i7 g]tfx¿ rGb|z]v/, xl/ls;g l;+x ;'/lht, Pd=h]= csa/ cflbn] ;d]t efu lnPsf lyP . g]kfnL sfª\u|]; / ;+o'Qm afddf]rf{ ldn]/ ;+o'Qm ¿kdf @)$^ ;fn kmfu'g & ut]b]lv pkTosfleq / aflx/sf lhNnfdf klg b]zJofkL hgcfGbf]ng rsf{P . kmfu'g * ut] sf7df8f}Fnufot k|d'v ;x/x¿ aGb eP . cGt/f{li6«o ;~rf/ hutn] k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;dfrf/ k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ yfn] . @)$^ ;fn r}t !( ut] tTsfnLg k|=d= dl/rdfg l;+xsf] l;kmfl/;df dlGqd08n k'gu{7g eof] t/ cfGbf]ngsf] ult /f]lsPg . sLlt{k'/, kf6g / a'6jndf uf]nL rNof] . @)$^ ;fn r}t @$ ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 /]l8of] g]kfndfkm{t 3f]if0ff eof] h;cg';f/ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbsf] cWoIftfdf $ ;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g eof] . hg cfGbf]ng g/f]lsPkl5 cGttM @)$^ ;fn r}q @^ ut] /flt !!M$% ah] /]l8of] g]kfn / g]kfn 6]lnlehgdf Ps lj1lKt k|sflzt eof] . h;df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( df /x]sf] bnljxLg zAb x6fO{ bndflysf] k|ltaGw km's'jf eof] . gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]uåf/f k|ltj]bg k]; ug]{ eGg] lj1lKt k|sflzt eof] . k~rfot lj36gkZrft\ s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g eof] . @)$& ;fn sflQs @# ut] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& hf/L eof] . o;kl5 @)$* ;fn j}zfv @( ut] cfdlgjf{rg eof] . k|ltlglw;efsf] @)% l;6dWo] g]kfnL sf+u|];n] ;jf{lws !!) l;6 k|fKt u¥of] . lj=;= @)$* h]7 !% ut] ax'dtk|fKt bn g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf ;+;bLo bnsf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf Psdgf dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g eof] . k|d'v k|ltkIfsf ¿kdf ^* l;6 kfPsf] g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ /xg k'Uof] . ax'bnLo ;/sf/x¿ g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf tTsfnLg dxfdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfnfO{ /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 @)$* h]7 !% sf lbg k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm u/L !% hgfsf]dlGqd08n u7g g]kfn kl/ro÷107
ul/of] . @)%! sflQ{s @( df dWofjlw lgjf{rg eof] . k|ltlglw ;ef lj36gsf] l;kmfl/; ePkl5 ;DkGg of] cfd lgjf{rgdf g]kfnL sfª\u|];n] *#, g]skf -Pdfn]_ n] ** / /fk|kfn] @) l;6 k|fKt u/]sf lyP . dWofjlw lgjf{rg, @)%! df :ki6 ax'dt s'g} klg bnn] k|fKt gu/]sfn] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] bnsf] x}l;otdf g]skf Pdfn]sf cWoIf Pjd\ ;+;bLo bnsf g]tf dgdf]xg clwsf/L k|wfgdGqLdf lgo'Qm eP . of]k|ltlglw ;ef h]7 #), @)%@ df k'gM lj36g x'g k'Uof]] . t/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ebf} !@, @)%@ df o;nfO{ k'g:yf{lkt u¥of] / ebf} @) df k|ltlglw ;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zg a;L g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf z]/axfb'/ b]pjfn] dgdf]xg clwsf/Lpk/ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]; u/] . lj=;= @)%@ ebf} @% df cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePkl5 of] ;/sf/ 9Nof] . To;kl5 @)%@ ebf} @^ df z]/axfb'/ b]pjf k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm eP . pgs} k|wfgdGqLsfndf @)%@ ;fn kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv cfˆgf dfux¿pk/s'g} Wofg glbPsf] eGb} tTsfnLg hgdf]rf{sf g]tf 8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{nufotn] bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf nflu ;z:q ljb|fx] sf] 3f]if0ff u/L e"ldut /fhgLltsf] yfngL u/] . Pdfn]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjn] ubf{ lj=;= @)%# kmfu'g @# ut] z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;/sf/sf] lj36g eof] / /fk|kfsf g]tf nf]sG] b|axfb'/ rGb k|wfgdGqL ag] . of] ;/sf/n] klg sfª\u; ]| sf]] cljZjf; k|:tfjsf sf/0f lj=;+= @)%$ c;f]h !* df ;Qfaf6 xft w'gk' ¥of] . sfª\u; ]| sf] ldn]dtf]df /fk|kfsf] cWoIf ;"oa{ xfb'/ yfkf @) c;f]h @)%$ df k|wfgdGqL eP . pgn]k|ltlglw;ef lj36g /lgjf{rg tf]Sg l;kmfl/; u/ ] . t/ k|ltlglw;efsf] ljz]if clwj]zgn] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj ljkmn kf¥of] . r}t @*, @)%$ df pgn] /flhgfdf lbP . o;kl5 g]kfnL sf+u; ]| sf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] g]tT[ jdf cNkdtsf] ;/sf/ r}q #), @)%$ df u7g eof] . o; ;/sf/df g]skf-dfn]_ klg ;lDdlnt lyof] . t/ dfn] l56} aflxl/Psfn] Pdfn] ;lDdlnt eO{ dlGqd08n k'gu{ 7g eof] . Joj:yflksfsf] lgjf{rgkl5 lj=;+= @)%^ h]7 !# df g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf g]tf s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{sf] g]tT[ jdf dlGqd08n u7g eof] . of]] ;/sf/n] r}t # ut] /flhgfdf lbPkl5 % r}t, @)%^ df lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf k'gM k|wfgdGqL ag] . @)%* ;fn h]7 !( ut] gf/fo0flx6L /fhb/af/df 36]sf] csNkgLo 36gfdf /fhf jL/]Gb|sf] j+zgfz ePkl5 1fg]Gb| /fhf eP / pgn] cfˆgf 5f]/f kf/;nfO{ o'j/fh agfP . z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] k|wfgdGqLTjdf ;~rflnt ;/sf/n] lj=;= @)%* dª\l;/ !! df dfcf]jfbLnfO{ cftÍsf/L 3f]lift u/L @)%( h]7 !) ut];Dd ^ dlxgfsf] ;Í6sfn nfu' u¥of] . @)%( ;fn h]7 * ut] k|wfgdGqL z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] l;kmfl/;df tTsfnLg ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfgcg';f/ /fhfaf6 k|ltlglw;efsf] lj36g Pjd\ sflQs @& df 108÷g]kfn
kl/ro
dWofjlw r'gfj ug]{ 3f]if0ff ePsf] lyof] . lgwf{l/t ldltdf r'gfj ug{ g;s]sf] axfgfdf @)%( c;f]h !* ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] b]pjfnfO{ …c;IfdtfÚ sf] cf/fk] nufP/ kbRo't u/ ] . pgn] sflQs @& ut] ug]{ elgPsf] r'gfj klg :yug u/L csf]{ Joj:yf geP;Ddsf nflu g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cfkm};uF /fvL kfFr lbgleq gofF dlGqd08n u7g ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/s ] f lyP . c;f]h !* b]lv @$ ;Dd g]kfn k|wfgdGqL Pjd\ dlGqkl/ifb\/lxt eof] / c;f]h @% df nf]sG] b|axfb'/ rGbsf] k|wfgdlGqTjdf ( ;b:oLo dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g eof] . lj=; @)%@ kmfu'g ! ut]b]lv ;z:q hgo'4 k|f/De u/L e"ldut ePsf] dfcf]jfbL;Fu ul/Psf lj=;= @)%* ;fpg * ut]] k|yd r/0fsf] jftf{, ebf} @^ df bf];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ / sflQs @* df t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{x¿ c;kmn ePkl5 lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ * df dfcf]jfbLåf/f bfª / :ofª\hfdf ul/Psf] cfqmd0fn] ;'/Iff l:ylt yk hl6n agfof] . lj=;+= @)%* dª\l;/ !! b]lv d'n'sle/ ;Í6sfn 3f]if0ff ul/of] . lj=;+= @)%( h]]7 !! df ;Í6sfnsf] cGTo eP klg h]7 !# df k'gM nfu' eO{ ebf}!@ df ;dfKt eof] . df3 !% df dfcf]jfbLåf/f tTsfn o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff Pjd\ ;/sf/af6 g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ cftª\ssf/L egL ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff / lu/ˆtf/Lsf] …/]8 sg{/ gf]l6;Úh:tf k"j{lg0f{o lkmtf{ lnPkl5 g]kfnL /fhgLltn] gofF df]8 lnof] . bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^#
bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷^# sf] emns @)%( c;f]h !* kl5 1fg]Gb|n] slxn] nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGbnfO{ t slxn] ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL agfP/ cfkm"v';L zf;g ug{ yfn] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf -Pdfn]_ nufot kfFr bnn] o;nfO{ zfxL k|ltudgsf] ;+1f lbb} g]kfn kl/ro÷109
bafad"ns lj/f]w sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug{ yfn] . c;f/ !* ut] /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] @)^! ;fn r}t d;fGtleq k|ltlglw;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ zfxL cfb]z;lxt z]/axfb'/ b]pjfnfO{ k|wfgdGqLdf k'gM lgo'Qm u/] . of] ;/sf/nfO{ !( df3df avf{:t ul/of] / /fhf 1fg]Gb|sf] k|ToIf zf;g ;'? eof] . !( df3kl5 zfxL zf;glj¿4 g]kfnL sfª\u|]; -k|hftflGqs_ / ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{nfO{;d]t ;d]6]/ ;ft bnsf] cfGbf]ngsf/L u7aGwg aGof] / @)^@ j}zfvdf o;n] k|ltlglw;ef k'g:yf{kgfsf] af6f] x'Fb} g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ n] ;~rfng u/]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] /fhgLlts lgsf; lbg ;+ljwfg;ef;Dd k'Ug];femf ;xdlt /k|lta4tfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs u¥of] . o;kl5 g} dfcf]jfbL;Fu ;ft bnsf] jftf{ / ;dembf/Ln] 7f]; cfsf/ / uGtJo lng yfn]sf] xf] . !( df3 @)^! df /fhf 1fg]Gb|n] bf];|f] k6s lg/ª\s'z Pjd\ k|ToIf zf;g ;'? u/]kl5 To;sf] k|lt/f]wdf cfGbf]ngcl3 a9fpg g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]skf Pdfn], g]kfnL sfª\u|]; -k|hftflGqs_, hgdf]rf{ g]kfn, g]kfn dhb'/ ls;fg kf6L{, g]kfn ;b\efjgf kf6L{ -cfgGbLb]jL_ / ;+o'Qm afddf] rf{;lxt @% j} zfv @)^@ df ;j{k|yd ;ftbnLo u7aGwg lgdf{0f eof] . g]kfnL sfª\u|];, g]=s=kf=Pdfn] / g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLlar @)^@ dª\l;/ & ut] ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf !@ a'Fb] ;Demf}tf eof] . zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ / g]skf dfcf]jfbL;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;b\\ ag]kl5 of] u7aGwg cf7bnLo ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 @)^# dª\l;/ % ut] ;ft bnsf] ;/sf/ / g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ lar lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tf ;DkGGf ePsf] lyof] . @)^@ ;fn r}t @$ ut]b]lv @)^# ;fn j}zfv !! ut];DDf !( lbg rn]sf]
lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ub}{ zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# df g]kfnL hgtfsf] ckf/ ;xeflutfn] o;nfO{ Pp6f lg0ff{os ljGb'df k'¥ofPsf]lyof] . kmn:j¿k @)^# df3 ! ut] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L eof] . hgcfGbf]ng @)^@÷)^# kl5 jt{dfg /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0fsf] Joj:yfkg / ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ 110÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lhDd]jf/L kfPsf ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] ;xdltcg';f/ @* r}t @)^$ df ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfjsf] ltly t];|f] k6s lgwf{/0f ul/of] . ;ft /fhgLlts bnn] * k'; @)^$ df u/]sf] @# a'Fb] ;xdltkl5 r}t dlxgfleq ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s ¿kdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjfr{g lj=;=@)^$ r}q @* df ;DkGg eof] . ;+ljwfg;efdf hDdf ^)! hgf ;b:o lyP h;dWo] ##% ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 / @$) ;b:o k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf /afFsL @^ hgf ;b:o dlGqkl/ifb\n] dgf]gLt u/]sf] lyof] . h]7 !%, @)^% df a;]sf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7sn] u0ftGq g]kfnsf] 3f]if0ff u¥of] / u0ftGq g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6«klt 8f= /fd j/0f ofbj / pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emf lgjf{lrt x'g'eof] . tflnsf g+= @=% g]kfnsf k|wfgdGqLx¿ -cjlwsf cfwf/df_ qm=; gfd led;]g yfkf ! -d'lVtof/_ k+= /Ëgfy kf}8]n @ -d'lVtof/_ # k'is/ zfx -d'lVtof/_ $ /0fhË kf08] -d'lVtof/_ % kmQ]hË zfx -d'lVtof/_ ^ dfYfj/ l;+x yfkf & hËaxfb'/ /f0ff * adaxfb'/ /f0ff ( /0f]f2Lk l;+x !) jL/;d;]/ h=a=/f= !! b]j;d;]/ h=a=/f= !@ rGb|;d;]/ h=a=/f= !# led;d;]/ h=a=/f
;dofjlw -lj=;+=_ lj=;+= !*^#–!*($ lj=;+= !*($–!*(% lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+= lj=;+=
!*(%–!*(^ !*(^–!*(& !*(&–!()), !()@–!()# !())–!()@ !()#–!(!#, !(!$–!(## !(!#–!(!$ !(##–!($@ !($@–!(%& !(%&–!(%* !(%*– !(*^ !(*^–!(*( g]kfn kl/ro÷111
!$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @!
h'å;d;]/ h=a=/f kß;d;]/ h=a=/f df]xg;d;]/ h=a=/f dft[sfk|;fb sf]O/fnf 6ª\sk|;fb cfrfo{ 8f=s]=cfO{=l;+x ;'j0f{ ;d;]/ h=a=/f= ljZj]Zj/k; | fb sf]O/fnf
@@ 8f= t'n;L lu/L @# ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf @$ sLlt{lglw lji6 @% gu]Gb|k|;fb l/hfn @^ nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb @& dl/rdfgl;+x >]i7 @* s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ @( lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf #) dgdf]xg clwsf/L #! z]/axfb'/ b]pjf #@ k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ ##
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn
112÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lj=;+= !(*(–@))@ lj=;+= @))@–@))% lj=;+= @))%–@))* lj=;+= @))* –@))(, @)!)–@)!! lj=;+= @)!@ –@)!$ lj=;+= @)!$ –@)!$ lj=;+= @)!% –@)!^-cWoIf dGqLkl/ifb\_ lj=;+= @)!^ –@)!& lj=;+= @)!(–@)@! -cIoIf dGqLkl/ifb\_, lj=;+= @)#@–@)#$ -k|wfgdGqL_ cIoIf dGqLkl/ifb M– lj=;+= @)@! –@)@#, k|wfgdGqL M– lj=;+=@)@#–@)@%, @)#^– @)$), @)%$–@)%$, @)^)–@)^! lj=;+=@)@% –@)@^, @)@*–@)#), @)#$–@)#^ lj=;+= @)#)–@)#@, @)$@ lj=;+= @)$) – @)$@, @)$^–@)$&, @)%#–@)%$, @)%(–@)^) lj=;+= @)$# –@)$^ lj=;+= @)$& –@)$*, @)%^–@)%^ lj=;+= @)$*–@)%!, @)%$–@)%%, @)%%–@)%^, @)%^–@)%*, @)^#–@)^% lj=;+= @)%! – @)%@ lj=;+= @)%@ –@)%#, @)%*–@)%(, @)^!–@)^!, @)&$.)@.@$–@)&$.!!.)# lj=;+= @)^%–@)^^, @)&#.)$.!(– @)&$.)@.@# lj=;+= @)^^÷@÷!!–@)^&÷ !) ÷@@
#$ emngfy vgfn #% afa'/fd e§/fO{ #^
lj=;+= @)^& df3 @# – @)^* ebf}!! lj=;+= @)^* ebf}!@–@)^( kmfu'g #)
lvn/fh /]UdL lj=;+= @)^( r}q !–@)&) df3 @* -dlGqkl/ifb\sf cWoIf_
#& ;'zLn sf]O/fnf #* s]kL zdf{ cf]nL
lj=;+= @)&) df3 @* – @)&@ c;f]h @$ lj=;+= @)&@ c;f]h @%–@)&# ;fpg !(, @)&$ kmfu'g # b]lv xfn;Dd ;|f]t M k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
tflnsf g+= @=^ g]kfnsf] yk k|d'v P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmd P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmd ljkZjL a'4sf] g]kfn cfudg
ldlt÷sfn ;Too'u
d~h'>Ln] bxsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] kfgL sf6L aufP/ a:tL a;fPsf]
q]tfo'u
g]kfnsf k|yd /fhf wdf{s/ 5}6f}F ls/ftL /fhf x'dtL
lnR5lj j+zsf] pbo
q]tfo'u dxfef/tsf] o'4sfn ;ftf}F ls/ftL /fhf lht]bf:tLsf kfnfdf rf}wf}F ls/ftL /fhf y"ªsf]sf kfnfdf Nfueu ;g\ !!)
k|yd lnR5lj /fhf hob]jsf] zf;gsfn
O{zfsf] ;'?lt/
j;Gtb]jsf] /fHof/f]x0f dfgb]jsf] zf;gsfn c+z'jdf{sf] pbo
lj=;= %^# zfs] ;+jt\ #*^ b]lv $!# lj=;=^^@
uf}td a'4sf] g]kfn cfudg ;d|f6 czf]ssf] g]kfn cfudg
g]kfn kl/ro÷113
Gffu/fhåf/f v; /fHosf] :yfkgf v; ;fd|fHosf qmfrNnsf] /fHo/f]x0f v; /fhf lhtf/L dNnåf/f sf7df8f}F pkTosf cfqmd0f cflbTo dNnåf/f pkTosf cfqmd0f gfGob]j lt/x'tdf -l;d|f}gu9_ s0ff{6s /fHosf] :yfkgf dNnsfnsf] pbo k|yd dNn /fhf cl/ dNnsf] /fHosfn l;d|f}gu9sf clGtd /fhf xl/l;+xb]jdfly lbNnLsf d';ndfg afbzfx uof;'l2g t'unsåf/f cfqmd0f hol:ylt dNnsf] /fHo/f]x0f aª\ufnsf zf;s ;d';'l2g Olnof;åf/f g]kfndfly cfqmd0f oIf dNnsf] /fHosfn /Tg dNnsf] /fHosfn b|Jo zfxåf/f uf]/vf /fHosf] :yfkgf uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxsf] /fHosfn k|tfk dNnsf] /fHosfn dx]Gb| dNnsf] /fHof/f]x0f l;l4g/l;+x dNnåf/f kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/sf] :yfkgf e"kltGb| dNnsf] /fHosfn k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6dfly klxnf] cfqmd0f k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g'jfsf]6dfly bf];|f] cfqmd0f tyf ljho sLlt{k'/dfly klxnf] cfqmd0f 114÷g]kfn
kl/ro
O{=!!%) lj=;= !@^$ lj=;= !#$$ k';,!#$% kmfu'g,!#$^ kmfu'g lj=;=!#*$ lj=;=!!%$ lj=;=!@%& lj=;=!@%& –!@&$ s0ff{6s /fHo Wj:t lj=;=!#*! lj=;=!#*) lj=;=!$)^ lj=;=!$@*–!%#( lj=;=!%$!–!%&& lj=;=!^!^ lj=;=!^^#–!^() lj=;=!^(*–!&#! lj=;=!^!& lj=;= !^(# lj=;= !&%#–!&&( lj=;=!*)) lj=;=!*)! lj=;=!*!$ h]7 !(
dsjfgk'/dfly ljho a+ufnsf gjfa ld/sfl;dåf/f u'/lug vfFsf] g]t[Tjdf k7fOsf ;]gfdfly uf]/vfnLsf] ljho sLlt{k'/dfly bf];|f] cfqmd0f sLlt{k'/dfly t];|f] cfqmd0f tyf ljho hok|sfz dNnsf] ;xof]usf nflu lsgnssf] g]t[Tjdf k7fPsf] c+u|]h kmf}hdfly uf]/vfnL cfqmd0f tyf ljho sf7df8f}F ljho nlntk'/ ljho eQmk'/ ljho k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] lgwg g]kfn / ltAatlar Jofkfl/s ;lGw g]kfn / u9jfnlarsf] zflGt ;Demf}tf g]kfn ltAatlar klxnf] o'4 g]kfn ltAatlar s]?ª ;lGw g]kfn ltAatlar bf];|f] o'4
lj=;=!*!( efb| ( ;g\ !&^# hgj/L #) lj=;=!*@! c;f]h $ lj=;=!*@@ r}t # lj=;=!*@$ lj=;=!*@% efb|z'Sn /ljjf/ -OGb|hfqf_ sf lbg lj=;=!*@% lj=;=!*@^ sflQs z'SnåfbzL lj=;=!*#! ;g\ !&&% ;]K6]Da/ ;g\ !&(! ;g\ !&**–!&*( ;g\ !&*( h'g @ ;g\ !&(@ cS6'a/
g]kfn / O:6 OlG8of sDkgLlar Jofkfl/s lj=;= !*$( j}zfv # ;lGw uf]/vfkq k|sfzg af;¶Lx/0f jf latf{x/0f g]kfn–cª\u|]h o'4 ;'uf}nL ;lGw -g]kfn c+u|]hlar_
lj=;+= !(%* lj=;= !*^@ ;g\ !*!$–!*!^ lj=;= !*&@ kmfu'g @$
klxnf] /fhb"t P8j8{ uf8{g/, a]nfot
;g\ !*!^ d]
g]kfn–ltAatlar t];|f] o'4
;g\ !*%%–!*%^ g]kfn kl/ro÷115
yfkfynL ;lGw g]kfn–ltAatlar sf]tkj{ e08f/vfn kj{ cnf} kj{ hª\uaxfb'/nfO{ >L # sf] pkflw
lj=;+= !(!@ r}q lj=;= !()# c;f]h @ ut] ;g\ !*$^ cS6'a/#!, -!()# sflQs !@_ lj=;=!()$ j}zfv lj=;=!(!# >fj0f
;g\ !*&% sf] ef/t ljb|f]xkl5 h+uaxfb'/n] c+u|]h;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L afFs] lj=;+= !(!^ abL{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ …If]qÚ c+u|]haf6 lkmtf{ NofPsf g]kfnsf] klxnf] d'n'sL P]g ;tL k|yf pGd"ng Dfs} kj{ lqrGb| sn]h :yfkgf bf; k|yf pGd"ng cfo{ k|rf/df k|ltaGw nfOa|]/L kj{ k|r08 uf]/vf kj{ g]kfn k|hfkl/ifb\sf] :yfkgf clvn ef/tLo g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf] :yfkgf g]kfnL k|hftGq sfª\u|];sf] :yfkgf hf]ujgL ;Dd]ng k|yd dhb'/ x8\tfn hot' ;+:s[td\ /f0ffzf;glj?4 ;Tofu|x g]kfnsf] j}wflgs sfg'g 3f]if0ff g]kfn k|hf k~rfot 116÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lj=;=!(!) lj=;=!(&& lj=;=!(&& lj=;+= !(&% lj=;=!(*! lj=;=!(*& lj=;= !(*& lj=;=!(** lj=;=!((# h]7 @) lj=;=@))@ df3 !@ ;g\ !($( lj=;=@))$ h]7 lj=;=@))# kmfu'g !! lj=;=@))$ j}zfv ! lj=;+= @))$ df3 !# lj=;=@))% cflZjg
g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf g]kfn–ef/t d}qL ;lGw k|hftGqsf] 3f]if0ff g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] :yfkgf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 3f]if0ff ufpFkms{ cleofg zflGt If]q k|:tfj hgdt ;ª\u|xsf] 3f]if0ff hgdt ;ª\u|x ;Tofu|x ;+o'Qm jfddf]rf{sf] u7g ax'bnLo Joj:yfsf] k'ga{xfnL g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] :yfkgf k|hftGq k'g{axfnLkl5sf] klxnf] cfdlgjf{rg dWofjlw lgjf{rg g]skf dfcf]jfbLåf/f ;z:q ljb|fx] ;'? cfdlgjf{rg @)%^ /fhb/af/ xTofsf08 /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 zfxL 3f]if0ff g]kfn ;/sf/ / dfcf]jfbLlar lj:t[t zflGt;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L
lj=;=@))^ efb| #) lj=;=@))& >fj0f lj=;=@))& kmfu'g & lj=;=@))& kmfu'g & lj=;=@)!% lj=;= @)!& k'; ! lj=;+= @)!( k'; ! lj=;= @)@* lj=;=@)#! kmfu'g !# lj=;=@)#^ h]7 !) lj=;+= @)#& j}zfv @) lj=;=@)$@ lj=;=@)$^ df3 @ lj=;=@)$^ r}q @^ lj=;= @)$& sflQ{s @# lj=;=@)$& k'; @@ lj=;=@)$* j}zfv @( lj=;=@)%! sflQ{s @( lj=;=@)%@ kmfu'g ! lj=;=@)%^ j}zfv @ / # lj=;=@)%* h]7 !( lj=;=@)^! df3 !( lj=;= @)^# dª\l;/% lj=;+= @)^# df3 ! g]kfn kl/ro÷117
g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s÷u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff zfxj+zLo /fhtGqsf] cGTo /fhf 1fg]Gb|af6 gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ 5f8]sf] /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg u0ftGq g]kfnsf k|yd /fi6«klt 8f=/fdj/0f ofbjsf] ;ky u|x0f g]=s=kf= dfcf]jfbLsf g]tf k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_sf] cWoIftfdf klxnf] u0ftflGqs ;/sf/ u7g klxnf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lj36g cGtl/d r'gfjL dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efsf] klxnf] a}7s c7f/f}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng, sf7df8f}F ;To lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf] 5fglag cfof]u u7g g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg u0ftGq g]kfnsf bf];|f] /fi6«kltdf >L ljBfb]jL e08f/L lgjf{lrt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] klxnf] ;+zf]wg /fi6«kltdf >L ljBfb]jL e08f/L k'gMlgjf{lrt g]kfnsf] gofF gS;f hf/L ldlt lll
118÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lj=;= @)^$ r}q @* lj=;= @)^% h]7 !% lj=;+= @)^% h]7 @( lj=;= @)^% ;fpg ^ lj=;+= @)^% ;fpg * lj=;= @)^% efb| lj=;+= @)^( h]7 !$ @)^( r}q ! $ dª\l;/ @)&) lj=;+= @)&) df3 * dª\l;/ !!–!@, @)&! lj=;++ @)&!, df3 @^ lj=;+= @)&@, c;f]h # lj=;+= @)&@, sflQs !! lj=;+= @)&@, kmfu'g !^ lj=;+= @)&$ kmfu'g, @( @)&& h]7 %
kl/R5]b M tLg
g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd #=! g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmd /f0ff zf;gsf]cGTolt/@))$ ;fn df3 !$ sf lbg /f0ff k|wfgdGqL kß ;d;]/n] hf/L u/s ] f] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf] . o;cl3 g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df s'g} klg lnlvt jf clnlvt ;+l+ jwfgsf] ¿k/v ] f kfOFbg} . g]kfnsf] ;+jw} flgs ljsf;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M #=!=! g]kfn ;/sf/sf] j}wflgs sfg'g, @))$ of] g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;+ljwfg xf] . lj=;+= @))$ df3 !# ut] ljzfngu/ b/af/af6 3f]lift of] ljwfg lj=;+= @))% j}zfv ! ut]bl] v nfu' ul/g] egL pNn]v ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ @))$ kmfu'g !* ut] k|wfgdGqL kß ;d;]/ ef/tsf] k|jf;df uPsf / pgL g]kfn gkmsL{ pxLFaf6 /fhLgfdf k7fPsf lyP . pgsf pQ/flwsf/L df]xg ;d;]/ hgtfnfO{ s'g} clwsf/ lbg] kIfdf g/xs ] f]n] of] ljwfg nfu' x'g ;s]g . of]j}wflgs sfg'g lgdf{0fsf nflu ef/tLo ;+ljwfg ljz]if1x¿ >Lk|sfz, 8f= /fd pu| l;+x / /3g' fy l;+xnfO{ af]nfOPsf] lyof] . b]zdf Jofks kl/jt{g ug{ @))% j}zfv ! ut]bl] v nfu' x'g] u/L 3f]if0ff ePsf] of] ;+ljwfg klxnf] lyof] . of]j}wflgs sfg'gdf ^ efu, ^* wf/f /! cg';r " L lyP . #=!=@ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& /f0ff zf;gsf]cGTokl5 lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g & ut]/fhf lqe'jgaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg @))& 3f]if0ff eof] . o;df /fHosf gLlt, lgb]{zs l;4fGtx¿, dlGqd08n, cfly{s sfo{ k|0ffnL, k|wfg Gofofno, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, ;+;b\\ ;efsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df & g]kfn kl/ro÷119
efu, &$ wf/f / $ kl/R5]b lyP . @))& r}q @( ut]b]lv k"0f{ ¿kdf nfu' eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] of] ;+ljwfgdf ^ k6s;Dd ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . #=!=# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)!% lj=;+= @)!$ r}q # ut]sf lbg eujltk|;fb l;+xsf]cWoIftfdf ul7t a]nfotL ;+ljwfgljb\ ;/ cfOe/ h]lgª;d]t ;+nUg ePsf] kfFr–;b:oLo ;+ljwfg d:of}bf ;ldltn] !) dlxgfsf] cjlwdf d:of}bf tof/ u/L /fhf dx]Gb|;dIf k|:t't u/] . o; sldzgsf cGo ;b:ox¿ xf]/fk|;fb hf]zL, /fd/fh kGt / ;"o{k|;fb pkfWofo lyP . of];+ljwfg /fhf dx]Gb| af6 @)!% ;fn kmfu'g ! ut] hf/L eof] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &# / &% t'?Gt nfu' eP eg] afFsL wf/fx¿ @)!^ ;fndf nfu' eP . o;};+ljwfgsf]cfwf/df kmfu'g &, @)!% b]lv d'n'sdf k|yd cfd lgjf{rg eof] . o;df !)( ;b:oLo k|ltlglw;ef, dlGqd08n k|ltlglw;efk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g], sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, :jtGq Gofokflnsf, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, lx;fa hfFr / gful/sx¿sf] df}lns clwsf/x¿sf] Joj:yf lyof]] . !) efu, && wf/f / # cg';"rL ePsf] of] ;+ljwfg /fhf dx]Gb|af6 lj=;+= @)!( df vf/]h eof] . #=!=$ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( @)!& k'; ! sf] /fhf dx]Gb|sf] zfxL sbdn] @)!% ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg ckb:t eof] . lj=;+= @)!( j}zfv @^ ut]sf lbg Clifs]z zfxsf] cWoIftfdf zDe'k|;fb 1jfnL, k|sfzaxfb'/ vqL, cª\u'/afaf hf]zL, 8Da/gf/fo0f ofbj ;b:ox¿ / s'nz]v/ zdf{ ;b:o–;lrj ePsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] d:of}bfdf dlGqd08nsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;d]t /fo ;Nnfx lnO{ of] ;+ljwfg lj=;+= @)!( kf}if ! ut] /fhf dx]Gb|af6 3f]if0ff eof] . nf]s ;Ddltdf cfwfl/t zf;g Joj:yf, ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf o;sf nIox¿ lyP . o;df gful/sx¿sf]df}lns xs /st{Jo, k~rfot k|0ffnLsf gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGt, /fh;ef, dlGqkl/ifb\, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df @)@# df3 !$ ut] klxnf] ;+zf]wg, @)#@ ;fn dª\l;/ @^ ut] bf];|f] ;+zf]wg / @)#& ;fn kf}if ! ut] t];|f] ;+zf]wg ePsf] lyof] . @) efu, (& wf/f / ^ cf]6f cg';"rL ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)!( 5ofnL; ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ng cl3;Dd rNof] / @)$& ;fndf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] o;nfO{ lj:yflkt u¥of] . #=!=% g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& hgcfGbf]ngsf] kmn:j¿k lgb{nLo k~rfotL Joj:yf @)$^ r}q @^ ut] w/fzfoL eof] / @)$& j}zfv ^ ut] g]kfnL sfª\u; ]| sf sfo{jfxs ;efklt s[i0fk|;fb 120÷g]kfn
kl/ro
e§/fO{sf] cWoIftfdf !! ;b:oLo cGtl/d dlGqkl/ifb\sf] u7g eof] . o;} dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{sfndf g]kfnsf] kfrf}F ;+ljwfgsf] ¿kdf lj=;+= @)$& sflQs @# ut] z'qmaf/sf lbg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& hf/L ePsf] lyof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ndfkm{t #) jif]{ k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] ;dflKtkl5 b]zdf gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwLz ljZjgfy pkfWofosf] cWoIftfdf gf}–;b:oLo æ;+ljwfg ;'wf/ ;'emfj cfof]uÆ u7g ePsf] s'/f @)$& j}zfv @* ut] 3f]if0ff ul/Psfdf o;sf] tLj| lj/f]w eof] . @)$& h]7 ! ut] k|wfgdGqLsf] ;'emfjadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\sf] k/fdz{nfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fvL /fhfaf6 lj=;+= @)$& h]7 !^ ut]# dlxgfleq cfˆgf];'emfj k]z ug{ k'gM ljZjgfy pkfWofosf]cWoIftfdf gf}–;b:oLo ;+ljwfg ;'emfj cfof]u u7g ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+jwflgs } /fhtGq, ax'bnLo k|hftGq, ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qf, :jtGq / lgikIf GofokflnsfnfO{ ckl/jt{gLo ¿kdf :yfkgf u/]sf] of] ;+ljwfgn] gful/sx¿sf] df}lns xs / :jtGqtfsf] ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbPsf]lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgdf @# efu, !## wf/f /# cg';"rL lyP . o;df gful/ssf] df}lns xs, /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLltx¿, >L %, /fhkl/ifb\, sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, dxfGofolwjQmf cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿ o; k|sf/lyP M != ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'gsf] ¿kdf :jLsfl/Psf] @= ;fj{ef}d;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt #= g]kfnnfO{ Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, k|hftflGqs, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, lxGb", ;+jw} flgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHosf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf], $= gful/ssf df}lns xs / clwsf/sf] Joj:yf %= /fHosf lgb]{zs gLlt tyf l;4fGtsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] ^= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ >L % / dlGqkl/ifb\df /xg] Joj:yf &= :jtGq Gofokflnsfsf] Joj:yf u/L Gofo ;Dkfbg ug]{ clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] *= /fhkl/ifb\, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, lgjf{rg cfof]u, clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]uh:tf ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf u/L sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] (= /fhgLlts bn;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L % k|ltzt dlxnf pDd]bjf/ g]kfn kl/ro÷121
p7fpg'kg]{ / /fli6«o bnsf] dfGotf kfpg hDdf v;]sf] dtsf] tLg k|ltzt dt Nofpg'kg]{ Joj:yf !) ;ª\s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ clwsf/ /fhfnfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] !!= ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ / /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Joj:yf cflb lj=;+= @)^@÷^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf;Fu;Fu} of] ;+ljwfg klg lgis[o eof] . #=!=^ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntfsf] kmn:j¿k g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s hgtfsf tkm{af6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df3 ! ut] hf/L eof] . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& kl5 5}6f}F ;+ljwfgsf ¿kdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] xf] . o; ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k"j{GofowLz Pjd\ @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] d:of}bf ;ldlt ;b:o nId0fk|;fb cof{nsf] ;+of]hsTjdf ul7t !^ ;b:oLo d:of}bf ;ldltn] tof/ u/]sf] xf] . @% efu, !^& wf/f ePsf] o; ;+ljwfgdf $ cg';"rLx¿ /x]sf lyP . o; ;+ljwfgnfO{ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf–;+;b\\n]lj=;+= @)^# df3 ! sf] /flt !!=#% ah] cg'df]bg u¥of] . of] ;+ljwfg !# k6s ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf ljz]iftf M != hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] efjgf Pjd\ ;f] cfGbf]ngsf ;xefuL cf7 /fhgLlts bnsf];fd"lxs k|of;af6 lgld{t @= g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf] k6s hgtfaf6 3f]if0ff ePsf] ;+ljwfg #= g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pjd\ /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt $= g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fi6«sf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] %= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt ^= u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf &= /fi6«fWoIfsf] ¿kdf /fi6«kltsf] Joj:yf *= Joj:yflksfsf] sfd ;+ljwfg;efn] ug]{ (= ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g x'g] cfwf/sf] Joj:yf u/L ^)! hgf ;b:o /xg] k|fjwfg !)= /fli6«o dfgjclwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs cËsf ¿kdf dfGotf, !!= lgjf{rgsf]lglDt bnbtf{ ubf{ slDtdf !) xhf/dtbftfsf];dy{g ;lxtsf] x:tfIf/ cfjZos !@= k|wfg;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 x'g] !#= k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf /Iff, u[x / k|wfdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLghgf dGqL 122÷g]kfn
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/xg] u/L /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] u7g !$= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg Joj:yflksf–;+;b\\sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 x'g ;Sg], !%= k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf k|wfgGofwLz, ;efd'v, ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf / k|wfgdGqLn] tf]s]sf tLg hgf dGqL;lxtsf] ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\ u7g x'g] Joj:yf !^= h'g;'s}cbfnt, ljz]if cbfnt, ;}lgs of cGo s'g}cbfnt of Goflos lgsfoaf6 u/]sf ;hfonfO{ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] dfkmL d'NtjL, kl/jt{g jf sd ug{ ;Sg] !&= dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] g]kfnL /fhb"t / cGo ljz]if k|ltlglwsf] lgo'lQm ug]{ !*= /fHosf tkm{af6 lbOg] pkflw, ;Ddfg / lje"if0f dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltaf6 k|bfg ug]{ !(= /fli6«o dxŒjsf]s'g}klg ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|x ug{ ;lsg]k|fjwfg @)= afwf c8sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltdf /xg] / To;sf] cg'df]bg ! dlxgfleq ;+;b\\n] ug]{ #=!=& g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] ;+ljwfg cfkm}F agfpg] bzsf}+ nfdf] rfxgfnfO{ d't{¿k lbFb} bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ c;f]h # ut] cfOtaf/ hf/L eof] . o; ;+ljwfgn] ax'nafbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g Joj:yf c+lusf/ u/]sf] 5 . #=!=&=!= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf ljz]iftfx¿ != bf];|f] ;+ljwfg;efn] agfPsf] ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg /fi6«kltaf6 @)&@ ;fn c;f]h # ut] hf/L ePsf] @= g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df klxnf]kN6 ;+ljwfg;efn] lgdf{0f u/L hf/L u/]sf] ;+ljwfg #= g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf Pjd\ /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt $= o; ;+ljwfgdf ljleGg #! cf]6f df}lns xsx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] %= k|To]s gful/ssf nflu rf/ cf]6f st{Jox¿ tf]lsPsf] ^= ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf]d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] / g]kfndf ;ftcf]6f k|b]z /xg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] &= g]kfnsf] /fHozlStsf] k|of]u ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ;+ljwfg tyf g]kfn kl/ro÷123
sfg'gadf]lhd ug]{ Joj:yf *= ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txlar /fHozlStsf] afF8kmfF8 ul/Psf] . (= /fi6«fWoIfsf] ¿kdf /fi6«klt /xg] Joj:yf !) g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fLsf] clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gadf]lhd dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt /xg] Joj:yf !!= /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg km/skm/s lnª\u jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglWfTj x'g] u/L ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf !@= @&% ;b:oLo k|ltlglw;ef / %( ;b:oLo /fli6«o;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg;lxtsf] Ps ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksfsf] Joj:yf !#= ;ª\3Lo ;bgdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf PsltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg !$= k|ltlglw;efsf] ;efd'v / pk;efd'vdWo] Pshgf dlxnf x'g]u/L lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] !%= /fli6«o;efsf] cWoIf / pkfWoIfdWo] Pshgf dlxnf x'g]u/L lgjf{rg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf !^= k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePsf] klxnf] b'O {jif{;Dd / Psk6s /fv]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj c;kmn ePsf] Psjif{leq cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yf !&= g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|lts'n x'g] u/L of] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ g;lsg] !*= k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / k|b]z sfg'gadf]lhd k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g] !(= k|To]s k|b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf /fi6«kltåf/f lgo'Qm k|b]z k|d'v /xg] Joj:yf @)= k|b]zsf] dlGqkl/ifb\ d'VodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] @!= k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf Ps;bgfTds x'g] / o;sf] gfd k|b]z;ef /xg] @@= k|b]z ;efsf ;f7L k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd / rfnL; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf @#= :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfdf lglxt x'g] @$= lhNnfleqsf ufpFkflnsf /gu/ kflnsfx¿lar ;dGjo ug{ lhNnf;efsf] Joj:yf 124÷g]kfn
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@%=
clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s ;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw];L cfof]u, yf¿ cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]usf] Joj:yf @^= g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g] / b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff tf]lsPsf] @&= /fli6«o dxŒjsf]s'g}klg ljifodf hgdt ;ª\u|xaf6 lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] #=!=&=@= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt df}lns xs / st{Jo g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu # df lgDgfg';f/sf df}lns xsx¿ / st{Jox¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M != ;Ddfgk"j{s af“Rg kfpg]xs -wf/f !^_ @= :jtGqtfsf] xs -wf/f !&_ #= ;dfgtfsf]xs -wf/f !*_ $ ;~rf/sf] xs -wf/f !(_ %= Gofo;DaGwL xs -wf/f @)_ ^= ck/fw kLl8tsf] xs -wf/f @!_ &= oftgflj?4sf]xs -wf/f @@_ *= lgjf/s gh/aGblj?4sf] xs -wf/f @#_ (= 5'jf5't tyf e]befjlj?4sf]xs -wf/f @$_ !)= ;DklQsf] xs -wf/f @%_ !!= wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs -wf/f @^_ !@= ;"rgfsf] xs -wf/f @&_ !#= uf]kgLotfsf] xs -wf/f @*_ !$= zf]if0flj?4sf] xs -wf/f @(_ !%= :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xs -wf/f #)_ !^= lzIff;DaGwL xs -wf/f #!_ !&= efiff tyf ;+:s[ltsf]xs -wf/f #@_ !*= /f]huf/Lsf] xs -wf/f ##_ g]kfn kl/ro÷125
!(= @)= @!= @@= @#= @$= @%= @^= @&= @*= @(= #)= #!=
>dsf] xs -wf/f #$_ :jf:Yo;DaGwL xs -wf/f #%_ vfB;DaGwL xs -wf/f #^_ cfjf;sf] xs -wf/f #&_ dlxnfsf] xs -wf/f #*_ afnaflnsfsf] xs -wf/f #(_ blntsf] xs -wf/f $)_ Ho]i7 gful/ssf] xs -wf/f $!_ ;fdflhs Gofosf] xs -wf/f $@_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xs -wf/f $#_ pkef]Qmfsf] xs -wf/f $$_ b]z lgsfnflj?4sf] xs -wf/f $%_ ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs -wf/f $^_
#=!=&=# ;ª\3Lo zf;sLo :j¿k -s_ ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf &$= zf;sLo :j¿k M g]kfnsf] zf;sLo :j¿k ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL x'g] 5 . &%= sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ M -!_ g]kfnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / sfg'g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt x'g] 5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f dlGqkl/ifbdf x'g] 5 . -#_ g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] 5 . -$_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . &^= dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g M -!_ / fi6«kltn]k|ltlglw ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt 126÷g]kfn
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;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g x'g] 5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf];dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -#_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn]tL; lbgleq pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -$_ pkwf/f -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf]ldltn]tL; lbgleq k|ltlglw ;efaf6 ljZjf;sf]dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . -%_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} ;b:on] k|ltlglw ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ k|:tt' u/d ] f /fi6«kltn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{5 ] . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf]dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . -&_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rgsf] ldlt tf]Sg] 5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ePsf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf k|wfgdGqLsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] ldltn] k}Flt; lbgleq o; wf/fadf]lhd k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm ;DaGwL k|lqmof ;DkGg ug'{ kg{]5 . -(_ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ª\3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGtadf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;lxt a9Ldf g]kfn kl/ro÷127
klRr; hgf dGqL /x]sf] dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{ 5 .
;+;b\ ejg, sf7df8f}F -v_ ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf *#= ;ª\3Lo Joj:yflksf M k|ltlglw ;ef //fli6«o ;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg ;lxtsf]Ps ;ª\3Lo Joj: yflksf x'g]5 h;nfO{ ;ª\3Lo ;+;b elgg] 5 . *$= k|ltlglw ;efsf]u7g M -!_ k|ltlglw ;efdf b]xfoadf] lhdsf b'O{ ;o krxQ/ ;b:o /xg] 5g\ M– -s_ g]kfnnfO{ hg;ª\Vof / e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df Ps ;o k}+;¶L lgjf{rg If]q sfod u/L k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qaf6 Ps hgf /xg] u/L klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnLadf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] Ps ;o k}+;¶L ;b:o, -v_ ;Dk"0f{ b]znfO{ Ps lgjf{rg If]q dfgL /fhgLlts bnnfO{ dt lbg];dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g]Ps ;o bz ;b:o . -@_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'g ] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q ;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] 5 . To;/L pDd]bjf/L lb+bf e"uf]n / k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg'kg{] 5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; pkwf/fsf] k|of]hgsf nflu æv; cfo{Æ eGgfn] 128÷g]kfn
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If]qL, a|fx\d0f, 7s'/L, ;+Gof;L -bzgfdL_ ;d'bfo ;Demg'k5{ . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf ckf+utf ePsf] JolQmsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ug{'kg{] 5 . -$_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd x'g] k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg sfg'g adf]lhd uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g] 5 . -%_ c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . -^_ k|ltlglw ;efsf ;b: osf nflu x'g]lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug{ clwsf/ kfPsf] wf/f *& adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf] JolQm ;ª\3Lo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL s'g} klg lgjf{rg If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5 . t/ Pp6} JolQm PseGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps} k6s pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g . -&_ k|ltlglw ;efsf]sfo{sfn 5 dlxgfeGbf a9L cjlw afFsL 5Fb} s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm ePdf To:tf] :yfg h'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 k"lt{ ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] 5 . -*_ o; efudf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;ª\3Lo ;+;bdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ 5 . To;/L lgjf{lrt ubf{ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -s_ / wf/f *^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhd lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿dWo] s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] Ps ltxfO ;b:o dlxnf lgjf{lrt x'g g;s]df To:tf] /fhgLlts bnn] pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;b:o lgjf{lrt ubf{ cfˆgf]bnaf6 ;ª\3Lo ;+;bdf lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:osf] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g] u/L lgjf{lrt ug'{kg]{5 . -(_ k|ltlglw ;efsf]lgjf{rg /tT;DaGwL cGo ljifo ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . *%= k|ltlglw ;efsf]sfo{sfn M -!_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd cufj}lj36g ePsf]df afx]s k|ltlglw ;efsf] sfo{sfn kfFr jif{sf] x'g] 5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg ;+s6sfnLg g]kfn kl/ro÷129
cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z nfu' /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;ª\3Lo P]g adf]lhd k|ltlglw ;efsf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{df ga9\g] u/L yk ug{ ;lsg]5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd yk ul/Psf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+s6sfnLg cj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff jf cfb]z vf/]h ePsf] ldltn] 5 dlxgf k'u]kl5 :jtM ;dfKt x'g] 5 . -u_ Gofokflnsf !@^= Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/cbfntaf6 k|of]u x'g]M -!_ g]kfnsf] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/of];+ljwfg, cGo sfg'g /Gofosf dfGo l;4fGt adf]lhd cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfoaf6 k|of]u ul/g]5 . -@_ d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng ug'{kg]{5 . !@&= cbfntx¿ M -!_ g]kfndf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cbfntx¿ /xg] 5g\ M– -s_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, -v_ pRr cbfnt, / -u_ lhNnf cbfnt . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ df n]lvPb]lv afx]s sfg'g adf]lhd d'2f x]g{ :yfgLo :t/df Goflos lgsfo jf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo cjnDag ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/cGo lgsfo u7g ug{ ;lsg] 5 . !@*= ;jf]{Rr cbfnt M -!_ g]kfndf Ps ;jf]{Rr cbfnt x'g]5 . -@_ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clen]v cbfnt x'g]5 . o; ;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;a} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxt /xg] 5g\ . ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] JofVof ug{] clGtd clwsf/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . -#_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] / cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ cbfnt, ljlzi6Ls[t cbfnt jf cGo Goflos lgsfox¿sf]Gofo k|zf;g jf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljifodf lg/LIf0f, ;'kl/j]If0f u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] 5 . -$_ d'2f dfldnfsf /f]xdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf] ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] JofVof jf k|ltkfbg u/]sf] sfg'gL l;4fGt ;a}n] kfng 130÷g]kfn
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ug{' kg]{5 . ;jf{]Rr cbfntn] cfˆgf] jf dftxtsf] cbfntsf] Gofo;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df s;}n] cj/f]w u/]df jf cfb]z jf k}m;nfsf] cj1f u/]df sfg'g adf]lhd cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . !##= ;jf]R{ r cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xs pk/ cg'lrt aGb]h nufOPsf] jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'g} sfg'g of] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] x'bF f To:tf] sfg'g jf To;sf] s'g} efu jf k|bz ] ;efn] agfPsf] s'g} sfg'g ;ª\3Lo ;+;bn] agfPsf] s'g} sfg'g;Fu aflemPsf]jf gu/;ef jf ufpF ;efn]agfPsf]s'g} sfg'g ;ª\3Lo ;+;b jf k|bz ] ;efn] agfPsf] s'g} sfg'g;Fu aflemPsf] xFb' f To:tf] sfg'g jf To;sf] s'g} efu ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpFm egL s'g} klg g]kfnL gful/sn] ;jf]R{ r cbfntdf lgj]bg lbg ;Sg] 5 / ;f] cg';f/ s'g} sfg'g aflemPsf] b]lvPdf ;f] sfg'gnfO{ k|f/Deb]lv g} jf lg0f{o ePsf] ldltb]lv cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift ug]{ c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]R{ r cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . -@_ o; ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ df}lns xssf] k|rngsf nflu jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf] jf csf]{ pkrf/sf] Joj:yf eP klg To:tf] pkrf/ ckof{Kt jf k|efjxLg b]lvPsf] cGo s'g} sfg'gL xssf] k|rngsf nflu jf ;fj{hlgs xs jf ;/f]sf/sf] s'g} ljjfbdf ;dfj]z ePsf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs jf sfg'gL k|Zgsf] lg¿k0fsf nflu cfjZos / pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{], plrt pkrf/ k|bfg ug{], To:tf] xssf] k|rng u/fpg] jf ljjfb 6'+uf] nufpg] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . -#_ pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qcGtu{t ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] aGbL k|ToIfLs/0f, k/dfb]z, pTk|i] f0f, k|ltif]w, clwsf/kR[ 5f nufot cGo pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;Sg] 5 . t/ clwsf/ If]qsf] cefj ePsf]df afx]s ;ª\3Lo ;+;b jf k|bz ] ;efsf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL / ;ª\3Lo ;+;b jf k|bz ] ;efn] rnfPsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] sf/afxL / tT;DaGwdf tf]ss ] f] ;hfodf o; pkwf/f cGtu{t ;jf]R{ r cbfntn] x:tIf]k ug]{ 5}g . -$_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;ª\3Lo sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd d'2fsf] ;'? sf/afxL / lsgf/f ug{], k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg], ;fws hfFRg], d'2f bf]xf]¥ofpg], lgj]bg ;'Gg] jf cfˆgf] km};nf jf clGtd cfb]zsf] k'g/jnf]sg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . To;/L k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ klxnf km};nf ug{] GofofwLz g]kfn kl/ro÷131
afx]s cGo GofofwLzn] ug{] 5g\ . -%_ pRr cbfntn] z'¿ sf/afxL / lsgf/f u/]sf] d'2fsf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] / ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] JofVof ;DaGwL k|Zg ;dfj]z ePsf] ;fj{hlgs dxŒjsf]ljifo jf ;jf]{Rr cbfntaf6 lg0f{o x'g' pko'Qm 5 egL pRr cbfntn] cfˆgf] /fo;lxt l;kmfl/; u/]sf] d'2fsf] lg¿k0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] 5 . -^_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] cGo clwsf/ / sfo{ljlw ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . !#(= pRr cbfnt M -!_ k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps pRr cbfnt /xg] 5 . -@_ pRr cbfntn]cfˆgf]/cfˆgf dftxtsf cbfnt jf Goflos lgsfox¿af6 x'g] Gofo ;Dkfbgsf] sfo{df s;}n] cj/f]w u/]df jf cfb]z jf k}m;nfsf] cj1f u/]df ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd cjx]ngfdf sf/afxL rnfO{ ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 . -#_ k|To]s pRr cbfntdf d'Vo GofofwLzsf cltl/Qm ;ª\3Lo sfg'gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhdsf] ;ª\Vofdf GofofwLzx¿ /xg] 5g\ . !$*= lhNnf cbfnt M -!_ k|To]s lhNnfdf Ps lhNnf cbfnt x'g]5 . -@_ k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd :yflkt :yfgLo :t/sf Goflos lgsfo lhNnf cbfntsf] dftxtdf /xg] 5g\ . lhNnf cbfntn] cfˆgf] dftxtsf Goflos lgsfox¿sf] lg/LIf0f Pjd\ ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ / cfjZos lgb{zg ] lbg ;Sg]5 . #=!=&=$ k|fb]lzs zf;sLo :j¿k M -s_ k|b]z sfo{kflnsf !^@= k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ M -!_ k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g] 5 . t/ ;ª\3Lo zf;g nfu' ePsf] sf/0faf6 k|b]z sfo{sfl/0fL sfod g/x]df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lgb{]zg adf]lhd k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{5 . -@_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbdf /xg] 5 . -#_ k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{x¿ k|b]z ;/sf/sf gfddf x'g] 5g\ . -$_ of] ;+ljwfgsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ 132÷g]kfn
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cg';"rL–^, cg';"rL–& / cg';"rL–( adf]lhdsf] ;"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . t/ ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ljifosf ;DaGwdf of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gdf :ki6 pNn]v ePsfdf afx]s k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbn] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/sf] k|of]u ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;dGjo u/L ug'{kg]{ 5 . -%_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd k|b]z ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f k|b]z sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . !^*= k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g M -!_ k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 / lghsf] cWoIftfdf k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g x'g] 5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|b]z ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|b]z ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|b]z ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -#_ k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd d'VodGqL lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df k|b]z k|d'vn] k|b]z ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . -$_ pkwf/f -@_ jf -#_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf]tL; lbgleq k|b]z ;efaf6 ljZjf;sf]dt k|fKt ug'{kg]{ 5 . -%_ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhdsf] s'g} ;b:on] k|b]z ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf k|b]z k|d'vn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'Qm ug{]5 . -^_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf]dt k|fKt ug'{kg]{5 . -&_ pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd lgo'Qm d'VodGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf d'VodGqL lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df g]kfn kl/ro÷133
k|bz ] k|dv ' n] k|bz ] ;efnfO{ lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ k|bz ] ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rg ldlt tf]Sg] 5 . -*_ o; ;+ljwfg adf]lhd ePsf] k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf d'VodGqLsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] ldltn] k}+tL; lbgleq o; wf/f adf]lhd d'VodGqL lgo'lQm ;DaGwL k|lqmof ;DkGg ug'{ kg{5 . ] -(_ k|b]z k|d'vn] d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|b]z ;efsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd d'VodGqL ;lxt k|b]z ;efsf s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] aL; k|ltzt eGbf a9L gx'g] u/L] k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug]{5 . :ki6Ls/0f M o; efusf] k|of]hgsf nflu ædGqLÆ eGgfn] dGqL, /fHo dGqL /;xfos dGqL ;Demg' k5{ . -!)_ d'VodGqL /dGqL ;fd"lxs ¿kdf k|b] z ;efk|lt pQ/ bfoL x'g] 5g\ / dGqLx¿ cfˆgf] dGqfnosf] sfdsf nflu JolQmut ¿kdf d'VodGqL / k|b]z ;efk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g] 5g\ . -v_ k|b]z Joj:yflksf !&%= k|b]z Joj:yflksf M k|b]zsf] Joj:yflksf Ps;bgfTds x'g] 5 h;nfO{ k|b]z ;ef elgg] 5 . !&^= k|b]z ;efsf] u7g M -!_ k|To]s k|b]z ;efdf b]xfo adf]lhdsf] ;ª\Vofdf ;b:o /xg] 5g\ M– -s_ ;DalGwt k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw ;efdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] bf]Aa/ ;ª\Vofdf x'g cfpg] ;b:o, -v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhd sfod x'g];b:o ;ª\VofnfO{ ;f7L k|ltzt dfgL afFsL rfnL; k|ltztdf ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ sf] v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] ;b:o lgjf{rgsf nflu e"uf]n / hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd lgjf{rg If]q sfod ul/g] 5 . -#_ k|b]z ;efsf ;f7L k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd / rfnL; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g]5g\ . 134÷g]kfn
kl/ro
-$_
pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd x'g] k|b]z ;ef ;b:osf] lgjf{rg sfg'g adf]lhd jflnu dtflwsf/sf] cfwf/df uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g] 5 . -%_ c7f/ jif{ pd]/ k"/f ePsf] k|b]zsf] If]qleq a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s g]kfnL gful/snfO{ sfg'g adf]lhd s'g} Ps lgjf{rg If]qdf dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ x'g] 5 . -^_ ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd x'g] k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, v; cfo{, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, lk5l8Psf] If]q, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo ;d]taf6 aGb ;"rLsf cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'g] 5 . To;/L pDd]bjf/L lbFbf ;DalGwt k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t Wofg lbg' kg{5 . ] :ki6Ls/0f M o; efusf] k|of]hgsf nflu -v; cfo{_ eGgfn] If]qL, a|fx\d0f, 7s'/L, ;+Gof;L -bzgfdL_ ;d'bfo ;Demg' k5{ . -&_ pkwf/f -^_ adf]lhd /fhgLlts bnn] pDd]bjf/L lb+bf ckf+utf ePsf JolQmsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] Joj:yf ug{' kg{]5 . -*_ k|b]z ;efsf]sfo{sfn 5 dlxgf eGbf a9L cjlw afFsL 5Fb}s'g} ;b:osf] :yfg l/Qm ePdf To:tf] :yfg h'g lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 k"lt{ ePsf] lyof] ;f]xL k|lqmofåf/f k"lt{ ul/g] 5 . -(_ o; wf/fdf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|b]z ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ k|To]s /fhgLlts bnaf6 lgjf{lrt s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO ;b:o dlxnf x'g'kg]{ 5 . To;/L lgjf{lrt ubf{ pkwf/ f -!_ sf]v08 -s_ adf] lhd lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿ dWo] s'g} /fhgLlts bnsf] Ps ltxfO ;b:o dlxnf lgjf{lrt gePdf To:tf] /fhgLlts bnn] ;f]xL pkwf/fsf] v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;b:o lgjf{lrt ubf{ cfˆgf] bnaf6 k|b]z ;efdf lgjf{lrt x'g] s'n ;b:osf] sDtLdf Ps ltxfO dlxnf ;b:o x'g] u/L lgjf{lrt ug'{kg]{ 5 . -!)_ k|b]z ;efsf] ;b:osf nflu x'g] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ug]{ clwsf/ kfPsf] wf/f !&* adf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf] s'g} klg JolQm sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL k|b]zsf] s'g} klg lgjf{rg If]qaf6 pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5 . t/ Pp6} JolQm Ps eGbf a9L lgjf{rg If]qdf Ps} g]kfn kl/ro÷135
k6s pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] 5}g . -!!_ k|b]z ;efsf] lgjf{rg;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ;ª\3Lo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . #=!=&=%= :yfgLo zf;sLo :j¿k M -s_ :yfgLo sfo{kflnsf M @!$= :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ M -!_ :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ufpF sfo{kflnsf jf gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf lglxt /xg] 5 . -@_ :yfgLo sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cg';"rL–* / cg';"rL–( adf]lhdsf] ;"rLdf pNn]v eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 . -#_ of] ;+ljwfg / cGo sfg'gsf] cwLgdf /xL ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] x'g] 5 . -$_ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{ ufpFsfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] gfddf x'g] 5 . -%_ pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] gfddf x'g] lg0f{o jf cfb]z / tT;DaGwL clwsf/kqsf] k|df0fLs/0f :yfgLo sfg'g adf]lhd x'g] 5 . -v_ Goflos ;ldlt @!&= Goflos ;ldlt M -!_ sfg'g adf]lhd cfˆgf] clwsf/If]q leqsf ljjfb lg¿k0f ug{ ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfn] k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf / k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf pkk|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo Ps Goflos ;ldlt /xg] 5 . -@_ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] Goflos ;ldltdf ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efaf6 cfk"mdWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf b'O{ hgf ;b:ox¿ /xg] 5g\ . -u_ :yfgLo Joj:yflksf @@!= :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ M -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf]cwLgdf /xL :yfgLo txsf] Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efdf lglxt /xg] 5 . -@_ ufpF ;ef / gu/ ;efsf] Joj:yflksLo clwsf/ cg';"rL–* / 136÷g]kfn
kl/ro
cg';"rL–( adf]lhdsf] ;"rLdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf cg';"rL % b]lv cg';"rL ( ;Dd ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf Psn tyf ;femf clwsf/sf ;"rLsf] lgDgfg';f/ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cg';"rL–% -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -!_ / wf/f !)( ;“u ;DalGwt_ ;ª\3sf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL qm=;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & *
ljifox¿ /Iff / ;]gf ;DaGwL s_ /fli6«o Pstf / ef}uf]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f v_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;DaGwL o'4 / k|lt/Iff xftxltof/, v/vhfgf sf/vfgf tyf pTkfbg ;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo k|x/L, ;z:q k|x/L an, /fli6«o u'Ktr/ tyf cg';Gwfg, zflGt ;'/Iff s]Gb|Lo of]hgf, s]Gb|Lo a}ª\s, ljQLo gLlt, d'b|f / a}+lsª\u, df}lb|s gLlt, ljb]zL cg'bfg, ;xof]u / C0f k//fi6« tyf s"6gLlts dfldnf, cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;lGw jf ;Demf}tf, ;'k'b{uL, kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf / cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf, cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf gbL, b"/;~rf/, /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;Lsf] afF8kmfF8, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / x'nfs
(
eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, d"No clej[l4 s/, ;+:yfut cfos/, JolQmut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL z'Ns, le;f z'Ns, ko{6g b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/afgf
!)
;ª\3Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf
g]kfn kl/ro÷137
!! !@ !# !$ !% !^ !& !* !( @) @! @@ @# @$ @% @^ @& @* @( #)
hn;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ax'cfoflds pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt / dfkb08 cGt/b]zLo tyf cGt/k|b]z ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg s]Gb|Lo tYof+s -/fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dfgs / u'0f:t/_ s]Gb|Lo :t/sf 7'nf ljB't\, l;+rfO / cGo cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgf s]Gb|Lo ljZjljBfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf k|1f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno dfkb08 / lgodg, s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno :jf:Yo gLlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :jf:Yo dfkb08, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg, /fli6«o jf ljlzi6 ;]jf k|bfos c:ktfn, k/Dk/fut pkrf/ ;]jf, ;?jf /f]u lgoGq0f ;ª\3Lo ;+;b, ;ª\3Lo sfo{kflnsf, :yfgLo tx;DaGwL dfldnf, ljz]if ;+/rgf cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, ljlgdo, aGb/ufx, Sjf/]G6fOg xjfO{ p8\8og, cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn /fli6«o oftfoft gLlt, /]n tyf /fli6«o nf]sdfu{sf] Joj:yfkg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL sfg'g gful/stf, /fxbfgL, le;f, cWofudg cf0fljs pmhf{, jfo'd08n / cGtl/If;DaGwL af}l4s ;DklQ -k]6G] 6, l8hfOg, 6]8« dfs{ / k|ltlnlk clwsf/ ;d]t_ gfk–tf}n vfgL pTvgg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6«o jg gLlt, sfa{g ;]jf ladf gLlt, lwtf]kq, ;xsf/L lgodg e"pkof]u gLlt, a:tL ljsf; gLlt, ko{6g gLlt, jftfj/0f cg's'ng kmf}hbf/L, b]jfgL sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f
138÷g]kfn
kl/ro
#! #@ ## #$ #%
;'/lIft 5fkfvfgf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, /fli6«o dxŒjsf cfof]ux¿ k'/ftflTjs dxŒjsf :yfg / k|frLg :df/s ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rLdf jf ;femf ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] s'g} ljifo tyf of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\3Lo sfg'gdf gtf]lsPsf] ljifo
cg';"rL–^ -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(&, wf/f @#! sf]pkwf/f -#_, wf/f @#@ sf] pkwf/f -&_, wf/f @&$ sf] pkwf/f -$_ / wf/f @(^ sf] pkwf/f -$_ ;“u ;DalGwt_ k|b]zsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL qm=;+= ljifox¿ != k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt ;'/Iff g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLlt cg'¿k ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, @= ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg / ;xof]u #= /]l8of], Pkm= Pd, 6]lnlehg ;~rfng 3/ hUuf /lhi6«];g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/~hg s/, lj1fkg $= s/, ko{6g, s[lif cfodf s/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf %= k|b]z lghfdtL ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf ^= k|b]z tYofª\s &= k|b]z :t/sf] ljB't\, l;rfO / vfg]kfgL ;]jf, kl/jxg *= k|b]z ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno (= :jf:Yo ;]jf !)= k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\;DaGwL !!= k|b]zleqsf] Jofkf/ !@= k|b]z nf]sdfu{ !#= k|b]z cg';Gwfg Ao'/f] g]kfn kl/ro÷139
!$= !%= !^= !&= !*= !(= @)= @!=
k|bz ] ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg / cGo cfjZos ljifo k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u e"ld Joj:yfkg, hUufsf] clen]v vfgL cGj]if0f / Joj:yfkg efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / wd{sf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u k|b]zleqsf] /fli6«o jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;, snsf/vfgf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, oftfoft, u'7L Joj:yfkg
cg';"rL–& -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -#_, wf/f !)(, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(& ;“u ;DalGwt_ ;ª\3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL qm=;+=
ljifox¿
!=
kmf}hbf/L tyf b]jfgL sfo{ljlw / k|df0f / zky -sfg'gL dfGotf, ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / clen]v / Goflos k|lqmof_
@=
cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{, ljt/0f, d"No lgoGq0f, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg
#=
b]zsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lgjf/s gh/aGb, sf/fuf/ tyf lx/f;t Joj:yfkg / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf
$=
Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf cleo'Qm, y'g'jf / s}bLsf] :yfgfGt/0f
%=
kfl/jfl/s dfldnf -ljjfx, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f, ;DaGw ljR5]b, nf]kf]Gd'v, 6'x'/f, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL pQ/flwsf/ / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/_ ;DaGwL sfg'g
140÷g]kfn
kl/ro
^= &= *= (= !)=
;DklQ k|flKt, clwu|x0f / clwsf/sf] ;[hgf s/f/, ;xsf/L, ;fem]bf/L / Ph]G;L ;DaGwL 6f6 kN6]sf] / bfdf;fxL;DaGwL cf}iflw / ljifflb of]hgf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg / hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkg
!!=
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / /f]huf/L, 6«]8 o'lgog, cf}Bf]lus ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg, >ldssf xs, clwsf//ljjfb ;DaGwL sfo{
!@=
sfg'g Joj;fo, n]vfk/LIf0f, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f, cfo'j{]b lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, cfDrL /cGo k]zf
!#= !$= !%= !^=
k|b]z ;Ldf gbL, hndfu{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf ;~rf/ dfWod ;DaGwL pBf]u tyf vlgh / ef}lts k"jf{wf/ Sofl;gf], lr7\7f
!&=
k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb k"j{ tof/L, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e
!*= !(= @)= @!= @@=
ko{6g, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO rnlrq, l;g]df xn, v]ns'b aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg ul/aL lgjf/0f / cf}Bf]uLs/0f j}1flgs cg';Gwfg, lj1fg k|ljlw /dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;
@#=
cGt/k|fb]lzs ¿kdf km}lnPsf] hª\un, lxdfn, jg ;+/If0f If]q hn pkof]u
@$= e"ld gLlt /;f];DaGwL sfg'g @%= /fh ] uf/L / a]/f]huf/ ;xfotf
g]kfn kl/ro÷141
cg';"rL–* -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f @!$ sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f @@! sf] pkwf/f -@_ / wf/f @@^ sf] pkwf/f -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_ :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;"rL qm=;+
ljifox¿
!=
gu/ k|x/L
@=
;xsf/L ;+:yf
#=
Pkm= Pd ;~rfng
:yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6]«zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/_, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, $= Joj;fo s/, e"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf]/~hg s/, dfnkf]t ;~rfng %=
:yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg
^=
:yfgLo tYofª\s / clen]v ;ª\sng
&=
:yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/of]hgfx¿
*= cfwf/e"t / dfWolds lzIff (= cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO !)= :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf !!= :yfgLo ;8s, u|fdL0f ;8s, s[lif ;8s, l;+rfO ufpF ;ef, gu/;ef, lhNnf ;ef, :yfgLo cbfnt, d]nldnfk / !@= dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg !#= :yfgLo clen]v Joj:yfkg !$= 3/ hUuf wgL k'hf{ ljt/0f !%= s[lif tyf kz'kfng, s[lif pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L 142÷g]kfn
kl/ro
!^= Ho]i7 gful/s, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm / czQmx¿sf] Joj:yfkg !&= a]/f]huf/sf] tYof+s ;~rfng !*= s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;+rfng / lgoGq0f !(= vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf, j}slNks pmhf{ @)= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg @!= hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f @@= efiff, ;+:s[lt / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; cg';"rL–( -wf/f %& sf] pkwf/f -%_, wf/f !)(, wf/f !^@ sf] pkwf/f -$_, wf/f !(&, wf/f @!$ sf] pkwf/f -@_, wf/f @@! sf] pkwf/f -@_ / wf/f @@^ sf] pkwf/f -!_ ;“u ;DalGwt_ ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rL qm=;+= != @= #= $= %=
ljifox¿ ;xsf/L lzIff, v]ns'b / kqklqsf :jf:Yo s[lif ljB't\, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO h:tf ;]jfx¿
^=
;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko{6g z'Ns
&=
jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'?ª\uL, hn pkof]u, jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf
*= (=
vfgL tyf vlgh ljkb Joj:yfkg g]kfn kl/ro÷143
!)= !!= !@= !#= !$= !%=
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f JolQmut 36gf, hGd, d[To', ljjfx /tYof+s k'/ftTj, k|frLg :df/s / ;+u|xfno ;'s'Daf;L Joj:yfkg k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L ;jf/L ;fwg cg'dlt
lll
144÷g]kfn
kl/ro
kl/R5]b M rf/
g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g /fHo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] piffsfnb]lv g} ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] kfOG5 . b]zdf cdgrog sfod ug'{ / hgtfnfO{ /fHoaf6 lgwf{l/t ;]jf / ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ /fHo / gful/slarsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug'{ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|d'v p2]Zo Pjd\ bfloTj xf] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf uf]kfn j+z, dlxifkfn j+z, ls/ft j+z, lnR5lj j+z, dNn j+z / zfx j+zn] /fHo u/]sf]Ù klZrd g]kfndf v; j+zn] /fHo u/]sf]Ù blIf0f klZrd t/fO{If]q slknj:t'df zfSo j+zÙ blIf0fk"j{t/fO{ If]qdf s0ff{6 j+zLx¿n] /fHo u/]sf] kfOG5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F, v; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;Fhf, slknj:t'sf] /fhwfgL n'lDagL / s0ff{6 j+zLsf] 8f]o -lt/x't_ sf] /fhwfgL l;d|f}gu9 lyof] . ;fy} bfªdf yf¿ hflt tyf hgsk'/df ldlynf
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F g]kfn kl/ro÷145
efifLn] zf;g u/]sf] klg kfOG5 . k|frLg g]kfndf ef}uf]lns 6fs'/f, If]q / e"efudf ;;fgf /fHox¿ ePsf / tL /fHox¿df cfcfkm\g} k|sf/sf] k|zf;g k|0ffnL cljsl;t cj:yfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fkZrft\ g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljsf; ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnsf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;do cjlwsf b[li6sf]0fn] rf/;d"xdf ljefhg u/L cWoog ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . -!_ k|frLg sfn -PsLs/0fk"j{_ -@_ dWosfn -/f0ff zf;gsf] cGt;Dd_ -#_ cfw'lgs sfn -k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 nf]stGqsf] :yfkgf;Dd_ -$_ pQ/cfw'lgs sfn -nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkl5 xfn;Dd_ $=! k|frLg sfn -lj=;+= !*@% cufl8_ ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] k|frLgsfn PsLs/0fk"j{sf] sfn ePsf]n] o;n] sf7df8f}F, v; k|b]z, slknj:t', 8f]o /fHo, ldlynf k|b]z, yf¿ If]qsf] k|zf;gnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{ x'G5 . ;/n zAbdf eGbf o; sfnsf] k|zf;g s:tf] lyof] eGg] kIf vf]hsf] ljifo s} ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk o; ;dosf] k|zf;g /fhf s]lGb|t x'GYof] . /fhf wd{u|GynfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ zf;g ub{y] . /fhfsf ljZjf; kfqnfO{ o'4 / /fhZj ;ª\sngsf] lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] x'GYof] . kb / sfdsf] ljefhg lyPg . ;}lgs ansf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbOGYof] . k|frLg g]kfn ;dosf] ult;Fu} tLg v08 sf7df8f}F, lt/x't / v; /fHodf ljeQm x'g k'u]sf] lyof] . h;nfO{ cGwsf/sf] ;do klg elgG5 . Oltxf;nfO{ s]nfpFbf lnR5lj sfndf /fhfn] zf;g rnfpg dlGqkl/ifb\ u7g ug]{ uy]{ . dlGqkl/ifb\df cdfTo / dGqLx¿ lgo'Qm ul/Gy] . zf;gdf ;xof]u ug{ ;j{b08gfos, b08gfos, dxfk|ltxf/, k|ltxf/h:tf clwsf/L lgo'Qm x'Gy] . /fHonfO{ ljleGg b«ª -lhNnf_, u|fd -ufpF_ /tn -ahf/_ df ljefhg u/L ljs]lGb|t zf;g ul/GYof] . :yfgLo txdf zf;g kf~rfnL -JolQmx¿sf] ;d"x_ n] ub{Yof] . dNnsfndf klg /fhf ;j]{;jf{ lyP . /fhfkl5 /fhs'df/ x'Gy] . oBlk zf;gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg dGqL, ;]gfklt lgo'Qm ub{y] . cfk;L k|lt:kwf{df afFRgsf nflu dNn /fhfx¿n] ;]gfdf w]/} vr{ ug]{ ub{y] . k|frLgsfndf /fhtGqfTds zf;g k|0ffnL lyof] . /fhfx¿ wfld{s u|Gy, gLlt zf:q Pjd\ wd{1fsf] cfwf/df zf;g ub{y] . ;f/df k|frLgsfnLg k|zf;g Gofo, ;}lgs / lghfdtL kbdf :ki6 ljefhg gePsf], sd{rf/Lsf] sfd, st{Jo, lgo'lQm, ;?jf a9'jf zf;ssf] :jljj]sdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] kfOG5 . 146÷g]kfn
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lnR5jLsflng lgsfox¿M s'y]/ clws/0f M hUuf hldgsf] s't p7fpg] jf dfnkf]tsf] sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo dfKrf]s M ljjfx, kf/kfr's];DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo ln+ujn M s'nf], k}gL, afFw, af6f]3f6f] ;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ lgsfo z'NnL÷zf]Nn clws/0f M k~rk/fw -rf]/L, xTof, k/:qLudg, /fhb|f]x / o;df ;3fpg]_ sf] 5fgljg u/L Gofo lbg] lgsfo . lnR5jL sfndf lqs/k|rlnt lyof]h;df efus/M e"ld jf s[lifdf nfUg]s/ ef]us/ M kz'kfngdf nfUg] s/ s/ M pBf]u, jfl0fHo, Jofkf/df nfUg] s/ cGo s/x¿df M l;s/ M kmlg{r/df nfUg] s/ r}ns/ M sk8fdf nfUg] s/ t}ns/ M t]ndf nfUg] s/ cfk0fs/ M k;ndf nfUg] s/ dNno'4s/ M ;fFw]h'wfO, dgf]/~hgdf lnR5jLsfnsf kbx¿ dxf;j{b08gfos M k|wfg Gofoflwz ;j{b08 gfos M GofofwLz b08gfos M k|x/L k|d'v e§ M l;kfxL k|wfg M u|fdk|zf;s ;fdGt M k|zf;s k|;fbflws[t M sfof{no k|d'v e6\6gfos M ;]gfWoIf jnfWoIf M ;]gfklt dxfjnfWoIf M k|wfg;]gfklt uf]lNds M ;]gfgfos cdfTo M dGqL:t/Lo clwsf/L k|ltxf/ M /fhb/jf/ x]g]{ clws[t dxfk|ltxf/ M /fhb/af/ x]g]{ k|d'v 9'6s M /fh3f]if0ff k|rf/ k|;f/ ug]{ o'j/fh M efjL /fhf g]kfn kl/ro÷147
b't M s[lif, jg, l;FrfO Jofkf/x]g]{ . dNnsflng kbx¿M rf}tf/f M k|wfgdGqL cdfTo M dGqL;/xsf] kb åf/] M ufpFsf] emu8f x]g]{ k|wfg M 6f]n x]g]{ clwsf/L v/bf/ M b]zel/sf] e|d0f u/L Gofo lbg] ysfnL M k~rsf]d'Vo JolQm pd/f M ;}lgs clws[t sf]6gfos M lsNnf /Ifs ;fdGt M k|zf;s peo M ;}lgs clwsf/L 5]e08]n M /fhfsf] e08f/ jf cGgsf] Joj:yf ug]{ rl/bf/ M cg';Gwfg clws[t sf]tjfn M zflGt ;'/Iff x]g]{ 6S;f/L M l;Ssf 5fKg] uDle/ ck/fw rf]/L, k/:qLx/0f, /fhb|f]x, uf}xTof, jfnxTof, :qLxTof, lkt[xTof, u'?xTof lgsfox¿ 9fNkf M s'nf], gx/ cflbsf] /]vb]v ug]{ lgsfo ljifo M lhNnf k~r;d'Rro M ;fgfltgf emu8f x]g]{, a'9fkfsfsf] ;d"x, ef/bf/L;ef M /fh;ef 6s;f/L M d'b|f 6s;/L ug]{ :yfg $=@ dWosfn -lj=;+= !*@%–@))&_ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfnsf] klxnf] r/0fsf] PsLs/0f lj=;+= !*@^ -;g\ !&^*_ df k"/f u/]sf lyP . To; a]nf /fhfx¿n] lxGb"wd{cg';f/ zf;g ub{y] . /fhf k|zf;gsf ;j]{;jf{ lyP . zf;g s]Gb|Ls[t lyof] . /fhfn] cfˆgf lk|okfqnfO{ k|zf;gsf dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf lgo'lQm ub{y] . o; sfnsf] cGtlt/ g} /fhfnfO{ zlQmxLg agfP/ /f0ff kl/jf/sf] lg/+s'z hxflgofF zf;g rn]sf] lyof] . b|Jo zfxnfO{ uf]/vf ljho ug{ ;3fPsf cof{n, kf08], vgfn, kGt, af]x/f / /fgf 5 y/x¿nfO{ k|zf;gsf dxŒjk"0f{ kbdf klxnf] df}sf lbOGYof] . /f0ffsfnsf] pbokl5 y/3/sf] :yfgdf s'Fj/ -/f0ff_, a:g]t / yfkfsf] jr{Zj sfod ePsf] lyof] . o;sfndf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf] 148÷g]kfn
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5'§} Joj:yf lyPg . ;a} clwsf/ /fhf jf /f0ffdf lglxt lyof] . oBlk zf;g ;~rfngdf ;Nnfx / k/fdz{ lng ef/bf/sf] Joj:yf lyof] eg] b}lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu k|zf;gsf] Joj:yf lyof] . ef/bf/L kbdf lgo'lQm x'g] sd{rf/L t'ngfTds ¿kdf /fhf÷/f0ffsf glhs x'Gy] . To:tf kbdf u'?, rf}tfl/of, sfhL, ;/bf/, sk/bf/, vhf~rL, bbf, åf/] lyP . k|zf;sLo wdf{lwsf/, k'/fl] xt, sKtfg, dL/dG' ;L, jlsn, ;'Aaf, l8¶f, v/bf/, d'lvof sf]tafn, ljrf/L, b/fu] f, txljnbf/ pd/fcf], sf]t] hdbf/h:tf kbx¿ lyP . o; sfndf ul/Psf dxŒjk"0f{ k|zf;sLo sfo{ o;k|sf/ /xs ] f 5g\ M • k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] of]Uo / ;Ifd JolQmnfO{ lgo'lQm / kbf]Gglt ub}{ hfg] p2]Zon] ;}lgs ;]jf dfkm{t khgL k|0ffnLsf] ;'?jftsf ;fy} o'4df jL/ult k|fKt ug]{ ;}lgsx¿sf kl/jf/x¿nfO{ pgsf ;Gtfgx¿ gx'ls{pGh]n;Dd eQfsf] ¿kdf hUuf k|bfg ug]{ d/j6 gLlt canDag u/]sf, • /f0ff k|wfgdGqL /0ff]låk l;+xn] sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ gub C0f lbg] p2]Zon] t]hf/y c8\8f :yfkgf, • jL/;d;]/n] bf}8fxf k|yfsf] ;'?jft u/L k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] k|oTg u/]sf, • lj=;+= !(%) df k|zf;sLo sfo{ Jojl:yt ug{ t/fO{df !@ /kxf8df @# u/L #% lhNnfdf b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ljefhg jL/ ;d;]/n] u/] . h;cg'¿k lhNnfdf k|d'v k|zf;ssf] ¿kdf j8f xflsdsf] Joj:yf, • b]j;d;]/n] sfof{no ;do !)–)% lgwf{/0f u/]sf, • lj=;+= !(&$ df v8\u lgzfgsf] 5fk rGb|;d;]/n] rngdf NofP, • ;/sf/L ;]jfdf k|j]z ug{ rf/ kf; ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L sd{rf/LnfO{ tflnd lbg] Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft, • eLd ;d;]/n] zlgaf/ labf lbg] / sfof{no ;do !) ah] laxfgb]lv $ ah] ;fFem;Dd sfod ug's { f ;fy} sf7df8f}s F f] l8NnLahf/df 5l/P/ /xs ] f ;/sf/L c8\8fx¿nfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf /fVg] Joj:yf ub}{ rf/vfn c8\8fsf] :yfkgf, • h'4 ;d;]/n] ;}lgs b|Jo sf]if v8f u/] . ;}lgs / lghfdtL sd{rf/LnfO{ lgj[lQe/0f lbg] Joj:yf u/] . ljz]iftf /fHo ;~rfngsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ /fhfdf lglxt lyof] . k|zf;gsf dxŒjk"0f{ kbx¿ ^ y/3/sf JolQmx¿nfO{ zfx /fhfx¿n] ;'/lIft u/]sf lyP . /f0ff sfndf o:tf kbx¿ /f0ff kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;'/lIft ul/Psf lyP . sd{rf/Lsf] khgL jflif{s ¿kdf ul/GYof] / sd{rf/LnfO{ lhG;L -afnL_ / gub tna lbOGYof] . ;]gf, Gofo / lghfdtL kbdf Ps} kbflwsf/L /xg] ub{y] . /f0ffsfndf vr{ eO{ ar]sf] /sd k|wfgdGqLsf] lghL 9's'6Ldf hfGYof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷149
k|zf;lgs lgod, sfg'g k4lt :ki6 lyPg, rfs8L k|yf pRr ¿kdf lyof] . zf;ssf] OR5fdf sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf a9'jf, ;]jf ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f x'Gy] . vf;u/L k|zf;g s]Gb|Ls[t, k/dk/fjfbL / JolQmd'vL lyof] . /f0ff sfndf kb z[ª\vnf k|wfgdGqL, d'lVtof/L, 8fO/]S6/ hg/n, a8fsfhL, sfhL, ;/bf/, dL/;'Aaf, ;'Aaf, gfoj ;'Aaf, vl/bf/, l8¶f, d'lvof, gfoa d'lvof, /fO6/, gfoa /fO6/, alxbf/ sfod ul/Psf] lyof] . zfxsfnLg kbx¿ M sfhL M ljefusf k|d'v /If]qLo k|d'v rf}tfl/of M hª\uL ;]jfsf If]qLo / s]Gb|Lo k|d'v vhf~rL M ;/sf/L vhfgfsf] xflsd dGqL M /fhfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbg]sfo{kflnsf k|d'v ;/bf/ M cl86/ cf}ifwfnosf] k|d'v sk/bf/ M /fhkl/jf/sf] sk8f, uxgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ ld/d'G;L M ljb]zL jf l5d]sL d'n's;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ rf]jbf/ M rf}sLbf/, b/afg jlsn Ml5d]sL d'n'sdf g]kfnsf /fhfsf] k|ltlglw ;'Aaf M lhNnfsf lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿sf]k|d'v åf/] M ;/sf/L sfo{nosf kfn], kx/]bf/ cflb /f0ffsfnLg k|zf;lgs c8\8f M v8\u lgzfgf c8\8f M >L # sf];lrjfno ÷k|wfgdGqLsf]sfof{no -rGb|;d;]/_ d'G;Lvfgf M k//fi6« dfldnf;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{ c8\8f -eLd;]g yfkf, /0f axfb'/ zfx_ s'df/Lrf]s M n]vfk/LIf0f / lgoGq0f;Fu ;DalGwt -k[YjLgf/f0f zfx_ hª\uL a:bf]j:tL c8\8f M ;}lgs k|zf;g;DaGwL sdf08/L lstfjvfgf M ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] clen]v /fVg] ljlGtkq lgS;f/L c8\8f M Gofo;DaGwL sfo{ ug]{;jf]{Rr c8\8f d'n'sL aGbf]j:tL c8\8f M b]zsf] k|zf;g ;~rfng / lg/LIf0f ug]{ s8]+nrf]s M u/uxgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ -h+uaxfb'/ /fhf_ $=# cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;++= @))&–@)^#_ dWosfnLg lg/ªs \ z ' tGq rfs8L, eg;'g, dgk/L9ª\un] lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] egf{, cj}1flgs a9'jf Pjd\ ;?jf /cfjZos of]Uotf ePsf sd{rf/L cflbsf] cefjsf] cj:yfaf6 d'ns ' k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|jz ] ubf{ b]zdf k|zf;lgs If]q dha't lyPg . o;} tYonfO{ dgg u/L @))& ;fnsf] /fhgLlts 150÷g]kfn
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kl/jt{g;Fu} k|zf;g ;'wf/ k|f/De ul/of] . @))& ;fnsf] kl/jt{gkl5sf] dlGqd08nsf u[xdGqL /xs ] f lj=lk= sf]O/fnfn] u[x dGqfnodf k|zf;lgs k|dv ' sf] ¿kdf ;lrj kbsf] l;h{gf u/s ] f lyP . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d zf;g ljwfg, @))& sf] Joj:yfadf]lhd @))* c;f/ ! df lghfdtL sd{rf/Lsf] lgo'lQm lgikIf / t6:y¿kdf :jtGq lgsfoaf6 ug]{ p2]Zon] nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . @))( df ef/tLo k|zf;g ljb\ Pg Pd a'rsf]cWoIftfdf k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ;ldlt aGof] / ;'wf/sf nflu ;'emfjx¿ lbof] . @)!# ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL 6+sk|;fb cfrfo{sf]cWoIftfdf k|zf;g k'gu{7g of]hgf cfof]u aGof] . o; cfof]un] lghfdtL k|zf;gsf] ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf] lgldQ cfwf/lznf :yfkgf u¥of] . o; cfof]usf] ;'emfjadf]lhd ;j{ky| d lghfdtL ;]jf P]g / lgodfjnLsf] Joj:yf u/L sfg'gLs/0f, nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 l;kmfl/; ePsf] JolQmdfq lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|jz ] ug{ kfpg], of]Uotfsf cfwf/df >]0fLs/0fsf nflu tflndsf] Joj:yf u/L bIftf clej[4Ls/0f, ;ª\u7gsf] yk36 u/L ;ª\u7gsf] ;fdlosLs/0f, ;]jf ;d"x Joj:yf u/L Joj;flosLs/0f ug]h { :tf sfo{x¿ ul/P . @)!% df nf]s;]jf cfof]un] of]Uotfk|0ffnL cg'¿k egf{ cf/De u/; ] uF } lghfdtL k|zf;gdf cf}krfl/s¿kdf of]Uotf k|0ffnLsf] cf/De ePsf] xf] . @)!* j}zfv ! df g]kfnnfO{ !$ c~rn &% lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/P;Fu} k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf ;d]t ;f]xL cg'¿k k'gM;+/rgf eof] . ;a} lhNnfdf k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿ :yfkgf eP . cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw;d]t ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'bF } hfFbf ljb]zdf s'6gLlts lgsfox¿sf] :yfkgf eof] . @)@@ ;fndf lhNnfl:yt k|zf;sLo k|dv ' sf ¿kdf k|dv ' lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/of] . o;kl5 /fhgLlts zf;g k|0ffnL;Fu;Fu} @)@% ;fndf j]bfgGb emfsf]cWoIftfdf k|lta4 k|zf;g k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zon] / @)#@ ;fndf e]ifaxfb'/ yfkfsf] cWoIftfdf ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;Ifd agfpg] p2]Zon] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf k|of; eP h;n] k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgs agfpg yk ;'wf/x¿ ug{ ;Dej t'Nofof] . @)$& ;fnsf] k|hftflGqs ;/sf/n] pbf/ / k|hftflGqs g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& NofPkl5 g]kfnsf] k|zf;gdf ;'wf//cfw'lgsLs/0f ug{ @)$* ;fndf tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u agfof] . cfof]un] cfˆgf] k|ltj]bgdf g]kfnsf] k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu b]xfoadf]lhdsf ;'emfjx¿ k]z u/s ] f] lyof] . != ;/sf/sf sfo{If]qdf ;ª\s'rg Pjd\ ;/sf/L lgoGq0f v's'nf] ub}{ hghLjgsf If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutfnfO{ pTk|]l/t ug'{kg]{ @= k|zf;sLo ;ª\u7gsf] k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ #= ;'wf/ sfo{qmdsf] cg'udg k|lqmofnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ g]kfn kl/ro÷151
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of]hgf / ljsf; k|lqmofdf k'gu{7g ug'{kg]{ lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ljz]if1 ;]jf agfpg'kg]{ sd{rf/Lsf] j[lQ ljsf;, ;?jf / kb:yfkgnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;]jf ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbOg'kg]{ &= lghfdtL ;]jfsf] P]g lgoddf ;d;fdlos ;'wf/ ug{ tyf sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljj/ 0f nfu' ug{ tyf sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\sgdf ;'wf/ug{ hf]8 ug'{kg]{ *= k|hftflGqs zf;g k|0ffnLdf dGqL / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿larsf] ;DaGw Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ (= ;/sf/L sfo{k|0ffnL / sfo{ljlwdf ;/nLs/0f u/L pTkfbs agfpg'kg]{ !)= ljs]Gb|Ls/0f tyf lghLs/0f ug{] !!= e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{] cfof]un] lbPsf s]xL ;'emfjx¿sf cfwf/df lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL @)%) hf/L u/L sfof{Gjog ul/of] h;n] ubf{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ If]qdf sdL cfPsf] / ;]jf k|jfxsf If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9\g uPsf] 5 . sd{rf/Lsf] ;zQmLs/0f, ;]jfsf] ;'/Iff, j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/ lj:tf/, 6«]8 o'lgogsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . oBlk ;'wf/ ;w}Fsf nflu kof{Kt x'Fb}g, of] lg/Gt/ k|lqmof xf] . o;} ;dodf @)%% df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%% nfu' u/L :yfgLo:t/;Dd k|zf;lgs ;+oGqsf] k|efjsfl/tfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;'wf/sf nflu cf=j= @)%&÷%* df zf;sLo ;'wf/ kl/of]hgf ;~rfngdf cfof] / To;n] ;dfj]zL lghfdtL ;]jf agfpg kxn u/]sf] lyof] . $=$ pQ/cfw'lgs sfn -lj=;+= @)^# b]lv xfn;Dd_ k|zf;g ;'wf/sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] r/0fdf bf];f| ] hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfkZrft lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( sf] bf];f| ] ;+zf]wg -@)^$÷$÷@#_ n] lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL, n}l+ usd}qL / ;]jfu|fxLpGd'v agfPsf] 5 . ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpgsf nflu g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# cg'¿k lghfdtL ;]jf P]gdf dlxnf, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfË, lk5l8Psf] If]qsf nflu v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}t+ fnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6o\ fO{ ;f]k|ltztnfO{ Ps ;o dfgL plNnlvt ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf nflu qmdzM ##, @&, @@, (, % /$ k|ltzt cf/If0f ul/Psf]5 . P]gdf dlxnfsf nflu ljleGg zLif{sdf ;sf/fTds lje]bsf] Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] 5 . @)^$ ;fndf ;'zf;g -Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rfng_ P]g, @)^$ hf/L u/L /fhgLlt /k|zf;glar ;Ldf+sgsf ;fy}d'Vo ;lrj, ;lrj, ljefuLo k|dv ' , sfof{no k|dv ' nufotsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L ls6fgsf cltl/Qm gful/s j8ffkq, 152÷g]kfn
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;/sf/L lgsfon] j]a;fO{6 k|of]u ug],{ sDKo'6/st[ ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ Jojxf/df Nofpg]nufotsf Joj:yfdfkm{t ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g / ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f u/s ] f] 5 . @)^% ;fndf g]kfnnfO{ ;ª\3Lo u0ftGqsf] 9fFrfcg';f/sf] k|zf;lgs ;+oGq / ;+/rgf agfpg ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{sf nflu ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqLsf] cWoIftfdf pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g k'gM;+/rgf cfof]u u7g ePsf], h;n] g]kfnL ;]gf / g]kfn k|x/Lafx]s ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g If]qsf] ;du| ;'wf/sf nflu ;/sf/;dIf dxŒjk"0f{ l;kmfl/;x¿ k]z u/s ] f] lyof] . ;fy} @)&) df k|zf;sLo cbfntsf cWoIf sfzL/fh bfxfnsf] ;+of]hsTjdf pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ ;'emfj ;ldlt, @)&) u7g ePsf] . ;f];ldltn]k|zf;g ;'wf/sf nflu ;du| zf;g Joj:yfdf kl/jt{gsf nflu ;'emfj k|ltj]bg k|:tt' u/s ] f] 5 . of] k|ltj]bg sfof{Gjog nufotsf ;'wf/sf sfo{x¿ ug{sf nflu lgoldt ;+/rgfsf] ¿kdf sfo{ ug{ :yfoL k|sl[ tsf]k|zf;g ;'wf/sfof{Gjog tyf cg'udg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] 5 . @)&@ c;f]h # df ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;+ljwfg hf/ L eP;Fu } g]kfn ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf k|jz ] u/s ] f] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] x'g] Joj:yf u/s ] f] 5 . ;f]xL adf]lhd tLg txx¿lar :jzf;g / ;femf zf;gsf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k /fHozlQmsf] jfF8kmfF8 ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 . jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @*% n] ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/, k|bz ] ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cf–cfkm\gf] k|zf;g ;~rfngsf nflu lghfdtL / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] u7g / ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ lbPsf] 5 . sd{rf/L ;dfof]hg P]g, @)&% adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo txdf ;dfof]hg u/L ;ª\3Lo 9fFrfcg'¿k g} k|zf;gsf] k'gM;+/rgf ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . h;cGtu{t s]Gb|df ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/, ;ft k|bz ] ;/sf/ / &%# :yfgLo txcGtu{t ljljw lgsfox¿ v8f u/L k|zf;lgs Joj:yf ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 / ;]jfk|fKt ug'{ cfd gful/ssf] xs xf] eGg] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{k|zf;lgs ;+oGqnfO{ ;]jfu|fxLd'vL agfpg]k|of; klg ePsf]5 . g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g b]zsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] t'ngfdf 7'nf] 5}g . o;n] ;/sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{ / hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfo{ /fhgLlts pynk'yn Pjd\ sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfdf klg lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . jt{dfgdf ;ª\3Lotf cjnDag;Fu} gful/ssf] 3/cfFugdf clwsf/;DkGg k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . o;af6 gful/sx¿n] glhs}sf] lgsfoaf6 lgoldt, ljsf;fTds / cfsl:ds ;]jfnufotsf zf;sLo nfex¿ ;/n, ;xh, ldtJooL, u'0f:t/Lo / k|efjsf/L¿kdf k|fKt ub}{k|zflgs ;+oGqsf];lqmotfdfkm{t zf;g k|0ffnLdf clws hg;xeflutf g]kfn kl/ro÷153
;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvG5 . $=% g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/ %^ n] /fHosf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'¿k g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gsf] ljBdfg ;+/rgf;d]t tLg txdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . != ;ª\3Lo k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf M ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ / ;DaGw ePsf cyf{t ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf ultljlwx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿ g} s]GbLo k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL %, & / ( tyf cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;d]tsf] cEof; ug]{ oL ;+/rgfx¿n] s]Gb|Lo gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, :jLs[t gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx¿sf] sfof{Gjog, ;]jf k|jfx, dftxtsf tyf cGo lgsfox¿nfO{ lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f, ;dGjo, ;'kl/j]If0fnufotsf sfo{x¿ ub{5g\ . o; cGtu{t /fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, pk/fi6«kltsf] sfof{no, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox¿ tyf logsf dftxtsf ljefu, ;lrjfno, sfof{nox¿, tLg txsf]Gofokflnsf, ;+j}wflgs lgsfox¿, ;ª\3Lo ;+;b, lghfdtL ;]jf, g]kfnL ;]gf, g]kfn k|x/L cflb kb{5g\ . @= k|fb]lzs k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf M g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL $ df g]kfndf & cf]6f k|b]z /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/ cGtu{t /xL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL ^, & /( adf]lhdsf sfof{x¿ ;~rfng ug]{k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfx¿ k|fb]lzs k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf x'g\ . o; cGtu{t ;ft} k|b]zsf k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfof{no, d'VodGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no;lxt ljleGg k|fb]lzs dGqfnox¿ tyf logsf dftxtsf lgsfo /sfof{no, k|bz ] ;ef, k|bz ] k|x/L cflb kb{5g\ . #= :yfgLo k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf M :yfgLo txcGtu{t ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsf /lhNnf ;ef kb{5g\ . xfn g]kfndf && lhNnf ;ef, ^ dxfgu/kflnsf, !! pkdxfgu/kflnsf, @&^ gu/kflnsf / $^) ufpFkflnsf u/L &%# :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ . log} :yfgLo tx cGtu{t /xL ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rL * / ( adf]lhdsf k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;+/rgfx¿ :yfgLo k|zf;lgs ;+/rgf x'g\ . o;cGtu{t ufpF sfo{kflnsf, gu/sfo{kflnsf, j8f sfof{nox¿, Goflos ;ldlt, lhNnf ;ef, ufpF;ef, gu/;ef, gu/k|x/L tyf cGo :yfgLo ;]jfx¿ kb{5g\ . lll 154÷g]kfn
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kl/R5]b M kfFr
g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; g]kfn ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's xf] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3n] ;g\ !(&! df g]kfn cltsd ljsl;t /fi6« ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf Go"g k|ltJolQm cfo, /fli6«o cfDbfgLsf] c;dfg ljt/0f, clwsf+z hgtfx¿ s[lifdf lge{/ /xg' tyf /f]huf/Ld"ns Jofj;flos lzIffsf] cefj cflb sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfn ljZjsf ul/a d'n'sx¿df /xFb} uPsf] xf] . ul/aLsf cGo sf/0fx¿df a;fOF;/fO, lzIffsf] cefj, hgr]tgfsf] cefj, cTolws hg;ª\Vof j[l4, e"kl/j]li7t cy{tGq, cfoftdf a9L hf]8 tyf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿sf] plrt ;b'kof]usf] cefj cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
wfg /f]Kgsf nflu v]t ;Dofpb} ls;fg g]kfn kl/ro÷155
s[lifdf cfwfl/t hg;ª\Vof, ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq, ul/aL, e"kl/j]li7t cy{tGq, cNkljsl;t b]z, /fli6«o cfosf] c;dfg ljt/0f, c;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cNk pkof]u, ;fgf] cfsf/sf] j}b]lzs Jofkf/, ldl>t cy{tGq, ljb]zL ;xfotfdf lge{/cy{tGq, dfgj ;+;fwgsf]Go"g ljsf;, k|r'/ ;Defjgflar Go"g ko{6sLo Joj;fo, ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf]Go"g pkof]u, Go"g pmhf{ pkof]u, Go"g cfly{s ljsf; b/cflb jt{dfg g]kfnsf]pGgt cfly{s ljsf;df afwssf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . %=! g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf; lglZrt nIo tyf p2]Zok|fKt ug{ lglZrt ;dofjlwleq s]Gb|Lo clwsf/Lx¿åf/f lgof]lht ¿kn] ul/g] cy{tGqdflysf] lgoGq0f tyf lgb]{zg g} of]hgf xf] . of]hgfdf k"0f{ /f]huf/L, c;dfgtf 36fpFb} hfg], ul/aL 36fpg], ;fwg;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u ug]{, cfly{s ljsf;sf] ult tLj| agfpg], ;Gt'lnt ljsf; k|f]T;flxt u/fpg], cfTdlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v x'g], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / cfly{s l:y/tf k|bfg ug]{ h:tf p2]Zox¿ cGtlg{lxt x'G5g\ . g]kfndf of]hgfsf] Oltxf; Tolt w]/} k'/fgf] 5}g . !)$ jif{;Dd g]kfnsf] zf;gsf] afu8f]/ /f0ffx¿n] xftdf lnP klg of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf nflu vf; sbdx¿ rfn]gg\ . oBlk /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4;d;]/n] @) jifL{o of]hgfsf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t/ o;nfO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPg . /fhg}lts l:y/tf / lbzfaf]w :ki6 gePsf sf/0fn] ubf{ @))& ;fnkl5 cfly{s of]hgfsf] ;'¿jft geP tfklg o; ;DaGwdf k|z:t u[xsfo{x¿ eP . @))* ;fndf klxnf]kN6 ah]6sf] Joj:yf eof] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fnb]lv g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] yfngL ePsf] xf] . oL ljleGg of]hgfx¿nfO{ ;ª\If]kdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 M %=!=! k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)!#–@)!*_ k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)!# ;fn cflZjg ! ut]b]lv ;'? eO{ @)!* ;fn >fj0f d;fGt;Dddf k"/f ePsf] lyof] . p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg / /f]huf/L j[l4 ug]{ -v_ e]befj/lxt tl/sfn] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] -u_ eljiodf of]hgfx¿sf nflu k"jf{wf/tof/ug]{qmddf cfjZos cfly{s ;j]{If0fx¿ ;DkGg ug]{ k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ 156÷g]kfn
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-v_ l;FrfO pmhf{ /jg -u_ s[lif tyf s[lifhGo -3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -ª_ pBf]u, vfgL / ko{6g %=!=@ bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)!(–@)@@_ bf];|f] lqjifL{o of]hgf @)!( ;fnb]lv ;'? eO{ @)@@ ;fndf k"/f eof] . p2]Zo -s_ a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ -v_ d"No l:y/tf sfod u/L ljsf;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ -u_ >dd"ns k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ a9fpg] -3_ Gofof]lrt ;fdflhs Joj:yf sfod ug]{ k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -u_ pBf]u, vfgL tyf ko{6g -3_ s[lif, l;FrfO, jg tyf vfg]kfgL -ª_ pmhf{ (Energy) -r_ ljljw %=!=# t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@@–@)@&_ t];|f]k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)@@ ;fndf ;'? eO{ @)@& ;fndf ;dfKt ePsf] lyof] . o; of]hgfn] !% jif{leq /fli6«o pTkfbgnfO{ bf]Aa/ ug]{ nIo lnPsf] lyof] . o;cg';f/ /fli6«o cfodf !( k|ltzt, k|ltJolQm cf};t cfo ( k|ltzt, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf !% k|ltzt /gub]afnLdf &# k|ltztn]j[l4 ug]{ nIo /x]sf] lyof] . p2]Zo -s_ s[lif If]qsf] vfBfGg pTkfbgdf j[l4 Nofpg] -v_ s[lifdf Joj:yfd"ns ;'wf/ ug]{ -u_ cfwf/e"t If]qx¿ ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] -3_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/ l;h{gf ug]{ g]kfn kl/ro÷157
-ª_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/df ljljwtf Nofpg] -r_ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k"/f ub}{ hfg] k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ s[lif, l;FrfO, jg tyf vfg]kfgL -u_ pBf]u -3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -ª_ cGo -ljljw_ %=!=$ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)@&–@)#@_ rf}yf] k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)@& ;fndf ;'? u/L @)#@ ;fndf k"/f eof] . p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg j[l4df clwstd hf]8 lbg] -v_ ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ub}{ n}hfg] -u_ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f / Jofkf/ lj:tf/df clws dxŒj k|bfg ug]{ -3_ cfly{s l:y/tf / ljsf; ultdf ultzLntf Nofpg] -ª_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u / hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0ftkm{ Wofg lbg] -r_ zf]if0f/lxt ;dfh l;h{gfsf] cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ k|fyldstf -s_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -v_ s[lif, e"ld;'wf/tyf jg -u_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, vfgL tyf ljB't\ -3_ k~rfot, lzIff, :jf:Yo / cGo ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ -ª_ tYofª\s %=!=% kf“rf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#@–@)#&_ p2]Zo -s_ hg;fwf/0fx¿sf nflu cfjZos kg]{pTkfbg j[l4df hf]8 lbg] -v_ >dzlQmsf] clwstd pkof]u ug]{ -u_ k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng sfod u/L k|fb]lzs PsLs/0ftkm{ hf]8 lbg] k|fyldstf -s_ s[lif, e"ld;'wf/, l;FrfO, jg, e";+/If0f / k'gjf{; 158÷g]kfn
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-v_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ -u_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, ljB't\ tyf vfgL -3_ ;fdflhs ;]jf -lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb_ %=!=^ 5}6f}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)#&–@)$@_ p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg j[l4b/df tLj|tf Nofpg] -v_ pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ -u_ hgtfsf] Go"gtd cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ k|fyldstf -s_ s[lif, l;FrfO tyf jg -v_ pBf]u, vfgL / ljB't\ -u_ ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ -3_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ gLltx¿ -s_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] -v_ ;fgf, 3/]n' / s'6L/ pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ dxŒj lbg] -u_ lgsf;L Jofkf/ / ko{6gsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] -3_ k|fs[lts ;|ft] ;Dkfbsf] ;+/If0f / hn;|ft] sf] ljsf;tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg] -ª_ tof/L cfwf/zLnfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ul/g] -r_ cy{tGqsf] ;f]rg Ifdtf -Absorptive Capacity_ lj:tf/ / hg;ª\Vof lgoGq0f ug]{ gLltx¿ cg';/0f ul/g] 5 /0fgLlt -s_ cfly{s lg0f{o ljs]Gb|Ls/0f -v_ ;+:yfut cfwf/x¿sf] ljsf; -u_ ;'b[9 tyf ;Ifd ljsf; k|zf;g -3_ tflnd k|fKt hgzlQm ljsf; -ª_ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]cfk"lt{df j[l4 %=!=& ;ftf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$@–@)$&_ ;ftfF} k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)$@ ;fnb]lv ;'? eO{ @)$& ;fndf k"/f eof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷159
p2]Zo -s_ pTkfbg b/df j[l4 Nofpg] -v_ pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{ -u_ hgtfsf] Go"gtd cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ub}{ n}hfg] k|fyldstf -s_ s[lif, l;FrfO tyf jg -v_ pBf]u / ljB't\ -u_ ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿ -3_ oftfoft / ;~rf/ gLltx¿ -s_ s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;df ;jf]{kl/ k|fyldstf lbOg] -v_ jg;Dkfbsf] ljsf; / e";+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg] -u_ hn;|f]tsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] -3_ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ k|f]T;flxt ul/g] -ª_ lgsf;L Jofkf/ k|j4{gsf nflu clws hf]8 lbg] -r_ ko{6g ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] -5_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4b/df lgoGq0f ul/g] -h_ cfly{s PsLs/0f ug]{ -em_ ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 /;Ifd agfpg] %=!=* cf7F}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)$(–@)%$_ cf7f}F k~rjifL{o of]hgf lj=;+= @)$( b]lv @)%$ ;Dd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zox¿ lgDgfg';f/ lyP M !_ lbuf]cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ @_ ul/aL 36fpg] #_ If]qLo c;Gt'ng sd ug]{ k|fyldstf -s_ s[lif ;3gtf / ljljwLs/0f -v_ pmhf{ ljsf; -u_ u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/ ljsf; -3_ /f]huf/L l;h{gf / hgzlQm ljsf; 160÷g]kfn
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-ª_ hg;ª\Vof j[l4df lgoGq0f -r_ cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ko{6g k|j4{g -5_ lgof{t lj:tf/, ljljwLs/0f -h_ ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj -em_ ljsf; k|zf;gdf ;'wf/ -`_ cg'udg / d"Nofª\sg If]qut gLltx¿ -s_ s[lif pTkfbg j[l4df ef}uf]lns If]qLo -Agro-ecological zone_ pko'QmtfnfO{ clws k|fyldstf lbOg] -v_ nfebfos / lgof{td"ns s[lif pkhsf] Jofj;foLs/0f / ljljwLs/0ftkm{ hf]8 lbg] -u_ cf}Bf]lus afnL pTkfbgdf pRr k|fyldstf k|bfg ug]{ -3_ s[lif k|;f/ sfo{df k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg] -ufpFn], s[ifs sfo{stf{x¿ pkof]u ul/g]_ -ª_ s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿af/]df lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf j[l4tkm{ clws dxŒj k|bfg ul/g] -r_ s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf s[lif k|;f/tkm{ hf]8 lbOg] -5_ s[lif nufgL k|lqmofnfO{ ;s];Dd ;/n agfpg] -h_ ;xsf/Lsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/df hf]8 lbOg] %=!=( gjf}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%$–@)%(_ p2]Zo /fi6«sf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpFb} n}hfg] p2]Zocg'¿k @) jif]{ bL3{sfnLg ljsf; cjwf/0ff;Fu tfbDo sfod u/L /fi6«sf] k|d'v r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ul/aLnfO{ bL3{sfnLg / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf 36fpg …ul/aL lgjf/0fÚ ug]{ Psdfq d"n p2]Zo gjf}F of]hgfn] /fv]sf] lyof] . k|fyldstf -s_ s[lif tyf jg -v_ hn;|f]t -u_ dfgj ;+;fwg /;fdflhs ljsf; -3_ cf}Bf]uLs/0f, ko{6g ljsf; / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ -ª_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ g]kfn kl/ro÷161
gLlt -s_ cfly{s ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof cyjf k4lt ;'b[9 kfb}{ cfly{s j[l4b/ km/flsnf] agfpFb} nlug] -v_ bL3{sfnLg s[lif of]hgf sfof{Gjog u/L s[lif If]qsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ sfo{qmd cufl8 a9fpg] -u_ e"–:jfldTjsf] ;d:of lg/fs/0f ub}{ e"lddfly e"ldxLg ls;fgsf] kx'Fr a9fpFb} s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj a9fpg] tyf s[lifdfly cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿sf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/åf/f cfDbfgL / /f]hfuf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L ul/aLsf] ;d:of sd ub}{ n}hfg] -3_ hg;xeflutfnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ agfpFb} ljs]Gb|Ls/0f, :yfgLo ljsf; tyf dfgjLo ;+;fwg ljsf;sf]dfWodaf6 lk5l8Psf hflt hghfltx¿sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs pTyfg ug]{ -ª_ pBdzLn / l;kd"ns tflndsf] ;~rfng tyf lj:tf/åf/f :j/f]huf/L / /f]huf/sf cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;dy{jfg\ hgzlQm pTkfbg ul/g] . To:tf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ ul/aL lgjf/0fsf]k|d'v dfWod agfO{ k|fljlws ;xfotf, ;/;Nnfx, C0f k|jfxh:tf ;]jfx¿ Jofks ¿kdf u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g] -r_ s[lif, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u / ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ u|fdL0f tx;Dd lj:tf/ u/L cfo cfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿df Jofkstf Nofpg] . -5_ ;fwgsf] ;Lldttftkm{ Wofg lbO{ ;fwgnfO{ ;s];Dd l56f] / Hofbf k|ltkmn lbg], /f]huf/Ld"ns Gofof]lrt ljt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg] vfnsf s[lif, ;fgf pBf]u / ko{6gtkm{ s]lGb|t ul/g] -h_ j}b]lzs Jofkf/df lgsf;L Jofkf/nfO{ clwstd k|f]T;flxt ul/g] . Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0fsf] gLlt cg';/0f ubf{ t'ngfTds nfe / k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0f tof/ ug{ sfg'gL / ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ nlug] -em_ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/sf] Jofks ljsf; tyf lj:tf/åf/f cy{tGqsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbg Ifdtf a9fpFb} n}hfg] %=!=!) b;f}“ k~rjifL{o of]hgf -@)%(–@)^$_ p2]Zo != b]zdf ljBdfg ul/aLsf] cj:yfaf6 pGd'lQm;lxt Ps ;';:+ st[ , cfw'lgs Pjd\ k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtfo'Qm hg;dfh l;h{gf ug]{-bL3{sfnLg p2]Zo_ . @= ;/sf/, :yfgLo lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L If]q, lghL If]q / gful/s ;dfhsf] ;+o'Qm ;xeflutfdf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] ;d'lrt kl/rfng ub}{ cfly{s cj;/ 162÷g]kfn
kl/ro
Pjd\ /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿ lj:tf/ ug]{ / ;zQmLs/0f, dfgjLo ljsf;, ;'/Iff tyf nlIft sfo{qmddfkm{t dlxnf, blnt, b'u{d If]qsf afl;Gbfnufot clt ul/a Pjd\ lk5l8Psf ju{sf];fwg tyf cfly{s pknlAwx¿df kx'Fr j[l4 ub}{ cfly{s, dfgjLo Pjd\ ;fdflhs kl/;"rsx¿sf] ;'wf/ u/L ul/aL 36fpg] . -cNksfnLg cyjf b;f}F of]hgfsf] p2]Zo_ ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf If]qx¿M /fli6«o k|fyldstf, ljBdfg ;d:of / ljsf; ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df b;f}F of]hgfdf ljz]if hf]8 lbOg] lgDgcg';f/sf If]qx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf lyPM s_ s[lif ljsf;, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf v_ u|fdL0f k"jf{wf/x¿sf]ljsf; tyf u|fdL0f pmhf{ u_ hg;ª\Vof Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;]jf / cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iff 3_ gLlh If]qsf] e"ldsfdf ko{6g, hn;|f]t, ;"rgf k|ljlw tyf cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ Jofkfl/s If]qx¿sf] ljsf; ª_ dfgjLo ;+;fwgsf] ljsf; / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f r_ blnt, hghflt tyf ljkGg ju{sf] pTyfg Pjd\ /f]huf/L tyf cfwf/e"t ;'/Iffsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd 5_ :yfgLo ljsf; tyf u}/;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f h_ b'u{d If]q Pjd\ If]qut ljsf;df hf]8 em_ u|fdL0f k|ljlwdf kl/dfh{g Pjd\ pRr k|ljlwsf]k|of]u `_ ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt / clej[l4 6_ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f tyf k|j4{g 7_ /fli6«o Pjd\ If]qLo:t/sf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; /0fgLlt != pRr, lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 -@_ ;fdflhs If]q / k"jf{wf/ ljsf; -#_ nlIft sfo{qmd -$_ ;'zf;g %=!=!! P3f/f}F lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgf -@)^$÷^%–@)^^÷^&_ hgcfGbf]ng @)^@–^# kl5sf] lqjifL{o cGtl/d of]hgfn] ;d[4, cfw'lgs / Gofok"0f{ g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rcg'¿k /f]huf/Ld"ns, ul/aL lgjf/0f pGd'v km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{Ù ;'zf;g k|j4{g tyf ;]jf k|jfxdf k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg ef}lts k"jf{wf/ljsf;df nufgL j[l4 g]kfn kl/ro÷163
ug]{, ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg]Ù ;dfj]zL ljsf; / nlIft sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zox¿ lnPsf] lyof] . ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df0f / k'gM:yfkgfÙ åGå k|efljtx¿nfO{ /fxt, k'gM:yfkgf tyf ;fdflhs PsLs/0f / ;dfof]hgÙ ljsf;sf ;a} ;+/rgf, If]q / k|lqmofx¿df pk]lIft ;d'bfo, If]qsf] ;dfj]zLs/0fÙ s[lif, ko{6g tyf pBf]unfO{ 6]jf k'Ug] ljB't\ ljsf;, ;8s, l;FrfO tyf ;~rf/h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; tyf lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL ;/;kmfOsf] ljsf;dfkm{t dfgj ;+;fwgsf] ljsf;nfO{ of]hgfn] k|fyldstf lbPsf] lyof] . %=!=!@ afx|f}“ lqjifL{o of]hgf -@)^&÷^*–@)^(÷&)_ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r cfufdL b'O{ bzsleqdf g]kfnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;f]Gd' v d'n'sdf ¿kfGt0f u/ L qmdzM ;d[4, zfGt, Gofok"0f{ g]kfn agfpg]o; of]hgfsf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /x]sf] 5 . o; cj:yfdf g]kfndf pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n eO{ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof Go"g /xg] 5 / g]kfn Ps ;d[4 cfw'lgs /fi6«sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf] x'g] 5 . b]zsf ;a} If]qdf zflGt / ;'zf;g sfod ePsf] cj:yf x'g] 5 . ;a} g]kfnLx¿n] cfˆgf] eljio ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ;dfg cj;/ pkof]u u/]sf x'g] 5g\ . ;dfhdf sfg'gL, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, eflifs, wfld{s, cfly{s, hftLo, n}+lus, zf/Ll/s / ef}uf]lns;d]tsf ;a} k|sf/sf lje]b / c;dfgtf cGTo ePsf] x'g] 5 . nIo ;g\ @)!% ;Dddf ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Ddfghgs /nfehGo /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug]{, cfly{s c;dfgtf 36fpg], If]qLo ;Gt'ng xfl;n ug{ / ;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fnfO{ x6fpFb} cfd g]kfnLsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] / lbuf] cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ul/aLnfO{ @! k|ltztdf k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf] lyof] . p2]Zo /f]huf/L s]lGb|t ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos cfly{s j[l4 u/L ul/aL lgjf/0f / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfdf ;3fp k'¥ofpFb} cfdhgtfsf] hLjgdf kl/jt{gsf] k|ToIf cg'e"lt lbnfpg' o; of]hgfsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] lyof] . /0fgLlt o; of]hgfn] ;dli6ut /0fgLltdf /f]huf/L s]lGb|t km/flsnf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ efjL ;ª\3Lo k|b]zx¿ / If]qLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ ;d]t Wofgdf /fVb} ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x¿ l;h{gf ug]{Ù ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf; ug]{Ù 164÷g]kfn
kl/ro
d'n'ssf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofpg]Ù ;'zf;g Pjd\ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] / ljsf;df d"n k|jfxLs/0f ug]{;d]tsf lgDg /0fgLltx¿ cl3 ;f/]sf] lyof] M != ;/sf/L, lghL, ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L ;a} If]qsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df /f]hfu/Ld"ns tyf ul/aL lgjf/0fpGd'v lbuf] / km/flsnf] cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug]{ @= b]zsf] efjL ;ª\3Lo :j¿knfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] / k|fb]lzs cfly{s j[l4;d]tnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L ef}lts k"jfwf{/ tof/ ug]{ #= lbuf]zflGt xfl;n ug{ ;dfj]zL tyf ;dGoflos ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbg] $= cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'b[9 u/L /fHosf] cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fdf ;3fp k'¥ofpg] %= ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt u/]/ ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'NofpFb} ljsf; sfo{nfO{ glthfd"vL agfpg] ^= lghL tyf ;fd'bflos / ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf; / cf}Bf]uLs/0f, Jofkf/ tyf ;]jf If]qnfO{ /fli6«o ljsf;sf] k|of;df d"nk|jfxLs/0f u/L cfly{s j[l4 / :yfloTj ;'b[9 ug]{ k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿ o; of]hgfn] lgDglnlvt k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/]sf] lyof] M != ef}lts tyf ;fdflhs k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf; @= s[lif If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbFb} ko{6g, pBf]u / lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ dxŒj lbO{ /f]huf/L l;h{gf / cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ #= pk]lIft ;d'bfo, If]q / lnËsf] ;dfj]zLs/0f u/L ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg nufgL a9fpg] $= dfgjLo hLjgofkgsf]lgldQ cTofjZos ;] jf -vfgkfgL, pmhf{, ljB't,\ ;8s, ;~rf/, vfB ;'/Iff, cf}ifwf]krf/, lzIff_ sf] pknAwtf / lg/Gt/tfnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ oL If]qx¿df cfjZos nufgL clej[l4 ug]{ %= ;'zf;gsf] clej[l4 u/L hgtfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] ;]jf ;'ljwf u'0f:t/o'Qm agfO{ ;'ky d"Nodf ;dodf pknAw u/fpg hf]8 lbg] ^= jftfj/0f ;+/If0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg]{ c;/ Go"g ug]{ / cj;/x¿sf] pkef]udf Wofg lbOg] &= /fli6«o :t/df k|fyldstf k|fKt dxŒjk"0f{ / cfdhgtfnfO{ k|ToIf /fxt lbg] sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg] g]kfn kl/ro÷165
%=!=!#= t]/f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!—@)&@÷&#_ k[i7e"ld M g]kfn cem} klg clt sd ljsl;t d'n'ssf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts k|lta4tf;lxt ljsf; sfo{df yk k|efjsfl/tf Nofpg ;lsPdf g]kfnnfO{ clt sd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 dWod cfo ePsf]ljsf;zLn /fi6«sf];"rLdf :t/f]Gtlt ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; NfIo Pjd\ blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7gsf ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{/ lbuf] ljsf;nufotsf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L xl/t cy{tGqnfO{ k|j4{g ub}{ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{tkm{ of] of]hgfnfO{ s]lGb|t ul/Psf] kfOG5 . bL3{sfnLg ;f]r M ljqmd ;+jt\ @)&( -;g\ @)@@_ leq g]kfnnfO{ cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gtlt ug]{ p2]Zo M b] zdf JofKt cfly{s tyf dfgjLo ul/ aL 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df k|ToIf kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg] of]hgfsf] k|d'v nIo M ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ . cGo nIox¿ tflnsf %=! df lbOPsf]5 . tflnsf g+= %=! qm= ;+=
;"rs
! jflif{s cf}ift cfly{s j[l4 b/-k|ltzt_ s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/ @ -k|ltzt_ u}/sl[ if If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4 b/ # -k|ltzt_ $ jflif{s cf};t /fh ] uf/L j[l4 b/ -k|ltzt_ % ck]lIft cfo' -jif{_ ^ ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{_ & hg;ª\Vof j[l4 b/-k|ltzt_ * dft[ d[To' b/-k|ltnfv hLljt hGd_ 166÷g]kfn
kl/ro
cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] l:ylt #=%
t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf] nIo ^=)
!=!
$=%
$=^
^=&
@=( ^*=* *&=% !=#% @*!
#=@ &!=) ()=) !=#% !#$
( vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'us ] f] hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ *% (^=@% ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof !) ^@ ()=% -k|ltzt_ k|fylds tx -sIff !–%_ df v'b egf{ b/ !! (%=# !)) -k|ltzt_ ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd !@ &# &% -;ª\Vof_ !# 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o 3gTjdf_ &!=% !)) !$ ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d]ufjf6_ &%* !,$@^ !% ljB'td\ f kx'r F k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ ^&=# *& !^ l;FrfO -x]S6/_ !#,!!,))) !,$*&,@&% !& jg hª\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ #(=^ $) !* ;8s oftfoftsf] s'n nDafO -lsnf] ld6/_ @%,!## @*,!## /0fgLlt pk/f]St p2]Zo / nIo xfl;n ug{ of] of]hgfn] b]xfosf /0fgLltx¿ ckgfPsf] 5 M -!_ ljsf; k|lqmofdf lghL, ;/sf/L / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfg clej[l4 u/L ;dfj]zL, km/flsnf] Pjd\ lbuf] cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ -@_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ -#_ ;fdflhs ;]jfsf If]qx¿df kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ clej[l4 ug]{ -$_ ;fj{hlgs tyf cGo If]qx¿df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{ -%_ nlIft ju{, If]q / ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4 ug]{ -^_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg'sn ' g x'g] u/L ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿ of] of]hgfn] tf]s]sf k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿ b]xfocg';f/ 5g\ M -!_ hnljB't\ tyf cGo pmhf{ ljsf; -@_ s[lif If]qsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f -#_ ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/ If]qsf] ljsf; -$_ cfwf/et" lzIff tyf :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO If]qsf] ljsf; -%_ ;'zf;g k|j4{g g]kfn kl/ro÷167
-^_ ;8s tyf cGo ef}lts k"jf{wf/ljsf; -&_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f %=!=!$ rf}wf}“ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$ – @)&%÷&^_ ;f]r M :jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL nIo M ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] p2]Zo M pTkfbgzLn /fh ] uf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4åf/f ›'t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ tflnsf g+= %=@ rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIo
cf=j= rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] ;"rs÷nIo @)&@÷&# nIo sf] l:ylt -@)&%÷&^ df_ jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -Ü_ )=* &=@ ! s[lif If]q -Ü_ !=# $=& u}/s[lif If]q -Ü_ )=^ *=$ @ ufx{:Yo k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL -?= xhf/df_ &(=$ !!^=% # ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ @!=^ !&=) $ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s )=%$ )=%& % n}ª\lus ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ )=%^ )=%* ^ ck]lIft cfo' -jif{_ ^( &@ & vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ *#=^ ()=) * dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/-Ü_ #&=& $%=) ( ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ *%! @#)! !) ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ &$=) *&=) !! l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ !#=( !%=@ !@ OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -Ü_ $$=$ ^%=) qm= ;+=
168÷g]kfn
kl/ro
of]hgfsf /0fgLlt != s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf] lj:tf/dfkm{t pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ @= pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf//u|fdL0f–;x/L tyf lqb]zLo cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ #= ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ $= cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5, kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du| ;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ %= n}ª\lus ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] %=!=!% bL3{sfnLg ;f]r @!)) k[i7e"ld ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg eO{ d'ns ' df /fhgLlts :yfloTj k|fKt ePsf] 5 . /fhgLlts :yfloTjsf] hudf tLj| cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[l4sf] b"/ufdL ;f]r ;lxtsf] /fli6«o nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ug{k' g]5 { . cfo j[l4, u'0f:t/Lo dfgjk'h F L lgdf{0f / cfly{s hf]lvdsf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf clt sd ljsl;t b]zaf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t/fG] glt ug]{ / lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ub}{ pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] d'ns ' df :t/fG] glt x'g] u/L o; bL3{sfnLg ;f]r tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t ;dtfd"ns ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]t{ km{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r nlIft /xs ] f] 5 . cfGtl/s tyf afXo ;|ft] -;fwg nufot cy{tGqsf ;xof]uL If]qsf] kl/rfngaf6 ¿kfGt/0fsf sfo{qmddf nufgL s]lG›t ub}{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rn] lnPsf nIo xfl;n ul/g] 5 . bL3{sfnLg ;f]r æ;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÆ ;d'Ggt, :jfwLg / ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGq;lxtsf] ;dfg cj;/ k|fKt, :j:y, lzlIft, dof{lbt / pRr hLjg:t/ ePsf ;'vL gful/s a;f]af; ug]{ d'ns ' . tflnsf g+= %=# bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o nIo != ;d[l4
@= ;'v g]kfn kl/ro÷169
!=! ;j{;'ne cfw'lgs k"jf{wf/Pjd\ @=! kl/is[t tyf dof{lbt hLjg ;3g cGt/ cfa4tf !=@ dfgj k'FhL lgdf{0f tyf @=@ ;'/lIft, ;Eo /Gofok"0f{ ;dfh ;Defjgfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u !=# pRr /lbuf]pTkfbg tyf @=# :j:y / ;Gt'lnt kof{j/0f pTkfbsTj @=$= ;'zf;g !=$ pRr /;dtfd"ns /fli6«o cfo @=% ;an nf]stGq @=^ /fli6«o Pstf, ;'/Iff / ;Ddfg bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o /0fgLlt != tLj|, lbuf] / /f]huf/d"ns cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ @= ;'ne tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ #= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/b]zLo cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\ lbuf] ;x/÷a:tL ljsf; ug]{ $= pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{ %= k"0f{, lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ ^= ul/aL lgjf/0f / cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf] Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ &= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{ / *= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, k|fb]lzt ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;+j4{g ug]{, tflnsf g+= %=$ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf k|d'v kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ qm=;+= /fli6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;"rs 1
cfly{s j[l4b/ -cf};t_ s'n ufx{: o pTkfbgdf s[lif 2 If]qsf] of]ubfg
170÷g]kfn
kl/ro
PsfO k|ltzt k|ltzt
cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @!))÷)! sf] sf] l:ylt nIo ^=* !)=% @&=)
(
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf ;]jf 4 If]qsf] of]ubfg 3
5 k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof -lg/k]If ul/aL_ ax'cfoflds ul/aLdf /x]sf] 7 hg;ª\Vof ;DklQdf cfwfl/t lhgL 8 u'0fs cfDbfgLdf dflyNnf] !) k|ltzt / tNnf] $) k|ltzt 9 hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft (Palma 6
k|ltzt
!%=@
#)
k|ltzt
%&=*
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cd]l/sL 8n/
!,)$&
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#
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cg'kft
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k|ltzt
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k|ltzt
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d]ufjf6
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$),)))
k|ltzt lsnf]jf6 306f
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@
%$#,%))
k|ltzt
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((
ls=ld=
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Ratio)
>dzlQm ;xeflutf b/-!% jif{ dfly_ /f]huf/Ldf cf}krfl/s If]qsf] 11 lx:;f ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t 12 Ifdtf_ 13 ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt kl/jf/ 10
14 k|ltJolQm ljB't\ pkef]u #) ldg]6 ;Ddsf] b"/Ldf oftfoft kx'r F ePsf] kl/jf/ /fli6«o / k|fb]lzs nf]sdfu{ 16 -@ n]g;Dd_
15
g]kfn kl/ro÷171
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
/fli6«o nf]sdfu{ -@ n]g dfly, ›"tdfu{ ;d]t_ /]ndfu{ OG6/g]6df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof ck]lIft cfo' -hGd x'Fbfsf]_ dft[ d[To'b/-k|lt nfv hLljt hGddf_ kfFr jif{ d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ % jif{ d'lgsf sd tf}n ePsf afnaflnsf ;fIf/tf b/ -!% jif{ dfly_ dfWolds tx -(–!@_ df v'b eg{fb/ pRr lzIffdf s'n eg{fb/ pRr dWod :t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf cfa4 hg;ª\Vof n}ª\lus ljsf; ;"rsfÍ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ
ls=ld=
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ls=ld=
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k|ltzt
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jif{
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hgf
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hgf
#(
*
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@
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k|ltzt
$^
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k|ltzt
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;"rsfÍ ;"rsfÍ
)=*(& )=%&(
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%=!=!^ kG„f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&^÷&&–@)*)÷*!_ k[i7e"ld g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;d'Ggt, :jfwLg / ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGqsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . tLj| / ;Gt'lnt cfly{s ljsf;, ;d[l4, ;'zf;g / gful/sn] ;'vsf] cg'e"lt k|fKt ug]{ b"/b[li6 kG„f}F of]hgfn] /fv]sf] 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfdf tLg txsf] s'zn cGt/;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg / lghL, ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]q;Fusf] ;xsfo{åf/f nlIft p2]Zo xfl;n ug]{ of] klxnf] of]hgf x'g] 5 . o; of]hgfn] jt{dfg k':tfn] g} cg'e"t ug]{ u/L ;d[l4 172÷g]kfn
kl/ro
/ ;'v k|fKt ug]{ / ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{5 . cfo j[l4, u'0f:t/Lo dfgjk'FhL lgdf{0f / cfly{s hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ lj=;+= @)&( ;Dddf cltsd ljsl;t d'n'saf6 ljsf;zLn b]zdf :t/f]Gglt ug]{ / lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf lbuf]ljsf; nIonfO{ xfl;n ug]{;f]r ;lxt pRr dWod cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf k'Ug] u/L kGw|f}F of]hgf th{'df ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o nIo kG„f}F of]hgf …;d[4 g]kfn, ;'vL g]kfnLÚ sf] bL3{sfnLg ;f]r xfl;n ug]{ cfwf/ of]hgfsf] ¿kdf /xg] 5 . ;f]adf]lhd ;d[4 cy{tGq, ;fdflhs Gofo tyf kl/is[t hLjg ;lxtsf] ;dfhjfb pGd'v nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] ¿kdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ pRr cfo:t/ ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ o; of]hgfsf] /fli6«o nIo /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+= %=% ;d[l4sf /fli6«o nIo, uGtJo /;"rs qm=;+=
/fli6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;"rs
!
pRr / ;dtfd"ns /fli6«o cfo
!=!
cf}Bf]lus /fi6«sf] :t/sf] pRr cfo
!=!=! cfly{s j[l4b/ -cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_ !=!=@ k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo
PsfO
k|ltzt cd]l/sL 8n/
ul/aLsf] cGTo aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof k|ltzt !=@=! ul/ -lg/k]If ul/aL_ /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf tn\nf] $) k|ltzt !=# hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f cfDbfgLdf dflyNnf]!) k|ltzt !=#=! / tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft cg'kft !=#=@ ;DklQdf cfwfl/t lhgL u'0fs u'0fs
cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] l:ylt sf] nIo
^=*
!)=#
!,)$&
!,%(%
!*=&
(=%
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)=#!
)=@(
!=@
g]kfn kl/ro÷173
qm=;+= @ @=!
/fli6«o nIo, uGtJo / ;"rs
PsfO
cf=j= cf=j= @)&%÷&^ @)*)÷*! sf] l:ylt sf] nIo
dfgjk'FhL lgdf{0f tyf ;Defjgfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u :j:y / nfdf] cfo' ePsf g]kfnL
@=!=! ck]lIft cfo' -hGd x'Fbfsf]_
^(=&
&@
@=!=@ dft[ d[To'b/-k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ ;ª\Vof d'lgsf afn d[To'b/ @=!=# %-k|ljif{ ;ª\Vof txhf/ hLljt hGddf_ /L cj:yfsf] k|hgg -!( jif{ @=!=$ lszf] k|ltzt d'lg_ u'0f:t/Lo, /f]huf/d"ns tyf @=@ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff k|fKt gful/s @=@=! ;fIf/tf b/ -!% jif{ dfly_ k|ltzt
@#(
((
#(
@$
!#
^
%*
(%
@=@=@ o'jf ;fIf/tf b/ -!%-@$ jif{_
k|ltzt
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k"jf{wf/df kx'Fr tyf cfa4tf ldg]6 ;Ddsf] b"/Ldf oftfoft #=@=! #) kx'Fr ePsf] kl/jf/ #=@=@ ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt kl/jf/
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:jR5 pmh{fsf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]u
$=@=! ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ $=@=@ k|ltJolQm ljB't\ pkef]u $=#
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g]kfn kl/ro÷175
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% kl/is[t tyf do{flbt hLjg %=! gful/s :j:ytf tyf ;Gt'li6 %=!=! dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfª\s ;"rsfÍ s ;Gt'li6sf] cg'e"lt %=!=@ gful/ ;"rsfª\s ;"rsfª\s cfoflds ul/aLdf /xs ] f] %=!=# ax' k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof jif{ d'lgsf sd tf}n ePsf %=!=$ %afnaflnsf k|ltzt ldg]6sf] b"/Ldf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|ltzt %=!=% #) kx'Fr ePsf] 3/–kl/jf/ %=@ ;'/lIft tyf ;'ljwf;DkGg cfjf; /lIft cfjf;df a;f]af; ug{] %=@=! ;' k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof e"t vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf k'u]sf] %=@=@ cfwf/ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof dWod :t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;'ljwf k|ltzt %=@=# pRr k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vof ef}lts tyf cfw'lgs ;DklQ dflysf] %=# ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr jf :jfldTj g} :jfldTjsf] cfjf;df %=#=! cfkm\ k|ltzt a;f]af; ug{] kl/jf/ 176÷g]kfn
kl/ro
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g]kfn kl/ro÷177
qm=;+=
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&=@=@ sf7 pTkfbg &=# &=#=! * *=! *=!=! *=!=@ *=!=# *=!=$ *=@ *=@=! *=@=@ *=@=# *=@=$ ( (=!=! (=!=@ (=!=#
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178÷g]kfn
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!)=#=@
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/fli6«o p2]Zo != ;j{;'ne, u'0f:t/Lo / cfw'lgs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, pTkfbgzLn / dof{lbt /f]huf/L clej[l4, pRr, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f ub}{ ;d[l4sf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{' @= u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo tyf lzIff, :j:y tyf ;Gt'lnt jftfj/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo / hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf sfod u/L ;ª\3Lo zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f g]kfn kl/ro÷179
ub}{ gful/snfO{ kl/is[t / dof{lbt hLjgofkgsf] cg'el" t u/fpg' #= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f tyf :jfwLg /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0f u/L b]zsf] :jfledfg, :jtGqtf / /fli6«o lxt ;+/If0f ug{' /fli6«o /0fgLlt != tLj|, lbuf] / /f]huf/d"ns cfly{s j[l4 ug]{ @= ;'ne tyf u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf / lzIffsf] ;'lglZrt ug]{ #= cfGtl/s tyf cGt/b]zLo cGt/cfa4tf Pjd\ lbuf] ;x/a:tL ljsf; ug]{ $= pTkfbg /pTkfbsTj clej[l4 ug]{ %= k"0f{, lbuf] / pTkfbgzLn ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f ug]{ ^= ul/aL lgjf/0f /cfly{s ;fdflhs ;dfgtf ;lxtsf]Gofok"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ &= k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / kl/rfng tyf pTyfgzLntf ljsf; ug]{ / *= ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] ;'b9[ Ls/0f, k|fb]lzs ;Gt'ng / /fli6«o Pstf ;Da4{wg ug] { . %=@ cfly{s ljsf;sf kIfx¿ %=@=!= s[lif s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf @&=& k|ltzt of]ubfg /xs ] f] / ^)=$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof cfa4 /xs ] f] s[lif If]q cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{ d'Vo If]q xf] . s[lif If]qnfO{ g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] vfB;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf k|Tofe"lt u/s ] f] 5 . o;} tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ vfBfGg, kmnkm"n, t/sf/L / df5fdf;' pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu s[lifdf gLltut, ;+/rgfut / ;+:yfut k|aGw ul/Psf] 5 . b]znfO{ vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ t'Nofpg /cy{tGqsf]ljsf; ug{ s[lif If]qdf pNn]Vo nufgL a9fpg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf @^,$!,))) x]S6/ s[lif of]Uo hldg /x]sf], h;dWo] !$,&#,))) x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . s"n s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] ## k|ltzt hldgdf afx|}dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf]5 . s[lif u0fgf @)^* cg';f/g]kfndf #*,#!,))) s[ifs kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a &$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof s[lif k]zfdf cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf pTkfbg x'g] 7'nf k|d'v vfBfGg afnLx¿ wfg, ds}, ux'F, sf]bf], hf} / kmfk/ x'g\ . g]kfnsf] k|d'v gub]afnLx¿ pv', cfn', t]nxg, h'6 / dx, k|d'v bnxg afnL d';'/f], e6df;, df;, c/x/, u|f;kL, rgf, x;{u|fd /x]sf 5g\ . To:t}, pv', df5f, lrof, h'6 skmL /skf;nfO{ k|d'v cf}Bf] lus afnLsf ¿kdf pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|d'v d;nf afnLx¿ s|dzM cb'jf, a];f/, n;'g, v';f{gL / cn}FrL pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ ckl/xfo{ ;|f]t ;fwg /;fdu|Lx¿sf]pknAwtf Go"g x'g', 180÷g]kfn
kl/ro
cfjZos ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿ l;FrfO, ;8s, s[lif, ahf/, zLt e08f/, uf]bfd 3/, lr:ofg s]Gb|, ;~rfng s]Gb| tyf lah'nL cflbsf]ckof{Kttf d"n ;d:ofsf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . s[lifhGo pTkfbgdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ cTofjZos pGgt gZn tyf lapsf] k|lt:yfkg b/sf] sdL 5, o;sf] cltl/Qm hldgsf] v08Ls/0f k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf s[lif;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿M • s[lif of]Uo hldgsf] e":jfldTj ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! hf/L u/L hUufsf] xbaGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/ t/fO{÷leqL dw];df !) laufxf, sf7df8f}F pkfTosfdf @% /f]kgL, kxf8L lhNnfdf &) /f]kgL;Ddsf] xbaGbL sfod ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf s[lif If]qdf ePsf ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿M • g] kfndf cf=j= @)^#÷)^$ b] lvPs ufpF Ps pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf cfPsf]5 . ;'?df #@ lhNnfdf ;~rflnt of]sfo{qmd cf=j= @)&)÷&! af6 !) lhNnf yk u/]/ $@ lhNnfdf ;~rflnt /x]sf] 5 . • g]kfndf s[lif If]qsf] k|j4{g u/L vfBfGgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g bz jif]{ k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgf sfo{qmd, @)&# nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnsf] ;ft k|b]z / && j6} lhNnfx¿ ;d]6]/ b'O{ jif{df t/sf/L afnL, tLg jif{leq vfBfGg afnL /;ft jif{leq kmnkm"ndf cfTdlge{/x'g !%))) ks]6x¿, !%)) Ansx¿, #)) hf]gx¿, /@! cf]6f ;'k/ hf]gx¿ :yfkgf ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . • /fi6«klt ;jf{]Ts[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/, /fi6«klt pTs[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/h:tf s[lif If]qnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd NofOPsf] 5 . %=@=@=pBf]u >d, l;k, k'h F L / k|ljlwsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u u/L j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg ug]{ Jofj;flos lqmofsnfknfO{ pBf]u elgG5 . pBf]u If]q cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu lbuf] / e/kbf]{ cfwf/ xf] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] Psn k|of;df dfq ;Lldt dfqfdf pBf]u ;~rfngdf /xs ] f] ;Gbe{df k|hftGqsf] k"g:{ yfkgf ;Fu} pbf/jfbL gLlt cjnDag, ljZjJofkLs/0fdf cfj4tf, lghLs/0f tyf ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L h:tf cjwf/0fsf] ljsf; eP kZrft cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] t'ngfTds nfesf If]qsf] klxrfg u/L pBf]usf] ljsf; lj:tf/åf/f lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ahf/ ljljwLs/0f / lj:tf/ ug]{, /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu /fli6«o pBf]uwGbf / ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g u/L g]kfnL >d, l;k / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t :jfb]zL nufgLnfO{ g]kfn kl/ro÷181
lrh pBf]u, Onfd k|fyldstf lbg], cf}Bf]lus sl/8f]/, ljz]if cfly{s If]q, /fli6«o kl/of]hgf, ljb]lz nufgLsf kl/of]hgfsf] ;Gbe{df cGt/ k|b]z tyf k|b]z / ;ª\3lar ;dGjo :yflkt u/fO{ cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ ultzLntf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . log} gLltsf dfu{bz{gadf]lhd cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&^, ljz]if cfly{s If]q P]g, @)&%, ljb]zL nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f P]g, @)&%, ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L tyf nufgL P]g, @)&%, cf}Bf]lus u|fd :yfkgf tyf ;~rfng;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)&%, nufotsf sfg'gL Joj:yf ub}{ gLltut ;'wf/, ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ / k|lqmofut ;/nLs/0f ub}{ cf}Bf]lus jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbO{Psf] 5 . log} k|of;sf afah'b g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg qmlds ¿kdf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . pBf]usf] ljsf;;Fu} j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf j[l4, /fh ] uf/Lsf cj;/df clej[l4, d'ns ' df pknAw ;|ft] ;fwgsf] clwstd kl/rfng, cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{g ub}{ cfTdlge{/ pGd'v cy{tGqsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @)&&÷)&* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] of]ubfg kl5Nnf] kfFr jif{df jflif{s cf}ift %=$ k|ltzt /xs ] f] 5 . ;fy} cf=a= @)&&÷&* df o:tf] of]ubfg %=! k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg /xs ] f] 5 . 7'nf, demf}nf / ;fgf u/L *#*$ pBf]udf ^ nfv @$ xhf/ ^ ;o ^! s'n /f] huf/L /x]sf] 5 . k|lt pBf]u cf}ift /f]huf/L ;ª\Vof &% hgf l;h{gf x'g] cg'dfg 5 . pBf]u If]q Ps cGt/ ;DalGwt If]q ePsf]n] o;sf] ljsf;;Fu} s[lif, Jofkf/, ko{6g, oftfoft nufotsf If]qx/sf] ;d]t k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ub5 . g]kfn pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng ;xhtfsf] cj:yf lrq0f ug]{ Joj;fo 182÷g]kfn
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ug]{ k|ltj]bg, @)@) -Doing Business Report, 2020_ cg';f/ ($ cf}F :yfgdf /xbF } nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf] ;Gb]z k|jfx u/s ] f] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf;df pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg clej[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . @)&^÷&& sf] kmfu'g;Dd $((( pBf]udf # va{ @$ ca{ kfFr nfv a/fa/sf] ljb]zL nufgL lelqPsf] 5 . w]/} nufgL ug]{ /fi6«x¿df qmdzM rLg, ef/t, a]nfot, cd]l/sf, blIf0fsf]l/of, l;+ufk'/, o'PO{, df}l/;;, Sofg8f / hfkfg /xs ] f 5g\ . g]kfndf pBf]usf] juL{s/0f cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g, @)&^ n] pBf]u ;~rfng / Joj:yfkgdf k|efjsf/Ltfsf nflu pBf]usf] l:y/ k'FhL tyf pBf]uaf6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df lgDgadf]lhd juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . != l:y/ k'FhLsf cfwf/df • n3' pBdM 3/hUuf afx]s al9df @) nfv ?lkofF;Dd l:y/ k'FhL /x]sf pBf]u • 3/]n' pBf]uM k/Dk/fut ;Lk / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t pBf]u • ;fgf pBf]uM n3' pBd / 3/]n' pBf]uafx]s !% s/f]8;Dd l:y/ k'FhL ePsf pBf]u • demf}nf pBf]uM !% s/f]8 ?lkofF eGbfal9 %) s/f]8 ?lkofF;Dd l:y/ k'FhL ePsf] pBf]u • 7'nf pBf]uM %) s/f]8 ?lkofF eGbfal9 l:y/ k'FhL ePsf pBf]u @= pTkfbg x'g] j:t' jf ;]jfsf] k|s[ltsf cfwf/df • pmhf{d"ns pBf]u • pTkfbgd"ns pBf]u • s[lif tyf jg k}bfj/df cfwfl/t pBf]u • vlgh pBf]u • k"jf{wf/ pBf]u • ko{6g pBf]u • ;"rgf k|ljlw, ;~rf/k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf k|;f/ 0f k|ljlwdf cfwfl/ t pBf]u • ;]jfd"ns pBf]u %=@=#= Jofkf/ dfna:t' jf ;]jfsf] vl/b, ljqmL, ljlgdo / cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ k4ltnfO{ g} Aofkf/ elgG5 . g]kfndf ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfoft pRr / lgof{t Go"g x'Fb} uPsf]n] Jofkf/ 3f6fsf] l:yltdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cfoft Joj:yfkg / lgof{t k|j4{gsf] If]qdf j}b]lzs k'FhL / k|ljlwsf] nufgLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg g]kfn kl/ro÷183
ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . lgof{tsf] t'ngfdf cfoftsf] cfsf/ 7'nf] / km/flsnf] /x]sfn] Jofkf/ 3f6f lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf] eP klg ljk|]if0f cfosf sf/0f g]kfnsf] zf]wfGt/ l:ylt ljutsf clwsf+z jif{x¿df artdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn ;/sf/n] cfoft k|lt:yfkg / lgof{t clej[l4sf] b'O{ wf/sf] /0fgLlt lnPsf] 5 . cfly{s ;j]{If0f )&^÷&& cg';f/s'n j:t' lgof{t @@=# k|ltztn]a[l4 eP/&$ ca{ (! s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . a:t' cfoft ut cf=a= sf] t'ngfdf @=^ k|ltztn] 36]/ ( va{, @$ ca{, @$ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . o; jif{ $=# k|ltztn] Jofkf/ 3f6f ;+s'rg eP/ * va{, $( ca{, ## s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . pRr Jofkf/ 3f6f, s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg Go"g, :jb]zL j:t'sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 gx'g', lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu j:t' /b]zut ljljwLs/0f ug{ g;Sg', v'nf l;dfgfsf sf/0f rf]/L lgsf;L k}7f/L lgoGq0fdf sdL Nofpg g;lsg', ;]jf Jofkf/df ck]lIft j[l4 gx'g' / cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug{ g;lsg' o; If]qsf d'Vo ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ . nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ ub}{ ef/t;Fu yk aGb/ufx pkof]u ;DaGwL ;Demf}tf / rLg;Fu kf/jfxg ;Demf}tf u/L s[lif tyf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf j[l4 u/]/ l5d]sL d'n's nufot cGo ljsl;t d'n'stkm{ lgof{t dfkm{t b]zsf]cy{tGq psf:g ;lsG5 . hnljB't\ pTkfbg u/L l5d]sL b]zx¿df lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] 7'nf] ;Defjgf 5 . s[lif tyf jg k}bfjf/ / vlgh kbfy{df cfwfl/t j:t'x¿ :jb]zdf g} pTkfbg clej[l4 u/L :jb]zL j:t'sf] pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ljb]z hfg] sfdbf/sf] ;Lk / bIftf clej[l4 u/L ljk|]if0f cfk|jfx j[l4 ug]{ ;Defgf a9\g', pmhf{, vlgh, ko{6g / cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf If]qdf pNn]vgLo :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgL u/L ljb]zL d'b|f ;l~rlt sfod ub}{ Jokf/ If]qnfO{ cy{tGqsf] k|d'v vDafsf]¿kdf ljsf; u/L clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 . %=@=$= ko{6g g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu pRr ;Defjgfsf] If]q ko{6g xf] . g]kfn k|fs[lts, ;fF:sl[ ts, ;fxl;s, P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 ljZjs} Ps k|dv ' ko{6sLo uGtJo ag]sf] 5 . o:tf :yfg / ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f, k|j4{g / ljljwLs/0f ub}{ ko{6sLo:ynx¿sf] ¿kdf ljsf; u/L /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|dv ' cfwf/sf] ¿kdf o; If]qnfO{ ljsf; ug]{ gLlt g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cËLsf/ u/s ] f] 5 . ko{6g k|j4{g u/L /fh ] uf/Lsf] cj;/df/ j[l4 ub}{ ul/aL lgjf/0f / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf]nIo xfl;n ug{ o; If]qsf]dxŒjk"0[ f{ of]ubfg /xg] ePsf]n] g]kfnL cy{tGqdf ko{6gnfO{ k|dv ' ;Djfxssf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sx¿ 7'nf]hg;ª\Vof /pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 l;lh{t cj;/af6 nfe k|fKt u/L g]kfndf ko{6g cfudg b|'tt/¿kdf j[l4 x'g] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . 184÷g]kfn
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¥oflkm\6ª ub}{ ko{6s o;af6 pRr /f]hf/L l;h{gf /fli6«o cy{tGqsf] k|d'v cfwf/ l;h{gf ub{5 . h;sf nflu ko{6sLo uGtJox¿sf] ljljwLs/0f ub}{ ko{6sLo uGtJox¿sf] klxrfg / k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/sf j[l4 u/]/ ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . ko{6g ljsf;df ko{6g pkh /lqmofsnfksf]ck]lIft ljsf; /ljljw/0f x'g g;Sg', cGt/fl{ i6«o :t/df ko{6g k|j4{g ck]lIft ¿kdf ug{ g;lsg', ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] sdL x'g,' wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf];+/If0f ;+j4{g /ko{6g ljsf;df lghL If]qnfO{ kof{Kt ;xefuL u/fpg g;Sg', ko{6g If]qsf]ljsf;df pBdzLntf ljsf;nfO{ hf]8g\ g;lsg', ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g g;Sg' /ko{6sLo ultljlw k|ljlwd}qL gx'g' o; If]qsf d'Vo ;d:ofx¿ x'g \ . cWofudg ljefusf cg';f/;g\ @)!* df :yndfu{af6 cfPsf ef/tLo ko{6s afx]s !! nfv &# xhf/&@ ko{6s g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf 5g\ . To:t};g\ @)!( df !! nfv (& xhf/! ;o (! ko{6s g]kfn e|d0fdf cfPsf 5g\ . of];g\ @)!* sf]t'ngfdf @ k|ltztn]dfq a9L xf] . h;dWo]( nfv (% xhf/ko{6s xjfO{dfuaf6 g]kfn cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfn 3'Dg cfpg]ko{6sx¿ qmdzM ef/t, rLg, cd]l/sf, a]nfot / k|mfG;sf /xs ] f 5g\ . ;g\ @)!( df g]kfn cfpg] ko{6ssf] cf};t a;fO !# lbg / k|ltlbg vr{ $$ cd]l/sL 8n/ /xs ] f] 5 . ;g\ @)!* df cf}ift a;fO cjlw !@=$ lbg / k|ltlbg vr{ $$ cd]l/sL 8n/ /xs ] f] lyof] . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cg'¿k tLg txsf ;/sf/af6 ko{6g I]qdf pT;fxhgs sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f tof/ ub}{ e"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ;fF:sl[ ts ;Dkbfx¿sf] k"glg{df{0f g]kfn kl/ro÷185
;DkGg u//] yk ko{6sLo uGtJox¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ kb{5 . g]kfn lelqg] clwsf+z ko{6sx¿n] ljdfg:ynsf] k|of]u ug]{ kfOPsf]n] cGt/fl{ i6«o ljdfg:ynx¿sf] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fn]ultlng' kb{5 . k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tf, ;fF:s[ lts ljljwtf, cgGt zflGtcfefif, cfWoflTdstf, k|frLg 1fg / bz{gsf] pb\ud:yn, h}ljs ljljwtf nufotsf ko{6sLo uGtJo / pkhx¿sf sf/0f ko{6g s]Gb| aGg] k|an ;Defjgfn] ;d[l4sf] k|dv ' ;Djfxssf] ¿kdf ko{6g If]qnfO{ :yflkt u/L clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 . %=@=%= j}b]lzs /f]huf/ jt{dfg ljZjJoflks/0fsf] o'udf j}b]lzs /f]huf/ cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cfofdsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] 5 . vf; u/L d'n'sdf /x]sf] a]/f]huf/ Pjd\ cg'Tkfbs >d zlQmnfO{ pgLx¿sf]of]Uotf, l;k tyf bIftf cg'¿k cGo ljleGg d'n'sdf /f]huf/Lsf nflu k7fO{ pgLx¿dfkm{t j}b]lzs cfo -ljk|]if0f_, ;Lk, k|ljlw / cg'ej :jb]zdf leœofOG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] ljz]ifu/L g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«x¿sf] cy{tGqdf ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] kfO{G5 . g]kfnsf] cy{Joj:yfdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] of]ubfg pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . ljutsf] åGbsf] ;dodf cy{tGqsf cfGtl/s kIfx¿ s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/ nufotsf If]qx¿df gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] cj:yfdf ;d]t j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ln] lg/Gt/ 6]jf k'¥ofO{/x]sf] b]lvG5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/L g]kfnsf nflu /x/ xf]Og afWotf /x]sf] 5 . b]zdf cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf cf}Bf]lus If]qdf cfzftLt ¿kdf ljsf; x'g g;Sbf 7'nf];ª\Vofdf o'jf zlQm j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg' kg]{ afWotf /x]sf] 5 . rfn' kGw|f}F of]hgf cg';f/ g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ sl/a kfFr nfv yk hgzlQm >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ t/ cfGtl/s >d ahf/sf] k|zf]rg Ifdtf Go"g x'Fbf cltl/St >dzlQm j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf hfg]sf] u/]sf] kfO{G5 . xfn sl/a Ps xhf/ o'jf b}lgs ¿kdf ljb]lzg] u/]sf 5g\ / ljk|]if0f cfo s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf cf}ift @% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 h'g ljZjs} pRr dWo]sf] Ps xf] . cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&^÷&& sf cg';f/ g]kfnn] ;+:yfut ¿kdf !!) b]znfO{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu v'nf u/]sf] 5 eg] JolQmut ¿kdf >d :jLs[ltdf !&@ d'n'sdf g]kfnL sfdbf/x¿ j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf 5g\ . @)&^ kmfu'g;Dd a}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu >d :jLs[lt lng]sf] ;ª\Vof %) nfv $! xhf/ /x]sf] 5 eg] $& nfv (@ xhf/ sfdbf/ a}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf uPsf 5g\ . h;dWo] bIf sfdbf/ !=% k|ltzt, @$ k|ltzt cw{bIf /&$=% k|ltzt cbIf hgzlQm ljb]lzg]x'Fbf g]kfnn]o;af6 k"0f{ nfe lng ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnL sfdbf/sf] d"Vo uGtJosf ¿kdf stf/, dn]l;of, ax/fO{g, ;fpbL c/]ljof, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\; / s'a]t /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf dfWodaf6 ljz]iftM ul/aL lgjf/0fdf pNn]vgLo 186÷g]kfn
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e"ldsf v]n]sf]n] ;/sf/L :t/af6} o;sf] k|j4{g ul/P klg of] ljsf;sf] lb3{sflng ;|f]t xf]O{g . d'n'sleq} s[lif If]qsf] cfw'lglss/0f Pjd\ Joj;flos/0f, pBf]u If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf ljljw :j/f]huf/Lsf cj;/ l;h{gfdfkm{t afWofTds j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] cGTo u/L bIf Pjd\ ;Lko'Qm hgzlQmnfO{ dfq j}b]lzs /f]huf/Ldf kl/rfng ub}{ j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ ;'/lIft, dof{lbt / Jojl:yt u/]df g]kfnn] cfly{s ljsf;df j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 clwstd nfe lng ;lsG5 . %=#= cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] ah]6 cf=a= @)&*÷&( sf] ah]6 g]kfn ;/sf/sf cy{dGqL >L lji0f'k|;fb kf}8]nn] cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf nflu @)&* h]7 !% df cWofb]z dfkm{t k]z ug'{ ePsf] ah]6 lgDgfg';f/ 5 . s'n ah]6 M !^ va{ $& ca{ %& s/f]8 ^& nfv ?k}ofF . k|b]zdf hDdf M ! va{ # ca{ !& s/f]8 @% nfv :yfgLoe/ hDdf M @ va{ *# ca{ ! s/f]8 #& nfv ;ª\3df hDdf M !@ va{ ^) ca{ *% s/f]8 (% nfv . rfn'÷k'“hLut M !) va{ %@ ca{ ** s/f]8 !( nfv ljQLo M @ va{ & ca{ (& s/f]8 &^ nfv ;|f]ttkm{M /fhZj ;lxt cGo cfDbfgL M !@ va{ &$ ca{ () s/f]8 &# nfv . a}b]lzs cg'bfg M ^# ca{ #& s/f]8 ^@ nfv a}b]lzs C0f M # va{ ( ca{ @( s/f]8 #@ nfv /fhZj ;lxt M !@,&$,(),&# cg'bfg M ^#,#&,^@ C0f M #,)(,@(,#@ ;ª\3 M !@,^),*%,(% k|b]z M !,)#,&),@% :yfgLo M @,*#,)!,$& lbuf] ljsf; nIo ;ª\s]tsf cfwf/df ljlgof]lht /sd ;f+s]lts/0f gul/Psf] @)=(( k|ltzt ul/aLsf] cGTo &=)& k|ltzt z"Go ef]sd/L $=#@ k|ltzt :j:y hLjg &=^& k|ltzt u'0f:t/Lo lzIff !!=)# k|ltzt n}ª\lus ;dfgtf )=)$ k|ltzt lbuf] ;kmf kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ ;]jf @=@( k|ltzt g]kfn kl/ro÷187
cfw'lgs phf{df kx'Fr %=$ k|ltzt ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 tyf dof{lbt sfd #=)^ k|ltzt pBf]u, gjLg vf]h / k"jf{wf/ !$=)& k|ltzt c;dfgtf Go"lgs/0f %=^( k|ltzt lbuf] ;x/ / j:tLx¿ *=&% k|ltzt hnafo' kl/jt{g cg's'ng !=)! k|ltzt e";tx ;|f]tsf] pkof]u )=&% k|ltzt zflGtk"0f{, Gofok"0f{ /;zQm ;dfh &=$$ k|ltzt lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu ;fem]bf/L @=$# k|ltzt ah]6sf d'Vo d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ l cfly{s j[l4b/ / d'b|fl:kmtL b/ ^=% k|ltzt x'g] l sf]le8 lgoGq0fdf ah]6 s]lGb|t, pkrf/ / vf]k ;'lglZrtfsf nflu ah]6 sdL x'g glbg] l ;a} k|b]zdf e"a}ª\s :yfkgf, vfnL hUuf Joj;flos v]ltdf nufOg] l ;/sf/n] lghL If]q;Fu ldn]/ æd]8 Og g]kfn, d]s Og g]kfnÆ cleofg ;~rfng ug]{ l :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ ;fem]bf/L ljsf; sfo{qmd vf/]h l ;ª\3, k|b]z /:yfgLo txaLr ;dGjo /;xsfo{ dfkm{t\ ;Gt'lnt ljsf; ug]{ l hLjgkof]uL Pjd\ ;Lko'Qm lzIffsf nflu k"jf{wf/df nufgL l >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ tyf /f]huf/L u'dfPsf >ldsnfO{ sfd / /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] ah]6sf] p2]Zo p2]Zox¿ -s_ sf]le8–!( sf] dxfdf/Laf6 gful/ssf] hLjg /Iff ug]{, -v_ cy{tGqsf]zL3| k'g?Tyfg ug{ cfly{s ultljlw Pj+ ljsf; lgdf{0fsf nflu sfo{qmdnfO{ tLa|tf lbg], -u_ /fHosf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L e"ldsfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg], ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pj+ ;+/If0f k|bfg ug]{ / ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{, -3_ ;fj{hlgs lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdf pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf kl/rfng ub}{ pTyfgzLn cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug]{, lll 188÷g]kfn
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1,614 219,808 68,399 51,735 28,671 37,424 10,397 84,115 8,140 594,030
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0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.9
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12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
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r
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cflbjf;L hghflt 1,321,933 13,215 1,335,148
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afx'g÷If]qL k|hftLo lx;fan] afx'g÷If]qL ss]l;og d"nsf dflgG5g\ . hg} wf/0f ug]{ x'Fbf logLx¿nfO{ tfufwf/L klg elgG5 . k"la{of /s'dfO{F eg]/afx'gx¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . logLx¿ b]zsf ljleGGf lhNnfdf 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . k'/]TofOF jf sd{sf08, Hof]ltif x]g]{ sfd, v]tLkftL / ;/sf/L gf]s/Ldf logLx¿ a9L ;+nUg ePsf]kfOG5 . logLx¿ j}lbs ;gftgL lxGb" wd{ dfGb5g\ . afx'g / IfqLx¿n] af]Ng] efiff ef/f]k]nL ;d"xsf] g]kfnL efiff xf] h'g b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]Vg] ul/G5 . logLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ v; cfo{ eGg ?rfpF5g\ . g]jf/
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sf7df8f}F / pkTosfaflx/sf k|d'v Jofkfl/s s]Gb|df a;f]af; ug]{ g]jf/nfO{ cflbjf;L hghfltleq u0fgf ul/G5 . k];fsf cfwf/df a|fXd0fb]lv ;'b|;DDfdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf logLx¿sf] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf sfFrf] jf kfs]sf] OF6f, lem+u6Lsf] 5fgfåf/f lgld{t b'O{ jf tLgtn] 3/x¿ x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] k|d'v k]zf Jofkf/, s[lif xf] . ;fy}, logLx¿n] hftLo k]zf cFufn]sf 5g\ . lxGb' tyf af}4wd{ cjnDag ug]{ logLx¿df wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf /x]sf] kfOG5 . du/ du/ hflt g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghflt xf] . logLx¿sf] a;f]af; If]qnfO{ !@ / !* du/ft elgG5 . h'g d:of{ª\bLb]lv b}n]v / 8f]Nkfsf] s]xL efu;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . /fgf, yfkf, k'g, cfn], /f]sf, 3tL{, a'9fh:tf ;ft y/af6 du/sf g]kfn kl/ro÷203
cGo y/x¿ aGGf uPsf x'g\ . s[lif, kz'kfng, vfgL vGg], x:tsnfsf ;fy} ;'/Iff If]qnufot j}b]lzs /f]huf/L o; hfltsf d'Vo k]zf x'g\ . yf¿ yf¿ hflt g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghfltdWo] Ps xf] . yf¿sf] dft[efiff ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/df kb{5 . logLx¿sf] cflbde"ld g]kfnsf] lzjflns z[ª\vnf tyf t/fO{ If]q xf] . t/fO{sf s]xL lhNnfdf yf¿hfltsf] afx'No 5 . logLx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif xf] . yf¿x¿ cfkm"nfO{ k|s[ltk"hs dfGb5g\ . tfdfª cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g] tfdfªsf] a;f]af; If]qnfO{ tfD;flnª elgG5 . logLx¿ w]/} y/x¿df ljeflht 5g\ . logLx¿n] sf7df8f}F pkTosf / ;f] jl/kl/sf lhNnfx¿df 3gf ¿kdf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . kz'kfng, s[lif, yfª\sf / ljleGGf x:tsnfsf ;fdu|Lx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{ logLx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf xf] . /fO{ /fO{x¿ cflbjf;L ls/ft j+zsf x'g\, h;nfO{ vDa" klg elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;f]n'v'Da', cf]vn9'ª\uf, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/, ;ª\v'jf;ef, wgs'6f, Onfd / pbok'/ /fO{x¿sf] d'Vo a;f]af; If]q xf] . logLx¿ d'Votof wfg, sf]bf], cn}+rL v]tL, kz'kfng tyf sfuh agfpg]Joj;fo ub{5g\ . u'?ª g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghfltleq kg]{ u'?ª -td"_ hflt b]zleq / aflx/ 5l/P/ /x]sf] kfOP klg logLx¿ u08sL If]qsf sf:sL, ndh'ª, uf]/vf / dgfªsf /}yfg] x'g\ / sf:sLsf] Sxf]n pgLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] xf] . logLx¿sf] k'Vof}{nL k]zf kz'kfng / s[lif ePtf klg :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;'/Iff If]qnufot Jofkf/ / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf klg lgs} ;+nUg /x]sf] kfOG5 . ef]6–ad]{nL kl/jf/cGt{utsf] td" efiff af]Nb5g\ . lnDa" g]kfnsf]cflbjf;L lnDa" hflt c?0f gbLk"j{ ;ª\v'jf;ef, wgs'6f, t]x|y'd, tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, emfkf, df]/ª / ;'g;/Ldf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . lnDa" hfltdf klg w]/}y/x¿ 5g\ . logLx¿ s[lif tyf kz'kfng Joj;fo ub{5g\ . lnDa"x¿ k|s[lt k"hf ug]{ls/ft wd{ dfGb5g\ . z]kf{ z]kf{ hfltsf] cflbynf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfsf] pQ/L If]qnfO{ dflgG5 . z]kf{x¿ b]zsf ljleGGf lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . logLx¿ kz'kfng / v]tLkftL ub{5g\ . logLx¿ af}4wd{sf] dxfofg ;Dk|bfoL x'g\ eg] logLx¿sf] efiff ef]6–ad]{nL kl/jf/leq kb{5 . nf];f/, 8'DhL, kmfª8L Nxf]K;f], ofHof{ª, 204÷g]kfn
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sª;'/, 9'skf 5]Ro", ªo'ªg], 5]Ro" logLx¿sf k|d'v rf8 x'g\ . ;'g'jf/ ;'g'jf/ hflt g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L dWo]sf] Ps k|d'v / P]ltxfl;s hflt xf] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ls/ftsfnLg /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfngb]lv g} ls/fltx¿sf] klxrfg /xL cfPsf] 5 . ;'g'jf/ ls/ft j+zsf] rf/ zfvf÷;d'bfo æ/fO{, lnDa', ;'g'jf/ / ofof]SvfÆ dWo]sf] Ps ls/ftL ;d'bfo xf] . v; efiffdf æ;'g'jf/Æ / dft[efiffdf æsf]FOrÆ elgG5 . g]kfnsf] k"jL{ e"efu tyf ef/tsf] l;lSsd, bflh{lnª If]qdf d'lvof eg]/ lrlgPsf 5g\ . k|s[lt tyf lkt[ k'hs ;'g'jf/hflt ls/ ft wdf{jnDaL x'g\ . logLx¿sf] wd{÷bz{gzf:qnfO{ …d'Sb'dÚ elgG5 . o; hfltsf] d"n yfsynf] /fd]5fk, cf]vn9'Ëf, bf]nvf, l;Gw'nL ePklg xfn d'Vo ;x/x¿ / g]kfnsf] k"[jL{ If]qdf ;3g a:tL /x]sf] 5 . o; hfltsf] k/Dk/fut k]zf l;sf/ ug]{, afF;sf] snfTds ;fdu|Lx¿ agfpg]ePklg xfn s[lif k]zfdf cfj4 /x]sf 5g\ . a}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg dgfOg] ZofFb/ lkbf/ æpFef}nLÆ / dª\l;/ z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf] lbg dgfOg] ZofFb/ lkbf/ æpFwf}nLÆ d'Vo kj{ xf] . o; cj;/df lkt[ tyf k|sl[ tsf] k"hf cf/fwgf ub}{ ZofFb/ l;nsf] cfof]hgf u/L dgfpg] ub{5g\ . r]kfª g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghflt r]kfªnfO{ k|hf klg eGGf] ul/G5 . logLx¿ lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, wflbª, uf]/vf, ndh'ª / tgx'F lhNnfx¿sf] le/fnf] kfvfdf / afFs,] alb{of, gjnk/f;L, af/f cflb lhNnfx¿df ;d]t a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿sf w]/h } ;f] k/Dk/fut ;–;fgf Pstn] v/n] 5fPsf 3/ x'G5g\ . logLx¿sf] k/Dk/fut k]zf vf]l/of k|0ffnLsf] s[lif Joj;fo, sGbd'nsf] ;ª\ux| / lzsf/ xf] . p/fj -emf“u8_ g]kfnsf] cflbjf;L hghfltleq kg]{ p/fjnfO{ emfFu8 klg elgG5 . logLx¿sf] a:tL k;f{b]lv emfkf;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . logLx¿ ;;fgf em'k8L agfP/ vf]]nf lsgf/df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿sf] d'Vo Joj;fo s[lif, dhb'/L, kz'kfng xf] eg]x:tsnfsf ;fdu|L 9fsL, lksf{, u'Gb|L cflb klg a'Gg]ub{5g\ . logLx¿sf] efiff b|lj8 efiff ;d"xdf k5{ . yfdL cflbjf;L ls/ft j+zsf] Ps zfvf yfdL hflt xf] . yfdLx¿ bf]nvf lhNnfsf] ;':kf, /fªynL, lr/fªynL, ;'Otfkª, sfln~rf]s, nfkLnfª, vf]kfrfu', cfnDk', l;:s/, a'ªynL cflb ufpFdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿ k/Dk/fut v]tL tyf kz'kfng Joj;fo ub{5g\ . logLx¿ k|s[ltk"hs ls/ft wd{ dfGb5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷205
lwdfn dª\uf]n d'vfs[ltsf cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g]lwdfnx¿ k|foh;f]emfkf / df]/ª lhNNffdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ h;nfO{ t/fO{sf ls/ftL klg elgG5 . logLx¿sf] ;v'jfsf] yfddf afF; / sf7n] agfPsf] v/n] 5fPsf] Pstn] 3/ x'G5 . logLx¿ k|s[ltk"hs x'g\ . logLx¿sf] efiff ef]6–ad]{nL kl/jf/af6 k|efljt 5 . logLx¿ b;}F, ltxf/, hg}k"l0f{df, r}t] bz}F, df3] ;+qmflGtnufot lxGb" wd{df cfwfl/t cGo rf8jf8 dgfpg]ub{5g\ . ysfnL g]kfnsf cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g]ysfnL klg Ps xf] . ysfnLsf]d"n ynf]yf;fª\ d':tfª lhNnfsf]blIf0fL ;LdfIf]qdf kb{5 . logLx¿ xfn ljleGGf lhNnfdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿ cfˆg} efiff af]N5g\ . logLx¿sf] cfˆg} e]ife"iff tyf u/uxgf x'G5 . 5GTofn cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g ] 5GTofn hfltsf]d"nynf]DofUbL lhNnfsf] s'Og]d+ un]ufFpsf]lemª\vfgL xf] . logLx¿ afUn'ª, kfNkf, ?s'd, Ko'7fg, bfª cflb lhNnfdf klg a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿ vfd efiff af]Nb5g\ . k'Vof}n { L ¿kdf vfgL vGg] / k|zf]wg ug]{ eP tfklg logLx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif / kz'kfng xf] . /fp6]
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vfDrL efiff af] Nb5g\ . logLx¿ Ps dlxgfeGbf a9L Ps}7fpFdf slxNo} a:b}gg\ / To; 7fpFdf kms]{/ cfpFb}gg\ . logLx¿ c:yfoL ¿kdf a:g] 7fpFnfO{ /fp6L elgG5 eg] c:yfoL 5fk|fnfO{ yf}nf elgG5 . afx|ufp“n] d+uf]n d'vfs[lt ePsf cflbjf;L hghfltdf u0fgf x'g]Ps hflt afx|ufpFn] klg xf] . logLx¿ d':tfª lhNnfsf] lar efusf d'lQmgfy, sfua]gL, 5';fª / emf]ª ufpF ljsf; ;ldltcGtu{tsf If]qdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif, kz'kfng /Jofkf/xf] . logLx¿ af}4 wdf{nDaL x'g\ . l;of/ -r'Daf_ uf]/vfsf] pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ r'd5f]Ro'S;d pkTosfsf 5]sDkf/ / r'Dr't ufFpdf r'Daf hfltsf] a;f]af; 5 . pgLx¿ 9'ª\ufsf] uf/f]dfly sf7 / 9'ª\ufn] 5fPsf] 3/ agfpF5g\ . logLx¿ k/Dk/fut ¿kdf ux'F, kmfk/, s]/fp, cfn', tf]/Lsf] v]tL u5{g\ . logLx¿ af}4 wd{ dfGb5g\ . n]Krf n]Krfx¿ Onfd lhNnfsf] lkmSsn, /f]ª, kz'kltgu/, uf]v]{, gfD;flnª, ;fdna'ª / emfkf lhNnfsf s]xL :yfgdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . logLx¿ k|s[ltk"hs x'g\ eg] af}4 wd{ dfGb5g\ . ^=!=% g]kfnsf ljleGg hfthflt, ju{, ;d'bfo /ltgLx¿sf]pTyfgsf nflu /fHon] u/]sf Joj:yfx¿ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+: s[lts tyf ef}uf]lns ljljwtfo'Qm ljz]iftfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/L ljljwtflarsf] Pstf, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts P]Soa4tf, ;lxi0f'tf / ;b\efjnfO{ ;+/If0f Pjd\ k|jw{g ub}{Ù juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, eflifs, wfld{s, n}+lus lje]b / ;a} k|sf/sf hftLo 5'jf5"tsf]cGTo u/L cfly{s ;dfgtf, ;d[l4 /;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ug{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL /;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGtsf cfwf/df ;dtfd"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+sNk u/]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt ;+j}wflgs cfof]ux¿sf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . l nf]s ;]jf cfof]u l lgjf{rg cfof]u l /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u l /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u l /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u l /fli6«o blnt cfof]u l /fli6«o ;dfj]zL cfof]u g]kfn kl/ro÷207
cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u l dw];L cfof]u l yf¿ cfof]u l d'l:nd cfof]u ;fy}, g]kfnsf ;a} hfthflt, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] pTyfg u/L ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu df}lns xssf ¿kdf– ;dfgtfsf]xs, 5'jf5't tyf e]befj lj?4sf] xs, wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs, zf]if0f lj?4sf] xs, lzIff ;DaGwL xs, efiff tyf ;+:s[ ltsf]xs, blntsf]xs, ;fdflhs Gofosf]xs, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] xsnufotsf ljljw Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . l
^=!=^ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;DaGwL Joj:yf u/LaL, a]/f]huf/L, ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ljifdtf, k|fs[lts k|sf]k, ;fdflhs åGånufotsf sf/0fn] ;dfhdf cf>oxLg, c;xfo JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L, hghflt / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmx¿;d]tsf nflu ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)&*÷&( sf] ah]6 jQmJodfkm{t k|To]s ljkGg blnt kl/jf/ / s0ff{nL c~rnsf ;a} kl/jf/sf % jif{dl' gsf afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0fdf vr{ x'g] u/L dfl;s ¿=$)) sf b/n] afn ;+/If0f cg'bfg k|bfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] df xfn pQm cg'bfgsf] /sddf Ps ltxfOn] a[l4 ug]{ 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfx¿df u|fdL0f ;fd'bflos k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmddfkm{t vfBfGg ljt/0f u/L nfvf}F >d lbg a/fa/sf] nfvf}+ /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . To:t}, k|fylds lzIff / cTofjZos :jf:Yo P+j kf]if0f;DaGwL ;]jfdf lj:tf/ e} hgtfsf] kx'r F df j[l4 ePsf] 5 . o;} cjlwdf o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd cf/De ul/of] . /f]huf/LhGo hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;ª\ul7t If]qsf sd{rf/L tyf sfdbf/x¿sf] kfl/>ldsdf Ps k|ltzt s/ nufO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu ul/Psf]k|dv ' sfo{qmdx¿ lgDgfg';f/5g\ M -s_ Ho]i7 gful/s, Psn dlxnf, nf]kf]Gd'v cflbjf;L, hghflt / ckfËtf ePsf JolQmnfO{ eQf ljt/0f sfo{qmd, -v_ afn;+/If0f cg'bfg sfo{qmd, -u_ /f]huf/L Pjd\ :j/f]huf/d"ns sfo{qmd, -3_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if / sNof0fsf/L sf]ifx¿sf] Joj:yfkg, ;'wf/ / ;~rfng, -ª_ sl7g kl/l:yltdf k/]sfnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]u, 208÷g]kfn
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-r_ ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf k|0ffnLx¿sf];'wf/tyf Ifdtf ljsf; sfo{qmd, ^=@ g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjg k|frLg sfnb]lv g} g]kfn ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; ug]{ ynf] xf] . g]kfndf d'Votof lxGb" wd{ / af}4 wd{sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 . oL afx]s O:nfd, O;fO{, ls/ft, jxfO{, lzvnufot cGo wdf{jnDaLx¿ klg plQs} :jtGq ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . lxGb" wd{cGtu{t z}j, j}i0fj, zfSt, ;f}o{ cflb ;Dk|bfo kb{5g\ eg]af}4 wd{df lxgofg, dxfofg, jh|ofg, tGq tyf dGqofg, ;xhofg /jf]Gkf]tyf nfdf ;Dk|bfo cflb kb{5g\ . oL wd{x¿ ;dofg';f/ljleGg ;Dk|bfo tyf pk;Dk|bfodf kl/dflh{t x'bF } uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|sl[ t, lkt[ tyf cb[Zo zlQmsf]k"hf ug]{k|rng klg /xs ] f] 5 . klZrd g]kfndf d:6f], k"jL{ kxf8df r08L jf b]jL, t/fO{df ;+;f/LdfO{, lxdfnL If]qdf lxGb"kl| t hgdfg;sf] cf:yf / ljZjf; /xs ] f] kfOG5 . g]kfn ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s Pjd\ ax';f+:sl[ ts ljz]iftfo'Qm b]z xf] . oxfF ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfleq Pstf kfOG5 . oxfFsf ljljw ;+:s[ltx¿lar k/fk"js { fnb]lv g} ck"j{ d]n /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;f+:sl[ ts ax'njfbsf] l;4fGtaf6 l;l~rt ;+:sl[ t ePsf]n] oxfF ;f+:sl[ ts ;DaGwsf] klg cfbfgk|bfg ePsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnnfO{ ;femf ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf; ePsf] d'ns ' egL ;uf}/j eGg ;lsG5 . ^=@=! g]kfndf dgfOg]k|d'v hfqf Pjd\ rf8kj{ g]kfndf ljleGg hfthflt, ljleGg efiffefifL af]Ng] / ljleGGf wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ a:b5g\ . ljleGGf hfthflt /wd{ dfGg]dflg;x¿sf cf–cfˆgf /Lltlylt /xg;xg rfnrngx¿df klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . g]kfndf dgfOg] k|d'v hfqf, rf8kj{ Pjd\ afhfufhfsf] af/]df tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . 3f]8]hfqf r}q s[i0f rt'bz { L jf lkrf; rt'bz { Lsf lbg sf7df8f}d F f kfFxfrx|] jf kf;frGx] cyjf ldq rt'bz { L dgfpg], n's' dfxfBf]sf] k"hf ug]{ / cf}; + Lsf lbgdf pkTosfdf 3f]8h ] fqf dgfpg] ul/G5 . of] lbg sf7df8f}s +F f] 6'lF 8v]ndf 3f]8f bf}8 ;df/fx] cfof]hgf ul/G5 . 3f]8fnfO{ cg'zf;g, zlQm / tLj|tfsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . ufO{hfqf of] kj{ hg}kl" 0f{dfsf] ef]lnkN6 cyf{t efb|si[ 0f k|ltkbfsf lbgb]lv ;ft lbg;Dd dgfOG5 . 5f]/f rqmjt]G{ b| dNnsf] d[To'kl5 zf]su|:t /fgLnfO{ v';L kfg{ /fhf k|tfk dNnn] klxnf] k6s ufO{hfqfsf] cfof]hgf u/s ] f / o;df /fgLsf] zf]sx/0f ePsf] ls+jbGtL 5 . o;df v8\uhfqf, /fk] fOhfqf, nfv]gfr, if8bz{g VofnL, g]kfn kl/ro÷209
ufO{hfqfsf] emns, eQmk'/ nf]sg[To, 8jnLg[To, gf6s cflb k|bz{g ul/G5 . >Ls[i0f hGdfi6dLsf]lbg s[i0f hfqf u/k] l5 eujfg s[i0fn] /fIf;, e"t–k|t] cflb gfz u/s ] f] cfwf/df e"t–lkrf;, gfusf]eo x'bF g} eGg]hgljZjf; 5 . b;}“ cflZjg dlxgfsf] z'Sn k|ltkbfb]lv bzdL;Dd !) lbg ko{Gt rNg]] ePsf] x'Fbf jf bzdLnfO{ ljz]if dxŒj lbPsf]n] o;sf] gfd bz}F /xg uPsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o; kj{nfO{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o kj{sf] ¿kdf dgfOG5 . dfGohgsf] cfzLjf{b, lgwf/le/6Lsf, skfn /sfgdf hd/f, unfdf ljleGGf lsl;dsf dfnfx¿ bz}Fkj{sf ljz]iftf x'g\ . o; kj{df gf}lbg;Dd b]jLsf ljleGGf ¿ksf] k"hf cr{gf, km"nkftL dxf]T;j cflb sfo{qmdx¿ ul/G5 . dxflzj/fqL k|To]s jif{ kmfu'g s[i0f rt'b{zLsf] lbg kg]{ of] lbg sf7df8f}Fsf] kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/df / cGoGq :yflkt lzjfnox¿df >4fn' eQmhgx¿sf] 7'nf] hd36 x'G5 . dxflzj/fqLsf lbg g]kfndf ;}lgs lbj; klg dgfOG5 . r}t] bz}“ r}t z'Sn ci6dLsf lbg dgfOg]of]kj{nfO{ ;fgf]bz}Fklg elgG5 . ndh'ª\ lhNNffdf b'/ f hfltn]of]kj{ ljz] if w'dwfdsf ;fy dgfpF5g\ . o; lbg dlR5Gb| gfysf] /yofqf ul/G5 . 210÷g]kfn
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a'4 hoGtL O;fk"j{ %^# df j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg a'4sf] hGd ePsf], j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfs} lbg a'4Tj k|fKt u/s ] f] / O;fk"j{ $*# df j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfs} lbg dxfkl/lgjf{0f k|fKt u/s ] f]n] …jz } fv z'Sn k"l0f{df -:jfFof k"lGx+_Ú a'4 hoGtLsf ¿kdf d'ns ' e/ dgfOG5 . o; lbg af}4 d7, u'Daf Pjd\ ljxf/x¿df 7'nf] hd36 x'G5 . ltxf/ sflQs s[i0f qof]bzLb]lv % lbg;Dd dgfOg] of] kj{ bfh'efO, lbbL alxgLx¿sf] a'4hGd kmns, n'lDagL :g]x / z'e]R5fsf] kj{ xf] . oL % lbg od/fh cfˆgL alxgL od'gfsxfF cfO{ a;]sf] / od'gfn] pgsf] ;]jf / k"hf u/]sf] 36gfnfO{ o;;Fu cfa4 u/L of] % lbgnfO{ odk~rs klg eGg] ul/G5 . o; kj{df sfu, s's'/, nIdL, ufO{ uf]?sf] k"hf ub}{clGtd lbg efO k"hf ug]{ ul/G5 . o; lbg lbbL alxgLx¿n] cfˆgf bfh'efOx¿sf] ;'v ;d[l4 / bL3f{o'sf] sfdgf ub}{ 6Lsf nufO{ ldi7fGg v'jfpg] ub{5g\ . o; cj;/df e}nf] tyf b]p;L v]nL dgf]/~hg ul/G5 . tLh
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tLh g]kfnL gf/Lx¿sf] ljz]if kj{sf] ¿kdf dgfOg] ul/G5 . of] rf8 efb| z'Sn t[tLofsf lbg kb{5 . lxGb" gf/Lx¿sf nflu of]ljz]if rf8 xf] . o; lbg gf/Lx¿ pkjf; a;L j|t lnG5g\ . gf/Lx¿n] OR5fcg';f/sf] klt kfpgsf nflu /cfkm" ;f}efUojtL /xgsf nflu of]j|t lng]k|rng 5 . >Lk~rdL df3 z'Sn k~rdLsf lbg dgfOg]kj{nfO{ >Lk~rdL jf j;Gtk~rdL elgG5 . of] j;Gt cfudgsf] k|tLssf] kj{ xf] . o; lbg ;/:jtL b]jL / dxfd~h'>L u'?sf] k"hf cf/fwgf ul/G5 . ;fgf afnaflnsfnfO{ cIf/ cf/De u/fpg] lbgsf] ¿kdf ;d]t dgfOG5 . ;/:jtLsf] :t'lt ul/G5 . ljleGg dlGb/x¿ / 3/3/df elQmk"j{s k"hf u/L dlGb/sf leQfx¿df ;/:jtLsf] gfd n]Vgfn] k9\g cfpF5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o;} lbg xg'dfg9f]sf b/af/df j;Gt >j0f ul/G5 . j;Gt Ct';DaGwL Znf]sx¿ ;'Gg]sfo{nfO{ j;Gt >j0f elgG5 . Nxf];f/
Nxf];f/ kj{ dgfpFb} pQ/L lxdfnL v08sf] z]kf{, ef]6], u'?ª, ysfnL / du/ hfltx¿n] ltAatL kfqf]cg';f/ gjjiff{/Desf] cj;/df df3 dlxgflt/ kg]{ Nxf];f/ kj{ ljz]if pT;fxsf ;fy dgfpF5g\ . jif{sf]u0fgf d';f, ufO{, af3, la/fnf], u¿9, ;k{, 3f]8f, e]8f, afFb/, r/f, s's'/ / ;'Fu'/sf] gfddf ul/G5 / k|To]s !@ jif{df of] rqm bf]xf]l/G5 . ljleGg k|sf/sf Nxf];f/dWo] ;f]gfd, td' / UofNjf] Nxf];f/df g]kfndf ;DalGwt wdf{jnDaLx¿nfO{ ;fj{hlgs labf lbg] k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 . 212÷g]kfn
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p“ef}nL / p“wf}nL of] /fO{ hfltx¿n] dfGg] kj{ xf] . of] kj{ Pp6f pFwf}nL / csf]{ pef}nLsf] ¿kdf jif{df b'O{k6s dgfOG5 . of] kj{df s;}n] rG8Lgfrsf ¿kdf, s;}n] ;fs]nf jf ;fs]jfsf ¿kdf / s;}n] j}zfv] tyf jf8fªd]6sf] ¿kdf dgfpg] rng 5 . /fO{ hfltx¿sf] klg km/s km/s ;+:s[lt ePsfn] of] kj{ klg km/s km/s ;do /gfdaf6 ljleGg 9ª\un]dgfOG5 . pFef}nL j}zfv, h]7lt/ dgfOG5 eg] pFwf}nL sflQs, dª\l;/ dlxgflt/ dgfOG5 . o; kj{df gfS5f]ª jf k'hf/Ln]rG8L yfg, dfuf{yfg, dfª\lvd cflb 7fpFdf d'Gw'd eg]/ k"hfcfhf ug]{ ub{5g\ . k|To]s 3/3/df lkt[sf] k"hf ug],{ 9f]n, em\ofD6f ahfP/ gfrufg ug]{ / dL7fdL7f vfg]s/' f vfP/ of] kj{ dgfpg] rng 5 . hg}k"l0f{df
hg}k"l0f{df k|To] s jif{ >fj0f z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbgnfO{ hg}k"l0f{df÷Cliftk{0fL k"l0f{df elgG5 . To;lbg gofF hg} nufpgsf ;fy} k'/f]lxtx¿åf/f /IffaGwg -kx]Fnf] jf /ftf] wfuf]sf] 8f]/f]_ afFlwG5 / blIf0ff lbOG5 . sltko ;d'bfodf gf} lsl;dsf u]8fu'8LnfO{ lehfP/ 6';f pdf/L SjfF6L vfg] ul/G5 . t/fO{ If]qsf ljleGg ;d'bfon] ;f] lbg lbbLalxgLn] bfh'efOnfO{ /fvL afFw]/ Ps csf{sf] bL3f{o'sf] sfdgf ub{5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷213
h'8zLtn g]kfnLx¿ j}zfv ! ut]]nfO{ gjjif{ dfGb5g\ eg] d}ynL ;+:s[ltdf j}zfv @ ut] h'8zLtn kg]{ / ;f]xL lbgb]lv gj jif{ ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . o; cj;/df ldlynfdf ;fd"lxs ef]hg / /Ëf/Ë sfo{qmd cfof]hg ul/G5 . 5/l5d]sLdf clj/, /Ë, lxnf] 5\ofk5\ofk u/L xf]nLsf] h:t} pT;fxdo jftfj/0fdf of] kj{ dgfOG5 . o; kj{sf lbg 7'nfa8f cleefjsx¿af6 laxfg}p7L :gfg u/L lgTosd{ k"/f u/L nf]6fdf kljq zLtn hn lnP/ ;f]xL hnnfO{ bflxg] xftsf] c~h'nLdf /fvL cfzLj{rgsf ;fy cleif]s ul/g] x'Fbf o; kj{sf] gfd h'8zLtn /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; 5 . Ob g]kfndf O{:nfd wdf{jnDaLx¿n] Ob kj{ pT;fxsf ;fy dgfpFb5g\ . lxh/L ;+jt\sf] /dhfg dlxgfe/ Ob dgfOG5 . o; wfld{s cj;/df ;fdYo{ ePsf JolQmx¿n]cfˆgf] c9fO{ k|ltzt u/ La u'?jfnfO{ bfg lbO{ logLx¿sf]hLljsfsf nflu s]xL g s]xL k|aGw u5{g \ . o; kj{df s'/fg kf7 ug],{ gdfh k9\g] / kz'x¿sf]] aln -s'af{g_ lbg]h:tf sfd ul/G5 . Obdf k|fy{gf ub}{ O:nfd cg'ofoLx¿ s'df/ifi7L jf l;yL gvM l;7L jf l;yL gvM g]jf/ ;d'bfosf]k|l;4 kj{ xf] . h]7 z'Sn ifi7Lsf lbg dgfOg] o; kj{df s'df/ sflQs]osf] ljz]if ljlwn] k"hf u/L v6ofqf ug]{ ul/G5 . o;} lbg k|foM g]jf/x¿sf] b]jfnL k"hfsf ;fy} Ogf/ ;kmfO ug]{ sfd ul/G5 . of]rf8 s[ifs ;d'bfosf k|;Ggtf /;d[l4;Fu klg ;DalGwt 5 . rf;f]s tfªgfd ls/ft ;d'bfosf lnDa" hfltsf]ljlzi6 dxfg kj{ rf;f]s tfª\gfd k|To]s jif{ a}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{df /d+l;/z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg kb{5 . GjfuL k"hf;d]t elgg]rf;f]s tfª\gfd kj{df gofF kfs]sf kmnkm"n -cGg, kmnkm"n_ b]jL b]jtfx¿nfO{ r9fP/dfq cfkm"n] vfO{ /fte/ ofnª\df, Rofj|'ªgfr gfRb}, xfSkf/] uLt ufpFb} /dfOnf] ul/G5 . of] kj{ lnDa" hfltsf] P]Soj4tf, ;femf, ;d[4, ;+:s[ltsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf dgfOG5 . 214÷g]kfn
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kj{ dgfpF5g\ . /fhj+zL hfltsf] dxŒjk"0f{ l;?jf kj{sf] a]nfdf n;'g / Kofh 3/aflx/ em'G8\ofOG5 . dxfef/tsfndf k/z/' fdn] If]qLo hfltljxLg k[YjL agfpg If]qLox¿nfO{ dfb}{lxF8g\ ] qmddf /fhj+zL hfltnfO{ dfg{ nfUbf n;'g, Kofh 9f]sfdf em'G8ofPsf] b]vs ] fn] pgLx¿ ar]sf] cfVofg ePsf]n] cBflk n;'g Kofh em'G8\ofpg] k/Dk/f 5 . o;}lbg & k|sf/sf t/sf/L ld;fPsf] ;fuhftL agfP/ vfg] ul/G5 . l;?jf kj{df /fhj+zL ;d'bfosf s'nb]jtf 7fs'/ lj;/Lsf] k"hf ug's { f ;fy} l6i6fa'9Lsf gfdn] l6:6f gbLsf] klg k"hf ul/G5 . of] kj{ /fhj+zL hfltsf cltl/Qm yf¿, tfhk'/Lof, sxf/, ugufO{ hfltn] klg pT;fx / pdËsf ;fy dgfpg] ub{5g\ . of] cj;/df xf6d]nf eg]{ / ufg ahfg u/L /ªu\ f/ªu\ g[To ug]{ ul/G5 . k]lGbof dWo tyf ;'b"/klZrd g]kfnsf yf¿x¿ cfˆgf] v]tLkftL ;s]/ vlnxfg -wfg emfg{ agfOPsf] ;dtn 7fpF_ af6 ;a} cGg leqfPsf] lbgnfO{ k]lGbofsf] ¿kdf dgfpF5g\ . o; lbg yf¿ ;d'bfosf u'? k'/f]lxtn] vlnxfgdf ljz]if lsl;dsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfy hfqf ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL hutsf dflns cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/nfO{ g} ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfy elgG5 . g]jf/L efiffdf lognfO{ >LhgjxfB elgG5 . cfof{jnf]lst]Zj/ Zj]t dlR5Gb|gfysf] d"lt{ / dlGb/ sf7df8f}F s]n6f]nsf] dlR5Gb|jxfn jf sgs r}To ljxf/sf] dWodf cjl:yt 5 . k|f0fLdfqsf] enfOsf] sfdgf ub}{ b"w, bxL cflb b|Jon] :gfg u/fO{ /Ëdfnf e/]/ ;';lHht u/fO{ r}q j}zfvlt/ z'e ;fOt h'/fO{ /yofqf u/fOG5 . u9LdfO{ d]nf af/f lhNnfsf] jl/of/k'/df %÷% jif{sf] cGt/fndf u9LdfO{sf] d]nf nfUb5, hxfF g]kfn / ef/tsf nfvf}F eQmhgx¿ d]nf eg{ cfpF5g\ . o; d] nfdf u9LdfO{nfO{ ;]tf] dlR5Gb|gfysf] d"lt{ /fFuf, af]sf / k+IfLx¿sf] ef]u r9fOG5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷217
u'“nf wd{ af}4dtfg'ofoL g]jf/L ;d'bfodf >fj0f z'Sn k|ltkbfb]lv Ps dlxgf;Dd u'Fnf pT;j dgfOG5 . o;cGtu{t eQmhgx¿ a'4 eujfgsf]bz{gfy{ af}4d7 tyf ljxf/df hfG5g\ . o; cj;/df k~rbfg, ljleGg b]jLb]jtfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs k|bz{g / dtof u/L tLg r/0fdf of] pT;j ;DkGg ul/G5 . cfkmGt d[tsx¿sf] ;Demgfdf tLy{:ynx¿df aQL afnL bz{gfy{ hfg]cfTofhfqf efb|s[i0f låtLofsf lbg kb{5 . o;} lbg eujfg a'4n] df/ ljho u/]sf] dflgG5 . /fdgjdL q]tfo'udf r}q z'Sn gjdLsf lbg eujfg lji0f'sf !) cjtf/dWo]Ps dof{bf k'?iff]Qd /fdsf] hGd ePsf]n] /fdsf] k"hf cr{gf ub}{ /fdgjdLsf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf r}t] bz}F -;fgf] bz}F_ sf] dxŒj geP klg To;}sf] csf]{ lbg /fdgjdLnfO{ xif{ Pjd\ pNnf;sf ;fy dgfOG5 . of] lbg g]kfnsf] hgsk'/ If]q, eujfg /fdsf] hGde"ld -cof]Wof_ / cGoq /x]sf /fd dlGb/x¿df eujfg /fd / b]jL ;Ltfsf] ljz]if k"hf cr{gf ul/G5 . /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy hfqf
ef]6f] hfqf, nlntk'/ sf7df8f}FpkTosfsf ;+/Ifs tyf k|f0fLhutsf kfngstf{ eujfg nf]sgfynfO{ /ftf] dlR5Gb|gfy elgG5 . dlR5Gb|gfynfO{ b"w, bxLsf] dxf:gfg u/fpg'sf] 218÷g]kfn
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;fy} k'Nrf]s, nlntk'/af6 /yofqf ;'? u/L kf6g hfjnfv]ndf dlR5Gb|gfysf] ef]6f] b]vfO{ hfqf ;DkGg ul/G5 . of] hfqf r}q j}zfvdf ;'? eO{ emG8} dlxgfle/ g} rNb5 . tf]/gNx -lkt[k"hf_ g]kfndf ysfnL ;d'bfodf lkt[k"hfsf ¿kdf k|rlnt of]kj{ kmfu'k"l0f{dfsf] Ps lbgcufl8 ;'? eO{ kmfu'k"l0f{dfsf]ef]lnkN6 -# lbg_ ;Dd dgfOG5 . of] cj;/df lkt[x¿nfO{ lvld -kLs_ bfg ul/G5 . of] kj{df dWo/ftkl5 / ljxfg s'v'/f af:g'eGbfcufl8 3/sL k|d'v dlxnfn] :gfg u/L z'4 eP/ ;fnsf] kftdf /fv]/ d[ts lkt[x¿sf] ;Demgf u/L lk08bfg ug]{ ul/G5 . lk08bfg sfo{df k'?ifhfltsf] ;xeflutf x'Fb}g . o; cj;/df d]jf–ldi7fg vfg], /fd|f gofF sk8f nufpg], cfkmGt Oi6ldqx¿;Fu e]63f6 ug]{ cflbsf cltl/Qm k'?ifx¿lar wg'jf0f xfGg] k|ltof]lutf -tf/f] v]n_ / dlxnfx¿df 9'ª\ufsf] u§f v]Ng] k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ul/G5 . df3] ;ª\qmflGt
uf]? h'wfO{ kj{, g'jfsf]6 ;"o{ /flzrqmdf !) cf}F :yfgdf ds/ /flzdf k|j]z ubf{ ds/ ;ª\qmflGt x'g hfG5 . pQ/fo0fsf] ;'?jft x'g] / df3 dlxgfsf] klxnf] lbg kg]{ x'Fbf o;nfO{ df3];ª\qmflGt klg elgG5 . o; lbg ds/:gfg u/L k"hfcfhf u/L b]jLb]jtfsf] bz{g ug]{ ul/G5 . ;"o{ /fzLrqmsf] rf}yf] ss{6 /fzLdf k|j]z ubf{ ss{6 ;ª\qmflGt x'G5 . pQm lbg g'jfsf]6sf] tf?sfdf uf]? h'wfpg]kj{ dgfOG5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷219
bIfL0ffogsf] ;'?cft x'g] / ;fpgsf] klxnf] lbg kg]{x'Fbf ss{6 ;ª\qmflGtnfO{ ;fpg];ª\qmflGt klg elgG5 . of]lbg klg laxfg :gfg k"hf cflb u/L b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] bz{g ul/G5 eg] ;fFemdf sf08/s /fIf;sf] k"hf ug]{, b'Mv si6 cz'e ;ª\s]tsf ¿kdf n'tf] kmfNg] ul/G5 . 6«x'6] kj{ ufpFa:tLnfO{ ljleGg ljs[ltx¿af6 arfpg, jGo hLjhGt'x¿af6 afnLgfnL, kfNt' hLjhGt' / dflg;sf] ;d]t /Iffsf nflu, afx\o cfqmd0faf6 ufpFa:tLsf] /Iff ug{ tD;]sf td' /fhf d];/f] / pgsf jL/ of]4fx¿sf] nf]ssyf / ufyfx¿nfO{ :d/0f ub}{ elsDnf]af6 lgld{t xftxltof/af6 ;';lHht eO{ rsf]{ :j/df s/fpFb} / 7'nf] cfjfhsf 9f]n, 9\ofª\u|f] / ofd|f] ahfpFb} cfˆgf] zq'nfO{ ufpFa:tLsf] ;Ldfkf/L s6fPsf] k|ltsfTds clego u'?ª -td"_ hfltsf] dgfpg] 6«x'6] kj{df k|:t't ul/G5 . ;'v, zflGt, lge{osf] sfdgf ub}{ cg'xf/df sfnf] nufO{ lz/df kGIfLx¿sf KjfFv l;p/]/ afhfufhf ahfP/ gfRb} dgfOg] kj{n] u'?ª -td"_ e]ife"iff, /xg;xg, ;+:s[ltsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . dftftLy{ cf}“;L g]kfndf k|To]s jif{ dgfOg] ljleGg rf8kj{dWo] cfdf / cfˆgf] b]zsf] u'0f ;Demg] k|/ ] 0ff k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]vfnsf df}lns rf8–kj{x¿ klg 5g\ . h;df j}zfv s[i0f cf}; F Lsf] lbg dgfOg] dft[cf}; F L, dft[–lbj; / dftftLy{ cf}; + L gfdsf] k|Voft kjf]T{ ;j klg Pp6f xf] . of] lbg cfdfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ u'0f ;Demg] k|/] 0ff k|fKt u/L cfdfk|lt /xs ] f] >4f–elQm k|s6 ug]{ lbg ePsf]n] dft[cf}; F L gfdn] k|Voft 5 . o;lbg 5f]/f5f]/Ln] cfdfnfO{ xif{kj" s { dfgdof{bf u/L >4fsf ;fy dL7f–dL7f vfg]s'/f VjfO{ k|;GGf t'Nofpg'kb{5 . o; sfo{åf/f k|;Gg ePsL cfdfn]k|bfg u/s ] f] cflzjf{bsf] k|efjn] 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ 7'nf] kmn k|fKt x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /xs ] f] kfOG5 . cfdf gx'gx¿ ] o; lbg sf7df8f}s F f]dftftLy{ gfds tLy{df jf cGo tLyf{lbdf uO{ g'xfO{wj' fO{ u// ] l;bf tyf lk08 bfg ug'k{ b{5 . To; sfo{af6 lbjª\ut dftf k|;GGf eO{ lbPsf] cflzjf{bsf] k|efjn] 5f]/f–5f]/Lx¿ hg–wgn] ;';DkGg eO{ dxf;'v ef]u ug{ kfpg]x'G5g\ eGg]hgljZjf; kfOG5 . 57 kj{ ljz]iftM k"jL{ Pjd\ dWot/fO{If]q -wg'iff, dxf]Q/L, ;nf{xL_ If]qdf dflgg] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] / dxŒjk"0f{ rf8 57 xf] . of]sflQs z'Sn kIf ifi7Ldf vf;u/L hgsk'/df w'dwfdn] dgfOG5 . hgsk'/sf uª\uf;fu/, wg'iff;fu/, /Tg;fu/, clUgs'08, ljxf/s'08 / kfkdf]rgLh:tf tLg ;ohlt ;fu/ s'08x¿ tyf kf]v/L / @& cf]6f gbLx¿df j|tfn'ju{ ;"of]{bocl3 g} gbL lsgf/ uO{ kfgLdf 5ftL;Dd 8'a]/ 220÷g]kfn
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57 kj{df j|tfn' dlxnfx¿ :gfg Wofg u/]/ ;"of]{kf;gf, cf/fwgf / cf/tLsf nflu k"j{sf] k|sfzsf] k|ltIff u5{g\ . ;KtdLsf] laxfg ;"of]{bocl3 hnlsgf/fdf k'uL ;"of]{bodf g}j]Bf;d]t c3{ bfg ul/G5 . cfˆgf]efsn jf dgf]sfdgf k"0f{ xf];\ eGgfsf nflu sltko j|tfn'x¿ rflxF 5ftLn] 3;|]/ gbL lsgf/ jf kf]v/L5]p k'uL cfˆgf] s7f]/ ;fwgfaf6 j|t k"/f u5{g\ . ifi7Lsf] ;fFem ;"of{:t x'g] a]nfdf k|;fb / g}j]Bflb lnP/ c:tfpFbf] ;"o{nfO{ k|0ffd ub{5g\ . ;"of]{kf;gfaf6 dgf]sfdgf k"/f ug{ efsn ug]{n] ljz]if ¿kdf k"hf ug]{ of] kj{ xfn sf7df8f}F pkTosfnufot b]z}le/ dgfpg yflnPsf] 5 . xf]nL lxGb" ;+:s[ltdf k|To]s jif{sf] kmfu'g z'Sn k"l0f{dfnfO{ xf]nL k"l0f{df elgG5 . of] lxGb"x¿sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ rf8 xf] . xf]nL /ªx¿sf] rf8 xf] . kmfu'g dlxgfdf dgfOg] x'gfn] o; rf8nfO{ kmfu' k"l0f{df klg elgG5 . kmfu'g z'Sn ci6dLsf] lbg sf7df8f}Fsf] j;Gtk'/ b/af/cufl8 rL/ -ljz]if ¿kn] ;hfPsf] lnª\uf]_ uf9]kl5 xf]nL ;'? ePsf] dflgg] kmfu'kj{ k"l0f{dfsf] /flt pQm rL/nfO{ 9fn]/ hnfPkl5 ;dfKt ePsf] 7flgG5 . xf]nL lxGb'x¿sf] cToGt k|frLg kj{ xf] . o; kj{sf] j0f{g gf/b k'/f0f, eljio k'/f0fh:tf xf]nL kj{ lr/f]Tyfg k|frLg u|Gyx¿df klg pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . of] g]kfn kl/ro÷221
kj{ k|frLg ;dosf gfl:ts lx/0osZok', ltgsf 5f]/f k|Nxfb / alxgL xf]lnsfsf] syf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; kj{df kxf8df k"l0f{dfsf] lbg / t/fO{df ef]lnkN6 ;fj{hlgs labf x'G5 . gfuk~rdL g]kfne/df k|frLg ;dob]lv k|To]s jif{ Clifk~rdL, >Lk~rdL cflb k|d'v k~rdL ltlysf lbgx¿df dgfOg] kjf]{T;jx¿dWo] 3/3/sf 9f]sfx¿df gfuk6x¿ cyf{t\ gfu n]lv/fv]sf lrqx¿ 6fF;L ltgLx¿df / gfusf k|ltdfx¿df ljlwk"j{s k"hf u/L >fj0fz'Sn k~rdLsf lbg dgfOg]gfuk~rdL gfds kjf]{T;j klg Pp6f xf] . s'z] cf}“;L k|To]s jif{ efb|s[i0f cf}F;Lsf] lbg s'z] cf}F;L kb{5 . o; lbg a|fXd0fx¿n] h'g;'s} zf:qLo lgTo g}ldlQs sd{x¿df geO{ gx'g] kljq s'zx¿ zf:qf]Qm jrgfg';f/ ljlwk"j{s k"hf u/L 5]bg u/]/ o; lbg s'zsf d'7f 3/df /fVgfn] sNof0f x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] To; s'zsf] gfdaf6 o; kjf]{T;jsf] gfd s'z] cf}F;L /xg uPsf] kfOG5 . o;lbg afa'nfO{ 7'nf] >4f elQmsf ;fy ¿lrcg';f/sf vfB j:t'x¿ VjfO{ cflzjf{bsf]sfdgf ug]{rng /x]sf] 5 . afa' gx'g]x¿n] cfˆgf afa'sf] gfdaf6 l;wfbfg, >f4 cflb u/]/ u'? k'/f]lxtx¿nfO{ cfˆgf afa'sf] k|tLs dfg]/ s]xL vfB j:t' v'jfpg] ul/G5 . lqm;d; ljZjsf cGo d'n'ssf lqmlZrog wdf{jnDaLh: t}g] kfndf klg O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLx¿n] @% l8;]Da/df w'dwfd;Fu lqm:d; dgfpF5g\ . dflg;af6 ePsf] kfksf] k|folZrtsf vflt/ o;' lv|:6sf] qm;df em'lG8P/ ePsf] alnbfgLsf] :d/0f:j¿k dgfOg] o; kj{df O;fO{ wdf{jnDaLx¿n] ljZj zflGt, k|]d / cfzfsf lglDt rr{x¿df uO{ k|fy{gf ug]{ / z'esfdgf Pjd\ pkxf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ub{5g\ . of]lbg ;fj{hlgs labf x'G5 . ^=@=@ g]kfnsf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljj/0f k|frLgsfnb]lv k/Dk/fsf] ¿kdf rlncfPsf dfgj ;+:sf/nfO{ g} ;+:s[lt elgG5 . wfld{s cf:yf / ljZjf; emlNsg] ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf elgG5 . xfd|f k/Dk/fut d"No dfGotfx¿, /xg;xg, wd{ /wfld{s u|Gyx¿, nf]sg[To, clen]v, lznfkqx¿ g} ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . ;g\ @)!( ;Dddf ljZjsf P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf *^( cf]6f :yfgx¿ ljZj ;Dkbfdf k/]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf !) cf]6f :yfgx¿nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5, To;dWo] * :yfgx¿ P]ltxfl;s tyf ;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf 222÷g]kfn
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/x]sf 5g\ . log} ljleGGf ;Dkbfn] g} ;dfhsf] ljz]iftfnfO{ k|ltljlDat ub{5g\ . ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k'/ftŒj ljefusf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ef}lts / cef}lts u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf x'G5g\ . ef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿– kf}/fl0fs d7dlGb/, u'Daf, :t"k, d"lt{, zflns, P]ltxfl;s b/af/, tfd|kq, lznfn]vh:tf clen]vx¿, nf]sg[To, nf]safhf, lrqsnf, Clifd'lgsf tkf]e" ldsf ¿kdf / x]sf lxdfn–kxf8 tyf gbLx¿ P] ltxfl;s u'kmf tyf tLy{:yn, >Lv08, ¿b|fIf, wfld{s dxŒjsf j[Ifx¿, k|frLg u/uxgf, k|frLg xftxltof/cflb . cef}lts ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿– wd{, k/Dk/f, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, rfnrng, /Lltlylt, rf8kj{, ltyL, j|t, cflb cef}lts ;f+:s[ lts ;Dkbfx¿ x'g\ . ^=@=# ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf ;f+:s[ lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿M dfgjLo dl:tis, ;dfh / ;+:sl[ tsf] ljsf;;Fu} uxgfsf ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf w/fx] /, :df/s, :df/s :ynx¿ ax'dN" o ;Dkbfx¿ x'g \ . tL ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj dfgj hfltsf ;femf ;Dkbf x'g,\ o;sf];+/If0f u'g'{ xfdL ;a}sf] bfloTj xf] . To:tf :df/sx¿ gfz ePkl5 k'gM :yfkgf ug{ k|foM c;Dej x'G5 . ltgsf] gfz x'g' ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;Dkbfx¿sf] gf; x'g' xf], ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f ul/gk' b{5 eGg] p2]Zon] UNESCO n]ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldlt cGtu{t ljleGg ;f+:s[lts tyf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ Convention Concerning the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, (World Heritage Convention, 1972) ljZj ;Dkbf dxf;lGwsf] ¿kdf :yflkt u/L o;sf] k|fjwfg cg'¿k ljZj ;Dkbfsf] ¿kdf ;"rLs[t ug]{ sfd eO{/xs ] f] 5 . World Heritage Convention, 1972 ;g\ !(&% b]lv nfu' ePsf] xf] eg] g]kfnn] ;g\ !(&* df o;sf] cg'df]bg u/s ] f] xf] . ^=@=#=! ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf s_ sf7df8f}F pkTosf ;g\ !(&* df g]kfn kIf /fHo jf ;b:o ag]kl5 sf7df8f}FpkTosfsf clålto, cg'kd ;f+:s[ lts ;Dkbfx¿sf]ljlzi6 ljZjJofkL dxŒj, cflwsfl/stf Pjd\ cljlR5Ggtfsf] sf/0f ltgsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ug{ g]kfnn] u/]sf] cg'/f]wnfO{ cg'df]bg u/L UNESCO/WHC n] ljZj ;Dkbfdf ;dfj]z ug]{ lg0f{o u¥of] (UNESCO/WHC, 1979) . o;/L sf7df8f}FpkTosfsf ;ft If]qx¿nfO{ Ps ¿kdf sf7df8f}FpkTosf ljZj ;Dkbf :yn egL ;"rLs/0f ul/;s]kl5 g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] g}lts bfloTj Pjd\ pRr :t/Lo ;'/Iff jf ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfnsf] ;Dkbf ;+/If0f ;DaGwL g]kfn kl/ro÷223
sf7df8f}F b/af/ If]q
kf6g b/af/ If]q k|d'v sfg'gsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k|frLg :df/s ;+/If0f P]g, @)!# sf] bkmf # cg';f/ oL ;ft If]qx¿nfO{ rf/ lsNnf tf]sL ;LdfÍg u/L qmdzM :joDe" -lj=;+= @)#^_, xg'dfg9f]sf, kf6g / eQmk'/ b/af/ If]q, rfFu'gf/fo0f tyf af}4 -lj=;+= @)$!_, kz'klt -@)%%_ nfO{ cnu cnu ;+/lIft :df/s If]q egL 3f]if0ff -g]kfn ;/sf/, @)#^, @)$!, @)%%_ u/]sf] lyof] . 224÷g]kfn
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eQmk'/ b/af/ If]q v_ n'lDagL, eujfg a'4sf]hGd:yn, ljZj ;Dkbf :yn
kljq kf]v/L -k'isl/0fL_ sf] k[i7efudf b]lvPsf] dfofb]jLsf] dlGb/, n'lDagL eujfg a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] ¿kdf kl/lrt n'lDagLnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf dxf;lGw, !(&@ sf]cg'df]bg u/]sf]s/La !& aif{ kl5 ;g !((^ df dfq ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{sf nflu o'g]:sf] ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldltdf cg'/f]w u/L k7fOPsf] / To;}sf] csf]{ ;fn cyf{t\ ;g !((& df ljZj ;Dkbf ;ldltn] ;'rLdf ;"rLs[t ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] (UNESCO/WH 1997) . g]kfn kl/ro÷225
n'lDagL kljq pBfg / j/k/ ePsf ljleGg k'/ftflŒjs cjz]ifx¿n] of] If]q af}4 wd{ Pjd\ bz{gsf k|jt{s eujfg a'4sf hGd;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw /x]sf] 5, h'g wd{ / bz{g jt{dfg ljZjsf clwstd dfgj ;d'bfon] cjnDag ul//xs ] f] 5 . ^=@=#=@ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿M != ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'Gh :yfkgfM @)#@ ;fn -;g\ !(&^_ dWojtL{ If]qsf] :yfkgfM @)%* ;fn -;g\ @))@_ If]qkmnM !,!$* ju{ ls=ld= dWojtL{ If]qsf] If]qkmnM @&% ju{ ls=ld= k"j\ L{ g]kfnsf] ;u/dfyf c~rnsf] ;f]nv ' D' a' lhNnfdf /xs ] f] of] /fli6«o lgs'~h ljZjsf] ;jf]R{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyf -**$* ld=_ nfO{ ;d]6/] km}lnPsf] 5 . o;}u/L ^,))) ld6/ eGbf cUnf Nxf]T;], g'K;], rf]o," Nxf]T;];f/, k'df]/L, cfdfbAnd, yfd;]s'{ h:tf lxdr'r/' fx¿n] o; lgs'~hsf] uf}/jnfO{ cem a9fPsf 5g\ . oxfF :yfgLo afl;Gbf / kj{tf/fx] Lx¿n] k|of]u ub}{ cfPsf uf]Sof], v'Da', 5'sd ' / gfª\kf d'Vo rf/cf]6f pkTosfx¿ /xs ] f 5g\ . o; lgs'~h leqsf] uf]Sof] / ;Dj4 tfnx¿nfO{ ;g @))& df /fd;f/ ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . pRr kj{tLo jftfj/0f /xs ] f] o; /fli6«o lgs'~hdf uf]a]| ;Nnf, l7+u]| ;Nnf, x]dns, w'kL, ef]hkq, u'/fF; hftsf ?vx¿ kfOG5g\ . j;Gt Ct'df nfnLu'/fF;sf km"nx¿n] lgs'~h leqsf] h+unnfO{ clt dgf]/d / ;'Gb/ agfpF5g\ . s:t/" L d[u, lxdfnL efn', lxpF lrt'jf, yf/, 3f]/n, emf/n h:tf jGohGt'x¿sf ;fy} 8fFkm], lrlnd], sflnh, lxd s'v/' f, nfnr'Rr] sfu -6'ªu\ f_ / kx]n + f] r'Rr] sfu -6]d' nufot !(# k|hfltsf r/fx¿ o; /fli6«o lgs'~hsf k|fs[lts uxgf x'g \ . ;g\ !(&( b]lv o; /fli6«o lgs'~hnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . @= lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'Gh :yfkgfM @)#) ;fn -;g\ !(&#_ dWojtL{ If]qsf] :yfkgfM @)%# ;fn -;g\ !((^_ If]qkmnM (%@=^# ju{ ls=ld= dWojtL{ If]qsf] If]qkmnM &@(=#& ju{ ls=ld= lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, k;f{ / k"jL{gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf s]xL e"efux¿df km}lnPsf] of] /fli6«o lgs'~h g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fli6«o lgs'~h xf] . o;sf] If]qkmn (%@=^# ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . o; lgs'~hn] r'/] kxf8, /fKtL, gf/fo0fL / l/p gbLsf d'Vo If]qx¿nfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . lgs'~hsf] sl/a &) k|ltzt jg If]q ;fnsf] h+unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . ljZjd} b'n{e dflgPsf] Psl;Fu] u}F8f, kf6] af3, ;f]+;, 226÷g]kfn
kl/ro
Psl;+u] u}8+ f uf}/LufO{, sf7] efn', lrt'jf, /t'jf, lrQn, nu'gf, h/fof], rf}l;+u], afFb/ / nª\u'/nufot ^) eGbf a9L lsl;dsf :tgwf/L hª\unL hgfj/x¿ kfOG5g\ . o;}u/L 3l8ofn uf]xL, du/ uf]xL, clhË/ nufot ;l/;[k tyf peor/, a;fO{ ;/L cfPsf / /}yfg] u/L %$^ eGbf a9L hftsf r/fr'?ËL / ljleGg lsl;dsf ls/f km6\ofË|fx¿n]o; lgs'~hnfO{ cem wgL agfPsf 5g\ . log}k|fs[lts dxŒjsf j:t'x¿sf] ;+/If0fnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;g\ !(*$ df lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hnfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf]5 . –;|f]tM g]kfn ;/sf/ jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu
^=@=#=# ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbf :ynx¿ g]kfnn];g\ !((^ /;g\ @))* df u/L b'O{k6s ljleGg /fli6«o ;Dkbfx¿nfO{ ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbfsf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/;s]sf]5, h;dWo];g !((^ df ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbfsf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t u/]sf]n'lDagL, eujfg a'4sf] hGd:ynnfO{ ;g\ !((& df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cfkm\g} kxndf ul/Psf] cg'/f]w cg'¿k k|lqmofut ¿kdf g}ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf lyof] . o;sf cltl/Qm b]xfosf /fli6«o ;Dkbf :ynx¿ xfn;Dd klg ;Defljt ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ 1. Cave architecture of Muktinath Valley of Mustang (23/05/1996) 2. Khokana, the vernacular village and its mustard-oil seed industrial heritage (23/05/1996)
g]kfn kl/ro÷227
3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Ramagrama, the relic stupa of Lord Buddha (23/05/1996) The early medieval architectural complex of Panauti (23/05/1996) The medieval palace complex of Gorkha (23/05/1996) Tilaurakot, the archaeological remains of ancient Shakya Kingdom (23/05/1996) Medieval Earthern Walled City of Lo Manthang (30/01/2008) Medieval Settlement of Kirtipur (30/01/2008) Nuwakot Palace Complex (30/01/2008) Ram Janaki Temple (30/01/2008) Bhurti Temple Complex of Dailekh (30/01/2008) Rishikesh Complex of Ruru Kshetra (30/01/2008) Sinja valley (30/01/2008) The Medieval Town of Tansen (30/01/2008) Vajrayogini and early settlment of sankhu (30/01/2008)
tflnsf g+= ^=# ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t g]kfnsf k|fs[lts /;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ qm=;+= ! @ # $
;Dkbf rfFu'gf/fo0f eQmk'/ b/af/ :joDe'gfy af}4gfy :t'kf
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d'Vo cfsif{0f rfFu'gf/fo0f dlGb/sf] lznfn]v kRkGg em\ofn] b/af/ ljZjljVoft af}4 dxflaxf/ #^ ld=cUnf] af}4 :t'kf sfi6d08k, xg'dfgsf] d'lt{, j;Gtk'/ b/af/, tn]h' dlGb/, s'df/L 3/, ;ª\u|fxno cflb, kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/, hojfu]Zj/L, b]jkQg, Zn]ifdfGts jg, u'Xo]Zj/L cflb, s[i0f dlGb/, dxfaf}4, /ftf] dl5Gb|gfysf] dlGb/, ;ª\uf| xno cflb . ;u/dfyf, Xnf]T;], rf]o'h:tf lxdlzv/, 8fFkm], lxpFlrt'jf cflb .
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a'4sf] hGd:yn, dfofb]jL dlGb/, czf]s:tDe, k'isl/0fL kf]v/L ;ª\u|fxno cflb .
;|f]tM g]kfn ;/sf/ ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\og dGqfno, k'/ftTj ljefu .
^=@=$ /fli6«o ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL bL3{sfnLg gLlt g]kfn ;/sf/af6 /fli6«o ;f+:s[lts gLlt @)^& hf/L ul/Psf] 5 . efiff, snf, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / ;ª\uLt gf6\o If]qsf] ljsf;, k|j4{g / ;+/If0fsf nflu g]kfn k|1f k|lti7fg, g]kfn nlntsnf k|1f k|lti7fg /g]kfn ;ª\uLt tyf gf6\o k|1f k|lti7fgsf]u7g eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
/fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL /fli6«o clen]vfno, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno 5fpgL, /fli6«o d'b|f ;ª\u|xfno, /fli6«o snf ;ª\u|xfno eQmk'/, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno kf]v/f, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno ;'v]{t, If]qLo ;ª\u|xfno wgs'6f, uf]/vf ;ª\u|xfno, slknj:t' ;ª\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf eO{ k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x¿ ;+/If0ftkm{ sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L &@ lhNnfsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;"rLs/0f eO{ To;} cg'¿ksf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy}, ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ;Dkbfx¿sf] g]kfn kl/ro÷229
;+/If0fsf nflu sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf / kljq wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 If]qsf] @) jif]{ u'?of]hgf :jLs[t ePsf], cGo hftLo ;ª\u|xfnox¿ :yfkgfsf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO{ :yfgLo lgsfo / ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf w/fg, lrtjg, sLlt{k'/, kf]v/f, bfª / h'Dnfdf hftLo ;ª\u|xfnox¿ :yfkgf sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf], sf7df8f}Fsf] uf]s0f{df hgcfGbf]ng tyf ;lxb :d[lt ;ª\u|xfnosf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ;'? ul/Psf], gf/fo0flx6L b/af/ ;ª\u|xfno :yfkgf eO{ s]xL efu ;j{;fwf/0fsf] cjnf]sgsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] ;fy} d}lynL ;flxTosf dxfslj ljBfkltsf] :d[lt k'/:sf/sf nflu ¿ ! s/f]8sf] cIfosf]if :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . n'lDagL, kz'klt / hgsk'/ If]qsf u'?of]hgfcg'¿k k"jf{wf/ ljsf;;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx¿;d]t ;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ .
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g]kfnsf] efiff, ;flxTo / snf &=! efiff g]kfn ax'efifL b]z xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿nfO{ /fi6«efiffsf] dfGotf lbPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] . g]kfnL efiff ;Dks{sf] efiff klg xf] . k|frLg g]kfndf ls/ft, ;+:s[t, kfnL cflb efiff / a|fX\dL, l;l/hª\3f, b]jgfu/L, /Ghgf cflb lnlk ljsl;t xF'b} uPsf] kfOG5 . pQ/fw{df ;+:s[t efiffsf] ljsf; cGo efiffsf] bfFhf]df cTolws
xfd|f cu|h ;flxTosf/x¿ g]kfn kl/ro÷231
dfqfdf ePsf] kfOG5 . hol:ylt dNnsf] pbo ePkl5 dWosfndf g]jf/L efiff lnlvt ¿kdf ;'?cft ePsf]xf] . o;sfndf g]kfndf cGo ljleGg efiffx¿ cl:tTjdf /x]klg lnlvt ¿kdf ltgLx¿sf] jr{:j e]l6Psf] 5}g . d';ndfg Jofkf/Lsf] k|j]zkl5 dWosfndf pb"{ / kmf/;L efiffsf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . b/af/df ;+:s[t, d}lynL, aËfnL, ef]hk'/L, cjwL / kj{t] -g]kfnL_ efiffsf 1ftfx¿ klg lyP eGg] s'/f Oltxf;af6 k|i6 x'G5 . &=!=! g]kfndf af]lng] d'Vo efiffx¿ -/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/_ qm= efiff ;+= 1. g]kfnL 2. d}lynL 3. ef]hk'/L 4. yf¿ 5. tfdfª 6. g]jf/L 7. du/ 8. cjwL 9. jfGtjf 10. u'?ª 11. lnDa" 12. alHhsf 13. pb"{ 14. /fhj+zL 15. z]kf{ 16. lxGbL 17. rflDnª 18. ;Gyfn 19. r]kfª 20. bg'jf/ 232÷g]kfn
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gofF efiff klxrfg Effiff cfof]un] la=;+ @)&^ sflQs !* ut] /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z u/]sf] aflif{s k|ltj]bgdf gofF efiffsf] klxrfgnfO{ ;+:yfut u/]sf] 5 . h'g b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\ . qm= ;+= efiff lhNnf ! /fgf yf? s~rgk'/ @ Gff/ km' dgfª # r'd -l;of/_ uf]/vf
$ g'a|L -nfs]{_ % kf]8 \s] ^ ;]/f s]
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&=!=@ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ g]kfnL efiff ef/fk] n ] L efiff kl/jf/sf] tT;d ju{leq kg]{ efiff xf] . o;sf] ;DaGw cfo{ O/fg]nL zfvfsf] cfw'lgs cfo{ efiff;Fu /xs ] f] kfOG5 . g]kfnL efiff, cfw'lgs cfo{ efiffx¿dWo] Ps xf] . of] ;+:st[ , k|fs[t / cke+z | x'bF } ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . k|fs[t tyf cke+z | sf] s'g zfvfaf6 g]kfnL efiffsf] hGd ePsf] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf ljåfgx¿ Psdt x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] ¿kdf lnOG5 . of] efiffnfO{ ;a}n] a'em\g,] s'/fsfgL ug{ ;lhn};lsg], ;Dks{ efiff, zAbfjnL efiff, efiff k|of]ustf{, ;flxTo, ;flxTosf/ / efiff;]jLsf lx;fan] ;a}eGbf wgL efiffsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 234÷g]kfn
kl/ro
eflifs k'/ftflŒjs ljz]iftf / /fhgLlts 36gfqmdsf cfwf/df g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;qmdnfO{ lgDglnlvt tLg sfndf afFl8Psf]5 . -s_ k|fylds r/0f k|frLg sfn lj=;+= !)$) b]lv !%$( ;fn;Dd /xs ] f] kfOG5 . o;sf] k|df0fsf ¿kdf lj=;= !)#* sf] bfd'kfnsf] clen]vnfO{ lnOG5 . ;Ktl;Gw' k|bz ] b]lv k"j{ xfnsf] g]kfn;Dd v;x¿ lkmlhPsf lyP . ef/tsf] d'un ;fd|fHo lj:tf/sf qmddf ;Defljt cfqmd0f k|Tofqmd0fsf nflu x'Dnf >Lkfnsf /fhf gfu/fhn] lj=;+= !)$) df PsLs/0f u/L ljzfn v; clw/fHosf] :yfkgf u/s ] f] Oltxf; k|fKt ePsf]5 . logL v; lyPgg\, ltAatL lyP . P6\lsG;g //fx'n ;f+sT[ ofogn] lbPsf] ljj/0fcg';f/ pgL ;|fª] –rª uDkf]sf afx|fF} j+z x'g \ . To;}n] klg logsf] dft[efiff ltAatL lyof] eGg] a'lemG5 . csf]{ s'/f pgsf ;Gtfgsf] gfd rfk -of] gfd xf]Og, of] ;+:sl[ tdf /fhf eGg] cy{sf] l;GhfnL zAb xf]_, rflkNn -of] klg gfd xf]Og, of] rfksf 5f]/f eGg] cy{sf] l;GhfnL zAb xf]_, qmfl;rNn -qmfl;sf] 5f]/fM] oxfF ltAatL / v; zAb hf]l8Psf] b]lvG5_, qmflwrNn -qmflwsf] 5f]/f_] , qmfrNn -qmfsf] 5f]/f_] /xa] f6 klg Tof] j+z ltAatL jQmf ePsf] :ki6 x'G5 . t/, k|hfx¿sf] hg;ª\Vofdf v;x¿ a9L ePsfn] /fhfx¿ klg lj:tf/} v; hfltdf ¿kfGtl/t x'bF } uPsf] / :yfgLo v; k|hfx¿s} efiffnfO{ /fHoefiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u u/s ] f] b]lvG5 . To;a]nf k"jn {] L v; /fHosf k|dv ' b'Oc { f]6f k|fGt lyPM v;x¿sf] 3gf a;f]af; ePsf] v;fg / hf8 jf ef]6x] ¿sf] a;f]af; a9L ePsf]h8fg . o; v;fg k|fGtsf]/fhwfgLrflxF l;Ghf -jt{dfg h'Dnf_ lyof] . oL ;a} If]qdf Pp6} efiffsf] /fhsLo k|of]u ePsfn] o;nfO{ l;GhfnL eg]/ lrGg ;lsG5 . o;/L PsLs[t v;/fHo sfnb]lv o; efiffsf] pTklQ ePsf] dflgPsf] xf]Ù lsgeg] c¿ cfw'lgs ef/tLo cfo{efiffx¿sf] pTklQ ;do klg o;} ;dolt/ dflgPsf] 5 . oxL efiff k"jl{ t/ klg a9\b} u08sL If]q;Dd cfOk'Uof] . o;nfO{ kl5 kj{t] eGg yflnof] . o; l;GhfnL efiffsf k|frLg gd'gfx¿ ljleGg clen]vx¿df kfOPsf 5g\ . s]xL k|dv ' gd'gfx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\ M • czf]srNnsf] b'Nn'sf] lznfn]v • cflbTo dNnsf] tfd|kq • uf]/vfsf] tf3afO{ u'Dafdf k|fKt cflbTo dNnsf] tfd|kq • k'0o dNnsf] tfd|kq -v_ dWosfnLg r/0f gfu/fh ceo dNnsf] ;fd|fHo lj36gkl5 -v; /fHosf] lj36g_ 6'qm]/fHosf] :yfkgfn] ubf{ g]kfnL efiffn] klg k|frLg nIf0fx¿ u'dfpFb} dWosfnLg nIf0fx¿ k|fKt ug{ yfNof] . lj=;= !%%% sf] wjsd{7åf/f lnlvt sfjf]{l/s g]kfn kl/ro÷235
ljjf]if zfxLsf] tfd|kqsf] efiff dWosfnLg g]kfnL efiff nIf0fx¿sf] ¿kdf b]vf k¥of] . g]kfnL efiff ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLb]lv lj:tfl/t x'g yfNof] . o; ;dodf g]kfnL efiffefifLx¿ qmd}n] k"j{lt/ km}ng yfn] . of] qmd kxf8L tyf t/fO{sf e"efu tyf bfhL{lnª cf;fd x'Fb} adf{;Dd k'Uof] . o;/L km}lng] qmddf :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL efiffsf zAbx¿sf] cfudg g]kfnL effiffdf x'g yfNof] . o;} ;dodf g]kfnL efiffn] k|zf;gsf] dfWod aGg] cj;/ klg k|fKt u¥of] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f cleofg;Fu} g]kfnL efiffsf] Jofks ¿kdf k|rf/k|;f/ tyf lj:t[tLs/0fn] o;sf] dxŒj cem} a9]/ uof] . lj=;= !%%% sf] wjsd{7åf/f lnlvt sfaf]l{ /s ljjf]if zfxLsf] eflifs gd'gfb]lv lj=;= !($* sf] df]lt/fdåf/f lnlvt efg'eQmsf] hLjg rl/qsf af/d ] f pNn]v ul/Psf eflifs gd'gfsf cltl/Qm lj=;= !*%% sf] zlQmaNnesf] æxf:osbDjÆsf] efiff x]bf{ k|frLgsfnb]lv dWosfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL efiffn] cfˆgf] :ki6¿k b]vfO;s]sf] / sfJo / ;flxTotkm{ klg of] efiff nf]slk|o eO;s]sf] kfOG5 . -u_ cfw'lgs r/0f uf]/vfkqsf] -!(%*_ k|sfzg;Fu} g]kfnL efiffsf] cfw'lgs sfnsf] yfngL ePsf] dflgG5 . uf]/vfkqsf] k|sfzgkl5 g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df uf]/vfkqsf ;fy cGo ljleGg kqklqsfx¿sf]klg dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xs ] f] kfOG5 . ;'Gb/L -!(^#_, dfwjL -!(^%_ h:tf kqklqsfx¿n] g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf; / k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{df lbPsf] of]ubfg clj:d/0fLo /xs ] f] 5 . /fddl0f cf=bL= sf] xnGt alxisf/ cfGbf]ngnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg dfwjL -!(^%_ n] v]ns ] f] e"ldsf tyf :jod\ /fddl0fs} of]ubfgnfO{ klg la;{g ;lsFbg} . eflifs :t/Ls/0fsf nflu xnGt alxisf/ cfGbf]ngn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg cf]u6] s ] f] 5 . To;kl5 rlGb|sf Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzg tyf ljleGg k|ltef ;DkGg slj, n]vsx¿sf] ;fwgsf] n]Vok|jl[ taf6 d'Qm x'bF } lj:tf/} cfw'lgstftkm{ 9Nsb} u/s ] f] k'li6 x'G5 . To;kl5 g]kfnL efiffnfO{ rf]vf] agfpg] sfo{df zf/bf -!((!_ klqsf tyf em/fj{] fbL cfGbf]ng -@)!#_ sf] ljz]if e"ldsf /xs ] f] 5 . em/fj{] fbL cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL efiffnfO{ lhpFbf], hfUbf] / le/nf] agfpg 7]6 g]kfnL zAb k|of]udf ljz]if hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . jt{dfg g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ljleGg ;flxlTos / ;flxTo]Q/ u|Gyx¿, zAbsf]z tyf Jofs/0fsf] k|sfzg tyf o;;DaGwL ePsf ljljw sfo{n] g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsl;t l:yltsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] 5 . To;sf cltl/Qm /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] dfGotf, ljb]zLx¿sf] g]kfnL efiffk|ltsf] cle?rL, ef/tLo ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}F cg';"rLdf g]kfnL efiffn] kfPsf] :yfgnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ cfw'lgs g]kfnL efiffsf] dxŒj pRr /x]sf] dflgG5 . 236÷g]kfn
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cfw'lgs sfndf lzIff, ;~rf/ / k|sfzgn] g]kfnL efiffsf] nf]slk|otf a9\b} uPsf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ dxŒj lbOg' / ljb]zLx¿n] ;d]t o;tkm{ ?lr a9fpg'n] o;sf] dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] tYo xfd|f;fd' :ki6 5 . o;/L g]kfnL efiffsf] jt{dfg ¿knfO{ l:y/ tyf dfgs agfpg ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf] k|of;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsb}g . &=!=# efiff kl/jf/ ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/ ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/ lgDg adf]lhd kl/eflift 5 . ef/f]k]nL ;td, cNaflgofnL, jfN6]nL, :nfd]nL, cfd]{g]nL / cfo{O/fg]nL s]Gt'd s]N6]nL, hd{g]nL, lu|;]nL, O6fn]nL, tf]vf/]njL / lx6\6]nL ef/f]k]nL ;Dk"0f{ efiff kl/jf/x¿dWo]sf] ;jf{lws ;d[4 efiff kl/jf/ xf] . ef/tLo pkdxfåLk / o''/f]k d'Vo If]q /x]sfn] o;sf] gfd ef/f]k]nL /xg uPsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf a9L hg;ª\Vofn] af]Ng] tyf o'/f]k / Pl;of dxfb]zsf ljleGg e"efux¿ d'Vo If]q /x] klg ;+;f/sf ;a} h;f] If]qdf km}lnPsf] o; efiff kl/jf/n] ;flxTo, ;Eotf, ;+:s[lt, 1fg, lj1fg, /fhgLlt, cflb x/]s If]qsf] g]t[Tj lnPsf] 5 . efiff j}1flgs b[li6n] klg o;sf] cWoogdf ;jf{lws sfo{ ePsf]5 . ;+:s[ t, cj]:tf, lu|s, Nofl6g, ?;L, hd{g cflb ljZjsf k|frLg Pjd\ ;d[4 efiffx¿ o;} kl/jf/sf dflgG5g\ . ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf] gfds/0fsf ;DaGwdf ljåfgx¿lar dte]b kfOG5 . o;nfO{ ljåfgx¿n] OG8f]]–hd{lgs, OG8f]–o'/f]lkog, OG8f]–lx§]nL, cfo{ kl/jf/ cflb leGg–leGg gfd lbPsf] b]lvG5 . h;n] h]–h:tf] gfdfs/0fsf] k|:tfj u/]klg ef/f]k]nL -OG8f]–o'/f]lkog_ gfdn] g} nf]slk|otf xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf] d"n ynf] / d"n k|of]Qmfsf af/]df s'g} 7f]; lg0f{o x'g ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . oBlk O{=k"= $%)) jif{cl3 ef/f]k]nL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ Ps} 7fpFdf a:y] / Pp6} efiff af]Ny] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . d"n ynf] c1ft /x]klg efiff j}1flgsx¿n] t'ngfTds cWoogsf dfWodaf6 ef/f]k]nLsf] sfNklgs d"n efiffsf] lgdf{0f u/L ltgsf k|of]QmfnfO{ …lj/f];Ú gfd lbPsf] b]lvG5 . h;af6 ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf d"n k|of]Qmfx¿ …lj/f];Ú hflt lyP eGg] lgisif{ lgsflnPsf] kfOG5 . b|lj8 kl/jf/ b|lj8 hfltåf/f af]lng] efiffnfO{ b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/cGtu{t /flvG5 . d'VotM g]kfn kl/ro÷237
ef/tsf] tldngf8' /fHo tyf dn]l;of, OG8f]g]l;of, >Lnª\sf, adf{nufot k"jL{ / blIf0f clk|msf cflb If]qdf o; kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ af]Ng] ul/G5 . O{=k"= !%)) eGbf klxn]b]lv g} af]nLrfnLdf cfPsf] o; kl/jf/sf] d'Vo efiff tldn xf] . ;flxTo, ;Eotf / ;+:s[ltsf b[li6n] tldn efiff cToGt ;d[4 b]lvG5 . tldnafx]s o; kl/jf/cGtu{t ;]Gtldn, dnofnd, sGgf8f, t]n'u', sf]nfdL cflb efiff kb{5g\ . b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/sf] d'Vo ljz]iftf cGtM of]ufTds xf] . b'O{ jrg / tLg lnËsf] Joj:yf kfOg] o; kl/jf/sf efiffdf sd{jfRosf] Joj:yf kfFOb}g . d"4{Go Wjlgsf] k|fwfGo kfOg] o; kl/jf/sf efiffdf :j/fGt zAbsf] k|of]u clws /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljelQmsf] sfd k|Tooaf6 rnfOg' o; kl/jf/sf efiffx¿sf] ljz]iftf xf] . To;afx]s kof{Kt cfuGt's zAbsf] k|of]u x'g', lnË lgwf{/0fsf lglDt cfjZostfcg';f/ gflds zAb;Fu …k'?ifÚ / …:qLÚ jfrs zAbx¿ hf]l8g'h:tf ljz]iftfx¿ klg b|lj8 efiff kl/jf/sf ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf b]lvG5g\ . g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf] emfFu8 -wfFu8_ efiff af]Ng] ul/G5 . ef]6 ad]{nL -lrlgof“ ltAatL_ kl/jf/ eflifs jQmfsf b[li6n] ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/kl5sf] bf];|f] 7'nf] efiff kl/jf/ xf] lrlgofF ltAatL . d'VotM rLg, ltAat / adf{df af]lng] o; kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ aª\unfb]z, yfONofG8, g]kfn, e'6fg, leotgfd cflb b]zx¿df klg af]lnG5g\ . o; kl/jf/nfO{ ljåfgx¿n] ef]6–ad]{nL / yfO{–lrlgofF u/L b'O{ ju{df ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfndf o; kl/jf/sf tfdfª -d'dL{_, g]jf/L, du/, /fO{, ls/ftL, u'?ª, lnDa", z]kf{, r]kfª, ;'g'jf/, yfdL, lwdfn, ltAatL, lh/]n cflb y'k|} efiffx¿ af]lnG5g\ . o; kl/jf/sf k|d'v eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M • cof]ufTds efiff • PsfIf/L efiff • :yfgaf6 zAbsf] cy{ lgwf{/0f x'g] efiff • tfgsf dfWodaf6 cy{e]b x'g] efiff • cg'gfl;s Wjlgsf] afx'No ePsf] efiff • cnu–cnu zAbsf nflu cnu–cnu lrGx x'g]-j0f{df cIf/gx'g_] efiff cfUg]o kl/jf/ cfUg]nL efiff kl/jf/nfO{ cfUg]l;ofnL÷cfUg]o jf cl:6«s efiff kl/jf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 . blIf0f–k"j{ Pl;of d'Vo ynf] /x]sf] o; kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ cGgfd, sDaf]l8of, adf{, yfONofG8, ef/t x'Fb} lgsf]]af/ åLk;Dd km}lnPsf] b]lvG5 . 238÷g]kfn
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g]kfndf klg o; kl/jf/sf] ;tf/÷;Gyfn effiffsf] k|of]u x'g] ub{5 . o; efiff kl/jf/sf d'Vo tLg zfvf b]lvG5g\– d'G8f of sf]n, df]g:jd]/ / cGgfd d'cfª . df]g–Vd]/ efiff ;d"x o; kl/jf/sf] ck]Iffs[t ;zQm b]lvG5 . o; efiffdf ;flxTosf] n]vg klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . df]g–:jd]/afx]s cGo efiffx¿df ;flxTo–l;h{gf ePsf] kfOFb}g . o; kl/jf/sf k|d'v eflifs ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M • d'VotM clZni6 of]ufTdstf • ljelQmsf] sfd pk;u{af6 lnOg] efiff • lnË lgwf{/0fsf lglDt d"n lnË lgwf{/s zAbsf] k|of]u ul/g] efiff -h:t} cfFl8of s'nM af3, Pª\uf s'nMal3gL_ • tLgcf]6f jrg ePsf] efiff • k'?ifcg';f/ lqmofdf ¿ke]b gkfOg] efiff cflb . tflnsf g+= &=! g]kfndf af]lng] ljleGg efiffkl/jf/ cGtu{tsf efiffx¿ qm=;+
efiff kl/jf/
efiffx¿ g]kfnL, d}lynL, ef]hk'/L, cjlw, yf¿, /fhj+zL, bg'jf/L dfemL, af]6], b/}, s'dfn, r'/]6L, df8jf/L, pb"{
!
ef/f]k]nL
@
g]jf/L, u'?ª, tfdfª, lnDa", ltAatL, z]kf{, lh/]n, sfut],Nxf]d], ªf]Nkf, l5t'/Lª, Nxf]s], n]Krf, 3n], ysfnL, dgfª, k"jL{ s]s], 5Gt]n, lrlgofF ltAatL Jof;L, du/, /fhL, /fp6], klZrdL tfdfª, a'hf, b'/f, vfd, r]kfª, yfdL, e|Fd', jfo' -xfo'_, kx/L, lwdfn, d]r], s';'08f, /fO{, ls/ftL, ;'g'jf/L, kxf/L
# $ %
cfUg]o b|lj8 cGo
;tf/jf ;GyfnL, cl8of emfFu8 jf wfFu8 vflnª, 8f]6]nL , v; jf v; s'/f, p/fp
&=!=$ s]xL efiffefifLsf lnlkx¿ ;+:s[t, g]kfnL, lxGbL tyf xfn k|rlnt g]jf/L efiffdf k|rlnt lnlk b]jgfu/L g]kfn kl/ro÷239
lnlk ljsf; tflnsf lnlk g} xf] h'g a|fx\dL lnlkaf6 ljsl;t ePsf] kfOG5 . o:tf] nf]slk|o a|fXdL lnlksf] pTklQaf/] dt}So /x]sf] kfOFb}g . gf/b :d[lt, j[x:klt :d[lt, h}g u|Gy 240÷g]kfn
kl/ro
n'lDagLsf] czf]s :tDedf ePsf] a|fXdL lnlksf] clen]v / Jx]g;fª\sf] j0f{gcg';f/ :jod\ a|XdfhLaf6 ;[li6 ePsf] lnlk ePsf] x'gfn] a|fXdL lnlk /Xof] eGg] dfGotf kfOG5 . To:t} lrlgof af}4wd{sf] ljZjsf]zsf n]vs kmfjfG;lngn] pNn]v u/]cg';f/ s'g} a|x\df gfdsf cfrfo{n] ;[li6 u/]sf] lnlk x'gfn] a|fXdL lnlk /xg uPsf] xf] elgG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gb{edf O;fk"j{ t];|f] ztfAbLdf ;d|f6 czf]såf/f n'lDagLdf :yflkt czf]s :tDedf / slknj:t'sf] lglUnxjfdf k|fKt :tDeflen]vdf clÍt a|fXdL lnlk xfn;Dd k|fKt ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]jf klxnf]lnlk dflgG5 . lj=;+= %@! kl5 k|fKt @)) hlt lnR5ljsfnLg clen]vx¿ klg a|fXdL lnlksf ljsl;t ¿k dflgG5g\ . g]kfnL, lxGbL, ;+:s[t / k|rlnt g]jf/L efiffsf] lnlk b]jgfu/L lnlk xf] . of] a|fXdL lnlksf] t];|f] ¿k s'l6nf lnlk / /~hgf lnlksf] ;lDd>0f 5 . of] lnlk b]jgfu/L jf b]jtfsf] lnlk ePsfn] b]jgfu/L lnlk /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . gjf}F ztfAbLb]lv kGw|f}F ztfAbL;Ddsf] cjlwnfO{ k|frLg b]jgfu/L lnlk / ;qf}F ztfAbLb]lv xfn;Dd b]jgfu/L u/L of] lnlknfO{ b'O{ v08df afFl8Psf] 5 . k|frLg sfndf a|fXdL lnlksf b'O{ ¿k lyP eg]dWosfndf emG8}@ bh{geGbf a9L lnlkx¿ ljsl;t eP, h;dWo] s]xLsf] ljj/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5 M g]kfn kl/ro÷241
• • • •
g]kfnL÷lxGbL M b]jgfu/L lnlk g]jf/L lnlk M /~hgf, a|fDxL, k|rlnt, e'lh+df], kfFr'df], s'l6nf cflb lnlk lnDa" M l;l/hª\3f lnlk pb"{ M c/aL lnlk &=@ ;flxTo efiffs} dfWodaf6 ;flxTosf] cleJolQm x'G5 . ;flxTo zAbsf] If]q Jofks jf lj:t[t /x]sf] 5 . ;+:s[tdf sfJonfO{ g} ;flxTo elgPsf] kfOP tfklg jt{dfgdf rflxF sfJo / ;flxTo cnu–cnu cl:tTjdf /x]sf kfOG5g\ . ;flxTon]syf, sljtf, pkGof;, lgaGw, gf6s cflb ;a}nfO{ ;d]6\ 5 . k"jL{o ljåfg efdxsf cg';f/ æzAb / cy{sf] ;xefj g} ;flxTo xf]Æ . g]kfndf k|rlnt k|d'v efiffx¿df ;flxTo l;h{gf ePsf]5 . oBlk To:tf ;flxTosf] klxrfg x'g g;s]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/nfO{ tLg sfndf ljefhg u/L cWoog ul/Psf] kfOG5 M -s_ k|fylds sfn M k|f/Deb]lv lj=;= !(#( ;Dd ;'?b]lv df]tL/fd e§sf] tyf z[ª\uf/sfn ;'?cft x'g'k"j{sf] ;do cfpF5 . o; cjlwdf lgDg tflnsf g+= &=@ df plNnlvt clen]vx¿ -lznfkq, tfd|kq, sgskq cflb_ /k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿;d]tsf];do klg kb{5 . tflnsf g+= &=@ efiffut clen]vx¿ ;do clen]v lj=;+=!!$^
;+uf| d l;+xn] hf/L u/s ] f] h'Dnfsf] 8'df| sf]6sf] clen]v
lj=;+=!#!@
l;Ghf -h'Dnf_ sf v; dNNf /fhf czf]s rNnsf] lznfn]v
lj=;+=!#!&–!#@& h'Dnfsf v; dNn /fhf cIfo dNnsf] clen]v lj=;+=!##&
c5fdsf] cIfo b]jndf k|fKt cIfo dNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!#$$
gfu dNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!#&#
b}n]vdf k|fKt clen]v
lj=;+=!#&*
uf]/vfdf k|fKt cflbTo dNnsf] clen]v
242÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lj=;+=!#*%
uf]/vfdf k|fKt k'0o dNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!#(#
lkpyk'{df k|fKt k'0o dNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!#($
k'0odNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!$!#
k[YjL dNnsf] h'Dnfsf] sgskq
lj=;+=!$!$
k[YjL dNnsf] h'7fBf] hf]O;L lnvt tfd|kq
lj=;+=!$!^
lg/okfnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!$##
ceo dNnsf] wd{/fh hf]O;L lnlvt clen]v
lj=;+=!$$*
ceo dNnsf] clen]v
lj=;+=!$&*
aemfª\df k|fKt ;'dlt jdf{sf]tfd|kq
lj=;+=!%#&
8f]6Ldf k|fKt sLlt{ dNnsf] tfd|kq
lj=;+=!&)!
kxf8L zfxLsf] tfd|kq
lj=;+=!&)$
h'Dnfsf /fhfaxfb'/ zfxsf] tfd|kq
lj=;+=!&@&
sf7df8f}Fsf] /fgLkf]v/Ldf k|fKt k|tfk dNnsf]] clen]v
lj=;+=!&^)
Ko'7fgsf /fhf k[YjLkltsf] tfd|kq
g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] cWoogsf] qmddf k|frLg x:tlnlvt u|Gyx¿ klg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . !% cf}FztfAbLb]lv kfOPsf o:tf k|frLg u|Gyx¿ lgs} dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . h:tf] M ef:jtL, /fhf uugL/fhsf] ofqf, v08sfJo, /fdzfxsf] hLjgL, jfhk/LIff, Hj/f]TklQ lrlsT;f, k|folZrt k|bLk g[kZnf]sL u|Gy / cf}ifwL /;fog u|Gy, cflb . g]kfnL ;flxTo n]vgsf] k|f/De k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] cleofg;Fu} ePsf] lyof] . To;}n] ;fx;, k/fqmd, jL/tf / k'?iffy{sf] sljtfTds cleJolQmaf6 g]kfnL ;flxTosf] ;'?jft ePsf] kfOG5 . ;'jfgGb bf; g]kfnsf klxnf slj dflgG5 . -v_ dfWolds sfn M lj=;= !($) b]lv !(&$ ;Dd of] ;do ljnf;L /f0ffx¿sf] rsrsL o'u ePsf]n] tTsfnLg ;flxTodf klg o;sf] k|efj kg{ uO{ z[ª\ufl/s sfJo tyf sljtfx¿sf] ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷243
jL/ufyfaf6 ;'? ePsf] g]kfnL ;flxToofqf k|fylds sfnd} elQm;fwgfdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf g]kfnL ;flxTosf] dfWolds sfnnfO{ df]tL/fd e§sfn eg] klg x'G5 . cNk cfo'df d[To' ePsf df]tL/fd e§n] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} g]kfnL ;flxTodf 7'nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf lyP . pgn] o; sfndf 5fkfvfgf vf]nL w]/} k':tsx¿ 5kfPsf lyP . lj=;= !($# df cfˆg} ;DkfbsTjdf uf]/vf ef/t hLjg gfds ;flxlTos klqsf k|sfzg u/]sf lyP . pgn] >[ª\ufl/s sljtfsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP . dfWolds sfndf z[ª\ufl/s sljtfx¿dfq /lrP eGg ldNb}g . /f0ffsfnsf] To; r/df]Tsif{ ;dodf klg pTs[i6 /rgfx¿ /lrPsf lyP . o; sfndf df]lt/fdnufot zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n, uf]kLgfy nf]xgL, rqmkf0fL rfln;], ;f]dgfy l;UBfn, lul/zjNne hf]zL, /fdk|;fb ;Tofn, kxndfg l;+x :jfF/ cflb kb{5g\ . dfWoflds sfnnfO{ k"j{dWo sfn -elQm ;flxTo_ /pQ/dWo sfn -z[ª\uf/ ;flxTo_ u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . elQm wf/fdf klg s[i0f elQm wf/f, /fdelQm wf/f / lgu'{0f elQm wf/f u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;flxTox¿ kfOG5 . -u_ cfw'lgs sfn M lj=;+= !(&% b]lv xfn;Dd slj lz/f]dl0f n]vgfy kf}8\ofnsf] cfudg;Fu} g]kfnL ;flxTodf cfw'lgs sfnsf] ;'?jft ePsf] dflgG5 . pgsf] …Ct'ljrf/Ú sfJo -lj=;+=!(&#_ df k|sflzt ePkl5 g]kfnL sljtfdf cfw'lgs sfnsf];'?jft ePsf]dflgG5 . afns[i0f ;dsf] …d'6'sf] JoyfÚ gf6s, ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnfsf] …bf]ifL r:dfÚ syf, k'is/;d;]/sf] …nIoxLgÚ Psfª\sL / afns[i0f ;dsf] …af]S;LÚnfO{ cfw'lgs ;flxTo dflgG5 . g]kfnL ;flxTon]@))& ;fnkl5 tLj| ult tyf prfO lnFb}cfPsf]kfOG5 . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf, dbg k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgfnufotsf ultljlwn] klg ;flxTosf] ;d[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL sljtfdf yflnPsf] @)!^–@)!& ;fnlt/sf cfofd]nL cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL ;flxTonfO{ gofF df]8 lbPsf]dflgG5 . tL; bzskl5 g]kfnL sljtf b'?xtfsf]ef;af6 p7\b};xhtf /snfTdstftkm{ pGd'v ePsf]kfOG5 . o;kl5 sljtf kmfF6df gofFgofF z}nL, k|of]u / wf/fx¿ b]vfkg{ yfn] . g]kfnL ;flxTo kl5Nnf] bzsdf cfP/ pQ/–cfw'lgs lrGtgaf6 k|efljt eO/x]sf] 5 . k/Dk/fut ;flxlTos ljwfsf :j¿k / z}nLdf lj36g cfPsf] 5 . lrGtg, z}nL / ljifonfO{ cTofw'lgs tl/sfn] ;flxTodf k|of]u ul/Fb} 244÷g]kfn
kl/ro
cfPsf] 5 . o;/L g]kfnL ;flxTo cfw'lgs sfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf w]/} k|sf/sf ;flxlTos s[ltx¿ k|sflzt eO;s]sf] kfOG5 . tflnsf g+= &=# g]kfnL efiffsf s]xL ;flxTosf/ / ltgsf k|d'v s[ltx¿ gfd÷pkgfd
k|sflzt k':tsx¿
efg'eQm cfrfo{ -cflbslj_ df]tL/fd e§ -o'jf slj, z[ª\ufl/s slj_
aw'lzIff, k|Zgf]Q/, eQmdfnf, k~rs k|k~r, lksb"t, uh]Gb|df]If, u'kmfi6s, sgs ;'Gb/L, lk|oblz{sf
zDe'k|;fb 9'Ë]n -cfz'slj_
zs'Gtnf, jL/l;Ssf
n]vgfy kf}8\ofn -slj lz/f]dl0f_
Ct' ljrf/, a'l4ljgf]b, t?0f tk;L, u+ufuf}/L, nIdLk"hf, uf}/L uf}/j cIf/dfnf, e"uf]n ljBf, kbfy{tŒj, lzIff bk{0f, Jojxf/dfnf, tTj k|z+;f
hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+x kxndfgl;+x :jfF/ ;"o{ljqmd 1jfnL u'¿k|;fb d}gfnL afns[i0f ;dz]/ /f0ff -afns[i0f ;d, gf6\o ;d|f6_
nIdLk|;fb b]jsf6f -dxfslj_
ledlglw ltjf/L
c6n axfb'/, Psnfv ?lkofFsf] rf]/L b|Jo zfx, /fdzfx, k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx, cd/l;+x yfkf, g]kfnL ;+lIfKt zAbsf]z gf;f] d'6s ' f] Joyf, k|Nxfb, d'sG' b OlGb/f, cGwj]u, eQmefg'eQm, d, k|d] lk08, cd/l;+x, df6f]sf] ddtf, led;]gsf] cGTo, df]lt/fd, pm d/s ] L 5}g, lgoldt cfsl:dstf kxf8L k'sf/, ;'gsf] laxfg, 5x/f, k'tnL, d[To' z}ofaf6, cfsfz af]N5, d}gf, /fj0f h6fo' o'4, zfs'Gtn, ;'nf]rgf, dxf/f0ff k|tfk, k[YjL/fh rf}xfg, d'gfdbg, rDkf, nIdL syf ;ª\u|x, nIdL lgaGw ;ª\u|x ;xgzLnf ;'lznf, k'tnL, rf}tf/f, nIdLgf/fo0f, df6f]sf] dfof, sljtf s'Gh, lj:kmf]6 g]kfn kl/ro÷245
ejfgL bf; u'Ktf -ejfgL leIf'_ rGb|k|;fb k|wfg -x[borGb|l;x k|wfg_ l;l4r/0f >]i7 -o''uslj_ uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn 8fodg ;d;]/ /f0ff uf]ljGbaxfb'/ dNn -uf]7fn]_
u'gs]z/L, d}of ;fx]j, cfjt{, 5fof, k|sfz, cfut e":ju{, h'Fuf, ckm;f];, u+ufnfnsf] lrtf, :jf:gLdfG5], Pslrxfg sf]lknf, d]/f] k|ltljDa, s'lx/f] / 3fd, pj{;L, cfF;', led;]g yfkf cfdfsf] ;kgf, d;fg, of] k|]d j;GtL, ;]tf]af3, ;Tk|of;, clgtf u[x k|jz ] sy}syf, k|]d / d[To', e';sf] cfuf], RofltPsf] kbf{, ef]sf] 3/
lzjs'df/ /fO{
k|mflG6o/, vx/], 8fFs a+unf, 8fFkm]r/L
uf]ljGbk|;fb k|wfg -s[i0frb|l;+x k|wfg_
eGHofª lg/}, zflns, cfutdf kfOnf 6]s]/ gjd~h/L, 3fdkfgL, lsGg/ lsGg/L, afnf nx/L, uf}/L, /fh]Zj/L, kflkgL cfdf, /fi6« lgdf{tf, zs'Gtnf, dfnltdª\un], cfkm\g} afF;'/L cfkm\g} uLt
dfwjk|;fb l3ld/] -/fi6« slj_
246÷g]kfn
kl/ro
OGb|axfb'/ /fO{ sdndl0f bLlIft
ljkgf sltko, syf:yf, cfh /ldtf 5 o:tf] klg, sfnf] cIf/, sfutLsf] l;/k, a'sL ;'g, ;Unf] cIf/
e"k]Gb|dfg z]/rg -e"lk z]/rg_
3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5], kl/jt{g, d}gaQLsf] lzvf
e}/j cof{n jflg/f lu/L
hoe'F8L, sfps'tL, unaGbL, bz cf}tf/ Pp6f lhpFbf] h+uaxfb'/, sf/ªu\ f/, lgaGw
lji0f's'df/L jfOjf -kfl/hft_
emdss'df/L l3ld/]
s]bf/dfg l;+x -Jolyt_
lz/L;fsf] km"n, d}n] ghGdfPsf] 5f]]/f], kvf{n leq / aflx/, dxQfxLg, a}F;sf] dfG5], cGtd'{vL, cfsf+Iff hLjg sfF8f ls km"n, ;ª\sNk, cfkm\g} lrtf clUglzvflt/, dfG5]leqsf of]4fx¿, cj;fg kl5sf] cfudg, emds l3ld/]sf sljtfx¿ ;ª\ud, k|0fj, cfjfh, lqj]0fL, d]/f] ;kgfdf xfd|f] b]z / xfdL
ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf
;'lDgdf, bf]ifL r:df, df]bL cfOg, lx6n/ / ox'bL, a'af, cfdf / 5f]/f, cfˆgf] syf
u0f]zaxfb'/ y'n'ª -u0f]z /l;s_
lIflthnfO{ 5'g vf]Hbf, ha l;:g'x¿ 6]Sb} lx8]F,
t'n;Lk|;fb hf]zL -t'n;L lbj;_
g]kfnL nf]ssyf ;ª\u|x, t'n;L lbj;sf] sljtf
dx]Gb|jL/ljqmd zfxb]j -d=jL=lj= zfx_
p;}sf nflu, km]l/ p;}sf nflu
ltnljqmd g]Dafª -j}/fuL sfOFnf_
j}/fuL sfOFnfsf] sljtfx¿
jf;'b]j n'O6]n -e"tsf] legfh'_
j}/ª\uozts, e"t 5}g, sfsfsf s'/f, eLd;]g kftL g]kfn kl/ro÷247
d]3/fh g]kfn -d~h'n_
;Demgfsf kfOnfx¿, ;fFlxnL df]/LnfO{, ufos ofqL
df]bgfy kf}8]n -k|l>t_
emfF;LsL /fgL, s]xL ;f+:s[lts lgaGwx¿, dfgj dxfsfJo, cfdfsf]cf;'F, gf/L aGwg / d'lQm
/fd]Zj/k|;fb zdf{ rfln;] -/d]z ljsn_
l;+uf/L afv|f], nfx'/L e}F;L, gofF ;8ssf] uLt, lj/fgf] b]zdf, pld{nf efph", Pp6f a'9f] EjfOlngM cfzfj/Lsf] w'gdf
r]tdfgl;+x e08f/L -dg' a|fhfsL_ tf/fgfy zdf{ e08f/L -tfgf zdf{_ /df]nfb]jL zfx -l5Ggntf_ cR5f /fO{ -/l;s_ nf]sgfy kGt -u'dfgL kGt_ zDe'k|;fb 9'ª\u]n -cfz'slj_ uf]kfn kf08] -c;Ld_ Uff]kLgfy d}gfnL -klys_ kml0fGb|/fh e§/fO{ -v]tfnf_ lji0f'/fh cfq]o -nf6f];fyL_ df]xg /fO{ -b'v'g_ r'8fdl0f aGw' pkWofo -aGw'_ 248÷g]kfn
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e¥ofª, cjd"Nog, cfsfzsf]km"n, ltd|L :jf:gL / d, nf6f, cGgk"0ff{sf] ef]h d]/f] syf, cf]em]n kbf{, ;'nL, ememNsf], g]kfnb]lv cd]l/sf;Dd cGt/efjgf, cGtt{/Ë, cGt:k{Gbg ;Ktsf];L, e"F8L, nug, bf]efg /fdgfd k~rflzsf, u+uf zts, s[i0ffi6sd\ /TgfjnL, z's;fu/, tf]tfd}gfsf] syf /fi6«efiff / ;flxTo -ljj]rgf_ cj;fb clegoL, cfFvfe/L /ldtf dge/L j]bgf, o'uslj l;l4r/0f M s[lt / k|j[lQ ljZn]if0f 5fFuf] / 5fof, gfukmgL / :jf:gLdfG5], d"lt{ af]N5 xfdLleqsf d, 9fqm], slknj:t' hng, k|d ] Pp6f clezfk, dGbflsgL efifflj1fg, cg';Gwfg k|jGwsf] ¿k / z}nL
z+s/ sf]O/fnf g]qdl0f ;'j]bL g]q -P6d_ d~h' ltjf/L -sfFr'nL_
v}/]gL3f6 pkGof; l;4fGt / g]kfnL pkGof; ls/0fsf 5fnx¿, s]xL syf s]xL kl/lw xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt, g]kfnL /fli6«o d'b|f, s0ff{nL ;+:s[lt
;Todf]xg hf]zL -;fF:s[lts slj_
eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 -;?eQm_
slj k|]dL /kfun, o'4 pxL UofF; Rf]Dj/leq, Oltxf;leqsf] Oltxf;, Oy/, t?gL v]tL, kfun a:tL, ;do qf;bL
jf;'b]j >]i7 -kf;f_
lkmlnËf], kms]{/ x]bf{ , ls;fg, kbf{, ;dfh
bof/fd >]i7 ;Dej o'j/fh d}gfnL
;Gbe{ / d"Nofª\sg, ef/tLo g]kfnL syf, jL/sfnLg sljtf d'bf{ af]Nof], s]xL k|ltef s]xL k|j[lQ, e|i6frf/sf] efª
df]xg/fh 9sfn zdf{ -df]/fz_
RofFv] wgf{, /; lrgf/L, sf]/f{, v}j/L
gf/fo0f jfUn]
kNk;f Sofkm], do'/ 6fOD; g]kfn kl/ro÷249
lnnfWjh yfkf zª\s/ nfld5fg] bf}nt ljqmd lji6 cd/ Gof}kfg] hubLz l3ld/] s0f{ zfSo w||'jrGb| uf}td s[i0f wf/faf;L dbgdl0f bLlIft zf/bf zdf{ dx]zljqmd zfx /fhg d'sf?ª tf/fnfn >]i7 gog/fh kf08] wg'ifrGb| uf]tfd] s]zj/fh lkF8fnL /fh]Zj/ b]jsf]6f w':jfF ;fodL jf;' zzL nLnaxfb'/ If]qL ?b|/fh kf08] k/z' k|wfg dg'hafa' ld> O{Zj/ jNne 250÷g]kfn
kl/ro
dg cA:6«ofS6 lrGtg / Kofh rkfOPsf cg'xf/, Hof]lt Hof]lt dxfHof]lt ;]tf] w/tL cGt/dgsf] ofqf, ;s; ;f]r, vf]h, df]h, d ;S5' / 8f]Nkf] clnlvt, tyfslyt, Tof] Pp6f s'/f, cFWof/f] åLkdf emf]nf, u]:6fkf], 6'F8fn, z/0ffyL{ dfwjL, :j]tsfnL tfk 5fkfdf/sf] 5f]/f], l;kfxLsL :jf:gL bldgL le/ ;kgfsf] ;dflw Nf', pnf/, ;NnLlk/, 3fdls/L, of/ 3fdsf kfOnfx¿, oxfFblv ] ToxfF;DDf Psfb]zsL dxf/fgL, afFRg] Pp6f lhGbuL pT;u{ k|]d uª\sL k"mn cf]OnfPkl5 a;fOF, aXdk'qsf] 5]p5fp ¿kdtL ;a} lal;{Psf cg'xf/, k|ltlglw syfx¿ :jKg ;Dd]ng, sfF8fsf k"mnx¿ cfuf]sf k"mnx¿ x'g\ cfufsf k"mnx¿ x}gg\
df]xg sf]O/fnf lbg]z clwsf/L xl/j+z cfrfo{ dbgs[[i0f >]i7 s'Gbg zdf{ s[i0fk|;fb k/fh'nL sfnLk|;fb l/hfn If]qk|tfk clwsf/L >j0f d'sf?ª k|Xnfb kf]v/]n Zofdbf; j}i0fj hubLz ;d;]/ /f0ff jf;'b]j lqkf7L d's'Gbz/0f pkfWofo xl/eQm s6'jfn s0ffb dxlif{ /fh]Gb| yfkf b}j1/fh Gof}kfg] s[i0f k|wfg efp kGyL lszf]/ g]kfn cz]if dNn kf]if0f kf08] uf]kfn k/fh'nL
Ct' lgdGq0f cltl/Qm clen]v, OGb|hfqf lrgf x/fPsf] dfG5], xl/axfb'/ dxsf] d Pp6L 5f]/Lsf] syf, d]/f sljtfx¿, of]dg slnnf] 3fd s] 5/ lhGbuL latfOlbG5', of] k|Zg sf]l;t ;f]wf}F ufda];Lsf uLt, gk"mn]sf k"mnx¿ hLjgsf] nIo hLjGt ofqf, ;f/ly gofF nx/ g/l;+x cjtf/ gjkNnj k|fs[t kf]v/f abgfd d]/f oL cfFvfx¿ et]/ / cfFvfx¿ o;kfnL t dg} kmf6\of] l;h{gfsf] nx/ ;"o{ :gfg cBflk /c¿ syf cs}{ k|:t/ cw{lj/fd cfFvL Ef\mofn, dfg; lbzfxLg cfsf; g]kfn kl/ro÷251
s'df/ 1jfnL nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb clgtf t'nfw/ ljhos'df/ kf08] a'l4;fu/ ;'/]z k|f~hnL
aGbL hLjg, eTs]sf] u'F8 lj;h{g, lxpFsf] tGgf ;"o{ u|x0f v';L s0ff{nL An'h, lkm/lkm/] t'Og
tflnsf g+= &=$ g]kfnsf cGo s]xL efiffsf n]vs / k':tsx¿
qm= n]vs ;= ! s]bf/dfg Jolyt
k':ts
efiff
5\jf;M
g]jf/L g]jf/L
$ w':jfF ;fodL
;/f;' dfltgfof Do] -k|]d/;sf nf]suLtx¿sf] ;ª\sng_ uDsL -pkGof;_
% /fdz]v/
gf;kmfM
g]jf/L
^ tLy{/fh t'nfwf/
cfv]-cg'lbt syf ;ª\u|x _
g]jf/L
& O{Zj/gGb >]i7frfo{
x\gfos -pkGof;_
g]jf/L
* b'n{enfn sdf{rfo{
yM 5\o]+-syf ;ª\u|x_
g]jf/L
( leIf' ;'bz{g
cDjkfnL -gf6s_
g]jf/L
!) jf;' zzL
tfrfKjfFof
g]jf/L
!! p;dfg
lrqfjnL - sfJos[lt_
cjwL
!@ x]dnfn hf]zL
v8\ul;l4 -Psf+sL ;ª\u|x_
g]jf/L
!# k|]daxfb'/ s+;fsf/
Gx'u" k'v" -lgaGw_
g]jf/L
!$ dl0fsnfn >]i7
;dfnf]rgfof l;4fGt
g]jf/L
@ k"0f{axfb'/ j}B #
k]|daxfb'/ s+;fsf/
252÷g]kfn
kl/ro
g]jf/L g]jf/L
!% sdnk|;fb dNn
d';M lgaGw gM ln;jgf -lgaGw ;ª\sng_
g]jf/L
!^ lgi7fgGb ah|frfo{
nlntlj:tf/f -wfld{su|Gy_
g]jf/L
!& k|1fGb leIf'
wft'e]bg'k:;gf -bz{gu|Gy_
g]jf/L
!* l;l4g/l;+x
sflQs gfr
g]jf/L
!( sljs]z/L lrQw/ x[bo nlntlj:t/ cu:6; sfg/]8f] @) xl/ZrGb|gT[ od\ -gf6s_ -ljb]zL_ @! /fhf huHHof]ltd{Nn x/uf}/L ljjfx -gf6s
g]jf/L
@@ ;/; /fd
cfgGb – ljhogfl6sf
d}lynL
@# glGbklt
s[i0f s]lndfnf]s
d}lynL
@$ ljnfn
uf}/L–:jo+j/gfl6sf, ?Ssd0fLx/0f
d}lynL
@% slj dfy'/
sfgg sGog, s[ifs
d}lynL
@^ /dfsfGt sfk8L
Joyf -v08sfJo_
d}lynL
@& a|hlszf]/ 7fs'/
cWoog cf}+ ljj]rgf
d}lynL
@* Hoflt/LZj/
j0f{–/Tgfsf/ -uBu|Gy_
d}lynL
@( dxfslj ljBfklt
b]lzn aofg
d}lynL
#) zflGt rf}w/L æyf¿Æ
lau8n tf]x/ yf¿ ;dfh x], yf¿ sGof}lt, a]6L, xd/ b'w' -d]/L cfdf_
#! Odfgl;+x r]Dhf]ª
ls/ftd'Gw'dvfx'g -lzIff_
lnDa"
#@ /fdk|;fb /fo
ax'cf cf}/ ax'l/of -pkGof;¿kL gf6s_
yf¿
## /ljGb| tfdfª
d'Unfg/L PsfËL -gf6s_,@)^& tfdfª
#$ s];fË df]Qmfg tfdfª
/]lGhg bf]h]{ -pkGof;_
tfdfª
#% hfo;L
kbdfjt -sfJos[lt_
cjwL
d}lynL d}lynL
g]kfn kl/ro÷253
&=@=! g]kfnsf k|d'v ;flxTos k'/:sf/x¿ dbg k'/:sf/ :j= h= dbg;d;]/ /f0ffsf] :dl[ tdf /fgL hubDafaf6 :yflkt dbg k'/:sf/sf] 3f]if0ff @)!@ ;fn c;f]h !) ut] ePsf] lyof] . k'/:sf/ k|bfg ug]{ klxnf] 3f]if0ff @)!# ;fndf ePsf] xf] eg] o;sf] ljt/0f @)!$ ;fnb]lv ;'¿ ePsf] xf] . u'7Lsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ k|f/Dedf k'/:sf/sf] /sd $ xhf/ /xs ] f]df :j0f{ jif{sf] cj;/df @)^! ;fnb]lv o;sf] /sd @ nfv ePsf]df @)&% ;fnb]lv k'/:sf/ /fzL $ nfv ?lkofF agfOPsf] 5 . lj=;+= @)#! / @)## ;fndf of] k'/:sf/ s;}nfO{ k|bfg ul/Psf] lyPg . dbg k'/:sf/ Ps jif{leq g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt ePsf pTs[i6 s[ltx¿ dWo] PsnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] k'/:sf/ xf] . tflnsf g+= &=% dbg k'/:sf/ kfpg] s]xL s[lt / >i6fx¿ qm=; >i6fsf] gfd s[lt ;fn …xfd|f] nf]s;+:s[ltÚ ;Todf]xghf]zL, lrQ/~hg …hg/n eLd;]g yfkfÚ / @)!# klxnf] ! g]kfnL / an/fd hf]zL …clwsljej l:y/ljB't\ k6s pTkfbsÚ @ /fhg d'sf?ª …bldgL le/Ú @)^( # /fwf kf}8]n vnËfdf xdnf @)&) $ ljho s'df/ v';L @)&! % /fdnfn hf]zL P]gf @)&@ ^ 3gZofd sF8]n w[t/fi6« @)&# & lgnd sfsL{ …lgxfl/sfÚ of]udfof @)&$ * of]u]z /fh /0fxf/ @)&% ( rGb|k|sfz afFlgof dxf/fgL @)&^ hubDaf>L k'/:sf/ /fgL hubDafsf] :juf{/fx] 0fkl5 lghsf] k'0o :dl[ tdf u'7Ln] @)$% ;fndf :yfkgf u/s ] f] ! nfv /fzLsf] k'/:sf/ hubDaf>L ;f]xL ;fnaf6 g} ljt/0f ePsf] xf] / xfn o; k'/:sf/sf] /sd ¿= $ nfv k|bfg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . @)$% ;fndf gf/fo0fuf]kfn u'¿jfrfo{n] ;j{ky| d of] k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug{e ' Psf] lyof] . hubDaf>L g]kfnL efiff, ;+:s[lt, ;flxTonufotsf ljljw If]qdf pNn]vgLo 254÷g]kfn
kl/ro
of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ k|bfg ul/g] k'/:sf/ xf] . tflnsf g+= &=^ hubDjf>L k'/:sf/ kfpg] s]xL s[lt / >i6fx¿ qm=; >i6fsf] gfd ;fn ! gf/fo0fuf]kfn u'¿jfrfo{ @)$% klxnf] k6s @ >L nLnfaxfb'/ IfqL @)&@ # >L b'uf{ a/fn -jfT:ofog_ @)&# $ >L zfGtbf; dfgGw/ @)&$ % j}/fuL sfOFnf -tLn ljqmd g]Dafª_ @)&% ^ zflGt 76fn @)&^ ;femf k'/:sf/ ;femf k'/:sf/ ;femf k|sfzgåf/f :yflkt k'/:sf/ xf] . ;femf k|sfzgåf/f jif{le/ k|sflzt ljleGg ljwfsf k':tsx¿dWo] ;jf]{Ts[i6 s[ltnfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . o; k'/:sf/sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf ePsf] xf] . 3'Dg] d]rdfly cGwf] dfG5], e"kL z]/rgåf/f lnlvt / ;femf k|sfzgn] ahf/df NofPsf] g]kfnL efiffsf] sljtf ;ª\u|x xf] . of] sljtf ;ª\u|x ;femf k'/:sf/ -@)@^_ k|fKt ug]{ klxnf] s[lt xf] . o; k'/:sf/sf] /flz %! xhf/ /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+= &=& k|1f k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ >i6fx¿ k[YjL k|1f k'/:sf/ jfª\do ztfAbL k'?if ;Todf]xg hf]zL -@)&%–@)&*_ g]kfn k|1f ;fdflhs @ zf:q÷;+:s[lt÷bz{g k'/:sf/ k|f= 8f=lq/Tggf/fo0f dfgGw/ -@)&^–@)&&_ !
#
g]kfn k|1f efiff k'/:sf/ -@)&^–@)&&_
k|f=8f= 6Ík|;fb Gof}kfg]
$
g]kfn k|1f g]kfnL ;flxTo k'/:sf/ -@)&%_
dbg /]UdL
%
g]kfn k|1f g]kfnL ;flxTo k'/:sf/ -@)&^_
efuL/yL >]i7 g]kfn kl/ro÷255
g]kfn k|1f dft[efiff ;flxTo cd/ t'Dofxfª -kxf8L / lxdfnL If]qdf k'/:sf/ -@)&%_ af]lng] dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ g]kfn k|1f dft[efiff ;flxTo cof]W ofgfy rf}w/L -t/fO{–dw];df & k'/:sf/ -@)&%_ af]lng] dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ cd[t of]~hg tfdfª -kxf8L /lxdfnL g]kfn k|1f dft[efiff ;flxTo * If]qdf af]lng] dft[efiff ;flxTosf k'/:sf/ -@)&^_ nflu_ g]kfn k|1f dft[efiff ;flxTo czf]s yf? -t/fO{–dw];df af]lng] ( k'/:sf/ -@)&^_ dft[efiff ;flxTosf nflu_ ^
tflnsf g+= &=( g]kfnsf s]xL k|d'v k'/:sf/x¿ qm=; ! @ # $ % ^ &
k'/:sf/ k[YjLk|1f k'/:sf/ dbg k'/:sf/ hubDaf >L k'/:sf/ g]kfn lawfklt efiff ;flxTo k'/:sf/ g]kfn lawfklt cg'afb k'/:sf/ cflbslj efg'eQm k'/:sf/ ;femf k'/:sf/
/flz $ nfv $ nfv $ nfv @ nfv @ nfv !,)!,!)! %! xhf/
&=# rnlrq g]kfndf ;j{k|yd @))^ ;fndf gofF ;8sl:yt hg;]jf xndf hgtfsf lglDt l6s6 nufO{ rnlrq b]vfpg] sfo{ eof] . t/ o;df b]vfpg] rnlrq lxGbL l;g]df hut\af6 NofOGYof] . g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] syfgs rnlrq …;To xl/zrGb|Ú xf] h'g @))* ;fndf bflh{lnªdf a:g] s]xL g]kfnLx¿n]] lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . ljutdf k|rf/ ljefun] -xfnsf] ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu_ cfˆg} ;fwg / k'FhLdf j[Qlrq / ;dfrf/ lrqx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ qmdd} lj=;+= @)@! ;fndf syfgs rnlrq …cfdfÚ lgdf{0f u¥of] . h'g ;/sf/af6 tof/ ePsf] klxnf] g]kfnL rnlrq lyof] . ;f]xL ljefun] …lxhf] cfh ef]nLÚ / …kl/jt{gÚ gfdsf tLgcf]6f rnlrqsf] lgdf{0f u¥of] . o;/L xfd|f] rnlrqsf] Oltxf;df 256÷g]kfn
kl/ro
klxnf] c?0ff]bo Nofpg] sfd lgZro g} o;} ljefuaf6 ePsf] xf] . g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsf] a[xQ/ ljsf; / k|j4{g ub{} g]kfnL rnlrq If]qsf] ljsf; ug]]{ p2]Zon] ;/sf/n] rnlrqsdL{x¿s} dfu / ;'emfjcg';f/ @)%& ;fn c;f/ !^ ut] rnlrq ljsf; af]8s { f] u7g u/s ] f] xf] . rnlrq tyf >Jo b[Zo lj1fkgsf] lgdf{0f, ljt/0f, k|bz{gsf] Ohfht k|bfg ug',{ Ohfht kqsf] gjLs/0f ug',{ Rofl/6L k|bz{gsf] cg'dlt lbg', ljb]zdf g]kfnL rnlrqsf] 5fofsg, k|bz{g, ldlS;ª ug]{cg'dlt /l;kmfl/; k|bfg ug'{ rnlrq ljsf; af]8{sf]lgoldt sfo{ xf] . rnlrqsf] hfFr ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfnon] ub{5 . lghL If]qsf] ;+nUgtfdf rnlrq lgdf{0fn] b|t' ult lnO/xs ] f] 5 . g]kfndf rnlrq ljsf;nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;'ljwf;DkGg rnlrq gu/ agfpg] ;f]r /xs ] f] 5 eg] rnlrqsf] ax'cfoflds ljsf; ug{ ;/sf/n]rnlrq gLlt @)&! sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf]5 . &=$ snf g]kfnL snfnfO{ ljz]iftM rf/ efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 M jf:ts ' nf, lrqsnf, d"lt{snf /sfi7snf . &=$=! g]kfnL jf:t'snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf jf:t'z}nL Pjd\ snfsf] b[li6af6 g]kfndf kfOg] dlGb/x¿nfO{ lgDg lnlvt tLg k|sf/df ljeQm ug{ ;lsG5 M Kofuf]8f z}nL -tn]] z}nL_ lxGb"x¿n] cf:yfsf ;fy k"hf ug]{ b]jtf /xg] o:tf dlGb/x¿df elQm, k"hf / k|blIf0ff kysf] k|of]hgnfO{ k"/f ug]{ p2]Zoaf6 dlGb/ jf:t'snfsf gd'gfsf ¿kdf lgdf{0f ul/ Psf x'G5g\ . Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] Goftkf]n dlGb/, eQmk'/ o:tf] k|of]hgsf nfuL ljleGg :j¿ksf dlGb/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ rng 5 h;dWo] k|d'v g]kfnL Kofuf]8f z}nL Ps xf] . Kofuf]8f z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ To:tf dlGb/ x'g\ h;df cg]sg tNnf x'g] ub{5g\ eg] logdf Pskl5 csf]{ u/L tx–tx k/]sf cg]sg ;ª\Vofdf 5fgfx¿ klg x'g] ub{5g\ . t;y{ o:tf dlGb/x¿nfO{ Multiple roofed temple or Tiered g]kfn kl/ro÷257
klg elgPsf]kfOG5 . o; z}nLsf ljz]iftfx¿ M • dlGb/ k|fª\u0fdf snfTds j:t'x¿ • ljz]if k|sf/sf] ue{u[x • txtx k/]sf] 5fgf] • 6'F8fn / tf]/0fsf] k|of]u • OF6f / sf7sf] ?lrk"0f{ ;+of]hg • dlGb/larsf] efu vf]qmf] 5f8\g' • tn] z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ Hofb} cnª\s[t x'g] Kofuf]8f z}nLsf s]xL dlGb/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ M • kz'kltgfy dlGb/ • rfFu'gf/fo0f • Goftkf]n lzv/ z}nL lzv/ z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ ljleGg :j¿k / k|sf/sf x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;'nQ ' k//] dfly r'ln+bF } uPsf emnSs x]bf{ lzv/h:tf] b]lvg] 5fgf gePsf dlGb/sf] ;Dk"0f{ /rgf g} r'lngfn] u'Djh h:tf] ag]sf] 3fdkfgLaf6 leq ;'/lIft x'g] lsl;dsf] lgdf{0fnfO{ jf:ts ' nfdf lzv/ z}nL eGg] ul/G5 . aflx/ jl/kl/ k|blIf0ffky agfOPsf] x'G5 eg] leqkl§ d"lt{ /flvG5 . ef/tdf u'Kt /fhj+zLx¿sf] kfnfdf o; lsl;dsf dlGb/ agfOGy] . u'Ktx¿sf ;dsfnLg lnR5lj /fhfx¿sf] kfnfdf o; lsl;dsf dlGb/ ag]sf] kfOFbg} . t/ dNnsfndf ;qf},F c7f/fF} ztfAbLdf lzv/ z}nLsf] dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/, a'ªu\ dtL o:tf dlGb/x¿ lgSs} ag] . o; lsl;dsf dlGb/x¿ k|:t/sf 6'qmfx¿nfO{ n]kn] hf]8/] agfOG5 eg] OF6 lgld{t dlGb/x¿df aflx/af6 ah|nk] u/L em/Latf; cflbaf6 ;'/lIft ug]{ u/s ] f] b]lvG5 . Temple
258÷g]kfn
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o; z}nLsf dlGb/x¿ a|xd\ f dlGb/, kf6gsf] >Ls[i0f dlGb/, kf6gsf] dxfaf}4 dlGb/ x'g \ . of] z}nLsf] dlGb/x¿ d'Vo u/L gfu/, b|lj8 / j]z/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . o; z}nLsf ljz]iftfx¿ • ;fdfGotof ljleGg txsf k]6Ldfly lzv/ dlGb/ :yfkgf ug'{ • dlGb/cufl8 Pp6fdfq d08k lgdf{0f ug'{ • k|blIf0ffkysf] Joj:yf ug'{ • aQL afNg] lbofx¿ /fVg' • ue{u[xdf dlGb/sf d"n b]jtfsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf ug'{ • w]/} tnfx¿ lgdf{0f gug'{ • dlGb/df 5fgfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; gu/L lzv/nfO{ g} 5fgfsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ • lzv/ pFef]lt/ ;fgf] x'Fb} uPsf] agfpg' • ljleGg /yx¿sf] k|of]u ug'{ • p?>[Ësf] k|of]u ug'{ • lq/y, k~r /y / ;Kt /ysf] sNkgf ug'{ • cfdns, 5q / uh'/sf] k|of]u ug'{ o; z}nLaf6 ag]sf s]xL dlGb/x¿ M • kz'kltsf] k|fª\u0fsf] a|Xdf dlGb/ • kf6gsf] dxfaf}4 dlGb/ • kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/ • eQmk'/sf] jT;nfb]jL dlGb/ • :jo+e"sf] k|tfkk'/ / cgGtk'/ • kf6gsf] Rofl;Fb]u • kf6g zª\vd"nsf] hut\ gf/fo0f dlGb/ • nlntk'/ a'ËdtLsf] dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/ ldl>t z}nL ef/tsf] l6sdu9sf /fhf k|tfkl;+x / /fgL j[ifefg's'df/Ln] lj=;= !*(% df lgdf0f{ sfo{ ;'? u/]/ !@ jif{ nufP/ agfPsf] hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ ldl>t jf:t' z}nLsf] pbfx/0f xf] . /fhk't z}nL / d'un z}nL cyf{t lzv/ / u'Dah z}nLsf] ljlzi6 ldl>t :j¿k xf] . &=$=@ g]kfnL lrqsnf / ltgsf ljz]iftf dfgjn] efiff / lnlksf] cfljisf/ ug'{eGbf cufl8b]lv g} lrqsnfsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷259
;'?jft u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h'g ;dodf dfgjn] efiffsf] ljsf; u/]sf] lyPg, Tof] ;dodf g} p;n] lrqsf] dfWodaf6 cfˆgf cg'ejx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] kfOG5 . kfiff0f sfndf o'/f]ksf ljleGg u'kmfx¿df lgdf{0f ul/Psf lrqx¿n] o;} k|;ª\unfO{ ;ª\s]t u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;+:s[t ;flxTosf] o'u / P]ltxfl;s sfndf ;d]t lrqsnf dfgjsf] ljrf/ cleJolQmsf] dfWod ePsf] k|df0f kfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf lrqsnfsf] ;'?jft slxn] eof] eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . oxfFsf] k|fu\Oltxf;sf] ;xL 9ª\un] vf]h x'g cem;Dd afFsL g} ePsf] s'/f ljleGg k':tsx¿df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . g]kfnsf lrqx¿sf] ljj/0f k|:t't ug]{ k|yd clen]Vo k|df0f wgah| ah|frfo{åf/f g]kfnsf] klxnf] clen]v dflgPsf], /fhfsf] gfd / k|;f/0f ul/Psf] ltlyldlt cª\lst gul/Psf] rfjlxnsf] clen]v xf] -jh|frfo{, @)#)M!_ . pQm clen]vdf ælsGg/L hftssf s'/f s'FlbPsf], cg]s y/L lrqn] ;'xfPsf] of] r}To w]/} sfn;Dd si6 u/L agfOPsf] xf]Æ eGg] s'/f :ki6;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 . ljZjsf] lrqsnfsf] Oltxf; k|frLg u'kmfo'uh:t} k'/fgf] 5 . o'/fk] -/fd] , Py]G;_ tyf clk|msf -ld>_ cflbsf u'kmfx¿df lrqsnfsf k|df0fx¿ k|fKt 5g\ . lxGb" k/Dk/fdf /fdfo0f / dxfef/tsfndf klg lrqsnf ljsl;t lyof] eGg] s'/f /fd jgjf;kl5 zf]sfs'n bz/ynfO{ /fgL sf}zNofn] /fdsf] lrq b]vfPsf] k|;Ën] k'li6 ub{5 . kf}/fl0fs u|Gyx¿df klg lrqsnfsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf lrqsnfsf] ;'?jft ef/tsf] lrqsnfsf] k|efjaf6 ePsf] eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] /fo /xs ] f] 5 / lnR5ljsfnLg b/af/x¿ lrqsnfn] ;';lHht x'Gy] eGg] s'/f lrlgof ofq'x¿n]j0f{g u/sf ] 5g\ . lrqx¿ sf7, sk8f, tf8kq, sfuh cflbdf clÍt x'g] /o:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ l56}gfz x'g] x'bF f k|frLg lrqsnfsf gd'gfx¿ b'ne { 5g\ . tyflk k|frLg tyf dWosfnLg lrqsnfnfO{ lgDg # k|sf/n]cWoog ug{ ;lsG5 M u|Gy lrq gf};o jif{;Dd k'/fgf k|frLg af}4 u|Gyx¿df lrlqt af}4 lrqx¿ g} g]kfnsf lrqsnfsf k|frLg gd'gf x'g \ . af}4 u|Gylrqx¿sf]t'ngfdf lxGb" b]jL b]jtfsf lrqx¿ Go"g dfqfdf kfOPsf 5g\ . o:tf u|Gy lrqx¿ ef/tsf]u'KtsfnLg chGtf / Pnf]/f z}nL;Fu ldNbfh'Nbf 5g\ . u|Gy lrqnfO{ b'O{ ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . s_ uftf lrq v_ kfq lrq u|GynfO{ ;'/lIft ¿kdf 9fSgsf nflu tn /dfly /flvPsf sf7sf lrNnf kmNofsx¿df lelq, aflx/L efudf jf b'j}tkm{ sf]l/Psf] lrq uftflrq x'g\ eg] 260÷g]kfn
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d"nkf7sf] bfofF afFof ag]sf jf d"n kf7nfO{ bfofFafofF kf/L syfj:t';Fu ldNg] u/L agfOPsf lrqx¿ kfqlrq x'g\ . u|Gylrqx¿df k~r/Iff, k|1fkf/ldtf, xl/j+z k'/f0f cflb af}4 / z}j u|Gyx¿df ljljw /ª\u / cfsf/ k|sf/sf lrqx¿ clÍt 5g\ . 5fkfvfgfsf] cfljisf/ x'g'eGbf klxn] cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k':tsx¿ xft}n] n]v]/ tof/ kfg]{ ul/GYof] . o:t} u|GynfO{ x:tlnlvt u|Gy elgG5 . oL u|Gyx¿df n]lvPsf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lrqx¿ klg tL u|Gyx¿df agfpg] rng To; a]nf lyof] . log}lrqx¿nfO{ u|Gylrq elgG5 /oL lrqx¿ Hofb} ;"Id ¿kdf aGg]x'Fbf Miniature Painting eg]/ klg pNn]v ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . xfn;Dd k|fKt g]kfnL lrqsnfsf k|frLg gd'gfx¿df u|Gylrq g}kb{5g\ . dWosfneGbf klxn]sf u|Gylrq eg] kfOPsf 5}gg\ . dWosfndf ag]sf s]xL pTs[i6 u|Gylrqx¿df k~r/Iff, lji0f'wd{zf:q, xl/j+z, lxtf]kb]z cflb pNn]vgLo 5g\ . k"j{dWosfnlt/sf] k~r/Iff gfds u|Gysf] uftfdf b]jLx¿sf] eJo lrq agfPsf] 5 h;df b]jLx¿ dlxiff;'/ /fIf;nfO{ dfg{ tNnLg ePsf] b]vfOPsf] 5 . To:t}, xl/j+z gfds u|Gysf] uftfdf s[i0fsf] hGdb]lv pgsf] s+zn] jw u/];Ddsf] syfnfO{ lrq0f ul/Psf] 5 . lrq syfnfO{ a'emfpg kfgfx¿df cg]s k|sf/sf lrqx¿ agfOPsf 5g\ . u|Gylrqdf k|of]u ePsf] ljifoj:t,' /Ë tyf klx/gsf ;DaGwdf snfsf/x¿ ljz]if ;+jb] gzLn b]lvG5g\ . snfsf cGo ljwfdf h:tf] lrqsnfdf :ki6 ¿kdf JolQmsf] klxrfg ug{ sl7gfO x'g ;S5 To;}n] tTsfnLg snfsf/x¿n] /Ës} dfWodaf6 b]j / /fIf; :j¿kdf e]b ug'k{ g]{ x'G5 . oxL l:ylt:j¿k dWosfnLg snfsf/x¿åf/f s[i0fnfO{ :jfefljs gLnf] xl/of] /ªu\ df / s+; tyf pgsf cg'r/x¿nfO{ kx]n F f] /ªdf b]vfOPsf] 5 . klx/gdf klg tTsfnLg e]ife"iff emNsfpg] r]i6f ul/Psf] kfOG5 . h:tf] ls k'?ifx¿n] 5f]6f] wf]tL / :qLx¿n] 3fF3/ rf]nf] nufpg] tyf k'?ifx¿n] d';ndfgL 9Ën] bfx|L kfNg] cflb . leQ] lrq g]kfnL lrqsnfsf ljljw kIfdWo] Ps k|d'v kIfsf] ¿kdf leQ]lrqsf] ;'?jftsf]lglZrt ltly ldlt geP klg o;sf]P]ltxfl;stf lnR5ljsfn;Dd k'Ub5 . g]kfndf k|fKt dWosfnLg lrqsnfsf gd'gfx¿df leQ]lrqsnf klg Ps xf] . g]kfndf klg k|frLg sfndf of]snf ljsl;t ePsf]x'g;S5 t/ xfn xfdL;Fu dNnsfnk"j{sf leQ]lrqsnfsf gd'gf k|fKt ePsf 5}gg\ . dWosfndf b/af/, dlGb/ / ljxf/x¿sf leQ]lrq pTs[i6 sf]6Lsf 5g\ . eQmk'/sf] %% ‰ofn] b/af/df /fdfo0f, dxfef/tsf syfx¿, gnbdoGtL g]kfn kl/ro÷261
r08]Zj/L dlGb/df /x]sf] e}/jsf] lrq, ag]kf syf, s[i0f hGd //fznLnfsf cfs{ifs lrqx¿sf ;fy}o'4sf nflu tTk/ z:qf:qn] ;';lHht ;}lgsx¿sf] lrq clÍt 5 . hok|sfz dNnåf/f lgld{t hLljt b]jL -s'df/L_ sf] 3/ dflgg] s'df/L 3/df /ftf] / ;]tf] dT;]Gb|gfysf] lrq, krnL e}/j, eLd;]g, lx/0osZok' jw, dxfª\sfn, jh|of]lugL, u0f]z cflb b]jL b]jtfsf] / d'un e]ifdf hok|sfz dNnsf] ^ lkm6 cUnf] lrq clÍt 5 . sLlt{k'/sf] af3e}/jdf / xg'dfg9f]sfdf ;d]t dNnsfnLg lrqsnfsf gd'gf b]Vg ;lsG5 . eQmk'/sf] tn]h' dlGb/df kGw|f}F ztfAbLdf lgld{t s[i0fn] d'/nL ahfpb}F u/]sf] / /fwfn] ‰ofnL ahfpFb} u/]sf] lrq clt /d0fLo b]lvG5 . ;dli6 ¿kdf k|frLg tyf dWosfnLg lrqsnfdf wfld{s ;lxi0f'tf, tflGqs z}nLsf] a9\bf] k|efj, d'un z}nLsf] k|of]u tyf cg'z/0f, ljljw /Ë tyf /f]ugsf] k|of]u cflb k|d'v ljz]iftfx¿ kfOG5 . kf}ef lrq ljz]if k|ljlwsf ;fy sk8fdf agfOPsf]kf}ef lrq k6 /d08n u/L b'O{ 5g\ . …k6Ú ljlwdf b]jL b]jtfsf lrqnfO{ lardf /fvL cGo ;xfos b]jLb]jtfx¿nfO{ jl/kl/ /flvG5 eg] …d08nÚ ljlwdf Sofgef;sf] lar v08df tflGqs jf ;fÍ]lts lrGxx¿ /flvG5g\ . kf}ef lrqx¿ g]kfnL lrqsnfsf] ljlzi6 z}nLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . of] lrqsnfnfO{ s]xL ljåfgx¿n] g]kfndf g} pTklQ ePsf] xf] eg]sf 5g\ eg] n}gl;+x jfª\b]nsf cg';f/ æsk8fdf wfld{s s'/fx¿ n]Vg] ltAatL k/Dk/f g} g]kfndf cfot ul/Psf] xf] .Æ kl5 g]kfndf lgld{t af}4 k/Dk/fsf kf}eflrqx¿sf] rLgdf cTolws dfu ePsf]n] tt\kZrft\ kf}ef 262÷g]kfn
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lrqx¿ Jofj;flos ¿kdf lgdf{0f x'Fb}cfPsf 5g\ . afª\ b]nsf cg';f/ cd]l/sfsf] sfp06L Do'lhoddf /x]sf t]x|f}F ztfAbLsf] …cldtfeÚ kf}eflrq g]kfnsf] k|frLg kf}eflrq xf] . t]x|f}F ztfAbL s} …/Tg;+ejÚ / g]kfn ;Djt\ &@) sf] …lji0f'd08nÚ g]kfn ;+jt\ %%^ lt/sf] …cdf]3kf; cjnf]lst]ZjÚ kf}eflrqx¿ pNn]vgLo 5g\ . wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf cfwfl/t x'g', wfld{s k/Dk/fsf kf}ef lrq lxGb" / af}4 b'j}df k|fKt x'g', k[i7 efudf k|fs[lts b[Zox¿sf] lrq0f x'g' g]kfnL kf}eflrqsf cdf]3kf; nf]s]Zj/sf] kf}ef lrq ljz]iftf dflgG5g\ . ;f]x|f}F ztfAbLb]lv g]kfnL kf}eflrqdf tflGqs z}nLsf] k|j]z eO{ ;f]xLcg'¿k b]jL b]jtfx¿sf] lrqx¿ cª\lst ug]{ kl/kf6L rNof] . !* cf}FztfAbLkl5sf kf}eflrqsf 7'nf cfFvf, pRr gfs, nflDrnf d'vfs[lt lrlqt ePsfn] o:tf] z}nLnfO{ ef/tLo k|efj eGg] ul/G5 . &=$=# g]kfnL d"lt{snf / ltgsf ljz]iftf g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s sfnljefhgcg';f/ g} oxfFsf] snfnfO{ klg k|frLg, dWosfnLg / zfxsfnLg u/L tLg efudf juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] k|frLgsnf klg z}nLsf] cfwf/df tLg efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] kfOG5 – k|f/lDes sfn, lnR5lj sfn / dWosfnLg sfn . g]kfnsf] k|frLg d"lt{ snfsf] cWoog;d]t o;} juL{s/0fcg'¿k ug{ ;lsG5 . k|f/lDes sfnsf] d"lt{snf g]]kfnsf] k|f/lDes d"lt{snfdf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf s]xL k|frLg k|:t/ d"lt{x¿sf] z}nL, k/Dk/f / nIf0fdf dy'/f s'iff0f snfz}nLsf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . ef/tsf] s'iff0fsfn O;fk"j{ k|yd ztfAbLb]lv O:jLsf] t];|f] ztfAbLlarsf] dflgg] x'gfn] ToxL z}nLsf] cfwf/df g]kfndf klg d"lt{snf ;'? ePsf] b]lvG5 . klxnf] ls/ft /fhf ond …ls/ft]Zj/Ú n] g} ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]j -uf}/L3f6 Zn]ifdfGts jgdf_ :yfkgf u/s ] f] cg'dfg ul/G5 . cfo{3f6sf] d[uZ] j/ :yfgleqsf] ;]tf] v}/f] g]kfn kl/ro÷263
s8f k|:t/ d"lt{ lj¿kfIf -O{=k"+ ;ftf}–F cf7f}F ztfAbL_, ls/ft /fhdftf cflb ls/ftsfnsf k|l;4 d"lt{x¿ x'g \ . xfF8LufpF ;Togf/fo0f dlGb/ lgs6:y k'?if d"lt{nfO{ clGtd ls/ ft z}nLsf] gd'gf dflgG5 . dg'iosf/ k|frLGf k|:t/dl" t{df lj¿kfIf ;'Gb/ / pTs[i6 5 / o;sf] syf o'gfgL Ol8k;sf] syf;Fu ldNbf]hN' bf] 5 . lt/fn } fsf]6 -t/fO{_ jgh/xLdf k|fKt gf/L lz/ d[0do -6]/fsf]6f_ O{;fk"j{ t[tLo ztfAbLsf] dflgG5 . oxfFsf] dftf / lzz' O{= k"= låtLo ztfAbLsf] xf] . o; o'udf k|rlnt lj¿kfIf, cfo{36, kz'klt s]xL d"lt{x¿– Rof;nlxl6sL uhnIdL, xf}unjxfn kf6gsL dft[so, l;s'jxL kf6gsf] pdfdx]Zj/ / /fli6«o ;ª\ux| fnosf] s'df/;Dej lznfkmns cflb /xs ] f lyP . o; o'usf] d"lt{snfsf] d'Vo ljz]iftfx¿ M • cgf}7f] j/bd'b|f k|:t't ug'{ • 58\s] k6'sfsf] k|of]u • n'ufsf d'hfnfO{ a'§fsf/df b]vfpg' • ;fwf/0f / uf]nf] cfsf/sf] k|efd08n b]vfpg' • o1f]kljtsf] cefj • cnª\s[t ¿kdf s]z ljGof; ug'{ • sfFw;Dd cfpg] 7"N7'nf s0f{ s'08nsf] k|of]u ug'{ • uf]8fdf 7"n7'nf sNnLsf] k|of]u x'g' • ;"Id snfsfl/tfsf] cefj x'g' lnR5lj sfnsf] d"lt{snf lnR5ljsfnLg d"lt{snf ;';+:s[ t, lrNnf, ldxLg, efjeËLk"0f{ Pjd\ df}lnstf ePsf] kfOG5 . u'KtsfnLg snfsf] 5fk k/] tfklg wfld{s ljifoj:t'df ;'Gb/ 264÷g]kfn
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/ ultzLn d"lt{x¿ ag]sf kfOG5g\ . ;fgf ePtfklg l5g'sf] s'FbfOåf/f d"lt{x¿ ag]sf] kfOG5 . o; o'udf k|rlnt s] xL d"lt{x¿ – lji0f'ljqmfGt d"lt{x¿, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosL kßx:tf nIdL d"lt{, cfo{3f6sf] lj¿kfIf d"lt{, xg'dfg9f]sfsf] sflnobdg d"lt{ -xg'dfg 9f]sf, sf7df8f}F_, ljZj¿k -rfFu'_, af]lw;Tj -u0faxfn_ h:tf d"lt{ pTs[6 ePsfn] of]o'u snfdf ;'j0f{ o'u g} ePsf]dflgG5 . o; sfnsf af}4 / af]lw;Tjsf kof{Kt d"lt{x¿ e]l6G5g\ . 9\jsfjxf r}Tosf] kBkfl0f nf]s]Zj/ d"lt{, knf~rf]s eujtL, sfe|]knf~rf]s afª\u]d'9fsf] :yfgs a'4d"lt{, a'9fgLns07sf] hnfzo gf/fo0f d"lt{, r08f]nsf] w'dj/fx d"lt{, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosf] pdfdx]Zj/ d"lt{ cflb k|l;4 5g\ . zlQm / nlntdo d"lt{sf] lgdf{0f k|frLgsfndf k|f/De eO;s]sf] lyof] . :qL¿kL zlQmk"hf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} ljBdfg ePsf] k|df0f lnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jsf] ;do -O{;fsf] kfFrf}F ztfAbL_ df :yfkgf ul/Psf ljh]Zj/L, ci6bze"h wf/0fL knf~rf]s eujtL -sfe|]_ nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . of] d"lt{ snfk"0f{ / a]hf]8 5 . O{;fsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLkl5 :qLnfO{ d"lt{snfsf]Jofks ljifo agfO{ gM3n6f] nsf]kfj{tL, blIf0fsfnL -kmlk{Ë_, sÍ]Zj/L -lji0f'dtL lgs6_ / jgsfnL -Bf}kf6g_ h:tf b]jLsf d"lt{x¿ tflGqs 9fFrfdf lgdf{0f eP . o; ;dodf d"lt{x¿n]cToGt kl/:s[t pTs[i6 cj:yf k|fKt ul/;s]sf] kfOG5 . cf7f}F ztfAbLkl5 ef/tsf] pQ/ laxf/ z}nLsf] k|efj k/]sf] kfOG5 . lnR5jLsfnsf] d"lt{snfsf] ljz]iftfx¿ M • cfsif{s d'vfs[ltsf d"lt{x¿ lgdf0f{ x'g ' • ljz]]if k|sf/sf] 9'ª\ufsf] rog ug'{ • cfª\lus cg'kftsf] d]n x'g' • gf/L d"lt{df nrstfsf] u'0f ljBdfg /xg' g]kfn kl/ro÷265
• s]z ljGof; cnª\s[t 9ª\udf x'g' • Hofb} cfs{ifs gf/L d"lt{x¿ x'g' • kf/bzL{ sk8fsf] k|of]u ug'{ • ;fwf / uf]nf] k|efd08n lgdf0f{ ug'{ dWosfnsf] d"lt{snf dWosfnLg g]kfnsf sfi7, wft' / k|:t/ d"lt{snf ;d[4 lyP . tfd| / nf]xn]kåf/f d"lt{x¿ k|Hjlnt / l6sfp kfl/Gy] . s'zn sfnLu9n] s'bF s ] f d"lt{x¿ ljz]iftM sf7df8f}–F pkTosfdf e]l6G5 . g]kfnL d"lt{snf ;fdfGotof k|:t/, sfi7 / wft' u/L tLg k|sf/sf d"lt{snf cTolws ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ . d[0do -6]/fsf]6f_ d"lt{x¿ klg yf]/} ljsl;t eP klg cToGt ;'Gb/ 5g\ . o; o'usf sf]6fn6f]n xfF8LufFpsf] pdfdx]Zj/ d"lt{, Sjjxfsf] pdfdx]Zj/ d"lt{, yfkflx6Lsf] ;"o{ d"lt{, ag]kfsf] ;"o{ d"lt{, rfFug' f/fo0fsf] >Lw/ lji0f' d"lt{, rfFus ' f] g/l;+x d"lt{, b]pkf6gsf] rt'/dv ' ln+u, kf6g s'De]Zj/sf] lji0f' Jo"x, /fli6«o ;ª\ux| fnosf] lji0f'dl" t{ cflb k|l;4 5g\ . t]xf| –F} rf}wf}F ztfAbLsf] g[ToZj/ d"lt{ -/fli6«o ;ª\ux| fno_, l:ylt dNnsf];do lj=;= !$#( -O{=;+ !#*@_ df kz'kltsf] dg'iofsf/rt'dv {' L d"lt{ klg k|l;4 5g\ . dWosfnsf d"lt{snfsf ljz]iftfx¿M • k|mf];|f] sd;n 9'ª\ufsf] 5gf]6 • nfDrf] / ;fgf] d'vfs[lt lgdf{0f ug'{ • cTolws u/uxgfsf] k|of]u ug'{ • cnª\s[t k|efd08n lgdf{0f ug'{ • d"lt{nfO{ xfjfbf/L agfpg' • ljz]if k|sf/sf] d's'6sf] k|of]u ug'{ • cfª\lus cg'kftsf] d]n gx'g' • kfbkL7df bf]xf]/f] kBkL7 b]vfpg' k|:t/sf d"lt{ kTy/ snfdf g]kfn lgs} dfly lyof] . kTy/sf] 5gf]6, ljifoj:t'sf] 5gf]6 / sfnLu9L s'zntfn] g]kfnL kTy/ snfdf ;hLjtf / ;'Gb/tf lbPsf] kfOG5 . :y"n / ;"Id k|sf/sf 9'Ë] d"lt{x¿ dWosfndf k|z:t tof/ ePsf] kfOG5 . bzf}+ ztfAbLlt/sf] xfF8LufpF sf]6fn 6f]nsf] pdfdx]Zj/sf] d"lt{, g]=;+= !)& sf] kf6gsf] Sjfjxfsf] pdfdx]Zj/sf] d"lt{, ;g\ !)^% sf] kf6g yfkflx6Lsf] ;"o{ d"lt{ -xfn kf6g ;ª\u|xfnodf 5_, g]=;+ = %!$ df jg]kfsf] ;"o{ d"lt{, 266÷g]kfn
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b;f}F ztfAbLlt/sf] rfFu'gf/fo0f k|fË0fsf] >Lw/ lji0f'sf] d"lt{, rf}wf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] kgf}tLsf] ;"o{ d"lt{, t]>f] ztfAbLlt/sf] rfFu'sf] g/l;+xsf] d"lt{, rf}wf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosf] lji0f'sf] d"lt{ cflb k"j{dWosfnsf pTs[i6 d"lt{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . xg'dfg 9f]sfsf] sfne}/asf] d"lt{, xg'dfgsf] d"lt{, e"kltGb| dNnsf] ;dosf] eQmk'/ b/af/ If]qsf] g/l;+xsf] d"lt{ / xg'dfgsf] d"lt{, !%cf}F ztfAbLsf] sfne}/j, xg'dfg9f]sf kf6g s'De]Zj/sf] lji0f'Jo"x d"lt{, eQmk'/ snf ;ª\u|xfnodf /x]sf] !%cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] xl/x/sf] d"lt{, !&cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] :joDe'sf] dxfsfnsf] d"lt{, eQmk'/ snf ;ª\u|xfno, /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnodf k|blz{t ljleGg b]jL b]jtfsf d"lt{, pkTosfdf oq tq kfOg] d"lt{x¿ g} dWosfnLg k|:t/ d"lt{sf pbfx/0f x'g\ . k|:t/ d"lt{sf ljz]iftfx¿ M • /fd|f] k|:t/sf] 5gf}6 gug'{ • tflGqs k|efj • cTolws u/uxgfsf] k|of]u • a'4d"lt{df tLg rf];] d's'6sf] k|of]u • r'Rrf] gfs • kftnf] cf]7 • nfdf cfFvf, nfdf] lrp8f] • a'4 hLjgsf 36gfnfO{ Pp6}kmnsdf ptfg'{ • zf/Ll/s cg'kft gldn]sf d"lt{x¿sf] lgdf{0f • snfTds k|ef d08n • HjfnfjnLsf] k|of]u • wd{ lg/k]If snfs[ltsf] lgdf{0f sf7sf d"lt{ l56f] gfzjfg x'g] ePsfn] sf7sf cToGt k'/fgf d"lt{x¿ k|fKt 5}gg\ . kGw|f}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosf] k"hfb]jLsf] d"lt{, !%cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] g]kfn kl/ro÷267
eQmk'/ sfi7 ;ª\u|xfnosf] g[Tob]jLsf] d"lt{, !%cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6«o ;ª\u|xfnosf] g[Tob]jLsf] d"lt{ -Pp6} sf7df ag]sf]_, eQmk'/ sfi7snf ;ª\u|xfnosf j;'Gw/f, !&cf}F ztfAbLsf] u0f]z /g[To ¿k lzj, dlxif dlb{gL{b'uf{, df/ljhosf] d"lt{, eQmk'/ sfi7snf ;+u|xfno / /fli6«o ;+u|xfno 5fpgLsf g[Tob] jLsf sfi7 d"lt{x¿ pTs[i7 gd'gf x'g\ . sfi7 snf 6F'8fndf k|z:t k|bz{g ePsf] kfOG5 . dlGb/sf] uxgf : j¿k tLg v08;Dd s'FlbPsf 6F'8fn rfFu', tn]h', Goftkf]n, s'De]Zj/ cflbdf kfOG5 . 6F'8fnsf] dflyNnf] lx:;fdf j[If, dWoefudf b]jtf / tNnf] v08df oIf, g/–hgfj/ tyf of}gfleogsf ljleGg cf;g cflb rf/sf]0fdf ;f}Gb{oo'Qm zfb"{n -e]8fsf] l;ª, l;+xsf] z/L/_ k|b{zg ul/G5 . dlGb/sf] åf/dfly cw{j[Qfsf/ tf]/0f agfO{ To;sf] dWov08leqsf] d'Vo g[Tob]jL, /fli6«o ;+u|xfno b]jtf, bfofF–afofF uËf, od'gf, ds/sf] k|tLs /fVg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . sf7sf s'FlbPsf yfd /fVg] k|rng Goftkf]n, sfi7d08k -uf]/vgfy_ df k|o'Qm 5 . sfi7snf ;f]x|f}F–;qf}F ztfAbLdf r/d ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf lyof] . sfi7d"lt{sf pTs[i6 gd'gfx¿ dlGb/df k|o'Qm 6'F8fn, em\ofn cflbn] k|:t't ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . dlGb/sf :yfkTo snfdf aflx/L efudf 6'F8fndf >[Ëf/do d"lt{ kfOG5 . df6f]sf d"lt{ g]kfnL snfsf];"qwf/df6fsf d"lt{ xf] . df6fsf d"lt{sf dfWolds gd'gf klg k|fKt 5g\ . ci6dft[sf -/fli6«o ;ª\u|xfno_ ;qf}FztfAbLsf]xf] . kz'klt cfo{3f6sf] cgGtgf/fo0f lji0f' d"lt{ c7f/f}F ztfAbLsf] df6fsf] d"lt{sf] gd'gf dflgG5 . lzjl;+x dNnsf];dodf lgld{t dxfaf}4 dlGb/-lj=;= !^$@_ df cglulGt d[ltsf d"lt{x¿ 5g\ . OF6h:t} kf]n]/ agfPsf oL df6fsf d"lt{x¿ 9'ª\uf h:t} alnof, 9nf]6h:t} lrNnf / l:gUw kfOG5 . 268÷g]kfn
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wft'sf d"lt{ k|frLg ;dosf wft'sf d"lt{x¿ k|foM pknAw 5}gg\ . t/ ;fGble{s k|df0fx¿ eg] kfOG5 . t/fO{ If]qdf k|fKt k|frLg d'bf| , rfFus ' f] lji0f'sf] d"lt{, lnR5lj sfnsf d'bf| x¿, g/G] b| b]jsf] k]6Lsf] a'4d"lt{ cflb lnR5lj sfnsf]clGtd ;dob]lvsf wft'sf d"lt{x¿ x'g \ . cf7f},F gjf}F ztfAbLsf] a'4sf] d"lt{, *cf},F (cf}F ztfAbLsf] Go"of]ss { f] Ps JolQmsf] lghL ;ª\ux| df /xs ] f] jh|kf0fLsf] d"lt{, !$cf}F ztfAbLsf] kf6g lx/0oju{ dxfljxf/sf] cjnf]lst]Zj/sf] d"lt{, !cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6«o ;ª\ux| fnosf] gfd ;ª\ultsf] d"lt{, kf6g ;ª\ux| fnodf /xs ] f !!cf},F !@cf}F ztfAbLsf] OGb|sf] d"lt{, ;g\ !)^% s[i0fdlGb/ cufl8 /xs ] f] u?8 d"lt{ sf] cw{ gf/Z] j/, !@cf}F ztfAbLsf] a'4sf] d"lt{, !^, !&cf}F ztfAbLlt/sf] /fli6«o ;ª\ux| fnosf] dlxif;Da/sf] d"lt{ cflb g} wft' d"lt{snfsf pTs[6 gd'gf x'g \ . dWosfndf cTolws wft'sf d"lt{ lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . wft'snfdf b;f}F tyf P3f/fF} ztfAbLdf gofF o'u cfPsf] dfGg] ul/G5 . dWosfnsf wft' d"lt{sf ljz]iftfx¿ lgDgfg';f/kfOG5M s= ;dfg'kflts tfndfg ldn]sf] z/L/ / cjoj v= 9lNsPsf] jf cË–cË ldn]sf] z/L/ u= cufl8 / k5fl8 b'j}lt/ snfo'Qm 3= cToflws j:qfe"if0f ª= lz//xft a9L k|b{zg r= cw{ uf]nfsf/ cfFvLef}+ / r'Rr] gfs 5= uf]nf] cg'xf/ cflb &=$=$ g]kfnL sfi7snf / ltgsf ljif]ztfx¿ lnR5ljsfnLg sfi7snf s[ltx¿ pknAw 5}gg\ . t/ pQm ;dodf b/af/, dlGb/, ljxf/ 3/x¿df sf7sf] k|of]u x'GYof] . ‰ofn / 9f]sfx¿ pkTosfsf ljleGg :df/sx¿df ljleGg cfsf/ k|sf/df sf7sf snfTds g]kfn kl/ro÷269
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/fli6«o ;+u|xfnodf /x]sf] 6'F8fn k"j{dWosfnb]lvsf sfi7 snfs[ltx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . !@÷!#cf}FztfAbLlt/sf kf6g Ifb|ju{ dxfljxf/ sf ;fnelhsf d'b|fsf 6'F8fnx¿, !!cf} F ztfAbLsf sf7df8f}Fsf] O6'djxfnsf 6'F8fn, !@÷!#cf}+ ztfAbLsf kgf}tL OGb|]Zj/ dlGb/sf 6'F8fn cflb k"j{ dWosfnLg sfi7 snfsf ljlzi6 gd'gf x'g\ . dWosfnLg tn] z}nLsf dlGb/nufotsf :df/sx¿df k|of]u ePsf 6+'8fnx¿ g} sfi7 snfsf pTs[i6 pbfx/0fx¿ x'g\ . :df/ssf] 5fgfnfO{ yfDg $% sf] sf]0fdf /flvg] ;fwf jf snfTds sf7nfO{ 6'F8fn elgG5 . &=$=% g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL uLt, ;ª\uLt /g[To snf ef}uf]lns Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfo'Qm g]kfnL ;dffhdf rf8kj{, df};d, v]tLkftL tyf cGo cj;/x¿df k|rlnt uLt tyf g[Tox¿ kfOG5 . logdf cnu–cnu :j/, efsf, ld7f; / pdª\u le/Psf x'G5g\ . g]kfndf k|rlnt s]xL uLt ;ª\uLt tyf g[Tox¿ b]xfoadf]lhd /x]sf 5g\M dfnl;/L l;n tLh÷uf}/f ;dnf ehg r'6sf÷jfng e}nf]÷b]p;L
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sfo{qmdut /dfgjLo ljsf;sf k|of;x¿n]o; If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw ePsf] 5 . ;g\ !(%# df g]kfn UNESCO sf] ;b:o /fi6«;d]t ePsf] 5 . /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] s'n ;fIf/tf ^%=($ k|ltzt k'us ] f] 5, h'g @)%* sf]/fli6«o hgu0fgfdf %$=! k|ltzt lyof] . lj=;= @)&$ ;Dd g]kfndf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] z}lIfs ;+:yf, ljBfno, ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+= *=! lj=;+= @)&$ ;fnsf] z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf] ljj/0f ljj/0f hDdf ;ª\Vof ECD / PPCs General School Units CLCs Technical & Vocational stream school -9-12
36,568 35,601 2151 283
Total Number of Technical school/Institution for 724 TSLC Level Programs Technical School / Institutions in Diploma Level 496 Programs University 10 Campus 1407 Medical Institutions -Deemed University
4
Open University
1
Source:Flash Report I -2017-018_ DOE, UGC, CTEVT, NFE 2074 BS
tflnsf g+= *=@ @)&$ ;fnsf] ljBfno, ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf] ljj/0f lzIfsx¿sf] ljBfnosf] ;ª\Vof !–!@ ljBfyL{sf] ;ª\Vof ;ª\Vof -dWolds–pRr df=lj=;Dd Community Institutional Total 29035
6566
Girls
Boys
Total
Approved Rahat
35601 3769124 3622400 7391524 109118
Total
38420 147538
Source:Flash Report I -2017-018_, DOE 274÷g]kfn
kl/ro
*=@ :jf:Yo g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{] xs, k|To]s JolQmnfO{ cfˆgf] :jf:Yo pkrf/sf] ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L kfpg] xs, k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xssf ;fy} k|To]s gful/snfO{ :jR5 vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kx'Frsf] xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . oxL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf Pjd\ If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o d~rdf hgfOPsf] k|ltj4tfcg'¿k u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;a} gful/ssf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/ lqmofzLn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . o;} qmddf ;g\ !(%# df g]kfn WHO sf] ;b:o /fi6«;d]t ePsf] 5 . of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|lqmofsf] qmddf :jf:Yo If]qdf ePsf gLltut, sfo{qmdut, hgzlQm ljsf;, cf}ifwL pks/0f cfk"lt{ / ;+:yfut k|of;af6 :jf:Yo ;]jf k|jfxdf ;dfj]zL ¿kdf eO/x]sf] ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds ljsf;n] hg;fwf/0fsf] u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm lghL, ;fd'bflos / u}/;/sf/L If]q tyf :yfgLo txaf6 klg :jf:Yo ;]jfdf yk of]ubfg k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;~rflnt /fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmdnufot ljljw vf]k sfo{qmd / ;ª\qmfds tyf c;ª\qmfds /f]u;DaGwL ;]jfdf u'0ffTds / ;ª\VofTds ;'wf/ePaf6 xfn cf};t cfo' ^(=& jif{ k'usf] ] 5 . o;}u/L dft[ d[To'b/-k|lt ! nfv hLljt hGddf_ @#(, lzz' d[To'b/-k|lt xhf/hLljt hGddf_ #@ /kfFr jif{d'lgsf afn d[To'b/-k|lt xhf/hLljt hGddf_ #( /x]sf] 5 . ;|f]t M kGw|f}F of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq / g]kfnsf] hg;f+lVos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f . oBlk b'u{d lhNnfx¿÷a:tLx¿ / ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf / lk5l8Psf ju{sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr ;/n, ;'ne / Jofks x'g ;s]sf] 5}g / :jf:Yo l:yltdf ck]Iffs[t ¿kdf ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;f+:s[lts, n}ª\lus, cfly{s / ;fdflhs Jojwfgx¿n] ubf{ klg pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ ;dtfd"ns ¿kdf k|jfx x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . )&^÷&& sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0fsf cg';f/ @)&^ sf] kmfu'g;Dd b]xfo adf]lhdsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf hgzlQm /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+= *=# :jf:Yo ;]jf tyf hgzlQm ljj/0f ljj/0f hDdf != hDdf :jf:Yo ;+:yf &!%$ s_ c:ktfn !@% g]kfn kl/ro÷275
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k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| :jf:Yo rf}sL cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwfno pk:jf:Yo rf}sL÷cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb| c:ktfn z}o\of hDdf hgzlQm 8fS6/ g;{ / c=g=dL= slj/fh j}B :jf:Yo ;xfos -x]=c=, c=x]=j=_ dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\;]ljsf
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*=# v]ns'b JolQmsf] zf/Ll/s tGb'?:tL, ;fdflhs, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds kIfsf] ;Gt'lnt ljsf;df v]ns'bsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . v]ns'bdf /fli6«o Pstf ;'b[9 ug]{ / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf /fli6«o klxrfg :yflkt ug]{ k|d'v dfWodsf] ¿kdf /xL cfPsf] 5 . v]ns'bsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L :j:y, ;Ifd / cg'zfl;t gful/s tof/ u/L cGt/f{li6«o hutdf /fi6«sf] ;Ddfg clej[l4 ub}{ klxrfg :yflkt ug]{ nIo g]kfnn] lnPsf] 5 . g]kfndf v]ns'b;DaGwL ultljlw tof/ ug]{ ;a}eGbf 7'nf] lgsfo jf ;+:yfsf ¿kdf /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ -/fv]k_ /x]sf] 5 . ljlwut ¿kdf g]kfnL /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ -/fv]k_ sf] :yfkgf lj=;= @)!& ;fn kmfNu'g !& ut] ePsf] lyof] . lj=;= @)!% ;fndf :yflkt /fli6«o :jf:y tyf v]ns'b kl/ifb\sf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifb\ jf 5f]6s/Ldf /fv]k /flvPsf] lyof] . t/ g]kfndf /fv]ksf] u7g x'g'eGbf cufl8b]lv g} lqms]6, Aof8ldG6g, 6]a'n6]lg;, km'6an, xsL tyf 6]lg; h:tf v]ns'bx¿sf] ;ª\3sf] u7g eO;s]sf] lyof] . xfn g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]nsf] dfGotf cflwsfl/s ¿kdf ldlt @)&$ h]7 )* ut] ;/sf/n] u/]sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ elnan v]nn] kfPsf]5 . o; cl3 skbL{ tyf 808Llaof]nfO{ /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] pkdf lbOPtf klg cf}krfl/s ¿kd} 3f]if0f eg] ul/Psf] lyPg . 276÷g]kfn
kl/ro
*=#=! g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'b g]kfnL v]ns'b hut\sf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] v]ns'b dxfs'Desf ¿kdf g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'bnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] ;'¿jft lj=;= @)#* ;fn b]lv ePsf] lyof] . o; k|ltof]lutf x/]s b'O{–b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/fndf cfof]hgf ug]{ elgP tfklg g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s ;d:ofx¿sf sf/0f Tof] ;Dej eg] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;}n] /fv]kn] @)&% ;fn;Dd cfpFbf hDdf cf7 cf]6f /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] ;+:s/0fx¿ cfof]hgf ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . -s_ klxnf] ;+:s/0f g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] klxnf] ;+:s/0f lj=;+= @)#* ;fn ebf} @& ut]b]lv c;f]h $ ut];Dd sf7df8f}Fsf] bz/y /ª\uzfnfdf cfof]hgf ePsf] lyof] . afudtL c~rndf cfof]hgf ePsf]o; k|yd /fli6«o v]ns' b ( lbg;Dd rn]sf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf afudtL c~rn k|yd, u08sL c~rn bf];|f] / sf];L c~rnn] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . -v_ bf];|f] ;+:s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf @)$) r}t !@ ut]b]lv @) ut];Dd kf]v/fsf] kf]v/f :kf]6{\; sDKn]S;df ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . o; k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g tTsflng /fhf >L % jL/]G› zfxaf6 ePsf] lyof] . o; k|ltof]lutfdf nf]uf]sf] ¿kdf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o km"n nfnLu'/fF; /flvPsf] lyof] . pQm v]ndf afudtL c~rn k|yd, u08sL c~rn bf];|f] / sf];L c~rnn] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . -u_ t];|f] ;+:s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf @)$@ kmfNu'g @# ut] tTsfnLg g]kfnsf /fhf >L % jL/]G› zfxn] pb\3f6g u/L ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] eg] of] k|ltof]lutfsf] pb\3f6g / ;dfkg ;df/f]x jL/u~h /+uzfnfdf ePsf] lyof] . t];|f] /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfsf] nf]uf]sf ¿kdf af3 /flvPsf] lyof] / pQm af3sf] gfd an] /flvPsf] lyof] . pQm k|ltof]lutfdf afudtL c~rn k|yd, sf];L c~rn bf];|f] / gf/fo0fL c~rnn] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . -3_ rf}yf] ;+:s/0f of] k|ltuf]lutf lj=; =@)%% r}q * b]lv !$ ;Dd g]kfnu~hdf ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . ljsf; If]q cg';f/ ePsf] of] klxnf] k|ltof]lutf xf], k|ltof]lutfdf hDdf & l6d ;xefuL ePsf lyP . dWodf~rn ljsf;If]q k|yd, g]kfnL ;]gf bf];|f] / g]kfn k|x/L t];|f] ePsf] lyP . -ª_ kfrf}“ ;+:s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf lj=;= @)^% r}q @$ b]lv #) ;Dd sf7df8f}Fdf ;DkGg ePsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷277
lyof] . of] ;+:s/0fdf If]qLo / v'nf u/L b'O{ tl/sfaf6 k|lt:kwf{ u/fOPsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ If]qLo k|ltof]lutftkm{ dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q k|yd, PlkPkm bf];|f] / g]kfn k|x/Ln] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . To:t} v'nftkm{ dWodf~rn ljsf;If]q k|yd, PkLPkm bf];|f] / g]kfn k|x/L t];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf lyP . -r_ 5}6f}“ ;+:s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf lj=;+= @)^* r}q !$–@! ;Dd ;'b"/klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] wgu9L / dx]Gb|gu/df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . !) l6dsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] pQm k|ltof]lutfdf dWodf~rn ljsf; If]q k|yd, g]kfn k|x/L bf];|f] / ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn t];|f] ePsf lyP . -5_ ;ftf}“ ;+;s/0f of] k|ltof]lutf k"jf{~rn ljsf;If]qsf] lj/f6gu/df lj=;+= @)&# kf}if * b]lv !% ;Dd ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfnL ;]gf k|yd, ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn bf];|f] / g]kfn k|x/Ln] t];|f] :yfg xfl;n u/]sf lyP . -h_ cf7f}F /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf afFss ] f] g]kfnu~hdf @)&% ;fndf ;DkGg ePsf] k|ltof]lutfsf v]nx¿ r}t @& b]lv ;'? eP klg cf}krfl/s pb\3f6g eg] j}zfv % ut] ePsf] lyof] . o; k|ltof]lutfdf #% v]ndf kfFr xhf/eGbf a9L v]nf8L k|lt:kwL{ lyP . h;df ljefuLo l6dn] zLif{ tLg :yfg xfl;n u¥of] . k|ltof]lutfdf g]kfn cfdL{ klxnf], g]kfn k'ln; bf];f| ] / ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn t];f| ] ePsf] lyof] . (cf}F /fli6«o v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf b'O{ jif{leq u08sL k|bz ] df cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ePsf] 5 . tflnsf g+= *=$ cf7f}F /fli6«o v]ns'bsf] kbs tflnsf qm=; l6d :j0f{ /ht sf:o ! g]kfn cfdL{ !$) *@ ^& @ g]kfn k|x/L ^@ $( $^ # ;z:q k|x/L an g]kfn %$ ^) *) $ afudtL k|b]z @@ $) ^) % u08sL k|b]z !@ @! $$ ^ k|b]z % !! @^ $* & k|b]z ! ( @) %( * ;'b"/klZrd k|b]z * !@ #$ 278÷g]kfn
kl/ro
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k|b]z @ Pgcf/PgP s0ff{nL k|b]z
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*=#=@ g]kfnsf 7'nf 3/]n' v]ns'b k|ltof]lutfx¿ g]kfn /fli6«o v]ns'b -a[xt\_ /fv]k RoflDkogl;k -a[xt\_ ;lxb :df/s P–l8lehg lnu -km'6an_ PGkmf sk -km'6an_ Pe/]i6 lk|ldo/ lnu -lqms]6_ wgu9L lk|ldo/ lnu -lqms]6_ kf]v/f lk|ldo/ lnu -lqms]6_ PgeLP /fli6«o lnu -elnan_ /fli6«o XofG8an k|ltof]lutf -XofG8an_ /fli6«o a'l4rfn k|ltof]lutf -a'l4rfn_ *=#=# g]kfnsf] v]n ;ª\u|xfno sf7df8f}Fl:yt bz/y /ª\uzfnfsf] blIf0f tkm{sf] Kof/flkm6 tn Pp6f sf]7fdf g]kfns} klxnf] cf]nlDks ;ª\u|xfno /x]sf] 5 . of] ;ª\u|xfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;= @)%@ ;fndf ePsf]lyof] . of];ª\u|xfno kl5 lj=;= @)%^ ;fn c;f]h dlxgfdf nueu @ nfv %) xhf/sf] nfutdf g]kfns} klxnf] v]ns'b ;ª\u|xfnosf ¿kdf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . of] ;ª\u|xfnodf g]kfnL v]n Oltxf; b;f{pg] cg]s v]n ;fdu|Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . *=#=$ cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'bdf g]kfnsf] ;xeflutf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o v]ns'bdf ;g\ !(%! df ef/tsf] gofF lbNnLdf ePsf] k|yd Pl;ofnL v]ns'baf6 ;xeflutf hgfPsf] lyof] . o:t} g]kfnsf tkm{af6 cGt/f{li6«o ;xefuLtfdf klxnf]k6s kbs lhTg] v]nf8L lhtaxfb'/ s];L x'g\ . pgn] ;g\ !(&# df lkmlnlkG;sf] dlgnfdf cfof]hgf ePsf] klxnf] Pl;og 6«ofs PG8 lkmN8 RoflDkogl;k df sf+:o kbs lht]sf lyP . g] kfnnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf :j0f{ kbs lhtfpg] k|yd v]nf8L eg] a}s'07 dfgGw/ x'g\ . pgn] klxnf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf Dof/fygtkm{ g]kfnsf nflu klxnf] :j0f{ kbs lht]sf lyP . g]kfn kl/ro÷279
*=#=% cf]nlDks v]ndf g]kfn g]kfnn] klxnf]k6s ;g\ !(^$ df hfkfgsf] 6f]lsof]df ePsf] cf]nlDks v]nb]lv cf]nlDks v]ndf ;xefuLtf hgfpg ;'? u/]sf] xf] . ;fy} g]kfnn] ;g\ !(^* ;fndf d]lS;sf]df ePsf] cf]nlDks v]nafx]s clxn];Dd ;a} cf]nlDks v]ndf ;xefuLtf hgfpFb} cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] pQm cf]nlDksdf alS;ª tyf Dof/fyg u/L hDdf b'O{ v]ndf dfq ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] lyof] . o; cf]nlDksdf ;'zLn;d;]/ ha/fsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf tkm{af6 Dof/fyg bf}8df u+ufaxfb'/ yfkf / e"k]G› s];Ln] ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] lyP eg] alS;ª v]ndf gfdl;+x yfkf, /fdk|;fb u'¿ª / cf]dk|;fb k'gn] ;xefuLtf hgfPsf lyP . ;g\ !(** sf] ;f]n cf]nlDksdf k|bz{gL v]n t]SjfGbf]df ljwfg nfdfn] sf+:o kbs lht]sf lyP . t/ of] kbs cf]nlDks v]nsf] kbs tflnsfdf u0fgf gx'g] x'bfF g]kfn cf]nlDks v]ndf ;xefuLtfdf dfq l;ldt /xg k'u]sf] 5 . t/ g]kfnL v]nf8Lx¿n] eg] cf]nlDkssf v]nx¿df cg]s /fli6«o lslt{dfg sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . *=#=^ blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfn jf:tjdf g]kfnL v]nf8Lx¿n] cfˆgf] v]n sf}zn k|bz{g ug]{ k|dv ' a[xt\ v]ns'b k|ltof]lutf g} blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b / ;fu u]d xf] . g]kfn blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bdf cfˆg} lsl;dsf] klxrfg agfpg ;kmn eO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnL v]nf8Lx¿n] blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b If]qdf cg]s sLlt{dfgx¿;d]t /fVg ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . s'g} klg a[xt\ v]ns' bsf];jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ tyf 7'nf] :j0f{ kbssf ¿kdf lnOg] km'6an v]ntkm{sf] :j0f{ kbs g]kfnL k'?if l6dn] tLg k6s lhlt;s]sf] 5 . t/ dlxnf l6dn] nuftf/ kmfOgndf :yfg agfP klg kmfOgndf ef/t;Fu k/flht x'bF } /ht kbsdf lrQ a'emfpg' k/s ] f] lyof] . g]kfnn] xfn;Dd tLgk6s blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'bsf] ;kmn cfof]hgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*$ df ePsf] klxnf] ;fkmsf] ;+:s/0fdf g]kfnn] $ :j0f{;lxt s'n @$ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . pQm ;fkmdf Dof/fygsf v]nf8L a}s'07 dfgGw/n] g]kfnL v]ns'b hutdf g} klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf lyP . ;fy} g]kfnL /fli6«o km'6an l6dn] km'6antkm{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ :j0f{ xft kfbf{ g]kfnn] b'O{ :j0f{ alS;ª v]naf6 lht]sf] lyof] . o; ;fkm u]ddf g]kfnn] :j0f{ kbsafx]s !@ /ht kbs tyf * sf+:o kbs lht]sf] lyof] / ;ft b]z ;xefuL kbs tflnsfdf rf}yf] :yfgdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . o:t} g]kfnn] bf];|f] k6s ;g\ !((& df cf7f}F ;fkm v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] 280÷g]kfn
kl/ro
!#cf}F blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'b pb\3f6g, sf7df8f}F lyof] . of];fu u]d g]kfnsf nflu ;'vb tyf pTs[i6 ;fu u]d xf] . h;df ;fu u]ddf g]kfnn] ck]Iff u/]sf] eGbf a9L ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . cfof]hs g]kfnn] o; ;fu u]ddf ;jf{lws #! :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] hals g]kfnn] of] ;fudf hDdf !% :j0f{ kbssf] dfq ck]Iff u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfnsf nflu P]ltxfl;s /x]sf] o; ;fu u]ddf g]kfnn] #! :j0f{ kbs, !) /ht kbs / @$ sf:o kbs ;lxt s'n ^% kbs lht]sf] lyof] . o;} ;fu u]ddf g]kfn klxnf] k6s :j0f{ kbssf] cfwf/df k|ltof]lutfsf] clGtd kbs tflnsfsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . o:t} g]kfnn] t];|f] k6s ;g\ @)!( df t]x|f}F ;fu v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . of] ;fu u]d g]kfnsf nflu clxn] ;Dds} ;'vb tyf pTs[i6 ;fu u]d xf] . h'g ;fu u]ddf g]kfnn] ck]Iff u/]sf]eGbf a9L ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] . cfof]hs g]kfnn] o; ;fu u]ddf ;jf{lws %! :j0f{ kbs lhTg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnsf nflu P]ltxfl;s /x]sf] o; ;fu u]ddf g]kfnn]%! :j0f{ kbs, ^) /ht kbs /(^ sf:o kbs;lxt s'n @)& kbs lht]sf] lyof] . o;} ;fu u]ddf g]kfn klxnf] k6s :j0f{ kbssf] cfwf/df k|ltof]lutfsf] clGtd kbs tflnsfsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf /xg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ klxnf] kbs lbnfpg] v]nf8L rGrnf b'g'jf/ s/ft], klxnf] :j0f{ kbs lbnfpg] d08]sfhL >]i7 s/ft], ;a}eGbf a9L $ :j0f{ kbs lbnfpg] uf}/Lsf l;+x kf}8LsL v]nf8L x'g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷281
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tflnsf g+= *=% blIf0f PlzofnL v]ns'bdf g]kfn -;g\ !(*$ b]lv ;g\ @)!( ;Dd_ cfof]hs :j0f{ /ht g]kfn $ !@ a+unfb]z ! ( ef/t @ & kfls:tfg ! !) >LnÍf @ * aª\unfb]z ! ^ ef/t $ * g]kfn #! !) kfls:tfg & ^ >LnÍf !% !$ a+unfb]z * ( ef/t # @# g]kfn %! ^)
sfZo * @@ ## @! @( !% !^ @$ @) #! !( #$ (^
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cf=j= @)&^÷&& kmfu'g;Dd hnljB't\af6 !,@## d]ufjf6, yd{n KnfG6af6 %$ d]ufjf6, ;f}o{ pmhf{af6 @&=) /n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfaf6 ^* u/L Ifdtf !,#%% d]ufjf6 Ifdtf a/fa/sf ljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿ /fli6«o ljB't\ k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ePsf 5g\ . cf=j= &^÷&& sf]kmfu'g;Dd s'n hg;ª\Vof dWo] ** k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf ljB't\sf] kx"Fr k'u]sf] 5 . j}slNks pmhf{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug]{ p2]Zon] j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]G›af6 gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf k|j4{gsf] dfWodåf/f u|fdL0f hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg], jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug]{, /f]huf/Lsf cj;/df j[l4 ug]{ / gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwnfO{ Joj;foLs/0f u/L o; ;DaGwL pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ /;f}o{ ljB't\sf]dfWodaf6 b]zsf sl/a !* k|ltzt hgtfdf ljB't\sf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]G›dfkm{t xfn;Dd ljleGg gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ k|ljlwx¿ dWo] !,#() cf]6f 3/fo;L jfof]UofF; KnfG6, (,*%* 3/]n' ;f}o{ ljB't\ k|0ffnL $,*$& cf]6f ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg ePsf 5g\ . n3' tyf ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfaf6 &^$ ls=jf= tyf ;f}o{ jfo' ldgLu|L8 k|0ffnLaf6 %) ls=jf=ljB't\ pTkfbg ePsf]5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{;DaGwL * cf]6f sfa{g cfof]hgfx¿ hnjfo" kl/jt{g;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo 9fFrf dxf;GwL -UNFCCC_ df btf{ ePsf]tyf !^ nfv 6g k|dfl0ft xl/t u[x UofF; pT;h{g Go"gLs/0f -CER_ u/L sfa{g Jofkf/af6 xfn;Dd sl/a Ps ca{ ¿k}of a/fa/sf] cfDbfgL ePsf] 5 . *=& l;FrfO ljs6 ef}uf]lns agfj6 tyf hldgsf] ljifd cjl:yltsf sf/0f sl/a @^,$!,))) x]S6/ s[lifof]Uo hldg ePsf] cg'dfg 5 / To;dWo] klg sl/a !&,^^,))) x]S6/df dfq l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;Lldt v]tLof]Uo hldg / a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf sf/0f s[lif pTkfbsTj a9fpg l;FrfOsf] /fd|f] Joj:yf x'g' ckl/xfo{ ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] l;FrfO k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df Wofg lbFb}cfPsf]kfOG5 . l;S6f l;FrfO cfof]hgf, aaO{ l;FrfO cfof]hgf, /fgLhd/f s'nl/of l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿ /fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgfsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . s'n l;l~rt If]qkmndWo] e"ldut l;+rfOaf6 ePsf] l;+lrt If]qkmn $,$#,#^% x]S6/, s[ifs Jojl:yt l;FrfOk|0ffnLaf6 ePsf] l;l~rt If]qkmn !,^&,(@% x]S6/ tyf ;tx l;FrfOaf6 l;+lrt ePsf] If]qkmn *,!#,)^& x]S6/ 5 . 292÷g]kfn
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l;S6f l;+rfO cfof]hgf g]kfnsf] s'n l;+lrt If]qdWo] sl/a Ps ltxfO{ e"efudf dfq jif}{e/L l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . lbuf], Gofof]lrt / ;Gt'lnt If]qLo ljsf;sf nflu ;dfj]zL tyf ;fem]bf/L Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/df b]zsf ljBdfg ;tx tyf e"ldut hn;|f]tsf] clwstd ;b'kof]uaf6 jif}{le/ l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ub}{ s[lif pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ub}{ ;d[l4tkm{ cufl8 a9\g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . *=* ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6sf] sf/0faf6 l;lh{t lzIff, :jf:Yo, s[lif, ko{6g tyf Jofkf/ nufotsf cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug{ Pp6f ;zQm k"jf{wf/sf] ¿kdf :yflkt ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] sfg'gsf] zf;g, e|i6frf/ d'Qm / r':t k|zf;g, ljs]G›Ls/0f, cfly{s cg'zf;g tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfx / ;|f]tsf] s'zn Joj:yfkg h:tf ;'zf;gsf cfwf/e"t dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;j{;fwf/0fn] kfpg' kg]{ ;]jf l56f], 5l/tf] tyf sd vlr{nf] 9+uaf6 k|bfg ug{ ;Dej ePsf] b]lvG5 . g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lj=;+= @)@* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] tYofÍ k|zf]wgsf] qmddf sDKo'6/ k|ljlwsf] k|of]u eP kZrft g]kfnn] ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf k|jz ] u/s ] f] b]lvG5 . pQm /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] tYofÍ k|zf]wgdf 2nd Generation sDo'6/ IBM1401 sf] k|of]u ePsf] / tTkZrft @)#* ;fnsf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf qmddf 2nd Generation sDo'6/ ICL2950/10 sf] k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn kl/ro÷293
;"rgf k|ljlwsf]ljsf; qmddf ;g\ !(#) df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{t : yfkgf ePsf]k|fljlws k|lzIf0f ;+: yfgnfO{ ;g\ !(&@ df Institute of Engineering sf]gfddf kl/ jt{g u/L ;g\ !(($ /!((* df qmdzM Electronics and Computer Engineering sf] cWofkg ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !(&$ df Electronic Data Processing s]G›sf] :yfkgf eof] h;nfO{ ^ jif{ kl5 National Computer Training Centre (NCC) gfdfs/0f ul/of] . ;g\ !(($ df tTsflng g]kfn /fhsLo lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|1f k|lti7fgn] Mercantile Communication Pvt. Ltd. sf] ;fydf g]kfndf klxnf] k6s Email Service k|of]udf NofO{ Internet sf] ;'?jft ePsf] lyof] . ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]ljsf;nfO{ k|fT;fxg ] tyf lgodg ug{sf nflu ;g\ !((* b'/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf eof] . o;};fy g]kfn 6]lnsdn] ;g\ @))) b]lv Internet Service pknAw u/fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ ljsf;, Joj:yfkg tyf ljB't\Lo ;'zf;g sfod ug{ ;g\ @))@ df NITC sf] :yfkgf eO{ Government Integrated Data Centre (GIDC) lgdf{0f ePsf] tyf ;g\ @))* df k|dfl0fs/0f lgoGqssf] sfof{nosf] : yfkgf ePsf]5 . o;sf ;fy};"rgf k|ljlwnfO{ lgodg ug{sf nflu ;g\ @))) df Information Technology Policy nfu' eO{ ;g\ @)!% df Information Communication Policy df cWofjlws ul/Psf] ;fy} ;g\ @))* df Electronic Transaction Act nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(&) df b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] :yfkgfkZrft\ ePsf] xf] . lj=;= !(&! df sf7df8f}bF l] v /S;f}n;Dd 6«ªs \ n 6]lnkmf]gsf] Joj:yf eof] . rGb|;d;]/sf] kfnfdf ;j{ky| d DofUg]6f] 6]lnkmf]gsf] k|of]uaf6 ePsf] lyof] . lj=;= !((! kf}if ! ut] 6]lnkmf]g x]8 clkm;sf] -b"/;~rf/;DaGwL sfof{no_ :yfkgf eof] . sf7df8f}dF f tTsfnLg /f0ff k|zf;sx¿sf] k|of]usf nflu lj=;+= !((@ df @% nfOgsf] c6f]dl] 6s 6]lnkmf]g h8fg ul/of] . To;} u/L !((@ kf}if @ ut] …;jfn P]gÚ hf/L u/L 6]lnkmf]g ;]jf ;j{;fwf/0fsf nflu v'Nnf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;}u/L b"/;~rf/n] lj=;+= !((# df sf7df8f}F–wgs'6f 6«ª\sn (STD) ;]jf ;'? u/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))^ ;fndf g]kfnu~h, e}/xjf, Onfd, wgs'6f, lj/f6gu/df cfsfzjf0fL ;]6x¿ /flvP . lj=;+=@))& ;fndf sf7df8f}Fdf ;L=aL=Dofg'cn PS;r]Gh -!)) nfOg_ sf]:yfkgf eof] . @))( ;fn;Dddf @! cf]6f lhNnfx¿df cfsfzjf0fL s]Gb|x¿ v8f eP . k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgfdf ;~rf/nfO{{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbPkl5 g]kfnn] lj=;+= @)!$ dª\l;/ @) df cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;ª\3 -ITU_ sf];b:otf k|fKt u¥of] . k|yd k~rjifL{o of]hgf nfu' ePkl5 294÷g]kfn
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@)!^ ;fndf sf7df8f}Fdf b"/;~rf/ ljefu v'Nof] . o;n] /fhwfgLsf] a9\bf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fvL lj=;+= @)!( ;fndf c6f]d]l6s qm;af/ PS;r]Gh -$)) nfOg_ sf]:yfkgf u¥of] . lj=;+=@)@! cflZjg !% df V.H.F. k|0ffnLsf] cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] ;'ef/De eof] . t];|f] of]hgfsfndf ljleGg lhNnfx¿df cfsfzjf0fL :6];gx¿ yk ul/P . ;fy}, %) cf]6f cfsfzjf0fL :of6]nfO6 :6]zgx¿ yk ul/P / ;ftcf]6f Pl/of sG6«f]n :6];gx¿ klg rNg yfn] . lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf ;ldlt P]g, @)!# cg';f/ b"/;~rf/ ;ldltsf] u7g eof] . To;} u/L lj=;=@)@* df 6]n]S; ;]jf klg k|f/De eof] . lj=;= @)@* df ;~rf/ ;+:yfg P]g, @)@* k|f/De ePkl5 g]kfn b"/;~rf/n] cGt/b]zLo dfOqmf]j]e 6«fG;ld;g ln+ssf] :yfkgf u¥of] . lj=;= @)%$ kmfu'g @) ut] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0fsf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @)%% ;fndf b"/;~rf/n] g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ 6]lnkmf]gx¿ l8lh6n k|0ffnLaf6 ;~rfng ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL u¥of] . b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf ljsf;qmd;Fu} lj=;= @)%^ j}zfv ! ut] ;]n'n/ df]afOn ;]jfsf] Kf|f/De eof] . b"/;~rf/ gLlt @)^) nfu' ePkl5 @)^) efb| ^ ut]g]kfndf klxnf]k6s lk|k]8 df]afOn ;]jf k|f/De ul/of] . b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfg lj=;+=@)^! j}zfv ! ut]b]lv ljlwjt ¿kdf g]kfn 6]lnsddf kl/0ft eO{ lghL If]qsf cGo ;zQm b"/;~rf/ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfx¿;Fu k|lt:kwf{df plqPsf] 5 . lk|mSj]G;L Ps k|s[ltk|bQ ;|f]t ePsfn] o;sf] /fli6«o lxtcg's'n pkof]u ug{ / /fhZj k|fKt ug{ ;/sf/n] @)^( sflQs !( ut] b"/;~rf/ ;]jfsf] /]l8of] lk|mSj]G;L -afF8kmfF8 tyf d"No;DaGwL_ gLlt, @)^( NofPsf]5 . )&^÷&& sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0fcg';f/ )&^÷&& kmfu'g;Dd 6]lnkmf]gsf] 3gTj !#( k|ltzt, Internet u|fxs 3gTj &% k|ltzt k'usf] ] 5 . )&^÷&& sf]kmfu'g;Dd 6]lnkmf]g k|of]ustf{ $,)&,(#,!)@ / )&^÷&& sf] df3;Dd df]jfOnsf] k|of]ustf{ $,)%,(^,@%( /x]sf] 5 . && j6} lhNnfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 eg] () k|ltzt e"efudf df]afOn ;]jfsf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . xfn International Telecommunication Union (ITU) åf/f ;g\ @)!& df ;"rLs[t u/]sf] ljj/0fcg';f/ ljZj ICT Development Index ;"rLdf !&^ b]zx¿ dWo] g]kfn !$)cf}F :yfgdf 5 eg] ;fs{df %cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . xfnsf] l:yltdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;+:yfx¿n] ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf 6]jf k'¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ .
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sfnfkTy/df dlGqklifb\ a}7s, @)^^ cfly{s jif{ )&^÷&& kmfu'g;Dd jftfj/0fd}qL ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] jftfj/0f k|efj d"NofÍg ePsf cfof]hgfsf] ;ª\Vof #$& k'u]sf] 5 . afFs]sf] g]kfnu~h / bfªsf] 3f]/fxL, af/fsf] l;d/f / ;'g;/Lsf] em'Dsf;d]t rf/ :yfgdf jfo' u'0f:t/ dfkg s]G› :yfkgf eO{ jfo' u'0f:t/sf] cj:yf tt\ ;dodf -Real Time_ ;fj{hlgs x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] sfa{g Jofkf/sf] lgodg / Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;g\ @))* b]lv /]8 -Reducing Emission From Deforestation and Forest Degradation_ sfo{qmd ;'¿ u/ L ;f]xL jif{ b]lv /]8 Kn; sfo{Gjogdf NofPsf] 5 . *=!) lbuf] ljsf; ljsf; Ps ax'cfoflds cjwf/0ff xf] . o;n] ;dfhdf lg/Gt/ k|ultpGd'v kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff /fv]sf] x'G5 . dfgj ;Eotfsf] ;'?jft;Fu} ljsf; s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf lg/Gt/ x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ljsl;t d'n'sx¿n] ljsf;sf gfddf pknAw k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgsf] r/d bf]xg u/]kl5 l;lh{t jftfj/0f c;Gt'ngsf] ;dfwfg:j¿k ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsaf6 lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff ;'? ePsf]xf] . ;g\ !(*& df a|'6NofG8 sldzgåf/f xfd|f];femf eljIo (Our common Future) gfds k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/L ;j{k|yd lbuf] ljsf; zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] xf] h;cg';f/ jt{dfg k':tfn] pknAw k|fs[lts ;+zfwgnfO{ b[li6ut u/L eljiodf cfkm\gf ;Gtltsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug]{ Ifdtfdf s'g} c;/ gkg]{ u/L ;|f]t ;fwgx¿sf] ;xL ;+/If0f ub}{ ljj]sk"0f{ tj/n] kl/rfng ul/g] ljsf; cjwf/0ff g} lbuf] ljsf; xf] . of] ljsf; cfkm}Fdf l6sfp ljsf; 298÷g]kfn
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Pjd\ ljgfz/lxt ljsf; xf] . o;n] gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tsf] pkof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k|j4{g ub{5 . lbuf] ljsf;nfO{ ;fdfGotof jftfj/0fLo cfofd;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ ul/Ptf klg of] Ps ax'cfoflds tyf ultlzn ljifo xf] h;n] ljsf;sf /fhgLlt, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[ltsnufot ;du| cfofdnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cf7f}F of]hgfaf6 cf}krfl/s ¿kdf lbuf] ljsf;sf] of]hgf ;'? ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ljsf;;DaGwL gLltdf lbuf] ljsf; sfod ug]{ gLlt cjnDjg u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} xfn ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3af6 cg'df]lbt lbuf] ljsf; nIox¿nfO{ ljsf;sf ;du| kIfx¿df cfGtl/sLs/0f ub}{ /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfdf ;/sf/, lghL If]q, ;xsf/L If]q, u}/ ;/sf/L If]q, ;fd'bflos If]qnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] ;+o'Qm k|of;df sfof{Gjog ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf cg';f/ g]kfndf lbuf]ljsf; nIo sfof{Gjog ug{ jflif{s cf}ift ?= @) va{ @% ca{ nfUg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf] &) cf}F dxf;efn] ;g\ @)!% ;]K6]Da/ @% df ;g\ @)!^ b]lv @)#) ;Dd ljZjsf] ¿kfGt/0f / ljsf;sf x/]s cfofddf s;}nfO{ klg k5fl8 g5f]8\g] k|lta4tfsf ;fy lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿sf] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t lbuf]ljsf;sf !& cf]6f nIo, !^( cf]6f kl/df0ffTds nIo / ##@ cf]6f ljZjJofkL ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . h;df lbuf]ljsf;df !& cf]6f nIox¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ . nIo g+= ! M ;a} :yfg / ;a} k|sf/sf ul/aLsf] cGTo nIo g+= @ M ef]sd/L lgoGq0f, vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f:t/ ;'wf/ Pjd\ lbuf] s[lifsf] k|j4{g, nIo g+= # M ;a}sf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf nIo g+= $ M ;a}sf nflu ;dfj]zL, ;dGoflos / :t/Lo lzIffsf] cj;/ ;'lglZrtf nIo g+= % M n}+lus ;dfgtf /dlxnf tyf aflnsf ;zlQms/0f nIo g+= ^ M ;a}sf nflu vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] lbuf] pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf nIo g+= & M ;a}sf nflu e/kbf]{ / wflgg ;Sg] cfw'lgs phf{sf] kx"Fr ;'lglZrtf nIo g+= * M e/kbf]{, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cfly{s a[l4 Pjd\ ;a}sf nflu pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L g]kfn kl/ro÷299
nIo g+= ( M ;jn k"jf{wf/, lbuf] / ;dfj]zL cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / gjk|jt{g k|j4{g, nIo g+= !) M b]zleq / b]zx¿lar /x]sf] c;dfgtf Go"gLs/0f nIo g+= !! M :j:Yo Pjd\ ;'/lIft ;x/ tyf dfgj a;f]af; nIo g+= !@ M lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf nIo g+= !# M hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/Go"gLs/0fsf nflu tTsfn sfo{ nIo g+= !$ M ;d'b|, ;d'b|L lsgf/ / ;d'b|L ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ lbuf] pkef]u nIo g+= !% M lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, ag Joj:yfkg / o; lj?4sf sfo{sf] lgoGq0f nIo g+= !^ M zfGt /;dfj] zL ;dfh k|j4{g, Gofodf ;dfg kx"Fr / k|efjsf/L Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL ;+:yfTds ;+/If0f nIo g+= !& M lbuf]ljsf;sf nflu sfof{Gjog ;+oGqsf];jnLs/0f /ljZj ;fem]bf/L . lll
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elgG5 . of] k|m]Gr efiffsf] De Jour af6 ag]sf] xf] . k|m]Grefiffdf De Jour eGgfn] lbge/Lsf] eGg] a'lemG5 . De Jour af6 Journal / Journal af6 Journalism ePsf] dflgG5 . To;}n] kqsfl/tf eg]sf] lbgel/ ePsf 36gfx¿ dWo] d"Vo d"Vo 36gfx¿nfO{ sf65fF6 u/]/ To;af6 dxŒjk"0f{ s'/fx¿ ;dfrf/sf ¿kdf, cGtjf{tf{sf ¿kdf, ;dfrf/;dLIff jf ;DkfbsLosf ¿kdf jf kmf]6f] , sf6'{gsf ¿kdf k|sfzg jf k|;f/0f ug'{ xf] . kqsfl/tfnfO{ tfhf 36gfsf s'/fx¿ ;~rfng / ;Dkfbg u/]/ kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg jf cgnfOg Go"h kf]6{nsf dfWodaf6 kf7s, ;|f]tf jf bz{ssf nflu ;/n efiffdf ;~rf/ ug'{ xf] eGg] ul/G5 . kqsfl/tfnfO{ 5fkf dfWod / ljB't\Lo dfWod u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug]{ul/Psf]5 . kqklqsfx¿ 5fkf dfWod cGtu{t kb{5g\ eg] /]l8of], 6]lnlehg / OG6/g]6sf] dfWodn] ;~rfng x'g]cgnfOg ldl8of /;f];n ldl8ofx¿ ljB't\Lo dfWoddf kb{5g\ . oxfF 5fkf dfWod / ljB't\Lo dfWodnfO{ a]Unfa]Un} zLif{sdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . (=!=! 5fkf dfWod M g]kfnL efiffdf k|sflzt klxnf] klqsfsf]¿kdf lj=;+= !($# df df]lt/fd e§n] sfzLdf 5kfPsf …uf]/vf ef/t hLjgÚ dfl;snfO{ lnOG5 . g]kfnd} 5flkPsf] klxnf] g] kfnL klqsfrflxF lj=;+= !(%% ;fnsf]>fj0f dlxgfdf k|sflzt …;w' f ;fu/Ú dfl;s klqsf xf] . …;w' f ;fu/Ú lg:ss ] f] sl/a @ jif{ !) dlxgfkl5 lj=;+= !(%* j}zfv @$ sf lbg …uf]/vfkqÚ hlGdof] . ;'?df ;fKtflxs ¿kdf k|sfzg ePsf] of] klqsf lj=;+=@))) c;f]h @( ut]cw{ ;fKtflxs ¿kdf /lj=;+= @))# k'; * b]lv xKtfdf uf]/vfkqsf] klxnf] c+s tLg k6s k|sfzg x'g yfNof] . of] klqsf lj=;+= @)!& kmfu'g & ut]b] lv b}lgs ¿kdf k|sfzg x'g yfNof] . lj=;+= !((! kmfu'gdf Cl4axfb'/ dNnsf] ;Dkfbgdf g]kfnL–efiffsf] …zf/bfÚ dfl;s klqsf k|sfzg x'g yfNof] . g]kfndf n]vsx¿nfO{ k|fT] ;flxt ug{ / ;a};uF kl/ro u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] …zf/bfÚ klqsf @)!) ;fndf cfP/ aGb eof] . 302÷g]kfn
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lj=;+= @))& ;fn kmfu'g * ut] l;l4r/0f >]i7sf] ;Dkfbgdf k|sflzt …cfjfh b}lgsÚ klqsf g]kfndf k|sflzt klxnf] b}lgs klqsf lyof] . g]kfndf k|sflzt klxnf] c+uh ]| L klqsf j¿0f ;d;]/sf] ;Dkfbgdf ;g\ !(%$ df k|sflzt …gk] fn uflh{ogÚ xf] . pQm klqsfsf] 5kfO eg] snsQfdf ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fndf uf]/vfkqdf k|sflzt klxnf] tl:a/ agf/;df 5flkPsf] afnrGb| zdf{åf/f ;Dkflbt …gjg]kfn ;fKtflxsÚ g]kfndf k|sflzt klxnf] lxGbL efiffsf] klqsf xf] . k|yd wfld{s klqsfsf] ¿kdf ;d]t lrlgPsf] …wdf]b{ oÚ g]kfn -g]jf/L_ efiffdf k|sflzt klxnf]klqsf xf] . pQm klqsf lj=;+= @))$ ;fndf k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] . To;} u/L d}lynL efiffsf] …OgfkÚ / ef]hk'/L efiffsf] …km"nkftÚ cfcfˆgf]efiffsf klxnf klqsfx¿ x'g \ . g]kfndf kqklqsf btf{ Joj:yfsf] ;'?jft lj=;+= !(($ ;fnb]lv ePsf] xf] . kqklqsfsf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 x'bF } uPkl5 o; If]qdf klg ;'wf/sf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/L @)!$ ;fndf zfxL k|; ] sld;g u7g eof] . g]kfndf lj=;= @)!% ;fn kmfu'gb]lv ;jf]R{ r cbfntaf6 …gk] fn sfg'g klqsfÚ dfl;s ¿kdf k|sfzg x'g yfNof] . P]g–sfg'g;DalGwt ;+zf]wg, cfb]z, cWofb]z, lgod ;"rgfx¿ cflb ;ª\ul| xt of] klxnf] klqsf lyof] . zfxL k|; ] sld;gs} l;kmfl/;df @)@$ ;fndf k|; ] sfplG;n u7g ePsf] xf] . k|; ] hutnfO{ cem lhDd]jf/, dof{lbt / k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;Gb{edf k|; ] sfplG;nn] cfrf/;l+ xtf nfu' ug],{ k|sflzt kqklqsf ljt/0f ;Dk/LIf0fsf] dfkb08 / k|lqmofnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L kqklqsf ljt/0f ;Dk/LIf0fsf] dfkb08 / k|lqmof tof/ u/L nfu' ug]n { ufotsf sfo{ ub{5 . tflnsf g+= (=! cf=j= )&&÷&* sf]kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd btf{ ePsf kqklqsfx¿sf]ljj/0f b}lgs c=;f= ;fKtflxs kflIfs
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g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf gful/snfO{ k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] df}lns xscGtu{t ;~rf/sf] xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] k|]; :jtGqtfsf] ljZjJofkL ;fGble{stfnfO{ g]kfnL kqsfl/tf hutdf :yflkt ug]{ ck]Iff /flvPsf] 5 . 5fkfvfgf tyf k|sfzg;DaGwL P]g, @)$* / lgodfjnL, @)$( n] klg g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] cfoflds ljsf;df dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg u/]sf] dfGg'kb{5 . o;df 5fkfklqsf btf{, kqsf/ kl/ro–kq ljt/0f, k|sfzg ug{ lgif]lwt ljifoj:t', k|]; /lh:6«f/sf] Joj:yf, kqklqsfsf] >]0fL ljefhg k|lqmofh:tf ljifoj:t'x¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . >dhLjL kqsf/;DaGwL P]g, @)%! tyf lgodfjnL @)%# df >dhLjL kqsf/sf] lxt ;+/If0f, Ifdtf ljsf;, cg'udg Joj:yf, ph"/L Joj:yf, ljjfb ;dfwfgsf ljsNkx¿, Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgwf{/0f Joj:yfnufotsf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z u/L g]kfnL ;~rf/ hut / ;~rf/sdL{ b'j}nfO{ Jojl:yt, dof{lbt, ;'/lIft / Jofjxfl/s agfpg of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . 5fkfvfgf kGw|f}F ztfAbLlt/} tof/ ePsf] 5fkfvfgf lj=;+= !()* df h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] a]nfotaf6 kms{bf g]kfn leqfPsf x'g\ . …lu4] k|];Ú sf] gfdn] kl/lrt ;f] k|];sf] jf:tljs gfd …sf]nlDaog lk|lG6ª k|];Ú lyof] . h+uaxfb'/sf] lgjf;:yfg yfkfynLdf /flvPsf] ;f] k]|;n] lj=;+= !(%* ;Dd x'nfskq, lnkmfkmf, l6s6, ;/sf/L sfuhkq cflb 5fKg] u¥of] . o;sf] s]xL jif{kl5 g} 7Flx6Ldf …dgf]/~hg 5fkfvfgfÚ :yfkgf eof]] . g]kfndf P]gsf] lstfa klg ;a}eGbf klxn] …dgf]/~hg 5fkfvfgfÚ af6} 5flkPsf] lyof] . ;+jt\ !(#) b]lv !(## ;fnsf] lardf jL/ ;d;]/sf] lgjf;:yfg gf/fo0flx6Ldf csf]{ Pp6f 5fkfvfgf :yfkgf ul/of] . of]afx]s csf]{ Pp6f ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgf klg lyof] . o;nfO{ …hª\uL lnyf]u|fkmL 5fkfvfgfÚ elgGYof] . of] 5fkfvfgf !($( ;fneGbf cufl8b]lv g} a;Gtk'/df lyof] . g]kfnd} klg !($( ;fndf s'j]//Tg ah|frfo{n] xft] k|]; agfPsf lyP . h'g k|];n] !(&( ;Dd …a'4 k|];Ú sf] gfddf ;+:s[t / g]jf/L efiffsf wfld{s k':ts 5fKg] ub{Yof] . kl5 ljleGg JolQm x'Fb} / ljleGg :yfgdf k'Ub} oxL k|]; …cGgk"0f{Ú k|];df kl/jlt{t eof] . lj=;+= !(^# ;fndf ;/sf/af6 Pp6f ;fgf] / Pp6f 7'nf];d]t b'O{ cf]6f xft] k|]; lslgP . o;sf cltl/Qm s'zn lzNkL u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] klg k|]; agfO{ …gf/fo0f k|];Ú sf] gfpFaf6 hdndf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . g]kfndf ;/sf/L 5fkfvfgfafx]s Joj;fosf] ¿kdf ;a}eGbf klxn] ;+jt\ !(%) ;fndf kl08t df]tLs[i0f, lw/]Gb|s[i0fåf/f 7Flx6Ldf …kz'kt k|];Ú gfds 5fkfvfgfsf] :yfkgf eof] . g]kfndf ;+jt\ !(^( ;fndf lah'nLaf6 ;~rflnt 5fkfvfgfsf] :yfkgf eof] . of] klxnf] lah'nLaf6 ;~rflnt 5fkfvfgf gS;fndf /flvPsf] lyof] . 304÷g]kfn
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k|hftGq k'gj{xfnLkZrft\ 5fkfvfgf tyf kqklqsf;DaGwL df} lns xssf] ;+jw} flgs Joj:yf ePkl5 5fkfvfgf pBf]usf] Jofks lj:tf/ x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . jt{dfg g]kfndf y'k}| k|; ] x¿ 5g\ / cem} klg lj:tf/ x'bF 5 } g\ . ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L s]xL ljlzi6 k|; ] x¿df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'b0| f ljefusf] 5fkfvfgf, uf]/vfkqsf] 5fkfvfgf, hgs lzIff ;fdu|L s]Gb|sf] Ph'sz ] g k|; ] , lq=lj= 5fkfvfgf, hf]/u0f]z k|; ] , ;xof]uL k|; ] cflb k|dv ' x'g \ . ;x/L If]qdf k|; ] sf] ;'ljwf pknAw eP tfklg b'ud { kxf8L lhNnfdf cem}klg ;fdfGo k|;sf] ] pknAwtf 5}g eg] s]Gb|Lo txdf ;'/lIft k|; ] sf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . (=!=@ 6]lnlehg cfd ;~rf/sf] ;a}eGbf ;zQm dfWod 6]lnlehgsf] k|of]u ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 @)$! ;fn df3 !& ut] ;/sf/n] k|f/lDes tof/Lsf lgldQ g]kfn 6]lnlehg kl/of]hgfsf] :yfkgf u¥of], h'g g]kfnsf] 6]lnlehg o'udf klxnf] sbd lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] cfˆgf] k|yd ;kmn k/LIf0f k|;f/0f @)$@ ;fn ;fpg @ ( ut] u¥of] . @)$@ ;fndf ;+:yfgdf kl/0ft ePsf] t];|f] lbgb]lv g} g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] cfˆgf] lgoldt sfo{qmd k|;f/0fsf] z'ef/De u¥of] . kl/of]hgfn] o"=Pr=Pkm Jof08df eL=Pr=Pkm=6«fG;ld6/af6 ;'?df cfwf306f /@)$@ k'if !$ ut]b]lv ;fFem & ah]b]lv ( ah];Dd @ 306fsf] lgoldt k|;f/0f k|f/De u¥of] . @)$# c;f/ !! ut] /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 ;+;b\\ ejgaf6 ePsf] ;Daf]wgsf] klxnf]kN6 k|ToIf k|;f/0f u/]sf] lyof] . h'g UHF Transmitter (O.5 Watt) k|of]u u/L Yagi Receiving Anteena af6 l;+xb/af/l:yt ejgdf l;Ugn k|fKt u/L k'gM !)) Watts sf] VHF Transmitter dfkm{t k|;f/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|;f/0f ljZje/Lsf /fi6«x¿df e"–pku|xdfkm{t 6]lnlehgsf ;ª\s]t t/Ëx¿af6 lj:tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . @)$$ sflQs @% ut] km"nrf]sLdf l/n] :6; ] gsf] :yfkgf u/L @)$^ j}zfv ! ut]bl] v k|eftsfnLg k|;f/0f k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . @)$@ ;fn kf}if !$ ut] cfˆgf] lgoldt k|;f/0f k|f/De u/s ] f] g]kfn 6]lnlehgn] @)^) cflZjg !) ut] Pg=6L=le=d]6f« s ] f] ;x–k|;f/0f k|f/De u/s ] f] 5 . casf lbgx¿df 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fdf k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ hfg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . @)&& kmfu'g d;fGt ;Dd !&$ cf]6f g]kfnL :yfgLo tyf /fli6«o 6]lnlehgx¿sf] k|;f/0f cg'dlt lnPsf 5g\ . &@ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df /fli6«o 6]lnlehg g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] ;]jf k'us ] f] 5 . g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf] k|zf/0f kx'r F b]zaflx/ !$^ d'ns ' df lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&&÷&* kmfu'g d;fGt;Dd sl/a !^@ ljb]zL Rofgnx¿sf nflu 8fpgln+s cg'dlt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} rf/ cf]6f HD Format dfkm{t k|;f/0f eO/xs ] f Rofgnx¿ Pg6LeL sf]xnk'/, NTV O6x/L, NTV Plus / NTV News_ 5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷305
(=!=# /]l8of] k|;f/0f g]kfndf /f0ff k|wfgdGqL h'4 zd;]/sf] kfnfdf dfq /]l8of] ;]6 lemsfOPsf] b]lvG5 . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL kb\d;d;]/sf] zf;gsfndf @))$ ;fnb]lv ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLx¿nfO{ /]l8of] /fVg kfpg] :jtGqtf k|fKt eof] . /]l8of];]6 cfP tfklg ltgdf ljb] zL k|;f/ 0f dfq ;'Gg kfOGYof] . @))$ ;fnlt/ tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqL kb\d;d;]/sf] kfnfdf sf7df8f}Fsf] lah'nL c8\8fdf ;fFemkv :yfgLo ahf/efp / ehg k|;f/0f ug{ cfsfzjf0fLsf] ;]6 k|of]u ul/Psf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . @))& ;fndf b]ze/ hgqmflGtsf] nx/ km}lnof] . oxL a]nf lj/f6gu/sf] qmflGt d}bfgaf6 …g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of]Ú gfdn] ;j{k|yd /]l8of] u'lGhof] . of] Pp6f ;fgf] …6]njf/Ú gfds 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfaf6 rn]sf] lyof] . h'g 6«fG;ld6/ sf7df8f}F NofP/ l;+x/baf/ kl/;/leq /fvL @))& ;fn r}q @) ut]sf lbgb]lv k|;f/0f–sfo{ z'ef/De ul/of] . @%) jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/sf] ;xfotfn] k|;fl/t /]l8of]sf] gfd kl5 …g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of]Ú af6 …g]kfn /]l8of]Ú / To;kl5 …/]l8of] g]kfnÚ ePsf] xf] . @))( ;fndf ldl8od j]e &% jf6sf] 6«fG;ld6/åf/f leGb} k|;f/0f ;'¿ ePsf] lyof] . /]l8of] g]kfnsf] @)!@ ;fndf % lsnf]jf6 ;6{j]e 6«fG;ld6/sf] :yfkgf hfpnfv]ndf eof] . @)!$ ;fn r}q @( ut] /]l8of] P]g, @)!$ nfndf]x/ ;b/ eO{ @)!%.!.$ sf] g]kfn uh]6df k|sflzt eof] . /]l8of] g]kfnn] ;fª\u7lgs ;'wf/åf/f ;ª\VofTds Ifdtf clej[l4 ub}{ sfo{qmddf ljljwtf ub{} ;6{j]e, ldl8od j]e / lk|mSj]G;L df]8'n];gsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ nu]sf] kfOG5 . /]l8of] g]kfnn] g]kfnL, c+u|]hL efiffdf ;dfrf/ a'n]l6gsf cltl/Qm du/, u'?ª, tfdfª, /fO{ jfGtjf, lnDa", g]jf/L, ef]hk'/L, lxGbL, pb"{, k"jL{ yf¿, klZrdL yf¿, cjwL, z]kf{, dl}ynL, ;+:s[t, vfd du/ / 8f]6]nL efiffdf klg ;dfrf/ a'n]l6g k|;fl/t ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . /]l8of] g]kfnn] cfˆgf sfo{qmdx¿ @^ cui6 !((( b]lv le–:of6 g]6js{af6 k|;f/0f cf/De u/]sf] lyof] . To;}u/L cfˆgf] ;|f]tfx¿lar kxF'r k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] /]l8of] g]kfnn] OG6/g]6df klg k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] k|;f/0fsf] k|f/De /]l8of] g]kfnn] @)%@ df3 @* df u/]sf] lyof] . )&&÷&* sf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f cg';f/ g]kfn /]l8of] g]kfnsf] k|;f/0f kx'Fr *&=) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf k'u]sf] 5 . cgnfOgdfkm{t ;+;f/e/ @$ ;} 306f @! efiffdf ;dfrf/ / @) efiffdf sfo{qmd k|;f/0f eO/x]sf]5 . xfn g]kfndf @)&& kmfu'g d;fG;Dd ($^ cf]6f /]l8of] ;+:yfx¿n] Ohfht kfO;s]sf 5g\ . 306÷g]kfn
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(=!=$ cgnfOg ldl8of ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} g]kfndf cgnfOg ldl8ofn] cfˆgf] ;zQm pkl:ylt b]vfO;s]sf] 5 . g]kfndf cgnfOg ;~rf/dfWodsf] cf}krfl/s btf{ eg] cgnfOg ;~rf/ dfWod lgb]{lzsf, @)&# hf/L u/L lj=;+= @)&$ j}zfvaf6 g]kfn ;/sf/ ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno cGtu{t ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefuaf6 x'Fb}cfPsf]5 . @)&& kmfu'g;Dd ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefudf btf{ ePsf cgnfOg ;~rf/dfWodx¿sf] clen]v ;ª\Vof @^%@ k'u]sf] 5 . h;dWo]@)&& kmfu'g d;fGt;Dddf ljefudf ^%& cf]6f gofF cgnfOg ;~rf/dfWod btf{ / %%@ cf]6f cgnfO{g ;~rf/dfWod gjLs/0f ePsf 5g\ . 7'nf nufgLdf ;~rflnt k|foM ;a}h;f]b}lgs, ;fKtflxs, kflIfs tyf dfl;s klqsfx¿n] ;d]t cfcfˆgf cgnfOg ;+:s/0f k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . kl5Nnf lbgx¿df of] qmdnfO{ PkmPd /]l8of] tyf 6]lnlehgx¿n] ;d]t cg';/0f u/]sf 5g\ . 36gfqmdx¿sf] tTsfn} hfgsf/L u/fpg] oL ldl8ofx¿n] k|sflzt ;fdu|Lx¿sf] af/]df t'?Gt} kf7s k|ltlqmof;d]t k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . cfufdL lbgdf cgnfOg ldl8of klg dfgj hLjgsf]cleGg kIf x'g]5 . (=@= /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt g]kfnL kqsfl/tfdf ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] Oltxf; lj=;+= @)!^ ;fnb]lv ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . lghL If]qaf6 @)!^ ;fn k'if ! ut] sf7df8f}d F f :yfkgf u/s ] f] …gk] fn ;Djfb ;ldltÚ -g];;_ g} g]kfnsf] klxnf] ;dfrf/ ;ldlt xf] . To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 lghL If]qaf6} @)!& j}zfv #) ut] sf7df8f}d F } csf]{ ;dfrf/ ;ldlt ;u/dfyf ;+jfb ;ldlt -;;;_ :yfkgf eof] . g];; / ;;;nfO{ PsLs/0f u/L @)!* kmfu'g & ut] /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt -/f;;_ sf] :yfkgf ul/of] . @)!* kmfu'g & ut]bl] v /f;;n] cfˆgf] lgoldt ;dfrf/ a'nl] 6g k|f/De u¥of] . /fHo ;~rflnt ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf] ¿kdf /xs ] f] /f;;nfO{ sfg'gL :j¿k k|bfg ug{ /f;; P]g, @)!( hf/L eof] . /f;;n] lbgdf kfFr k6s cfˆgf] ;dfrf/ a'nl] 6g k|sflzt ub{5 . g]kfnL / cª\uh ]| L efiffdf k|sflzt x'g] oL a'nl] 6gx¿ /f;;sf] ;dfrf/sf pkef]Qmf -b}lgs klqsfx¿, /l] 8of] k|;f/0f, 6]lnlehg k|;f/0f cflb_ ;dIf OG6/g6] sf] dfWodaf6 k'Ub5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ;fy} g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfgx¿af6 k|sflzt kqklqsf, /l] 8of] k|;f/0f, 6]lnlehg k|;f/0fsf nflu cflwsfl/s Pjd\ ljZj;gLo ;dfrf/sf] ;|ft] /f;; g} /xs ] f] 5 . /f;;n] AP, AFP, Xinwa, Reuters / PPI h:tf cGt/f{li6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltaf6 ljZjsf ljleGg :yfgsf ;dfrf/x¿ k|fKt u/L cfˆgf ;dfrf/sf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ ljt/0f ub{5 . o;sf ;fy} AP, AFP, Xinwa, Reuters af6 k|fKt cGt/f{li6«o 36gfqmdsf cfsif{0f kmf]6f]x¿af6 g]kfnsf b}lgs ;dfrf/kqx¿sf] cfsif{0f g]kfn kl/ro÷307
a9fO{ kf7sx¿nfO{ yk ;"rgf / ;Gt'li6 k|bfg u/fpgdf /f;;sf] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf /lxcfPsf] 5 . (=# ;~rf/;“u ;DalGwt lgsfox¿ -s_ ;~rf/tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno
;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno, l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf]ljsf; /lj:tf/sf nflu sfo{ ljefhg lgodfjnL, @)@$ n] ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ dGqfnosf] Joj:yf u/L ;~rf/nfO{ oftfoft, ;~rf/ / hnljB't\ dGqfnodf /fv]sf] lyof] . k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)@% n] ;"rgf / k|;f/0f If]qnfO{ u[x, k~rfot tyf ;"rgf k|;f/dGqfnodf agfpg l;kmfl/z u/c ] g'¿k lj=;+= @)@^ ;fndf lgdf{0f, ;~rf/ / oftfoft dGqfno :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ljlzi6Ls[t¿kdf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)@* ;fn ;fpg ! ut] ePsf] xf] . tTsfnLg ;~rf/ dGqfnonfO{ pRr:t/Lo k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]u, @)$* sf] l;kmfl/;adf]lhd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnodf kl/jt{g ul/Psf] lyof] . g]kfn ;/sf/ -sfo{ ljefhg_ lgodfjnL, @)&$ adf]lhd ;fljssf] ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnodf ;"rgf k|ljlw If]q ;d]t yk u/L dGqfnosf] gfd ;~rf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlw dGqfno sfod ul/Psf] 5 . ;f]xLadf]lhd ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw dGqfnon] cfd ;~rf/, b"/;~rf/, ;"rgf k|ljlw, k|;f/0f, x'nfs ;]jf, rnlrq, ;'/If0f d'b0| fnufotsf sfo{sf] s]Gb|Lo lgsfosf]¿kdf gLlt, sfg'g, dfkb08, sfo{fGjog /lgodg ub}{cfPsf] 5 . log} sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ k|efjsf/L¿kdf ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg / lgodg ug{sf nflu o; dGqfno dftxt lgDg lgsfox¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . 308÷g]kfn
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dGqfno ;Da4 lgsfox¿ l /fli6«o ;"rgf cfof]u -;Dks{ dGqfnosf] ¿kdf_ l ;"rgf tyf k|;f/ 0f ljefu l d'›0f ljefu l ;"rgf k|ljlw ljefu l x'nfs ;]jf ljefu l k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn l g]kfn b"/;~rf/ k|flws/0f l /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldlt l g]kfn 6]lnlehg l /]l8of] g]kfn l uf]/vfkq ;+:yfg l Go"gtd kfl/>lds lgw{f/0f ;ldlt l rnlrq ljsf; jf] 8{ l ;'/ If0f d'›0f ljsf; ;ldlt l g]kfn b'/;~rf/ sDkgL lnld6]8 l /fli6«o ;"rgf k|ljlw s]G› l k|dfl0fs/0f lgoGqssf] sfo{fno -v_ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu
;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu, ;~rf/u|fd, sf7df8f}F g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;"rgfx¿ hgtf;dIf k'¥ofpg /f0ff zf;gsf] cfwf ztfAbL;Dd Psdfq dfWod …uf]/vfkqÚ lyof] . clGtd /f0ff k|wfgdGqL df]xg;d;]/n] @))% df k|rf/ljefu v8f u/] . @))& ;fnsf]k|hftGqkl5 o; ljefunfO{ …k|rf/–k|;f/Ú ljefu gfd lbO{ u[x dGqfnocGtu{t /flvof] . k|rf/ ljefu, g]kfn kl/ro÷309
k|rf/–k|;f/ljefu, k|]; ;"rgf ljefu, ;"rgf ljefu u/L ;do ;dodf gfd tyf sfdsf] lhDd]jf/L kl/jt{g x'Fb} kl5Nnf] ;do ldlt @)&% j}zfv $ ut] g]kfn ;/sf/ -dlGqkl/ifb\_ sf] lg0f{ofg';f/ ;"rgf tyf k|;f/0f ljefu sfod ePsf] 5 . k|hftGqsf] axfnLkl5 g]kfndf kqsfl/tf hutsf] ljsf;sf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] eP tfklg @)!% ;fndf k|]; sld;gn] g]kfnL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;df cg]sf}F /rgfTds ;'emfj lbPkl5dfq o; ljefun] kqsfl/tf If]qsf] cfw'lgs o'udf k|j]z u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, Oltxf;, k'/ftflŒjs ;Dkbf, snf, ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff, /Lltl/jfh, rf8kj{ tyf g]kfnsf cGo ljljw kIf;DaGwL ;"rgfx¿ g]kfne/ k|;f/–k|;f/ ug]{ / ljZj;fd' g]kfnsf] klxrfg u/fpg]h:tf p2]Zo lnO{ o; ljefun] ;dfrf/lrq, j[Qlrq / syfgs rnlrq agfpg] tyf k|b{zg ug]{ / To:t} vfnsf n]v, /rgfx¿ @)@& ;fn h]7 #) ut]b]lv g]kfn klqsfdfkm{t k|sfzg ug]{h:tf sfdx¿ ub}{ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . xfn g]kfn klqsfnfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLltd"ns klqsfsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] ;f]r ljefusf] /x]sf] 5 . o; ljefuaf6 ljleGg ljåfg\ n]vsx¿af6 lnlvt Pjd\ cg'jflbt ljleGg pkof]uL / 1fgj4{s k':ts–k'l:tsfx¿ k|sfzg Pjd\ lgMz'Ns ljt/0fsf cnfjf cfdf, lxhf]cfh ef]nL / kl/jt{gh:tf g]kfnL snf ;+:s[lt / dgf]/~hgn] le/k"0f{ g]kfnL syfgs rnlrqx¿ klg lgdf{0f /k|bz{g ePsf lyP . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{, g]kfnL kqsf/x¿sf] k]zfut xslxtsf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ kqsfl/tf hutsf] :j:y, dof{lbt tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ;"rgf ljefu cfˆgf];]jf k|bfg ug]{sfo{df sl6a4 5 . ;+j}wflgs sfg'gx¿sf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] qmddf kqsf/x¿nfO{ k|]; k|ltlglw k|df0fkq pknAw u/fpg] / kqklqsf Pjd\ kqsf/sf] clen]v /fVg] tyf kqsf/sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ lhDd]jf/L;d]t ;"rgf ljefun] k"/f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ;"rgf ljefun] ;fj{hlgs ;"rgfnfO{ Ps} ynf]df ;ª\u|x u/L ljt/0f ug{ ;"rgfsf] xa lgdf{0f u/L ljt/0f ug]{, g]kfn klqsfdf ;/sf/sf gLltx¿ k|sfzg ug]{, kmf]6f] a}ª\s :yfkgf ug]{ sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, >dhLjL kqsf/x¿nfO{ cfwf/e"t / ;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbg'sf ;fy} cfjf;Lo kqsf/ tflndsf nflu sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . ljefun] ljZj;fd' g]kfnsf] klxrfg u/fpg] p2]Zo lnO{ ljleGg 1fgj4{s tyf ;"rgfd"ns k':ts g]kfn kl/ro, g]kfnM ljljwtfdf Pstf kmf]6f] k':ts, g]kfn å}dfl;s klqsf, z'esfdgf 8fo/L tyf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cflwsfl/s Sofn]G8/ h:tf ;fdu|Lx¿ k|sfzg tyf ljt/0f ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ljefun] g]kfnsf] cflwsfl/s kmf]6f]u|fkm/sf] x}l;otn] /fi6« k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ 310÷g]kfn
kl/ro
k|d'vx¿sf] ljb]z e|d0f Pjd\ g]kfn e|d0fdf cfpg] ldq/fi6«x¿sf /fi6« k|d'v tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx¿sf] tkm{af6 ;Daf]wg ul/g] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngx¿sf] cfof]hgf tyf cf}krfl/s kmf]6f]u|fkm/sf] x}l;otn] pQm cj;/df cfof]hgf x'g] ;/sf/L ;df/f]xx¿sf] tl:j/ 5fofsg, k|sfzg, clen]vLs/0f, ljt/0f ug]{ sfo{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . To:t} hgtfnfO{ /fi6« ljsf;sf] sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg] tyf ;dfhdf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ vfnsf hgr]tgfd"ns lj1fkgx¿ nf]s sNof0fsf/L lj1fkgdfkm{t juL{s/0fdf k/]sf kqklqsfx¿df k|sfzg ug{ nufO{ e'QmfgL lbFb}cfPsf]5 . xfn @)&% ;fn b]lv o; ljefun] k|;f/0fsf] sfo{ ;d]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o; ljefun] k|;f/0flt/ /]l8of] ;~rfng ;+:yf, /fli6«o 6]lnlehg ;~rfng tyf ljt/s ;+:yf, ljb]zL 6]lnlehgsf] downlink tyf l;Ugn ljt/ s ;+:yfnfO{ Ohfht lbg] tyf lgodg ug]{ ul//x]sf] 5 eg] ;~rf/ pks/0f h:t} FM-transtimitter, jfsL–6fsL, VSAT, Digital Headend, Earth station, Amateur Radio nufotsf] nfO{;]G; hf/L ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy} pQm pks/0fx¿sf] ljqmL–ljt/0fsf] nfO;]G; tyf cfoft l;kmfl/; tyf lgodg ;d]t ul//x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o k|rngcg';f/sf] Amateur Radio sf] k/LIffsf] Joj:yf ;d]t ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . -u_ k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn
k|]; sfplG;n g]kfn, ;~rf/u|fd, sf7df8f}F kqsfl/tfdf k]zfut pRrtd cfr/0f sfod /fvL :j:y, :jtGq / pQ/bfoL kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf; tyf ;+j4{gsf nflu k|; ] sfplG;n P]g, @)$* adf]lhd @)$* sflQs @* df k|; ] sfplG;n g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . kqsfl/tf;DaGwL gLltut s'/fx¿ ;do–;dodf cjnf]sg u/L ;DalGwt If]qsf] /fo ;Nnfx lnO{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], kqsfl/tfsf] k]zfut g]kfn kl/ro÷311
dof{bf / pQ/bfloTj sfod ug],{ :j:y kqsfl/tf ljsf;sf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog / cg'udg ug],{ kqklqsf juL{s/0f ug],{ kqsfl/tfsf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbg], kqsfl/tfsf] ljt/0f l:yltsf] cBfjlws clen]v /fVg], kqklqsfdf k|sflzt ;dfrf/;uF ;DalGwt ljifonfO{ lnP/ s;}n] sfplG;ndf ph'/L lbPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/afxL ug],{ kqklqsfsf] ultljlw Pjd\ j:tl' :yltaf/] cWoog / d"Nofª\sg;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;/sf/;dIf k]z ug]h { :tf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|; ] sfplG;n g]kfnsf] /xbF } cfPsf] 5 . kqsfl/tfdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf kqsf/x¿, ;Dkfbsx¿, k|sfzsx¿, >dhLjL kqsf/x¿sf ;fy} ;flxlTos kqsfl/tf;Fu ;DalGwt dxfg'efjx¿;d]tsf] k|ltlglwTj u/fO{ sfplG;nsf] u7g ul/Psf] 5 . k|; ] sfplG;n P]g, @)$* / k|; ] sfplG;n -sfo{ Joj:yf_ lgodfjnL, @)$( adf]lhd k|; ] sfplG;n g]kfnsf] lgoldt sfo{x¿sf] Joj:yfkg x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . -3_ g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3 b]ze/sf kqsf/x¿sf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g g]kfn kqsf/ dxf;ª\3sf] :yfkgf lj=;+= @)!@ ;fn r}t !^ ut] ePsf] xf] . o;sf ;+:yfks cWoIf k"j{k|wfgdGqL s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ x'g\ . ;a} lhNnfdf lhNnf zfvf /x]sf] o; dxf;ª\3sf] k|d'v p2]Zo Pjd\ sfo{x¿ o; k|sf/5g\ M • g]kfn /fHoe/ cfd;~rf/sf ljleGg If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsf/x¿nfO{ Ps ;"qdf cfa4 u/L Jofj;flos g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ • kqsf/x¿sf] Jofj;flos xs lxtsf nflu g]t[Tj k|bfg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] xs clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ lqmofzLn /xg] • lhDd]jf/, pQ/bfoL, cg'zfl;t kqsfl/tfsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;df lqmofzLn x'Fb} k|]; :jtGqtfsf] cfbz{nfO{ kl/kfngf ug]{ • /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o If]qdf lqmofzLn kqsfl/tf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;f}xfb{|k"0f{ ;DaGw lj:tf/ ug]{ tyf ljleGg b]zsf ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿;Fu k|ltlglwx¿sf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ • kqsfl/tf If]q;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf cWoog, cg';Gwfg, ;ef, ;Dd]ng, uf]li7, k|lzIf0f cflb ;~rfng ug]{ • kqsf/hutsf]lxtsf nflu cGo cfjZos sfd ug]{ 312÷g]kfn
kl/ro
kl/R5]b M bz
g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw !)=! g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / o;sf d"n cfwf/x¿ /f0ffsfn ;'? x'ge ' Gbfcl3 g]kfnsf] j}bl] zs ;DaGw lj:tf/ x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL hËaxfb'/ /f0ffn] /f0ff zf;gnfO{ cIf'0f / lr/:yfoL agfpg c+uh ]| x¿nfO{ v'zL kfg]{ gLlt ckgfPsf lyP . o;} p2]Zon] pgn] ef/tnufot a]nfotsf] ;d]t e|d0f u/s ] f lyP . hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] ckgfPsf] gLltnfO{ pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] klg ckgfP . t/ ;g\ !($& df c+uh ]| x¿ ef/taf6 lkmtf{ x'g afWo ePkl5 g]kfnsf /f0ff zf;sx¿ sdhf]/ aGg k'u ] . kl/0ffd:j¿k /f0ff zf;gsf] ktg eO{ g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fn;Dd ef/t, a]nfot, k|mfG; / ;+oQ' m /fHo cd]l/sf u/L rf/ d'ns ' x¿;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod e};s]sfn] /f0ffsfnsf] cGTolt/ j}bl] zs ;DaGw lj:tf/df s]xL ljljwLs/0f b]lvP klg k//fi6« gLltsf] 7f]; cfwf/ eg] tof/ ePsf] lyPg . /f0ffzf;gsf] ktg eO{ k|hftGqsf] pbo ePkl5 tTsfnLg PstkmL{ k//fi6« gLltdf kl/jt{g cfof] / g]kfnn] cGt/fl{ i6«o ;ef ;Dd]ngdf ;lqmotfsf ;fy efu lng yfNof] . ;+oQ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf] d"No / dfGotfk|lt cf:yf, c;+nUgtf Pjd\ l5d]sL d'ns ' x¿;Fu d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw g} g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf k|dv ' cfwf/x¿ x'g \ . g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5M != c;+nUgtf s'g} zlQm /fi6«sf]] ;}lgs u7aGwgdf ;+nUg g/xL cGt/fl{ i6«o 36gfqmdk|lt lg/kI] f jf t6:y b[li6sf]0f cjnDag ug'{ g} c;+nUgtf xf] . c;+Ungtf eg]sf] s'g} u7aGwgaf6 :jtGq /xg' xf] . t/ ljZj 36gfk|lt df}gbz{s aGg' sbflk xf]Og . g]kfn kl/ro÷313
g]kfn k|f/Deb]lv g} c;+nUg cfGbf]ngdf ;lqmo ¿kdf ;xefuL x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . @= k~rzLnk|lt cf:yf cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw lj:tf/sf] qmddf k~rzLnsf] lgDglnlvt kfFr a'bF fx¿nfO{ k|dv ' cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf]M != Psn] csf]{ d'n'ssf] :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}ldstf / If]qLo cv08tfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{ @= csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf x:tIf]k gug]{ #= ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxt sfod ug]{ $= cgfqmd0f -Psn] csf]{ d'n'slj¿4 cfqmd0f gug]{_ %= zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjsf] efjgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ #= ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3k|lt cf:yf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3k|lt cf:yf / ljZjf; /fVb} ljZj zflGt / /fi6«/fi6«lar d}qL / ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ o;sf] e"ldsf / k|efjsfl/tf a9fpg'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbOFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljZjzflGtsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3cGt{ut n]jgfg / Oh/fonsf] ;LdfIf]q, o'uf]:nfleof / ;f]dflnof cflb d'n'sx¿df zflGt ;]gf v6fOPsf] 5 . $= If]qLo ;xof]u clej[l4 ug{ hf]8 l5d]sL d'n'sx¿lar ;xof]u / ;dembf/L a9fpg ;g\ !(*% df :yflkt blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g -;fs{_ pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf o;sf] k|efjsfl/tf / ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu g]kfnn] hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . ;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] :yfkgf g]kfndf x'g'nfO{ o;} kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L g]kfn ax'kIfLo k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu a+ufn vf8Lsf] k|of; -laD:6]s_, Pl;of ;xof]u jftf{, ;fª\3fO{ ;xof]u ;ª\u7g cflb h:tf If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7gdf ;d]t cfa4 /x]sf] 5 . %= lgMz:qLs/0f z:qf:qsf] xf]8afhLnfO{ Go"g u/L To; If]qdf eO/x]sf] cyfx wg/flznfO{ lzIff, :jf:Yo cflb If]qdf nufgL u/L ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] :t/ a9fpg'kg]{ Pjd\ cf0fljs xftxltof/ x6fpg] s'/fdf g]kfnn] cfˆgf] cfjfh a'nGb agfPsf] 5 . ^= e"kl/j]li7t d'n'ssf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsf]n] ;a} e"kl/j]li7t d'n'sx¿n] Joxf]g'{k/]sf] ;d:ofsf] plrt ¿kdf lg/fs/0f ub}{ oL d'n'sx¿sf] xs lxt ;'/lIft ug'{kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbFb} cfPsf] 5 . 314÷g]kfn
kl/ro
&= ;fgf tyf cljsl;t d'n'sx¿sf] xslxtsf] ;'/Iff g]kfn Ps ;fgf] tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n's ePsfn] o;n] cfkm"h:tf d'n'sx¿sf] xslxt clej[l4 ug{ If]qLo / cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . *= ;d:ofsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg s'g} klg cGt/f{li6«o ljjfbx¿sf] zflGtk"0f{ ;dfwfg x'g'kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lb+b} an k|of]u, wDsL tyf o'4 s'g} klg ;d:ofsf] :yfoL ;dfwfg xf]Og eGg] s'/fdf g]kfn ljZj:t 5 . (= c;n l5d]sLkgsf] efjgf g]kfn b'O{ 7'nf7'nf d'n's -ef/t / rLg_ åf/f 3]l/Psf] ;fgf] d'n's ePsfn] oL b'j}d'n's;Fu ;Gt'lnt /;'dw'/;DaGw sfod ub}{ljZjsf cGo d'n'sx¿;Fu klg d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod ug]{ gLlt g]kfnn] lnPsf] 5 . !)= bafa / e]befjsf] lj/f]w g]kfnn] ;fd|fHojfb, pklgj]zjfb, gjpklgj]zjfb, lj:tf/jfb, hft tyf /+ue]befj, k|e'Tjjfb cflbsf] v'Nnf ¿kdf lj/f]w ub}{ :jfwLgtf Pjd\ /+ue]blj/f]wL cfGbf]ngsf] ;dy{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . !!= :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt g]kfnn] ljZj /+ud~rdf s;}sf] cg'ofoL geO{ cfˆgf] Goflos dg / ljj]ssf] k|of]u u/L :jtGq ¿kdf cfˆgf] :ki6 cjwf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] x'Fbf g]kfn c;+Ung /fi6« eP klg ljZjdf 36\g]36gfx¿k|lt ;+j]bgzLn x'Fb}cfPsf]5 . !)=@ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw M P]ltxfl;s l;+xfjnf]sg g]kfn b'O{ ljzfn l5d]sL d'ns ' x¿ ef/t / rLglardf cjl:yt Ps e"kl/jl] i7t /fHo xf] . b]zsf] cl:dtfnfO{ hf]ufO/fVg g]kfn slxn] ltAat / rLg;Fu h'Wg'k¥of] t slxn] cª\uh ]| ;Fu . ljutdf Hofb} sl7g lbgx¿df klg g]kfn s;}sf] cwLgdf /xg] , cfˆgf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf / :jtGqtfnfO{ hf]ufO{ /fVg ;Ifd eof] . ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ $ -lj=;+= !*&@_ df ePsf] ;'uf}nL ;lGwkZrft\ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltn] gofF lbzf lnPsf] b]lvG5 eg] a]nfot;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfnsf]cfw'lgs ljZj;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{ ;'? ePsf]dfGg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] k//fi6« ;DaGwsf] cf}krfl/s ;'?jft eg] ;g\ !*%) df hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ffn] a]nfotsf] e|d0f u/; ] uF } k|f/De ePsf] kfOG5 . To:t} ;g\ !(@# df rGb|;d;]/sf kfnfdf la|l6; ;/sf/ / g]kfnlar zflGt / d}qL ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . lj=;+= @))& ;fnsf] /fhg}lts kl/jt{gkZrft\ rLg, ;f]leot ;ª\3 / k|mfG;;Fu g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfn cGt/fl{ i6«o g]kfn kl/ro÷315
If]qdf k|jz ] u/s ] f] xf] . !$ l8;]Da/ !(%% df g]kfn ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;b:o alg Pk|mf] PlzofnL ;ª\u7gsf] afª8'ª ;Dd]ngdf efu lnof] . ;g\ !(^! b]lv c;+nUg /fi6«x¿sf] lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf ;lDdlnt eO{ ;lqmo ;b:osf ¿kdf g]kfnn] cfhko{Gt ljZjsf] ljleGg d~rx¿df efu lnFb} cfPsf] 5 . c;+nUg lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] pklgj]zjfb, hftLjfb, /ªu\ e]b gLlt, e"kl/jl] i7t /fi6«x¿sf] kf/jxg clwsf/ cflb ljifox¿df cfˆgf] wf/0ff /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . c;+nUg k//fi6« gLlts} sf/0f g]kfnsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o hutdf s'g} klg afx\o bafa /xs ] f] 5}g / of] g} g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLltsf] cfwf/ :tDe aGg k'us ] f] 5 . ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf] 3f]if0ff kqcg';f/ g]kfnn] a]nfa]nfdf lgz:qLs/0f, /u+ e]b gLlt pklgj]zjfbsf] lj/fw] Pjd\ s'g} klg b]zdf ljb]zL kmf}hsf] x:tIf]k ljgf;t{ x6fpg'kb{5 eGg] b[li6sf]0f /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . kmn:j¿k g]kfn b'O{ k6s;Dd ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] ;b:odf ;d]t lgjf{lrt eof] . ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3n] u7g u/s ] f] ;ldltx¿df klg g]kfn ;+nUg ePsf] 5 . c;+nUg k//fi6« gLltn] ljZj ;d'bfolardf g]kfnsf] ;sf/fTds 5lj lgdf{0f u/s ] f] 5 . g]kfnn] ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3cGtu{tsf ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] ;b:otf;d]t k|fKt u/s ] f] 5 . c;+nUg cfGbf]ngsf] Ps ;+:yfks ;b:o ePsf] gftfn] g]kfn ljZjzflGtsf] sfdgf ub{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / /fli6«o lxtsf] /Iff ug{ ls|ofzLn /xbF } ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf] a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf] l;4fGt, cGt/fl{ i6«o sfg'g / ljZjzflGtsf] dfGotfsf cfwf/df /fi6«sf] ;jf]k{ l/ lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL :jtGq k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfng ug]{ tyf ljutdf ePsf ;lGwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ub}{ ;dfgtf / kf/:kl/s lxtsf] cfwf/df ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ug]{ u/L cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw lgb]l{ zt x'g] s'/f pNn]v u/s ] f] 5 . o;}cg'¿k ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf]a8fkq, c;+nUgtf, k~rzLnsf]l;4fGt, cGt/fl{ i6«o sfg'g / ljZj zflGtsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df g} xfn g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt ;~rfng x'bF } cfPsf] 5 . l5d]sL ldq /fi6«x¿ / cGo ;a} d'ns ' x¿l;t cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ cGo If]qdf ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/df ;xof]ufTds ;';DaGw sfod u/L g]kfndf zflGtnfO{ cGt/fl{ i6«o dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+:yfut ub}{ hfg] gLlt /fHon] cjnDag ug]5 { eGg] Joj:yf u/L b]zsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw cufl8 a9fpg g]kfn k|lta4 /xs ] f] k|i6 x'G5 . xfn g]kfn ;ª\3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq ag]sf] kl/kI]| odf o;sf] d"n ;+/rgf ;ª\3, k|bz ] / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] /xs ] f] eP klg g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt, cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / s"6gLltsf] ;~rfng ug]{ Psn clwsf/ ;ª\3 cGtu{t /xs ] f] 5 . k|bz ] / :yfgLo txn] ;ª\3;Fusf] k/fdz{, ;dGjo / :jLs[ltdf dfq cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGwsf ljifox¿df sfo{ ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf g} /xs ] f] 5 . 316÷g]kfn
kl/ro
g]kfn /clk|msL d'ns ' 3fgf ;g\ 2021 d] 24 df s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ePkl5 g]kfn;Fu s"6gLlts ;DaGw :yfkgf ug]{ d'ns ' sf] ;ª\Vof !&) k'us ] f] 5 . tflnsf g+= !)=! s'6gLlts :t/df lj=;+= @))& ;fn k"j{ g]kfnsf] bf}To ;DaGw ePsf d'n'sx¿ qm=;+=
/fi6« bf}To ;DaGw ePsf] ldlt != ;+o'Qm clw/fHo-a]nfot_ lj=;+= !*&@ -;g\ !*!^_ @= ;o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf lj=;+=@))$ a}zfv !@ -;g\ !($& clk|n @%_
#= ef/t $= k|mfG;
lj=;+= @))$ h]7 #! -;g\ !($& h'g !#_ lj=;++= @))^ a}zfv * -;g\ !($( clk|n @)_
@))& ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf]bf}To ;DaGw ePsf d'n'sx¿ qm=;+= 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
/fi6« rLg ;f]leot ;ª\3 hfkfg :jL6h/NofG8 >Lnª\sf OlhK6 hd{gL cl:6«of O6fnL ;la{of kf]NofG8 dn]l;of lkmlnlkG; c:6«]lnof Dofgdf/ kfls:tfg g]b/NofG8 nfcf];
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
bf}To ;DaGw ePsf] ldlt 1955 cui^ 1 1956 h'nfO{ 20 1956 ;]K^]Da/ 1 1956 gf]e]Da/ 10 1957 h'nfO{ 1 1957 h'nfO{ 16 1958 clk|n 4 1959 cui^ 15 1959 cui^ 31 1959 cS^f]a/ 7 1959 gf]e]Da/ 25 1960 hgj/L 1 1960 km]a| 'c®L 12 1960 km]a| 'c®L 15 1960 dfr{ 19 1960 dfr{ 20 1960 clk|n 2 1960 d]20 g]kfn kl/ro÷317
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 318÷g]kfn
Oh/fon l:j8]g yfONofG8 OG8f]g]l;of dª\uf]lnof xª\u/L Go'lhNofG8 ckmuflg:yfg ch]{lG6gf lrnL lu|; 6sL{ n]agfg d]lNhod O/fg Sofg8f hf]8{g 8]gdfs{ a'Nu]l/of /f]dflgof cNh]l/of :k]g O/fs l;ª\ufk'/ ;'8fg l;l/of Olyof]lkof s'a]t aª\unfb]z cNaflgof ga]{ kl/ro
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;\g ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g] ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
1960 h'g 1 1960 h'g 10 1959 gf]e]Da® 30 1960 l8;]Da® 25 1961 hgj®L 5 1961 hgj®L 15 1961 d]1 1961 h'nfO{ 1 1962 hgj®L 1 1962 1962 km]a|'c®L 2 1962 gf]e]Da® 15 1963 cui^ 18 1963 cui^ 19 1964 l8;]Da® 14 1965 hgj®L 18 1965 cui^ 20 1967 l8;]Da® 15 1968 clk|n 15 1968 clk|n 20 1968 clk|n 29 1968 d] 13 1968 cS^f]a® 30 1969 dfr{ 25 1969 h'nfO{ 11 1970 km]a| 'c®L 26 1971 clk|n 15 1972 km]a|'c®L 25 1972 clk|n 8 1972 d]23 1973 hgj®L 26
50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
pQ/ sf]l/of blIf0f sf]l/of lkmgNofG8 tfGhflgof df]/Ssf] So'jf sDaf]l8of leotgfd s]Gof d]lS;sf] nShau{ gfOh]l/of lnlaof k]? a|flhn kf]r'{un ax/fOg cf]dfg stf/ ;+o'St c/j Old/]6; ;fpbL ca/ sf]:6fl/sf dflNbE; ;fOk|; df}l/;; cfO;NofG8 e]6fg xf]ln;L dfN6f a|'gfO{ kfgfdf
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
1974 d]15 1974 d]15 1974 ;]D^]Da® 21 1975 hgj®L 10 1975 km]a|'c®L 18 1975 dfr{ 25 1975 clk|n 18 1975 d]15 1975 h'g 3 1975 gf]e]Da® 25 1975 gf]e]Da® 25 1975 l8;]Da® 20 1975 l8;]Da® 30 1976 hgj®L 28 1976 km]a|'c®L 7 1976 ;]K^]Da® 1 1977 hgj®L 13 1977 hgj®L 21 1977 hgj®L 21 1977 hgj®L 22 1977 dfr{ 15 1977 cui^ 16 1980 cui^ 1 1980 cui^ 18 1981 km]a|'c®L 12 1981 d]25 1983 h'g 3 1983 ;]K^]Da® 10 1983 ;]K^]Da® 25 1984 km]a|'csf 3 1984 km]a|'c®L 15 g]kfn kl/ro÷319
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 320÷g]kfn
6\o'lgl;of ;f]dflnof lhDafAj] ufaf]g l/klAns odg lkmhL hflDaof df]hflDas lgsf/fu'jf e]g]h'onf sf]nlDaof af]lnleof Oyf]lkof nf6leof o'qm]g cd]l/sf sfhls:yfg a]nf?; df]n8f]ef r]s l/klAns ;f]Nefs l/klAns luofgf ;fpy clk|msf cha}{hfg ;]lrn]; :nf]eflgof d]l;8f]lgof qmf]Plzof cfo/NofG8 af]l:gof ch{uf]legf No'yflgof kl/ro
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
1984 clk|n 14 1984 cS^f]a® 24 1984 gf]e]Da® 27 1985 h'g 17 1985 l8;]Da® 25 1986 h'g 12 1986 ;]K^]Da® 10 1986 ;]K^]Da® 30 1986 cS^f]a® 5 1987 clk|n 28 1987 d]7 1987 d]21 1992 clk|n 20 1992 clk|n 20 1993 hgj®L 15 1993 dfr{ 26 1993 dfr{ 26 1993 h'nfO{ 19 1993 h'nfO{ 20 1994 dfr{ 2 1994 dfr{ 4 1994 h'g 2 1994 h'nfO{ 28 1995 km]a|'c®L 28 1996 cS^f]a® 10 1997 l8;]Da® 2 1998 hgj®L 6 1998 km]a| 'c®L 6 1999 cui^ 19 2000 hgj®L 12 2005 km]a|'c®L 8
112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142
;fg dfl/of] l/klAns ckm tfhls:tfg hlh{of t'ls{ldlg:yfg OSj]8/ kf/fUj] Ujf6]dfnf xf]G8'/; efg'c6 cfG8f]/f s+uf] xfO6L ;]G6 leG;]G6 8f]ldlgs l/klAns af]:jfgf dfnL n];f]yf] df]G6]g]u|f] ;f]ndg OhNof08 p?Uj] df]gfsf] :nflds l/klAns ckm df}l/6flgof 6'efn' OG8]k]G8]G6 :6]6 ckm ;fdf] kk'jf Go'lugL sfhls:tfg hd}sf l/klAns ckm lugL O;fNef8f]/ o'ufG8f sf]6 l8ef]O/
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
2005 cui^ 10 2005 ;]K^]Da® 13 2005 ;]K^]Da® 22 2005 cS^f]a®L 17 2006 h'g 21 2006 cui^ 2 2006 cui^ 8 2006 cui^ 18 2006 ;]K^]Da® 19 2006 ;]K^]Da® 22 2006 ;]K^]Da® 22 2007 d]23 2007 ;]K^]Da® 27 2007 ;]K^]Da® 28 2009 hgj®L 8 2009 gf]e]Da® 19 2010 d]18 2011 h'nfO{ 18 2011 l8;]Da® 15 2012 clk|n 18 2012 d]15 2012 l8;]Da® 4 2012 l8;]Da® 11 2013 dfr{ 28 2013 clk|n 12 2015 h'g 30 2015 cS^f]j® 1 2016 d]12 2016 ;]K^]Da® 21 2017 h'g 12 2017 h'g 16 g]kfn kl/ro÷321
143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166
l/klAns ckm l8af]6L PG6\o'u P08 afa'{8f sfaf] e]8{ nfOa]l/of lgu/ Ol/:6«f axfd; lnr6]G;l6g P+uf]nf a'ls{gfkmf;f] lagLg pHh]ls:tfg ;]G6 ls6\; P0g gfeL a'?G8L ?jfG8f d8sf:s/ ;'/]gfdL 6f]uf] OSjf6f]l/n lhgLof O:jfl6gL ;]G6 n'l;of 3fgf 8f]ldlgsf uflDaof
;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\ ;g\
2017 h'nfO{ 14 2017 h'nfO{ 25 2017 cui^ 3 2017 cui^ 17 2017 ;]K^]Da® 20 2017 cS^f]j® 31 2017 gf]e]Da® 7 2017 gf]e]Da® 24 2017 l8;]Da® 9 2017 l8;]Da® 29 2018 hgj®L 23 2018 hgj®L 26 2018 d]30 2019 h'g 6 2019 hnfO{ 20 2018 l8;]Da® 26 2018 cS^f]a® 11 2019 dfr{ 22 2019 clk|n 30 2019 d]9 2019 cui^ 27 2019 ;]K^]Da® 25 2021 clk|n 30 2021 d] 24 ;|f]t M k//fi6« dGqfno
!= ci6]«lnof %= a|flhn (= OlhK6 322÷g]kfn
kl/ro
tflnsf g+= !)=@ g]kfnL cfjf;Lo /fhb'tfjf; /x]sf d'n'sx¿ @= ax/fOg #= a+unfb]z $= a]lNhod ^= Sofg8f &= rLg *= 8]gdfs{ !)= k|mfG; !!=hd{gL !@= ef/t
!#= Oh/fon !&= dn]l;of @!= stf/
!$= hfkfg !*= Dofgdf/ @@= /l;of
@%= >Lnª\sf
@^= YffONof08
@(= ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf
#)= :k]g
!%= blIf0f sf]l/of !(= cf]dfg @#= ;fpbL c/]laof @&= ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;
!^= s'j]t @)= kfls:tfg @$= blIf0f clk|msf @*= ;+o'Qm clw/fHo
tflnsf g+= !)=# g]kfndf cfjf;Lo /fhb'tfjf; ePsf ljb]zL d'n'sx¿ != ci6«]lnof @= aª\unfb]z #= a|flhn $= u0ftGq rLg %= 8]gdfs{ ^= OlhK6 &= lkmgNofG8 *= k|mfG; (= hd{gL !)= ef/t !!= Oh/fon !@=hfkfg !#= pQ/ sf]l/of !$= blIf0f !%= dn]l;of !^= Dofgdf/ sf]l/of !&= gj]{ !*= kfls:tfg !(= stf/ @)= /l;of @!= ;fpbL c/a @@= >Ln+sf @#= l:jh/NofG8 @$= yfONofG8 @%= ;+o'Qm @^= ;+o'Qm /fHo @&= ;+o'Qm c/ a clw/fHo cd]l/sf Old/]6\; ;|f]t M k//fi6« dGqfno, @)&& j}zfv
!)=# ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 / g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] :yfkgf @$ cS6f]a/ !($% df ePsf] xf] . ljZjdf ;d:t dfgjsf] lxtnfO{ x]/L o;sf] 3f]if0ff kqdf zflGt, ;dfgtf, ;xof]u / ;Dks{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOPsf] 5 . g]kfnn] !$ l8;]Da/ !(%% df ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] ;b:otf k|fKt u¥of] . ;b:otf k|fKt u/]b]lv g} ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3df g]kfnsf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf / of]ubfg /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . O{=;= !(^# df cf]dfgsf] k|ZgnfO{ lnP/ u7g ePsf] kfFr ;b:oLo ;ldltdf g]kfn klg /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfn O{=;= !(^& df /ª\ue]b;DaGwL ljif]z ;ldltsf] pkfWoIfdf / kl5 sf=d'= cWoIf;d]t ePsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;g\ !(^(–&) / !(**–*( u/L g]kfn kl/ro÷323
b'O{ k6s ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] c:yfoL ;b:odf lgjf{lrt ePsf] lyof] . o:t} ;g\ !(&$ / !(*& df o'g]:sf] sfo{sfl/0fL kl/ifb\df tyf ljleGg ;ldltdf /x]/ sfo{ ug]{ cj;/ g]kfnn] kfPsf] 5 . ljZjdf zflGt / ;'/Iff sfod /fVg g]kfn k|x/L / g]kfnL ;]gfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo zflGt ;]gfdf ;g\ !(%* b]lv g]kfnn] v6fpFb} cfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(*! sf] ;]K6]Da/df k]l/;df cfof]lht cNkljsl;t b]zx¿sf] /fi6« ;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿sf] tkm{af6 /fhf jL/]Gb|af6 dxŒjk"0f{ ;Daf]wg ePsf] lyof] . c/a Oh/fonlarsf] o'4 lj/fdsf] /]vb]v ug{ g]kfnn] ;}lgs k7fPsf] lyof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] cfx\jfgdf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zx¿df zflGt :yfkgf ug{ g]kfnL ;]gfn] ljz]if e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf] 5 . h;sf]ljZj ;d'bfoaf6 pRr d"Nofª\sg eO/x]sf]5 . xfn;Dd hDdf !# hgf JolQmx¿n] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf nflu :yfoL k|ltlglw eO{ sfo{ ul/;s]sf 5g\ . uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLnfO{ ljZje/ lrgfpg] p2]Zon] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3n] ;g\ !(*# df …ljZj zflGt jif{Ú ;d]t dgfPsf] lyof] . g]kfn ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 dfgj clwsf/ kl/ifb\sf] ;b:odf ;g\ @)!*–@)@) ;Ddsf nflu Pl;of Kofl;lkms ;d"xaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf]5 . tflnsf g+= !)=$ g]kfnn] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf ljlzli6s[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;b:otf lnPsf] ldlt qm=;+= ;+:yf != cGt/f{li6«o >d ;ª\u7g (ILO) @= vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g (FAO) ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo z}lIfs, j}1flgs / #= ;f+:s[lts ;ª\u7g (UNESCO) $= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g (WHO) %= ljZj a}ª\s ;d"x (IBRD) ^= cGt/f{li6«o d'b|f sf]if (IMF) &= cGt/f{li6«o gful/s p8\8og ;ª\u7g (ICAO)
*= (=
ljZj x'nfs ;ª\3 (UPU) cGt/f{li6«o b"/;~rf/ ;ª\3
(ITU)
!)= ljZj xfjfkfgL lj1fg ;ª\u7g 324÷g]kfn
kl/ro
(WMO)
ldlt !(^^ @& gf]e]Da/ !(%! ! d] !(%# !) d] !(%$ ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^! ^ ;]K6]Da/ !(^! @( h'nfO{ !(%^ !! h'nfO{ !(%^ % l8;]Da/ !(%& % d] !(&*
!!=
cGt/f{li6«o ;fd'lb|s ;ª\u7g (IMO)
lif ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o sf]if !@= s[ (IFAD) ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3Lo cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ;ª\u7g (UNIDO) !$= ljZj jf}l4s ;DklQ ;+u7g (WIPO)
#! hgj/L !(&( % d] !(&*
!#=
& l8;]Da/ !(*#
!%= ljZj ko{6g ;+u7g (UNWTO)
!(&%
!)=$ ;fs{ / g]kfn
!*cf}F ;fs{ ;Dd]ng pb\3f6g ;df/f]x, g]kfn ;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ & / * df a+unfb]zsf] /fhwfgL 9fsfdf /fi6«WoIf tyf k|d'vx¿n] efu lnPsf] k|yd zfs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«x¿sf] If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g (SAARC) sf] ljlwjt :yfkgf u/L ;fs{ a8fkqsf] cg'df]bg u¥of] . blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\u7g ;fs{df a+unfb]z, ef/t, g]kfn, kfls:tfg, e'6fg, >Ln+sf, dflNbE; / ckmuflg:tfg u/L cf7 /fi6«x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno sf7df8fF}df /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(*^ df ePsf]xf] . ;fs{sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ o; If]qsf /fi6«x¿lar ;xof]u, ;dembf/L, ;dfgtf / ;'/Iffsf] jftfj/0f ;[hgf ePsf] 5 . g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] k|j4{gnfO{ cfˆgf] k//fi6« gLlts} cleGg c+u agfPsf] 5 / g]kfn ;fs{sf] k|j4{gk|lt lgi7fjfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fs{sf] ;kmntfaf6 g]kfnn] o; If]qdf b]vfk/]sf ;a} ;femf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg x'g ;Sb5g\ eGg]s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5 . g]kfn kl/ro÷325
qm= ;+= ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( !) !! !@ !# !$ !%
tflnsf g+= !)=% xfn;Dd ePsf ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngx¿ g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 :yfg ldlt efu lng] JolQm 9fsf, aª\unfb]z /fhf jL/]Gb| ;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ & / * a}ª\unf]/, ef/t /fhf jL/]Gb| ;g\ !(*^ gf]e]Da/ !& / !* sf7df8f}F, g]kfn /fhf jL/]Gb| ;g\ !(*& gf]e]Da/ @—$ O:nfdfjfb, /fhf jL/]Gb| ;g\ !(** l8;]Da/ @(—#! kfls:tfg dfn], dfnlbE; s[i0fk|;fb e§/fO{ ;g\ !(() gf]e]Da/ @!—@# sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ !((! l8;]Da/ @! 9fsf, a+unfb]z lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ !((# clk|n !)—!! gofF lbNnL, ef/t dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;g\ !((% dO{ @—$ dfn], dfnlbE; nf]s]Gb|axfb'/ rGb ;g\ !((& dO{ !@—!$ sf]nDaf], >Ln+sf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ !((* h'nfO{ @(—#! sf7df8fF}, g]kfn z]/axfb'/ b]pjf ;g\ @))@ hgj/L $—^ O:nfdfjfb, ;"o{axfb'/ yfkf ;g\ @))$ hgj/L $—^ kfls:tfg 9fsf, a+unfb]z /fhf 1fg]Gb| ;g\ @))% gf]eDa/ !@—!# gofF lbNnL, ef/t lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ @))& clk|n #–$ sf]nf]Daf], >Ln+sf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ @))* cui6 @–#
!^ lyDk', e'6fg
dfwjs'df/ g]kfn
;g\ @)!) clk|n @*–@(
c8\8' ;x/, dflNbE;
8f=afa'/fd e§/fO{
;g\ @)!! gf]e]Da/ !)–!!
;'zLn sf]O/fnf
;g\ @)!$ gf]e]Da/ @^–@&
!&
!*= sf7df8f}F g]kfn !(=
O:nfdfjfb, kfls:tfg
326÷g]kfn
kl/ro
;g\ @)!^ gf]e]Dj/ !%—!^ df x'g] u/L to eP klg :ylut ePsf], k'gM ldlt tf]Sg'kg]{
k/:k/df sltko leGgtfx¿ xF'bfx'Fb} klg blIf0f PlzofnL /fi6«x¿ ul/aL lgjf/0f Pjd\ cfly{s ljsf;;d]tsf ;femf p2]Zox¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf] lglDt kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf] lj:tf/ ug{ jrga4 ePsf 5g\ / To;cg';f/ blIf0f Pl;ofnL /fi6«x¿larsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ a9L ;'b[9 / ;xh agfpg] lx;fan] Jofkf/ ;x'lnot;DaGwL SAPTA (SAARC Preferential Trading Arrangement) ;Demf}tf ug{;d]t ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / ;DaGwnfO{ cem} a9L ;'wf/ / lj:tf/ ug'{kg]{ / ug{ ;lsg] s'/fdf ;d]t ;fs{ /fi6«x¿sf] lardf dt}So g} b]lvG5 . o;n]ubf{ eljiodf cem a9L pknlAwd"ns /;zQm ;+:yf ;fs{ x'g]ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 . g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] s'n vr{sf] !)=&@ k|ltzt lx:;f a]xf]b{5 . ;fs{ If]qLo ;+:yfx¿cGtu{t ;fs{ Ifo/f]u s]Gb| g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn;Fu ;j{k|yd bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf];fs{ d'n's ef/t -;g\ !($& h'g !#_ xf]eg] kl5Nnf] e'6fg -;g\ !(*# h'g #_ xf] . If]qkmnsf] lx;fan] g]kfn ;fs{sf] kfrf}F 7'nf] /fi6« xf] . g]kfnn] klxnf] / cf7f}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b cfof]hgf ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!( df ePsf] !# cf}F blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b g]kfnn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . !)=% g]kfn ef/t ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ ;'uf}nL ;lGw g]kfn ;/sf/n] ;g\ !*!% d] @* df u'? uh/fh ld> Pjd\ rGb|z]v/ pkfWofonfO{ cfˆgf] k|ltlglw agfP/ sDkgL ;/sf/sf] k|ltlglw a|f8zfl;t ;lGwjftf{ rnfpg ;'uf}nL k7fPsf] lyof] . t/ a|f8;fn] /fv]sf] sl7g ;t{n] ubf{ g]kfnn] ;lGw jftf{ rnfpg c:jLsf/ u/]kl5 of] jftf{ c;kmn ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnnfO{ ;aeGbf a9L cfklQ /]lhd]G6 /fVg] s'/fdf lyof], lsgeg] c+u|]h b"tnfO{ ;fd|fHosf] cu|b"t 7fg]sf] lyof] . To:tf] b"t pkTosfdf g/xFbf t cª\u|]hsf] x:tIf]k eO/x]sf] lyof] eg] b"t /x]df s] ug]{5 eGg] zª\sf lyof] . bf];|f] cfklQsf] s'/f t/fO{ If]q lng' lyof] . ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q lnP/ g]kfnnfO{ kxf8df dfq ;Lldt /fVGf] gLlt k|:6 b]lvGYof] . t/ sDkgL ;/sf/n] /]lhd]G6 jf o'4dWo] Ps dfGg} kg]{ afWo agfOof] . t/fO{ If]qsf] ;§f a;]{gL ?=b'O{ nfv lbg sDkgL ;/sf/n] :jLsf/ u¥of] . o:tf] l:yltdf bf];|f]rf]6L ;lGw jftf{ ;'? eof] / @ l8;]Da/ !*!% df ;'uf}nL ;lGw eof] . t/ of] ;lGwdf !% lbgleq g]kfnsf /fhfsf] :jLs[lt x'g'kg]{ lyof] . sDkgL ;/sf/n] o; ;lGwdf !*!% l8;]Da/ ( df g} :jLs[lt lbO;s]sf] lyof] t/ g]kfn b/af/df 5nkmn x'Fbfx'Fb} ;dofjlw gfF3]sf]n] ;g\ !*!^ km]a|'j/Ldf cS6/nf]gLsf] g]t[Tjdf ljzfn kmf}h g]kfnl;t o'4 ug{ cufl8 a9\of] . dsjfgk'/df ;fwf/0f g]kfn kl/ro÷327
k|lt/f]wkl5 cS6/nf]gL dftxtsf] ;]gf pkTosflt/ a9\of] . la|l6; ;]gf sf7df8fF} cfpFb} 5 eGg] r]tfjgL lbFb} Pp6f kq g]kfnsf /fhf;dIf k7fOPsf] lyof] . o:tf] l:yltdf /fhwfgLdfly g} vt/f cfpg nfu]sf]n] g]kfnn] ;lGw :jLs[t u/]/ rGb|z]v/ pkfWofonfO{ ;'uf}nL k7fof] . :jLs[lt ePsf] ;lGwkq ;g\ !*!^ dfr{ # sf lbg lbpF;f]@M#) ah]cS6/nf]gLsf] xftdf a'emfPkl5 ;g\ !*!$ gf]e]Da/! df ;'? ePsf]o'4 !*!^ dfr{df ;dfKt eof] . o; ;lGwdf pNn]lvt wf/fx¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ – != cg/]an O:6 Ol08of sDkgL / g]kfnsf /fhflar ;bfsfn zflGt Pjd\ d}qL ;DaGw sfod /xg] 5 . @= o'4k"j{ b'j} /fHolarsf] ljjfbu|:t e"efudfly g]kfnsf /fhfn] bfaL TofUg' kg]{5 / tL e"efudfly sDkgL ;/sf/sf] clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ 5 . #= g]kfnsf /fhfn] tn pNn]lvt ;Dk"0f{ e"efu ;bfsfnsf nflu sDkgL ;/sf/nfO{ ;'Dkg] 5 M s= sfnL / /fKtL gbLlarsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q v= /fKtL / u08slarsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q -a'6jn vf;afx]s_ u= u08s / s';flarsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q, hxfF la|l6; zf;gsf] clwsf/ k|f/De eO;s]sf] 5 jf x'g] l:yltdf 5 3= d]rL / l6i6f gbLlarsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q ª= d]rL gbLk"j{sf] ;Dk"0f{ If]q Pjd\ df]/ªb]]lv kxf8lt/ hfg] gu/sf]6 dfu{ / To; glhssf] ;d:t e"efu x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltb]lv $) lbgleq uf]/vfnL ;]gfn] vfnL ug'{kg]{ 5 $= dflysf wf/fcg';f/ lnOPsf e"efuåf/f xfgLdf k/]sf g]kfn /fHosf ;/bf/ Pjd\ ef/bf/x¿sf] Ifltk"lt{ ug{ la|l6; ;/sf/n] ;fnfvfnf ?= b'O{ nfv k|ltjif{ lbg] / of] /sd cfˆgf] thaLhcg';f/ g]kfnsf /fhf afF8\g :jtGq x'g] 5g\ . k]G;gsf nflu ueg{/ hg/nsf] d'b|f / x:tfIf/;lxtsf] ;gb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . %= g]kfnsf /fhf / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx¿n] sfnLb]lv klZrdsf k|b]z / ToxfFsf lgjf;Lx¿;Fu s'g} ;DaGw /fVg kfpg] 5}gg\ . ^= g]kfnsf /fhfn] l;lSsdsf /fhfsf] cwLg ePsf] s'g} efupk/ s'g} lsl;dsf] bfjf ug{ kfpg] 5}gg\ / g]kfnsf /fhf Pjd\ l;lSsdsf /fhflar jf b'as } f k|hflar s'g} ljjfb p7]df ljjfbf:kb ljifo la|l6; ;/sf/sf] dWo:ytfsf nflu k]l| ift ul/g] 5 / p;sf] lg0f{o g]kfn ;/sf/n] dfGg'kg]{ 5 . 328÷g]kfn
kl/ro
&= la|l6; ;/sf/sf] cg'dltljgf g]kfnsf /fhfn] s'g} la|l6;, o'/f]k]nL jf cd]l/sLnfO{ cfˆgf] gf]s/Ldf /fVg kfpg] 5}gg\ . *= b'a}/fi6«lar sfod ePsf]ldqtf Pjd\ zflGtsf];DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ Pjd\ pGGflt ug{ Ps csf{sf] /fHodf Pqm]l86]8 ldlg:6/ /xg] 5g\ . (= gf}cf]6f wf/f ePsf] of] ;lGwdf g]kfnsf /fhfn] !% lbgleq :jLs[lt k|bfg u/L n]km\l6g]G6 sg{n a|f8zfnfO{ a'emfpg] 5g\ / pgn] @) lbgleq jf ;Dej eP o;eGbf klg zL3| g} ueg{/ hg/nsf] :jLs[lt lbnfpg] 5g\ . ;g\ !(%) sf]zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw ;g\ !(%) h'nfO{ #! -!^ >fj0f @))&_ sf lbg g]kfn ef/tlar Ps zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw ;DkGg ul/of] . o; ;lGw kqdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 k|wfgdGqL df]xg ;d;]/ / ef/tsf] tkm{af6 g]kfnsf nflu ef/tLo /fhb"t ;L=kL= Pg= l;+xn] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP . o; ;lGwdf lgDglnlvt zt{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ M != g]kfn tyf ef/t ;/sf/lar ;bfsfn zflGt tyf d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw /lx/xg] 5 . b'j} ;/sf/x¿ Pscsf{sf] b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf, k"0f{ ;Dk|et' f, If]qLo cv08tf / :jtGqtfsf] /Iff Pjd\ cfb/ ug{ sl6a4 /xg] 5g\ @= s'g} klg sf/0faf6 b'O{ b]zlar ljjfb pTkGg ePdf b'j} ;/sf/x¿n] ldqjt ¿kdf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{5g\ . #= dfly wf/f ! df pNn]lvt ;DaGwnfO{ :yfloTj Pjd\ dfGotf lbgsf nflu b'j} ;/sf/x¿ cfk;df s"6gLlts ;DaGw sfod /fVg / nfdf] ;do;Dd sfd ug{sf nflu cfjZos k/]sf] k|ltlglw /fVgsf nflu;d]t d~h'/ ub{5g\ . v6fOPsf k|ltlglw tyf pgsf ;xof]uLx¿n] b'j} ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] jf cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gadf]lhdsf] s"6gLlts ;'ljwf k|fKt ug]{5g\ . $= b'j} ;/sf/x¿ dxfjfl0fHob"t (Consul-General), jfl0fHob"t (Consul), pkjfl0fHob"t (Vice-consul) tyf cGo b"tx¿sf]lgo'Qm ug{ /fhL x'g] 5g\ / logLx¿ b'j} ;/sf/n] lglZrt u/]sf] ;x/, aGb/ufx /cGo 7fpFdf /xg ;Sg]5g\ . dfly plNnlvt kb k|fKt ug]{x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/, ;x'lnot / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ csf]{ /fHosf] ;f]xL txsf] JolQmn] kfP;/x kfpg] 5g\ . %= g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ef/t If]qaf6 cyjf ;f] /fHo If]qsf] af6f] u/L g]kfnsf] ;'/Iffsf lgldQ rflxg] xftxltof/, snk'hf{, uf]nL u7\7f, v/vhfgf cflb dfn;fdfgsf] k}7f/L ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . b'O{ ;/sf/n] k/:k/df ;Nnfx u/L of] aGbf]a:tnfO{ rfn' u/fpg] sfo{afxL to ug]{ 5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷329
^=
ef/t / g]kfnsf] l5d]sL d}qLefjsf] k|lts:j¿k b'j} ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] /fHoIf]qdf /x]sf] csf]{ ;/sf/sf gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus / cfly{s ljsf; tyf To:tf] ljsf;;DaGwL l/ofot / 7]Ssfx¿df efu lngnfO{ /fli6«o Jojxf/ lbg] saf]n ub{5g\ . &= g]kfn ;/sf/ / ef/t ;/sf/n] cfˆgf /fHoIf]qdf /x]sf csf]{ d'n'ssf gful/ snfO{ lgjf;, ;DklQsf]dfu, Jofkf/ , jfl0fHodf efu lng, lx88'n ug]{ / c¿ o:t} k|sf/sf ljz]ifflwsf/x¿sf ljifodf kf/:kl/s tj/n] ;dfg ljz]ifflwsf/ lbgnfO{ sa'n ub{5g\ . *= hxfF ;Dd oxfF :k i6 ul/P sf s' /f x¿sf] ;DaGw 5, tL ;a}df of] ;lGwkqn] ef/t sf tkm{ a f6 la| l 6; ;/s f/ tyf g]k fn ;/sf/lardf ePsf cl3sf ;a} ;lGwkq, :j Lsf/k q / sa'n gfdfx¿nfO{ vf/] h ub{ 5 . (= of] ;lGwkq b'j} ;/sf/n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf] ldltb]lv nfu' x'g] 5 . !)= s'g} Ps d'n'sn] Ps jif{sf] efsf lbO{ of] ;lGwsf] cGTo ug{ gvf]h];Dd of] ;lGw hf/L /xg] 5 . of];lGwkqdf @))& ;fn >fj0f !^ ut]-!(%), h'nfO{ #!_ sf lbg sf7df8f}Fd f ;xL5fk ePsf] b]lvG5 . lj=;= @)#$ r}qdf Jofkf/, kf/jxg tyf cgflws[t Jofkf/ljrng lgoGq0f ;xof]u -;ft jif]{_ ;Demf}tf u/L tLg k|sf/sf ;lGw ePsf] lyof] . o; ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfndf pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ ef/tLo ahf/df ;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ tyf Pscfk;df cfjZos j:t' pknAw u/fpg cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ ;xdlt eof] . kf/jxgtkm{ g]kfnaf6 ef/t x'Fb} t];|f] d'n'sdf j:t'x¿ 9'jfgLdf oftfoftsf] ;x'lnot k|fKt x'g] / cgflws[t Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf % jif{ / kf/jxg ;lGwsf] cjlw & jif{ tf]lsof] . o;kl5 lj=;= @)#( df g]kfn / ef/t Jofkf/ ;lGw tyf cglws[t Jofkf/sf] /f]syfd;DaGwL ;Demf}tf kfFr jif{ yk ul/of] . ;lGwdf g]kfn–ef/t Jofkf/ k|jfx j[l4sf nflu sltko j:t'df ladf ;'ljwf k|f]kmd{ / eG;f/sf ;fy} 6«flG;kd]G6h:tf ;'ljwfx¿ pknAw ug]{;xdlt ePsf]kfOG5 . g]kfn / ef/tlar ePsf ljleGg ;lGw ;Demf}tfsf] ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g ug{ ;g\ @)!^ hgj/Ldf g]kfn–ef/t k|a'4 ;d"x -O{kLhL_ u7g ePsf]5 . o; ;d"xn] ;g\ !(%) sf] zflGt tyf d}qL ;lGw, Jofkf/ tyf kf/jxg ;lGw / hn;|f]t;DaGwL ljleGg ;lGw–;Demf}tfdf 5nkmn u/L b'j} b]zsf ;/sf/nfO{ ;'emfa lbg'kg]{ sfof{b]z kfPsf] 5 . o; ;d"xdf g]kfnsf]tkm{af6 ;+of]hs 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf tyf ;b:ox¿ gLnfDa/ cfrfo{, ;"o{gfy pkfWofo / 330÷g]kfn
kl/ro
8f= /fhg e§/fO{ x'g'x'G5 eg] ef/tsf]tkm{af6 ;+of]hs eutl;+x sf]l;of/L tyf ;b:ox¿ 8f= la;L pk|]tL, dx]G› kL= nfdf /hoGtk|;fb x'g'x'G5 . !)=^ g]kfn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf P]ltxfl;s ;lGw ;Demf}tfx¿ g]kfnsf] ltAat / rLg;Fu Hofb} k'/fgf] ;DaGw /x]sf] 5 . lnR5ljsfnLg 7s'/L /fhf c+z'jdf{sf] ;dob]lv ;'b[9 aGb} cfPsf] g]kfn–rLg–ltAat ;DaGw kl5sf jif{x¿df cem ;'b[9 aGb}cfPsf]kfOG5 . g]kfn–rLg–ltAatlar ;g\ !&**, ;g\ !&(! /;g\ !*%% df u/L tLgk6s 7'nf o'4x¿ eP . k|yd o'4 lj=;+= !*$^ h]7 -;g\ !&*( h'g @_ df ePsf]s]?ª ;lGw, bf];| f]o'4 lj=;+= !*$( efb| ^ -;g\ !&(@_ df ePsf]a]qfjtL ;lGw /t]>f]o'4 lj=;+=!(!@ r}q -;g\ !*%^ dfr{ @^_ df ePsf] yfkfynL ;lGwn] cGTo u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn / rLg–ltAat ;DaGwsf s]xL P]ltxfl;s ;Demf}tfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M s]?ª ;lGw d"nt lrlgofF kIfn]ltAatnfO{ o'4 gu/L jftf{sf]dfu{ cFufNg ;Nnfx lbPkl5 g} k|yd g]kfn–ltAat o'4sf] cGTo u/L jftf{nfk ePsf] lyof] . o; jftf{df ltAatsf tkm{af6 sfnf]g 3f]l/ª, ;flsof nfdf, 6];' nfdf / g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ad zfx, xl/x/ pkfWofo / g/l;+x zfxL d'Vo lyP . ltAatsf] s]?ªdf ePsf] o; 5nkmndf k|f/Dedf g]kfnn] o'4df ePsf] ;Dk"0f{ Joo / k|tfkl;+x zfxsf] ;dodf ePsf] ;lGw pNnª\3g u/]afkt %) wfgL{ ;'gsf] dfu /fVof] . t/, ltAatn] g]kfnsf] o; dfuk|lt af/Daf/ c;xdlt hgfof] . cGTodf @ h'g, !&*( df s]?ª ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ eof] . @ dlxgf;Ddsf] 5nkmnkl5 ;DkGg ePsf]s]?ª ;lGw gfdaf6 k|rlnt o; ;lGwdf lgDg a'Fbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ M != g]kfn kmf}h cfkm"n] sAhf u/]sf] ltAatL If]qaf6 x6\g d~h'/ eof] . @= pk|fGt g]kfnn] ef]6dfly cfqmd0f ug]{ 5}g . #= ef]6n] Ps lglZrt /sd ;flnGbf g]kfnnfO{ a'emfpg] 5 . $= ltAat / ef/tlarsf] Jofkf/ g]kfnsf] af6f] eP/ dfq} ul/g] / tL b'j} b]znfO{ hf]8\g]l;lSsd tyf e'6fgsf dfu{x¿ aGb ug]{ 5 . %= pk|fGt ld;fxf 6s /gofF 6slarsf];6xL b/sfod ubf{ b'O{ ld;fxf 6s a/fa/ Ps gofF 6s sfod ul/g] 5 . a]qfjtL ;lGw g]kfn–ltAatlar ePsf] s]?ª ;lGwn] pNn]Vo ;kmntf k|fKt ug{ ;ls/x]sf] lyPg . To; ;lGwkqdf Nxf;f b/af/ / lrlgofF ;d|f6sf] :jLs[lt lnOPsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷331
lyPg . ltAatn] ;f] s]?ª ;lGwcg';f/ g]kfnnfO{ ltg'{kg]{ klxnf] ls:tfdfq} lt/]/ ;lGwsf] pNnª\3g ug{ yfNof] . s]?ª ;lGw ePsf] @ jif{ k'Ubf gk'Ub} ;g\ !&(!–(@ df g]kfn ltAatlar k'gM o'4 ;'? eof] . bf];|f]k6ssf] o'4df ltAatsf] kIfaf6 rLgn] ;d]t x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof], h;n] ubf{ g]kfnn] ltAatsf]gfd eP klg rLg;Fu o'4 ug'{k¥of] . o;}qmddf ;g\ !&(@ cS6f]a/ % df a]qfjtLsf] n8fOFdf b'j} kIflar 7'nf] Iflt ePsf] lyof] . of] Ifltkl5 g]kfn–ltAat–rLglar Ps ;lGw ;DkGg eof] . lj=;= !*$( efb| ^ -;g\ !&(@ cui6_ df ;DkGg pQm ;lGw a]qfjtL ;lGwsf]gfdn]lrlgG5 . a]qfjtL ;lGwdf b]xfoadf]lhd ;t{x¿ pNn]v ePsf lyP M != g]kfn /ltAatn]cfkm"larsf]zq'tf TofuL ldqjt\ ;DaGw sfod ug]{5g\ . @= g]kfnn] lrlgofF afbzfxsf] ;Ddfgfy{ k|To]s kfFr jif{df Pp6f lzi6d08n pkxf/;lxt k]lsª k7fpg] 5 . ;fy}, rLgn] klg ;§fdf pkxf/x¿ k7fpg] / pQm d08nsf] vr{ Pjd\ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf a]xf]g{] 5 . #= eljiodf sf7df8f}F / Nxf;fsf] lardf s'g} k|sf/sf] ljjfb pTkGg ePdf To;sf]] ;dfwfg Nxf;fl:yt lrlgofF cDafaf6 x'g] 5 . $= s'tL / s]?ª If]qdf lrlgofF clwsf/Ln] /]vfÍg u/]sf] ;LdfgfnfO{ g]kfnn] dfGotf lbg] 5 . %= g]kfndfly s'g} k|sf/sf] ljb]zL cfqmd0f ePdf rLgn] g]kfnsf] d2t ug]{ 5 . ^= g]kfnn] tfl;nDk'df n'6]sf] ;DklQ / zdkf{ nfdfsf] cjz]if Pjd\ pgsf ;dy{s Pjd\ ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ lkmtf{ ug]{5 . &= g]kfnn] d'b|f;DaGwL ;d:of pk|fGt gp7fpg'sf ;fy} s]?ªsf] ;lGwdfly s'g} k|sf/sf] bfjL ug]{5}g . yfkfynL ;lGw lj=;+= !(!! kmfu'g -dfr{ !*%%_ df g]kfn rLglar t];|f] o'4sf] 3f]if0ff eof] . of] o'4sf] cjlw 5f]6f] eP klg Hofb} 3fts lyof] . o;df b'j} kIfsf] wghgsf] 7'nf] Iflt eof] . b'j} kIfn] o'4 /f]Sg rfx]sfn] lj=;+= !(!@ k';df ;lGwjftf{ ;'? ul/of] . jftf{sf nflu ltAattkm{sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ snf]g zfq sf7df8f}F cfOk'u]sf lyP . of] ;lGw x'g'k"j{ sl/a @ dlxgf;Dd jftf{ rn]sf] lyof] . cGTodf ;g\ !*%^ dfr{ @$ -!(!@ r}q_ df tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf]lgjf; tyf sfof{no yfkfynL b/af/df !) ;"qLo ;lGwdf x:tfIf/ ul/of] . yfkfynL b/af/df x:tfIf/ ul/Psfn] pQm ;lGwnfO{ yfkfynL ;lGw gfd lbOPsf] xf] . pQm ;lGwsf ;t{x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf lyP M 332÷g]kfn
kl/ro
!= ltAatn] g]kfnnfO{ k|ltjif{ ?= !),))) ;nfdL:j¿k a'emfpg] k|lt1f ub{5 . @= g]kfn ltAatdfly s'g} ljb]zL zlQmn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] v08df ltAatnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ tTk/ /xg] 5 . #= Nxf;f ;/sf/n] g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿dfly hut dx;'n -eG;f/ s/_ glng] lgwf] u¥of] . $= ;lGwdf plNn lvt ;t{x¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 g] kfn o'4sfndf cfkm"n] sAhf u/]sf] s'tL, s]?ª, em'ª\uf If]qx¿ ltAatnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{ afWo x'g] 5 . ;fy}, o'4sfndf g]kfnsf] sAhfdf cfPsf ef]6] l;kfxL / e]8f–Rofª\u|f OToflb;d]t g]kfnn] lkmtf{ ug]{ 5 . To:t} ltAatn] klg g]kfnL tf]kx¿ / ;g\ !*$! df ltAat / 8f]u|fx¿sf lardf ePsf] o'4tfsf s}bdf k/]sf l;v aGbLx¿nfO{;d]t 5f8\g] 5 . %= xfn;Dd Nxf;fdf g]kfnsf] k|ltlglwsf]¿kdf gfos jf jlsn /xLcfPsf]df o;kl5 …b"tÚ /xg] 5 . ^= Nxf;fdf g]kfnn] cfˆgf] Jofkfl/s sf]7L vf]Ng kfpg] eof] / pQm sf]7LnfO{ lx/f, df]tL Pjd\ cGo u/uxgfx¿ / cGgsf] Jofkf/ ug]{ clwsf/ lbOof] . &= Nxf;fdf a;f]af; ug]{ uf]/vfnL / sl:d/Lx¿sf] lardf s'g} k|sf/sf]] emu8f ePdf ;f]sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ clwsf/ g]kfnL ef/bf/nfO{ g} lbg] . t/ g]kfnL / ltAatLx¿sf] lardf rflxF s'g} k|sf/sf] ljjfb pTkGGf ePdf b'j} ;/sf/sf k|ltlglwx¿sf] ;+o'Qm 5nkmnaf6 lg0f{o ul/g] Joj:yf ul/of] . ltAatLx¿larsf] cfGtl/s dfdnfdf eg] g]kfnL ef/bf/n] x:tIf]k ug{ gkfpg] eof] . *= b'j} b]zn] cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] b]zdf efu]/ cfpg] ck/fwLnfO{ ;DalGwt b]zdf g} a'emfpg] 5g\ . (= Nxf;fdf /xg] g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿sf] wghgsf] ;'/Iff ltAat ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{5 . To:t} g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿dfly s'g} k|sf/sf] n'6 ePdf n'l6Psf] ;DklQ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} c;'npk/ ul/lbg] 5 . s]xLu/L c;'npk/ u/fpg g;s]df ;f]sf] Ifltk"lt{ ltAat ;/sf/n] g} lbg] 5 . g]kfndf ltAatLx¿sf] hLpwgsf] lglDt klg ltAat ;/sf/ p:t} k|sf/sf] Jojxf/sf] ck]Iff /fVb5 . !)= o'4sfndf zq' kIfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ gful/ssf] wghgsf] ;'/Iff ug{ b'j} ;/sf/x¿ ;xdt eP . cGo ;Demf}tfx¿ k|wfgdGqL s]kL zdf{ cf] nLsf]rLg e|d0fsf qmddf ;g\ @)!^ dfr{ @! g]kfn kl/ro÷333
df g]kfn / rLglar !) a'Fb] ;dembf/L kqdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] lyof] . o; ;dembf/Lcg';f/ g]kfn / rLglar kf/jxg tyf oftfoft ;Demf}tf, :jtGq Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf, #@ xhf/ 3/df ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg ug]{ ;Demf}tf, ;'ljwfo'Qm C0f ;Demf}tf, kf]v/f ljdfg:yn lgdf{0fsf nflu C0f ;Demf}tf, g]kfndf UofF; tyf OGwgsf] cGj]if0f ug]{ ;Demf}tf tyf lxN;fdf k'n lgdf{0f ug]{ nufotsf dxŒjk"0f{ / g]kfnnfO{ bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfg{;Sg] ;Demf}tfx¿ ePsf 5g\ . s]xL ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog eP klg w]/}sf] sfof{Gjog x'g afFsL g} 5 .
lll
334÷g]kfn
kl/ro
kl/R5]b M P3f/
g]kfnsf P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgx¿ g]kfn Ps ljljwtfo'Qm d'n's xf] . oxfF ljleGg hfthflt, efiff–eflif, wd{, ;+:s[lt, k|yf, k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh tyf ljljw ;f+:s[lts ljz]iftf Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfn] le/k"0f{ d'n's xf] . ljZj ;d'bfodf g]kfnsf] jL/tfsf] uf}/jk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s klxrfg 5 . g]kfndf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} P]ltxfl;s, ef}uf]lns, wfld{s, ;f+:s[ltsnufot ljljw ;Dkbfx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn ;/sf/n] oL ljljw ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f, ;+j4{g / k|j4{g ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;} l;nl;nfdf xfn ljleGg P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, ef}uf]lns Pjd\ ko{6sLo :ynx¿ ;dfj]z u/L ko{6sLo uGtJox¿ klxrfg ul/Psf 5g\ . tflnsf g+= !!=! ;ft k|b]zdf Ps÷Ps cf]6f /xg] u/L 5gf]6 ul/Psf] gd"gf ko{6sLo uGtJox¿ l;=g+= != @= #= $=
k|b]z ! @ afudtL u08sL
lhNnf Onfd hgsk'/ dsjfgk'/ sf:sL
gd'gf ko{6sLo uGtJo ;Gbsk'/ wg'iffwfd OGb|;/f]j/ kGrf;] g]kfn kl/ro÷335
%= ^= &=
n'lDagL s0ff{nL ;'b"/klZrd
slknj:t' d'u' s}nfnL
lgUnLxjf /f/f efbufpF
tflnsf g+= !!=@ g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f ko{6g k|j4{g / ljsf;sf nflu klxrfg ul/Psf !)) ko{6sLo uGtJox¿– :yflkt tyf k|j4{g gofF tyf ljsf; l;=g++= k|b]z lhNnf ul/g'kg]{ uGtJox¿ ul/g'kg]{ uGtJox¿
!
tfKn]h'ª
#
kfFry/ k|b]z g+= !
@
Onfd
kfyLe/f, km'ªkm'ª] em/gf, -;fFjf ufpFkflnsf_ ltªa'ª kf]v/L -l;lb{+Uaf s~rgh+uf If]q -n]nk] ÷ ufpFkflnsf_ 3'G;f÷uf]nf÷cfwf/ lzlj/_ hf]/ kf]v/L÷Rofªyfk'
u'? kmfNu'gfGb ;ls{6 -nf]a|] s'6L–uh'/d'vL wfd– nf/fDdf– r'SsLgfDaf_ -lkmlbd gu/kflnsf_
Onfd ahf/ lkmsn–sGofd–>LcGt' ;Gbsk'/–dfOkf]v/L -;Gbsk'/ ufpFkflnsf_ ;ls{6 tLgh'/]–ldNs]–hnhn]
$
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%
c?0f pkTosf, v/L, 5¥ofªs'6L ;ª\v'jf;ef ;efkf] /ldt], dsfn' If]q, a?0f afn]Zj/ P]ltxfl;s u'kmf kf]v/L÷a?0f bf]efg
^
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e]8]6f/ gd:t] em/gf xnb] k6s]8fF8f ko{6s 6«]n -e]8]6f/ ufpFkflnsf–&_ -5y/] ufpFkflnsf_
&
ef]hk'/
;'Gtn] ef]hk'/ g=kf= lbªnf÷;fNkf
336÷g]kfn
kl/ro
(TMJ)
6\ofDs] 8fF8f -d'Gw'd 6«]on_
(
:ofªaf]r]÷gfDr] rkf]v/L -dxfs'n'+u ;f]n'v'Da' ;u/dfyf cfwf/ lzlj/ kfF ufpF kflnsf_ -v'Da' If]q_
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tyf 6]lnlehgsf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nox¿ / :6];gx¿sf] ;fy;fy} g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no klg sf7df8f}Fd} /x]sf] / g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt cfwfeGbf a9L b}lgs tyf ;fKtflxs ;dfrf/ kqklqsfx¿ klg sf7df8f}Faf6} k|sflzt x'g] ePsfn] sf7df8f}FnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;~rf/sf] /fhwfgL klg eGg ;lsG5 . ;f]N6L, cGgk"0f{, ofs PG8 olt, x\ofth:tf kfFrtf/] xf]6nx¿;d]t o; dxfgu/df /x]sf 5g\ . xªsªaf6 k|sflzt x'g] Plzofsf] k|l;4 cfly{s klqsf ASIA WEEK sf] ;g\ !((* l8;]Da/ !! sf] cª\sdf Plzofsf a:gsf] lglDt ;a}eGbf pko'Qm $) cf]6f k|d'v ;x/x¿df sf7df8f}Fsf] gfd @& cf}F :yfgdf /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v 5 . sf]bf/L g]kfnsf] ef/tl;t ul/g] Jofkf/sf] d'Vo s]Gb| jL/u~h ePh:t} rLgsf] :j;fl;t If]q ltAatl;tsf] Jofkf/sf] k|d'v s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s gfsf sf]bf/L xf] . ltAatsf] ;LdfjtL{ ahf/ vf;faf6 cfpg] ;fdfgx¿ / g]kfnaf6 vf;flt/ lgof{t ul/g] j:t'x¿sf] cfoft lgof{t ug]{ ;LdfjtL{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb| sf]bf/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] Pp6f k|d'v /fhdfu{sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] sf]bf/L -c/lgsf]_ /fhdfu{n] sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . sf]bf/L k|b]z g+= # sf] l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf kb{5 . sf“s8le6\6f of] g]kfnsf] k"jL{ ;Ldfgf glhs /x]sf] ahf/ xf] . of] k|b]z g+= ! sf] emfkf lhNnfdf kb{5 . oxfFaf6 km"naf/Ldfu{ x'Fb} aª\unfb]z hfg] dfu{ v'n]sfn] o;sf] dxŒj a9\g k'u]sf] 5 . …g]kfnsf] k"jL{ ;Ldfgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|j]z dfu{df /x]sfn] o;nfO{ k"j{sf] 9f]sf klg elgG5 . oxfF d]rL eG;f/ sfof{no /x]sfn] o;n] o; If]qsf] lgsf;L k}7f/Ldf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] b]lvG5 . sfFsf8le§f d]rL gu/kflnsfdf kb{5 . kz'kltgu/åf/f ef/tsf] v;f{Ë, l;nLu'9L / bflh{lnª;Fu Jofkfl/s ;Dks{ sfod /x]sf] / lrof pTkfbgsf] lglDt g]kfnsf] k|l;4 Onfd lhNnf / emfkf lhNnf Pscsf{;Fu hf]l8Psf] x'gfn] sfFs8le§f / Onfdsf] lardf /x]sf] b"/L Tolt w]/} g/x]sf] s'/f :jtM :ki6 x'G5 . ssgL sf7df8f}Fsf] s]Gb|af6 @( ls=ld= b'/Ldf ^,&&* lkm6sf] prfOdf ssgL eGg] /d0fLo :yfg 5 . g'jfsf]6 lhNnfdf kg]{ of] 7fpFnfO{ /f0ffsfndf j;GtL afu elgGYof] . o;sf] glhs} tfdfª\ hfltsf] 7'nf] a:tL 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm k|x/L tflnd s]Gb|, tf/f ufpF cltly u[x, yfO Po/j]håf/f lgld{t :d[ltkfs{, afujfgL kmfd{n] klg ssgLsf] zf]ef a9fPsf 5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷347
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lqj]0fL dlGb/, vKt8 8f]6L, c5fd, aemfª / afh'/f;d]t rf/ lhNnfdf km}lnPsf] vKt8 sl/a !!,))) lkm6sf] prfOdf /x]sf] 5 . rf/j6} lhNnfx¿sf] ;ª\ud:yndf /x]sf] of] pRr kxf8L e"efudf y'Dsfy'DsL, rf}/x¿ -kf6g_ / ;–;fgf vf]nfx¿ 5g\ . of] pRr kxf8L d}bfgL e"efusf] ;/b/ rf}8fO kfFr lsnf]ld6/ / nDafO ;/b/ !) lsnf]ld6/ 5 . lxpFn] 9flsPsf ;]tf 8fF8f / jg–hª\un cfkm}df dgdf]xs b]lvG5g\ . lxpFn] 5f]8]kl5 /ª\uL lj/ª\uL km"n}km"nsf] ;dy/ e"efu :ju{ em}F nfUb5 . vKt8 k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfsf] kof{osf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . vKt8sf] ko{6sLo b[li6n] ljsf; ug{ ;s]df klZrd g]kfnsf] ljsf;df o;af6 dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'Ug] 5 . v'Da'If]q k|b]z g+= ! sf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf kg]{ v'Da' If]q kj{tf/f]x0f / kbofqfsf nflu k|l;4 5 . oxfF ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr lzv/ ;u/dfyf;lxt l56f] tyf ;/n kj{tf/f]x0fsf nflu k|l;4 ^^^$ ld6/ cUnf] d]/f lks klg 5 . o;afx]s oxfF uf]Sof]lks, lks]8fF8f, 6f;LnfKrf, sfnfkTy/, cfdfnfKrf qm;, b"w s'08 cflb bz{gLo :ynx¿ 5g\ . uf]/vf uf]/vf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0f cleofg cf/De ug'{k"j{ zfx /fhfx¿af6 zfl;t Ps ;fgf] kxf8L /fHo lyof] . uf]/vfsf] k"j{df wflbª, klZrddf tgx'F, nDh'ª, dgfª / pQ/df rLgsf] ltAat k|b]z / blIf0fdf 348÷g]kfn
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lrtjg lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . pQ/kl§ Ujfnf eGHofª / >[ª\uL lxdfn, gf/b kf]v/L -s'08_, b/f}FbLsf] lz/, blIf0fkl§ lqz"nL, k"j{kl§ a'9Lu08sL / klZrdkl§ d:of{ªbL, r]k] rDkfjtL tyf dgf:n' z[ª\vnf uf]/vf lhNnfsf k|fs[lts ;Ldfgf x'g\ . uf]/vsfnLsf] blIf0f kfvf]df cjl:yt uf]/vf ahf/ jf kf]v/fyf]s o; lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf] . pQ/af6 blIf0flt/ aUg] b/f}FbL uf]/vf lhNnf eO{ aUg] k|d'v gbL xf] . P]ltxfl;s dxŒj / hnzlQmsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t b/f}FbL k|d'v cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| /x]sf] 5 . uf]/vf ahf/ /x]sf] kxf8sf] 6fs'/fdf cjl:yt uf]/vf b/af/ Kofuf]8f z}nLdf ag]sf] 5 / snfTds ‰ofn, 9f]sfx¿af6 ;';lHht /x]sf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s ynf]sf ¿kdf /x]sf] uf]/vf b/af/ ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] klg cToGt} dxŒjk"0f{ 5 . b/af/ kl/;/df sfnL dlGb/ / uf]/vgfysf] dlGb/sf] ;fy;fy} c¿ b]jLb]jtfsf d"lt{x¿ klg oqtq 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . uf]/vf b/af/sf] ;fy;fy} uf]/vf ahf/df ;'Gb/ snfTds z}nLdf lgld{t c? b/af/ klg 5g\ . g'jfsf]6 b/af/ klg o;} z}nLdf lgld{t 5 . uf]/vfdf k|frLg ;ª\u|xfno /x]sf] 5 . ahf/ If]qdf k|foh;f] g]jf/ hfltx¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf] x'gfn] oxfF g]jf/ ;Dk|bfon]dfGg];Dk"{0f hfqfx¿ ug]{k|rng 5 . o; If]qaf6 lxdfnosf ;'Gb/ b[Zox¿ b]lvg] ePsf]n] of] If]q ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0faf6 clt cfsif{s 5 eg] nfs]{kf; x'Fb} dgfª hfg] k|d'v af6f]sf] ¿kdf klg k|Voft 5 . g]kfnsf] pQ/L lhNnfx¿h:t} uf]/vf klg of;f{u'Dafsf nflu k|l;4 5 . uf]/vf lhNnfdf /x]sf] dgsfdgfsf] dlGb/ lxGb"x¿sf] k|l;4 wfld{s :yndfq geP/ Pp6f dgf]/d ko{6g :yn klg xf] . k[YjL /fhdfu{df kg]{ r]/];b]lv dgsfdgf;Ddsf] ofqfnfO{ dgsfdgf s]an sf/sf] ;~rfngn] cToGt ;/n, ;xh, 5f]6f] / dgf]/Ghs agfPsf] 5 . uh'/d'vL b]jL Onfd lhNnfsf rf/ k|dv ' gbLx¿dWo] Ps b]pdfO{ gbLsf] klZrd lsgf/df cf]9f/h:tf] 7fpFdf ljleGg cfsf/sf k|:t/sf] b]jL d"lt{x¿nfO{ uh'/dv ' L b]jL elgG5 . oxfF lnDa" hfltsf] k'hf/L x'G5g\ . uh'/dv ' L b]jLsf] k"hf cr{gf ugf{n] nf6f af]Ng ;Sg], alx/f ;'Gg ;Sg]x'G5g\ eGg]hgljZjf; 5 . sflQs k"l0f{dfsf lbg oxfF d]nf nfUb5 . cf]9f/ cfsf/sf] ynf]nfO{ hg;xof]uaf6 dlGb/sf] ¿k lbPsf]kfOG5 . oxfF lzj dlGb//wd{zfnf cflb klg agfOPsf]5 . ux|f}“ sflnsf dlGb/ :ofªhf lhNnf jflnª gu/kflnsfsf] ux|f};'/df cjl:yt ux|f}F sflnsf dlGb/ cfheGbf %#) jif{ klxn] ux|fF}sf]6 /fHosf klxnf] /fhf bz/y vfF8 -lj=;+= g]kfn kl/ro÷349
ux|f}F sflnsf dlGb/, :ofªhf !%!)–!%#^_ sf] @^ jif]{ zf;gsfndf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . of] dlGb/ ;d'lGb| ;txb]lv !%!^ ld6/sf] prfOdf ux|f}z'/ 8fF8fsf] 6'Kkfdf cjl:yt 5 . r}t] b;}F / a8f b;}Fdf ljz]if d]nf nfUg] o; dlGb/df b}lgs k"hfcfhf rNb} cfPsf] 5 . dlGb/sf] bf];|f] k'glg{df{0f lj=;+= !*$* df :jtGq ux|f}sf]6 /fHosf clGtd /fhf >LeQm vfF0fn] u/]sf lyP eg] t];|f] k'glg{df{0f @)% aif{ kl5 lj=;+= @)%# ;fndf :yfgLo JolQms} kxnaf6 ePsf] kfOG5 . dlGb/ :ofªhf lhNnfsf k|foM ;a}h;f] 7fpFx¿af6 :ki6 cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . u'x\o]Zj/L dlGb/ kz'klt dlGb/sf] glhs} afUdtL gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt wfld{s, P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts Pjd\ snfTds b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ of] dlGb/ lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb|sf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . u'Xo]Zj/L zlQmkL7sf] :yfkgf lnR5ljsfndf / dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f dNnsfndf ePsf] dflgg] x'Fbf oxfF lnR5ljsfnLg d"lt{snf tyf dNnsfnLg sfi7snfsf ljlzi6 gd'gf b[li6uf]r/ x'G5 . rf/}lt/ kf6L kf}jfx¿n] 3]l/Psf] d08k z}nLdf Zn]idfGts jg;Fu} afUdtL gbLsf] blIf0ft6df lgld{t of]] eujfg lzjsf] ;xwld{0fL ;tLb]jL -kfj{tL_ sf] dlGb/ ePsf] dflgG5 . k|frLgsfndf cfBu'? zª\s/frfo{ oxL 7fpFsf] cjnf]sg ug{ cfpg'eO{ u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] pkf;gf / k|fy{gf ug'{ePsf] klg cfVofg 5 . tflGqs ah|ofg af}4 k/Dk/fcg';f/ u'Xo]Zj/Lsf] k"hf cr{gf ul/g] x'bfF of] :yn lxGb" /af}4 b'j};d'bfosf nflu k"hgLo dflgG5 . 350÷g]kfn
kl/ro
3fGb|'s u08sL k|b]zsf] sf:sL lhNnfcGt{ut cGgk"0f{ / df5fk'5]« lxdfnsf] sfvdf kf]v/faf6 $@ ls=ld pQ/df cjl:yt 3fGb|'s u'?ª ;+:s[lt / hLjg z}nLnfO{ hLjGt ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd k|d'v u'?ª a:tL xf] . of] 7fpF kj{tf/f]xL, kbofqLsf cltl/Qm :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6sx¿sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ cfsif{s :yn dflgG5 . oxfF k|To]s jif{ sl/a %) xhf/ko{6sx¿ e|d0f ug]{ub{5g\ . 3n]ufp“ ndh'ª lhNnfl:yt 3n]ufpF u|fdL0f ko{6g tyf xf]d:6]sf nflu k|l;4 5 . 3n]ufpFaf6 dgf:n', cGgk"0f{, df5fk'R5«], ndh'ª lxdfn lz/sf] 6f]kLh:t} b]lvG5g\ . lrofaufg, e]8Lvs{, pQ/sGofsf] dlGb/ bz{gLo 5g\ . 3n] u'?ªsf] cfTdLo cfltYo / 3fF6' gfrsf] k|bz{gn] :jb]zL / ljb]zL ko{6snfO{ df]lxt agfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . 3n]ufpFsf] xf]d:6] kfs{ d'n'ss} pTs[i6 dflgG5 eg] o;kl5 g]kfnsf w]/} :yfgx¿df xf]d:6] ko{6g km:6fPsf] 5 . rGbggfy dlGb/ s0ff{nL k|bz ] sf] h'Dnf lhNnfdf /xs ] f] rGbggfysf] dlGb/df eujfg bQfq]osf] d"lt{ :yflkt 5 . oxfF j}lbs ljlw ljwfgcg';f/ k|ft, dWofGx / ;GWofsfndf u/L lbgsf] tLgk6s k"hf ul/G5 . cf7f}F ztfAbLcufl8 lgld{t of] dlGb/df eujfg bQfq]osf] r/0fkfb'sf /xs ] f] 5 . rGbgfyn] :yfkgf u/s ] f] dlGb/ ePsf]n] o; dlGb/sf] gfd rGbgfy /xs ] f] xf] . oxfF of]uL -lu/L, k'/L cflb_ ;d'bfosf] JolQm k'hf/L x'G5g\ . rf“u'gf/fo0f eQmk'/ lhNnfsf] k"jf]{Q/ efudf 8f]nfb|L -8f]nflul/_ gfdsf] cUnf] kxf8sf] y'Dsf]df cjl:yt eujfg lji0f'sf] d"lt{ :yflkt of] dlGb/ g]kfnsf] k|frLgtd\ dlGb/x¿dWo] Ps dflgG5 . of] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f slxn] / s;n] u/fPsf] xf] eGg] af/]df :ki6 hfgsf/L geP klg xl/bQ jdf{ gfdsf JolQmn] ;g\ #*^ tfsf ;Dat -lj=;+= %@!_ df pkTosfsf rf/ gf/fo0fx¿ -rfFu'gf/fo0f, z]ifgf/fo0f, ljzª\v'gf/fo0f / Orª\u'gf/fo0f_ sf] :yfkgf ug]{ qmddf rfFu'gf/fo0f :yfkgf u/]sf] eGg] cfVofg 5 . ;s\ ;+jt\ #*^ -lj=;+= %@!_ df /fhf dfgb]jn] k"j{ / klZrdsf ;fdGtx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L rfFu'gf/fo0fsf] k"hf cr{gf u/L u?8;lxtsf] :tDe v8f u/fPsf] s'/f pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . lrtjg jGohGt' ;+/If0f If]q jGohGt' ;+/If0f If]qsf]¿kdf lrtjgnfO{ lnOPsf]5 . oxfF b'ne { jGohGt' Pjd\ r/fr'?ª\uL /xs ] f 5g\ . Ps l;ª\u] u}8F f, a+ufnL af3 / xfQLnfO{ :yndf kfOg] b'ne { hgfj/x¿sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . of] :yfg jGohGt' cWoog ug]{ cg';Gwfg g]kfn kl/ro÷351
stf{x¿ / jGohGt' cjnf]sg ug{ ?rfpg] ko{6sx¿sf] d'Vo ynf] x'g uPsf] 5 . l5Ggd:tf eujtL l5Ggd:tf eujtL ;Kt/L lhNnfsf] /fhlj/fhaf6 blIf0f ;LdfjtL{ If]q ;Kt/L lhNnfsf]tTsflng l5Ggd:tf ufpFljsf; ;ldltdf kb{5 . l5Ggd:tf ejutL dgf]sfdgf k"/f ug]{ zlQmkL7x¿dWo] Ps kL7 dflgPsf] x'Fbf o; dlGb/df g]kfn / ef/tsf hgtfsf] 7'nf] cf:yf 5 . k|frLg Oltxf; / lsDjbGtLcg';f/ sgf{6j+zL /fhf gfGob]jsf] kfFrf}F k':tfsf zqml;+xb]j l;d|f}gu9sf /fhf ePsf lyP . pgL gfafns 5f]/f xl/l;+xb]jnfO{ /fhu2Ldf /fvL lgjf{l;t hLjg latfpg ;Kt/L cfP . To;a]nf hª\unn] 9flsPsf] o; :yfgdf hª\un ;kmf ubf{ e]l6Psf] eujtL d"lt{nfO{ pgn] cfˆgf] s'nb]jLsf] ¿kdf :yfkgf u/L cfˆgf] gfdaf6 b]jLsf] gfd zqm]Zj/L /fv] eGg] egfO 5 . b]jLsf] z/L/ gePsf]n] s]xL ;dokl5 l5Ggd:tf eujtL eGg yflnPsf] dflgG5 . hgsk'/ hgsk'/nfO{ k|frLg ldlynf /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . oxfF /x]sf k|foM ;Dk"0f{ dflg;x¿ d}lynL efiff af]N5g\ / oxfF d}lynL ;flxTosf] ljsf; ePsf] kfOG5 . hgsk'/df d}lynL efiffsf slj ljBfklt sf]lsnsf] zflns klg /x]sf] 5 . lxGb' gf/Lsf] cfb{zsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Ltfsf] hGdynf]sf] ¿kdf hgsk'/Vofltk|fKt 5 . o; kljq :yndf ljjfx k~rdLsf lbg g]kfn tyf ef/tsf lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿ hgsk'/ wfdsf] kl/qmdf ug{ cfpF5g\ . hfgsL dlGb/sf] bz{gsf nflu 7'nf] d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . ljjfx k~rdLdf hfgsL dlGb/df lxGb" wdf{jnDaLx¿sf]7'nf]eL8 nfUb5 . :jb]zsf dfq geO{ ljb]zaf6 klg oxfF 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf lxGb"wdf{jnDaLx¿ /fdhfgsLsf] bz{g ug{ cfpg] / ldlynfsf] ofqfkydf ofqfsf] ;fy;fy} k|blIf0ff ug]{ ub{5g\ . hgsk'/sf] hfgsL dlGb/ lxGb"x¿sf] Pp6f k|Voft / d'Vo wfld{s ynf]sf] ¿kdf /xs ] f] 5 . hfgsL dlGb/sf] ;fy;fy} o; If]qdf c¿ ljleGg kljq wfld{s :ynx¿ 5g\ . wg'iff ;fu/ / /Tg;fu/ cflb kljq ;fu/x¿nfO{ klg hgsk'/sf cd"No lglwx¿sf]¿kdf lnOG5 . k/d 1fgL /fhf hgsn] zf;g u/]sf] d'n's ePsf]n] g} o; :yfgsf] gfd hgsk'/ /x]sf] xf] eGg] s'/fdf ljåfg\x¿ ;xdt b]lvG5g\ . o; ;xdltn] /fhf hgsn] lxGb"dfqsL cf/fWob]jL ;Ltfsf] oxL hgsk'/df eujfg /fdl;t ljjfx ul/lbPsf x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] klg k'li6 ub{5 . k|l;4 lxGb" ljåfg tyf :d[ltsf/ of1jNSo;d]tsf ljåfgx¿n] /fhf hgssf] b/af/df ;Ddfg kfPsf] s'/fn] k|frLgsfnb]lv g} hgsk'/n] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;d]t cfkm"nfO{ lrgfpFb}cfPsf]tYo k|s6 x'g cfpF5 . 352÷g]kfn
kl/ro
hfgsL dlGb/
hfgsL dlGb/, hgsk'/ ef/tsf] dWok|b]z /fHosf] nf]xfu9sf ;'/lszf]/ bf; xfn hfgsL dlGb/ /x]sf] If]qdf a:bf ToxfF /fdhfgsL d"lt{ k|fb'ef{j ePsL b]v]sfn] ;f]xL 7fpFdf pxfFn] 5fk|f] agfO{ dlGb/sf] ¿k lbg'ePsf] lyof] . of] dlGb/ clt ;'Gb/ / eJo 5 . o; dlGb/nfO{ gf}nvf dlGb/ eGg] rng klg 5 . l;ª\ud{d/sf] e'O{F tyf cfsif{s uh"/x¿sf] ;fy;fy} ljjfx d08k / l;ª\udd{/sf b]jb]jL tyf Clifd'lgx¿sf d"lt{x¿n] o; dlGb/sf] zf]ef a9fPsf 5g\ . of] If]q ldlynf ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff / /xg ;xg Pjd\ rf8kj{sf] HjnGt pbfx/0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . of] dlGb/df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf bz{gfyL{x¿sf] hd36 eO/xG5 . lh/L bf]nvf lhNnfsf] bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ ahf/ lh/L sl/a 5 xhf/ lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . lh/LnfO{ g]kfnsf] :jLh/Nof08 egL lrlgG5 . ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] lh/LnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ u|fdL0f ;x/sf]¿kdf lnOG5 . tfg;]g / >Lgu/ dWokxf8L e"efudf cjl:yt kfNkf lhNnfl:yt tfg;]g g]kfn /fHos} clt /d0fLo ko{6sLo Pjd\ dxŒjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb| xf] . kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]gdf cToGt /d0fLo Pjd\ dgdf]xs b[Zosf] cjnf]sg;d]t ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] o;sf] dxŒj a9\bf]5 . cToGt cfgGbbfoL xfjfkfgL ePsf] o; gu/df du/ tyf g]jf/ hfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] kfOG5 . /f0ffsfndf tfg;]gnfO{ sf7df8f}F kl5sf] dxŒjk"0f{ /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;lgs cv8fsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ul/Psf] kfOG5 . 9fsf6f]kL tyf s?jf;d]tsf wft'sf ;fdu|Lsf nflu k|l;4 tfg;]g dw]; tyf kxf8 larsf] k|d'v Jofkfl/s :yn;d]t xf] . g]kfn PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf cufl8;Dd kfNkf Pp6f k[ys / zlQmzfnL /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] . >Lgu/ 8fF8fsf] sfvdf ;d'b| ;txaf6 !#&! ld6/ prfOdf g]kfn kl/ro÷353
cjl:yt kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd tfg;]g k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] le/k"0f{ 5 . k|fs[lts snfsf}znsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;d[4 tfg;]g cfw'lgs ;Eotftkm{ pGd'v 5 . k'/fgf] ;dodf ;]gj+zL zf;sx¿sf] /fhwfgL;d]t /x]sf] tfg;]g ;x/ P]ltxfl;s vf]h / cGj]if0fsf] k|tLIffdf 5 . kfNkf lhNNffsf] zf]ef, ;f}Gbo{ jf d's'6sf ¿kdf >Lgu/nfO{ lnOG5 . atf;]8fF8f gfdsf]j[IfxLg z'is s'¿k pRr y'Dsfdf ;Nnf cflb ljleGg lsl;dsf ¿v la?jfx¿ /f]k]/ /d0fLo pBfgdf kl/0ft ePkl5 atf;]8fF8f g} >Lgu/ egL k'gM gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] . oxfF dlGb/, a'4sf] d"lt{ / afuau}Frfx¿;d]t 5g\ . em08} !%)) /f]kgL If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] >Lgu/ zfGt, ;'/Do hª\un, cg's'nf :j:Yos/ xfjfkfgL ePsfn] of] af3, lrt'jf, v/fof], b'D;L cflb hgfj/x¿ sflnh, ltqf, sf]OnL k|hfltsf kG5Lx¿sf] ;'/Do a;f]af;sf] If]q ag]sf] 5 . jgljxf/ / jgef]hsf nflu k|Voft of] 7fpFaf6 df5fk'R5«]|, lxdfnr'nL, cGgk"0f{, sf~hL/f]jf, dgf:n', u0f]z lxdfn cflb lxdfnx¿sf] ;'Gb/ b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;"of]{bo, df8L pkTosf / ;kmf df};ddf ef/tsf] pQ/L efu uf]/vk'/;Ddsf] /]nx¿sf] /f]df~rs cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . cd/l;+x yfkfaf6 ;g\ !*)& O{=df lgld{t cd/gf/fo0f dlGb/, ;g\ !(@& df k|tfk;d;]/ h=a=/f=af6 lgld{t tfg;]g b/af/, v8\u ;d;]/af6 lgld{t zLtnkf6L -uf]n3/_, la|l6; ef/tLo kmf}hnfO{ k/flht u/]sf] :d[ltdf ;g\ !*!$ df phL/ l;+x yfkfåf/f agfOPsf] eujtL dlGb/, kfNkf lhNnfsf] ;aF}eGbf k'/fgf] af}4 ljxf/sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt cfgGb ljxf/nufotsf dxfr}To ljxf/, dxfjf]wL ljxf/, jL/]Gb| km"naf/L cflb o; ;x/sf k|d'v ko{6sLo dxŒjsf ;Dkbf x'g\ . ;fy}, tfg;]g ;x/af6 sl/a * ls=ld blIf0fdf /x]sf] ;TojtL tfn / k|jf; tfndf km"ln/x]sf sdnsf km"nx¿n] tfg;]g e|d0f ug{ ko{6sx¿nfO{ af/Daf/ nf]EofO/xG5 . tftf]kfgL DofUbL lhNnfsf] kf]v/f–d':tfª ;8sdf kg]{ tftf]kfgL / l;Gw'kfNrf]s lhNnfsf] sf]bf/L /fhdfu{ rLgsf] ;Ldfglhs} /x]sf] tftf]kfgL ko{6sLo b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . tftf]kfgL s'08df g'xfpFbf afynufot 5fnf / gzfsf /f]u lgsf] x'g] wfld{s dfGotf 5 . oxL ljZjf;sf ;fy b]ze/sf bh{gf}F tftf]kfgL s'08df b}lgs xhf/f}F dflg; g'xfpg k'U5g\ . ltdfn sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] ;fljssf] sfgk'/ uf=lj=;=af6 ;'? eO{ kf]v/L gf/fo0f :yfgnufot afx| ufpF ;d]6\g] dgf]/d ltdfn d'Votof tfdfª\x¿sf] afx'No 354÷g]kfn
kl/ro
/x]sf] o; If]qdf a|fXd0f, If]qL, g]jf/, du/, blnt, 7s'/L, ;fsL{, bg'jf/h:tf hftLx¿sf] ;d]t a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . hftLo lx;fan] ;d]t ljljwtf /x]sf] o; If]q wfld{s lx;fan] ;d]t k|Voft 5 . P]ltxfl;s Pjd\ k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] le/k"0f{ zfGt 7fpFsf] sfvdf u'? /]Dkf]5]{n] tk:of u/]sf] 7fpFnfO{ xfn u]n'ª cf]8f/, cGo P]ltxfl;s wfld{s :ynx¿, eujfgx¿n] tk:of u/]sf cf]8f/x¿ u'kmf, u'Daf, sslnª / gf/fo0f:yfg dlGb/, b'Dhfsf] dxfb]j:yfg nufot ljleGg d7dlGb/x¿ oxfFsf]k|Voft wfld{s Pjd\ P]ltxfl;s :ynx¿ x'g\ . lbkfon, z}n]Zj/L ;]tL gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] lbkfon ahf/sf] glhs} ToxL gbLsf] csf]{ lsgf/tkm{ /x]sf] clnslt cUnf] 8fF8f /fhk'/df clwsf+z If]qLo lgb]{zgfnox¿ /x]sf 5g\ . /fhk'/ lbkfon k'/fgf] 8f]6L /fHosf] /fhwfgL ;x/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f P]ltxfl;s tYox¿n] cf}FNofPsf] kfOG5 . ;'b'/klZrd k|b]zsf] aemfª, afh'/f, 8f]6L tyf c5fd lhNnfsf] ;fFwdf kg]{ dgf]/d ko{6sLo / k|l;4 wfld{s :yn vKt8;Dd lbkfon l;nu9Laf6 k}bn lx8]/ klg Pslbgdf k'Ug ;lsg] / vKt8 /fli6«o lgs'~hdf /x]sf b'n{e / ;'Gb/ km"n, h8La'6L, jGohGt'x¿, tfn / v08–v08 k/]sf /d0fLo kf6g -d}bfg_ x¿sf] cjnf]sg ug]{ cj;/ kfOg] x'gfn] klg lbkfon–l;nu9Lsf] dxŒj a9\g uPsf]5 .
z}n]Zj/L dlGb/, 8f]6L g]kfn kl/ro÷355
;'b/" klZrd k|bz ] 8f]6L lhNnfsf] l;nu9Ldf k|l;4 wfld{s :yn z}nZ] j/L dlGb/ 5 . z}nZ] j/Lsf] pTklQsf ;DaGwdf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿df k|rlnt Pp6f nf]sf]lQmcg';f/ lzj kfj{tL Ps–csf{df xfF;v]n ul//xs ] f] ;dodf a|Dxf cflb b]jtfx¿ lzj kfj{tLsf] vf]hL ubf{ub}{ ToxL cfOk'u5 ] g\ . To;kl5 kfj{tLn] cb[Zo eO{ lznfsf] ¿k lnO5g\ . To;}n] oxfFsf :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx¿ Zf}nZ] j/LnfO{ lznfb]jL klg eGg] ub{5g\ . o;}af6 z}nZ] j/Lsf] cEo'bo ePsf] dflgG5 . z}nZ] j/L dlGb/sf] :yfkgf kfFr kf08jn] u/fPsf] xf] eGg] hgljZjf; ;d]t /xs ] f] 5 . z}nZ] j/LnfO{ cw{gf/LZj/sf ¿kdf ;d]t k"hfcfhf ul/G5 . z}nZ] j/Ldf sflQs k"l0f{dfsf lbg 7'nf]d]nf nfUb5 . afx| jif{df s'Ded]nf cyf{t ^ aif{df cw{sD' e d]nf;d]t nfUg] ub{5 . z}nZ] j/Ldf k'hfcfhfsf nflu l5d]sL /fi6« ef/taf6 ;d]t bz{gfyL{x¿sf] 3'Or F f] nfUg] ub{5 . bfg;f“u' h'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd vnËfb]lv k"jf]{Q/ efudf tLnf gbL / hjf gbLsf] ;Ëd:ynnfO{ bfg;fFu' elgG5 . o; :yfgdf uf]bfg, e"ldbfg, cGgbfg, :j0f{bfg, /Tgbfg, ceobfg cflb ljljw bfg lbOPsfn] of] 7fpFsf] gfd bfg;fFu' /x]sf] xf] . tLh, dxflzj/fqL, gj/fqL, j}zfv k"l0f{df, uËfb;x/f, r08Lk"l0f{df, u'¿ k"l0f{dfdf oxfF 7'nf]d]nf nfUb5 . bfpGg] u9L bfpGg] b]jL gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf r'/] kxf8sf] sfvdf dx]Gb| /fhdfu{sf] a'6jn gf/fo0fu9 v08df bfpGg] 8fF8fdf bfpGg] b]jLsf] :yfg 5 . o; 7fpFdf k|frLg sfndf k/z'/fdsf] cf>d tyf ;fwgf:yn lyof] eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] k|d'v b'O{ If]q gjnk'/ / k/f;Lsf] l7s lardf bfpGg]u9L kb{5 . gjnk'/ a:tL gjnl;+xn] :yfkgf u/]sf] dflgG5 eg] k/z'/fd zAbaf6 k/fz', k/;f] x'Fb} k/f;L ag]sf] / b'j}sf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf gjnk/f;L ePsf] dflgG5 . b]j3f6 tgx'F lhNnfsf] b]j3f6 ufpFkflnsf cGtu{t kg]{ lxGb"x¿sf] kljq tLy{:yn b]j3f6df ;KTfu08sL gbLsf] ;ª\ud ePsf] x'Fbf of] 7fpFdf :gfg ubf{ ;Dk"0f{ kfkx¿af6 d'lQm kfOg], oxfF k|f0fTofu ubf{ s}jNo d'lQm kfOg] s'/f g]kfn dxfTDodf pNn]v 5 . xl/uª\uf -sfnL u08sL_ / x/uª\uf -lqz"nL_ gbL;d]tsf] ;ª\ud ePsf] ;Ktu08sLsf] gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt cyf{t\ xl/uª\uf / x/uª\uf gbLsf] t6df cjl:yt ePsfn] o;nfO{ xl/x/ If]q klg elgG5 . st}st} o;nfO{ cflbk|ofu;d]t eg]sf] kfOG5 . of] 7fpFdf df3] ;ª\qmflGtsf lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . wfld{s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ of] 7fpFsf] Jojl:yt ljsf;sf nflu 356÷g]kfn
kl/ro
tgx'F, gjnk/f;L / lrtjg lhNnfsf s]xL efu ldnfO{ b]j3f6 If]q ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . b]jL3f6 g'jfsf]6 lhNnfsf] a6\6f/sf] 5]pdf /;'jf lhNnfsf] uf];fOs'08af6 cfpg] lqz'nL gbL / /;'jfsf] ;"o{s'08af6 cfpg] tfbL vf]nf -;"o{dtL gbL_sf] ;ª\ud:yndf b]jL3f6 tLy{:yn /x]sf] 5 . o;} 7fpFdf k|l;4 hfNkf b]jLsf] dlGb/ 5 . oxfF k|To]s jif{ r}q z'Snk"l0f{df / xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLsf lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . blIf0fsfnL sf7df8f}F kmlk{ª If]qsf] blIf0fsfnLdf dËf]n d'vfs[lt ePsL sflnsf b]jLsf] d"lt{ 5 . of] 7fpF sf7df8f}Fsf] s]Gb|af6 @) ls=ld= blIf0fdf kb{5 . /d0fLo pBfg, jgkfvf ;lxtsf] of] dlGb/df dËnaf/ / zlgaf/sf lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . blIf0fsfnL dlGb/ /fhwfgL sf7df8f}Faf6 blIf0f e]udf sl/a !& lsldsf] b'/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . of] sfnLsfb]jLsf] dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ k|tfk dNn4f/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] xf] . of] kmlk{ªsf] d'6'l:yt P]ltxfl;s dxŒjn] le/k"0f{ dlGb/ xf] . rf/}lt/ xl/ofnL ;lhPsf] of] dlGb/ b'O{ gbLsf] bf]efgdf 5 . of] dlGb/df sfnLsf b]jLsf] d"l{t{;lxt cGo b]jL b]jtfsf] d"lt{ klg 5g\ . oxfF s]jn dlGb/dfq geO{ jgef]hsf nflu cToGt /d0fLo / dgf]/~hgfTds b[li6n] le/Psf] :yn klg xf] . o; dlGb/sf] bz{g ubf{ cfkm\gf] dgf]sfª\Iff k'/f x'g] wfld{s ljZjf;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ a;]{lg xhf/f}+ eQmhgsf] hd36 x'g] ub{5 . wg'iffwfd q]tfo'udf eujfg /fdrGb|n] ;Ltf;Fu :joDa/sf] qmddf /Ëe"lddf lzj wg'if k|of]u ubf{ 6'lqmPsf] wg'ifsf] 6'qmf v;]sf] 7fpFnfO{ wg'iff elgof] . hgsk'/af6 !$ ls=ld= pQ/ df cjl: yt wfld{s dxŒjsf] tLy{:yn wg'iffwfddf df3 dlxgfsf] k|To]s cfOtaf/sf lbg g]kfn ef/tsf >4fn'x¿sf] 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . wgs'6f wgs'6f gu/kflnsf k|bz ] g+= ! sf]wgs'6f lhNnfdf kb{5 . dgdf]xs k|fs[lts b[ZofjnL / dgf]/d xfjfkfgL ePsf] x'gfn] wgs'6f ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xf] . ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ / bz{gLo ;x/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] w/fgb]lv wgs'6f x'Fb} ;ª\v'jf;ef;Dd k'Ug] sf];L /fhdfu{n] wgs'6fsf] ofqfnfO{ ;xh agfPsf] 5 . w'lnv]n sf7df8f}Fb]lv #) ls=ld= k"j{df sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnfdf kg]{ k|frLg ;x/ g]kfn kl/ro÷357
w'lnv]n g]jf/ hfltsf] k/Dk/fut k|frLg a:tLsf] ¿kdf k|Voft 5 . oxfFaf6 k"j{ s]l/of]n'ª / klZrddf lxdfnr'nLsf lxdz[ª\vnfsf] dgf]/d b[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fy} oxfFaf6 uf}/Lzª\s/ lxdfn / cGo kxf8L z[ª\vnfx¿ ;'gsf];L / /f];L vf]nfsf] ;ª\udsf] ;'Gb/ b[Zo b]lvG5 . oxfF ltdfn gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/ 5, hxfF eujfg lji0f'sf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnu~h
afu]Zj/L dlGb/, g]kfnu~h dx]Gb| /fhdfu{df /x]sf] sf]xnk'/ eGg] :yfgaf6 ;fljssf] dWoklZrd If]qsf] 7'nf] ;x/ g]kfnu~h glhs} /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnu~h afFs] lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd xf] . of] gu/ z}lIfs, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s s]Gb| klg xf] . g]kfnu~h ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/a ^)) lkm6sf]prfOdf cjl:yt 5 . oxfF pmi0f k|bzLo ] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . ;fljssf s0ff{nL, e]/L / /fKtL c~rn lgjf;Lx¿ cfˆgf] s[lif, ag tyf 3/]n' pTkfbgx¿ laqmL ug{ /cfkm"nfO{ rflxg]nQf sk8f, g'g, t]n tyf cGo pkef]Uo j:t'x¿ vl/b ug{ cfjthfjt ug]{ x'gfn] g]kfnu~h o; If]qs} 7'nf] / dxŒjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf lbgfg'lbg ljsf; x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . wfld{s b[li6sf]0faf6 klg g]kfnu~h dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg xf] . oxfFsf] >L afu]Zj/L dlGb/ k|l;4 5 . of] dlGb/df /fdgjdL / a8fb;}Fsf] gjdLdf 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . oxfF /x]sf afu]Zj/L kf]v/L / /fgL tnfp klg k|l;4 5g\ . g]kfnu~hdf xjfO{ oftfoft /;8s oftfoftsf];'ljwf 5 . oxfF rfdn, sf7, ;nfO{, sTyf, la:s'6 cflb lgdf{0f ug]{sf/vfgfx¿ ;~rflnt 5g\ . 358÷g]kfn
kl/ro
gf/fo0fu9 gf/fo0fu9 g]kfnsf] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf /fhwfgL sf7df8f}F / dgf]/d ko{6sLo :yn kf]v/f tyf x]6f}F8f;d]tsf ljleGg :yfgl;t ;8s oftfoftåf/f hf]l8Psf] g]kfnleqsf] cfjfudgsf] k|d'v s]Gb| xf] . of] g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] gbL gf/fo0fLsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt 5 . k|l;4 wfld{s:yn b]j3f6 klg gf/fo0fu9 ahf/sf] glhs} gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lsgf/fdf /x]sf] 5 . k|l;4 tLy{:yn lqj]0fLsf] klg glhs /x]sf] of] ;x/af6 k|To]s lbg cg]sfF} ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ b]zsf ljleGg efudf k'Ub5g\ . ;'b"/klZrd k|b]zsf] dx]Gb|gu/b]lv sf7df8f}F;Dd cfpg] / k|b]z g+= ! sf]] sfFs8le§fb]lv sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f;Dd cfpg] ;jf/L ;fwgx¿ gf/fo0fu9 eP/ cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ ePsf]n] gf/fo0fu9sf] Jofkfl/s dxŒj cToGt} a9\b} uPsf] 5 . csf{lt/ ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h gf/fo0fu9l;t hf]l8Psf] 5 . gf/fo0fu9af6 ;f}/fxf, s;/f, r08Le~Hofª, 6fOu/6K; h:tf ko{6sLo If]q yf]/}dfq b"/Ldf /x]sf 5g\ . Goftkf]n b]jn /fhf e"ktLGb| dNnåf/f lj=;= !&%( df kfFrtn] Kofuf]8f z}nLdf lgld{t of] dlGb/df b]jL nIdLsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . of] dlGb/sf ljleGg tnfdf ljleGg b]jL b]jtfx¿sf d"lt{x¿ 5g\ eg] dlGb/sf] k|j]zåf/df of]4f, af3, al3gL, l;+xsf d"lt{x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . gS;fn eujtL lnR5ljsfndf knf~rf]s eujtLsf] d"lt{ agfpg]n] g} gS;fn eujtLsf] klg d"lt{ agfO{ :yfkgf u/]sf] hg>'lt 5 . /0faxfb'/ zfxsf 6S;f/L eLd jdf{ vjf;n] lj=;= !*#( df k"hf u/L dlGb/sf] hL0ff]{4f/ u/]sf] / lrtfOPsf] sfd k|]dlu/L v;fOn] u/]sf] s'/f lznfn]vdf pNn]v 5 . gu/sf]6 sf7df8f}F ;x/b]lv #@ ls=ld= sf] b'/Ldf eQmk'/ lhNnfdf kg]{ &@)) lkm6 -@!&% dL=_ sf] prfOdf cjl:yt of] 7fpFaf6 ;"of]{bo / ;"of{:tsf] dgf]/d b[Zo b]lvG5 . oxfFaf6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sg, kj{tLo b[Zofjnf]sg x'g'sf] ;fy} ;u/dfyf, s~rghª\3f, cGgk"0f{ cflb lxdlzv/x¿sf] dgf]/d 56f b]lvg] x'Fbf oxfF ko{6sx¿sf] hd36 x'G5 . elgG5, gu/sf]6df Ps} lbgdf rf/cf]6f l;hgsf] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fy}, oxfFaf6 klZrd pQ/df sf7df8f}F / blIf0ftkm{ eQmk'/ ;x/sf] b[Zo b]lvG5 . oxfF ljleGg :t/sf xf]6n / l/;f]6{ 5g\ . g]kfn kl/ro÷359
kz'kltgfy
kz'kltgfy dlGb/, sf7df8f}F afudtL gbL lsgf/df /x]sf] kz'kltgfysf] dlGb/ lxGb"x¿sf] kljq dlGb/ xf] . of] lzjhLsf] cltk|l;4 dlGb/ xf] . of] dlGb/ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLs[t ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF dxflzj/fqLsf] kj{ w'dwfdn] dgfOG5 . of] lxGb' jf:t'snfsf] pRrtd gd"gf xf] . b'O{ tn] of] eJo dlGb/ tfdfsf] 5fgfnfO{ ;'gsf] d'nDjf ul/Psf] 5 . lzjsf] jfxg -gGbL_ sf] ;'gsf] d"lt{ dlGb/sf] klZrddf /flvPsf] 5 . kz'kltsf]k"j{k6L Ps ;fgf]8fF8f 5 . h;nfO{ d[u:ynL elgG5 . lzjhLn] d[usf] ¿k wf/0f u/L qmL8f u/]sf] dflgg] of] 8fF8f] lgSs} cfsif{s klg 5 . pQm 8f8fsf] tn afudtLsf] lsgf/df g} u'x]Zj/Lsf] dlGb/ 5 . kf]v/f
ljGbjfl;gL dlGb/, kf]v/f u08sL k|b]zsf] sf:sL lhNnfdf kg]{ kf]v/f ;x/nfO{ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf / b]zsf] ko{6g /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . km]jftfn 360÷g]kfn
kl/ro
/ a]ugf; tfnh:tf k|l;4 tfnx¿, df5fk'R5|]« lxdfnsf] b[Zo, ljGWojfl;gLsf] dlGb/, ;x/sf] laraf6 ;fFu'/f] / ulx/f] eP/ au]sf] ;]tL gbL, dx]Gb| u'kmf / 8]la8 kmN; -kftn] 5fFuf]_ cflbnfO{ kf]v/fsf dxŒjk"0f{ bz{gLo :ynsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/G5 . a9L kfgL kg]{ ePsf]n] kf]v/fnfO{ g]kfnsf] r]/fk'~hL klg elgG5 . kf]v/fnfO{ l;4fy{ /fhdfu{n] tfg;]g tyf a'6jnl;t / k[YjL /fhdfu{n] d'ulnª tyf sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] 5 . d'lUngaf6 gf/fo0fu9 x'Fb} g]kfnsf klZrd Pjd\ k"jL{ t/fO{sf c¿ ;x/x¿;Fusf];8s ;Dks{ klg sfod ePsf]5 . sf:sL lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd /x]sf] kf]v/f g]kfnsf] k|l;4 ko{6sLo If]q ePsfn] g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sx¿n] klg 7'nf] k|fyldstf lbPsf] kfOG5 . kfyLe/f b]jLsf] dlGb/ ;d'b| ;txb]lv #&($ ld6/sf] prfOdf g]kfnsf] k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnf tfKn]h'ªdf kg]{ of] dlGb/ kfyLe/f kxf8sf] lzv/df /x]sf] 5 . kfyLe/fnfO{ b]jLsf] ;fIfft\ :j¿k dfg]/ ;'v ;d[l4sf] sfdgf ub}{ b]jLsf] bz{g, k"hf, cf/fwgf ug]{ rng 5 . dgdf kfk ePsf] dfG5], ue{jtL dlxnfn] b]jLsf] bz{g u/]df clgi6 x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5 . tfKn]h'ª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv !) sf]z k"jf]{Q/ efudf le/Psf] kfyL h:t} r'lnPsf] kxf8df b]jLsf] dlGb/ /x]sf]n] of] dlGb/sf] gfd kfyLe/f /x]sf] xf] . km"nrf]sL nlntk'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfdb]lv !) ls=ld= blIf0fk"j{df / sf7df8f}Fsf] s]Gb|af6 !% ls=ld= b"/Ldf /x]sf] km"nrf]sL 8fF8fsf] prfO @&^% ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . oxfF ;]tf, /ftf /Ësf u'/fF;sf km"nx¿ 9sdSs eO{ km'Ng] x'Fbf ;+:s[tdf km"nf]Rr lu/L elgPsf]df kl5 cke|+z eO{ km"Nrf]sL x'g uPsf] xf] eGg] kfOG5 . q]tfo'udf cg'kd gfdsf] :yfgaf6 gfubxnfO{ 3]g]{dWo] Ps of] kxf8sf] 6'Kkfdf a;L ToxfF kfOg] Ps nfv km"nx¿n] eujfg :joDe"sf] k"hf cr{gf u/L km"n}km"nsf] 7'nf] /f; agfPsf]n] of] 7fpFsf] gfd km'nf]Rr lu/L x'Fb} km"Nrf]sL aGof] . o;}sf] 5]pdf uf]bfj/L s'08 /x]sf], oxfF !@ jif{df uf]bfj/L d]nf nfUg] u/]sf] / rf/}lt/ uf]bfj/Lsf km"nx¿ km'Ng] u/]sf]n] km"Nrf]sLnfO{ uf]bfjf/Lsf] r'r'/f] klg elgG5 . oxfF sl/a ^) nfv d]l6«s6g l8kf]lh6 ePsf] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] kmnfd vfgL ePsf]n] o;sf] cfly{s dxŒj klg /x]sf] 5 . afnfh', afO;wf/f sf7df8f}Fsf] klZrdf]Q/ efudf cjl:yt /d0fLo :yfg afnfh' 5 . of] pBfgleq eujfg gf/fo0fsf] a'9f gf/fo0f jf afn gf/fo0fsf] d"lt{ ePsfn] ;f]xL gfdn] g]kfn kl/ro÷361
o; 7fpFsf] gfd /flvPsf]df kl5 of] zAb cke|+z eO{ afnfh' aGof] . o;} 7fpFdf k|tfk dNnn] @! wf/f / /0faxfb'/n] agfPsf] ;'gsf]] 7'nf] wf/f;lxt @@ wf/f ePsf]n] o;sf] gfd afO;wf/f eGg] /x\of] . af}4gfy -vf:tL_
af}4gfy :t'kf, -vf:tL_, sf7df8f}F sf7df8f}F ;x/sf] s]Gb|af6 & ls=ld= k"jf]{Q/ efudf cjl:yt eujfg a'4sf] 7'nf] :t"knfO{ af}4gfy elgG5 . kfrf}F ztfAbLdf lnR5lj /fhf dfgb]jn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] of] d7 ljZjsf k|frLg ljzfntd :t'kx¿dWo] Ps dflgG5 . lxGb" / af}4 wdf{nDaLx¿ bz{gfyL{ cfpg]of]d7 wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf]k|tLs dflgG5 . o;nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . afUn'ª sflnsf dlGb/ afUn'ª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd afUn'ª ahf/b]lv k"j{df sfnLu08sL / sf7]vf]nfsf] ;ª\udsf] pRr ;d:ynL -6f/_ xfQL;'F8] hª\unleq sflnsf b]jLsf] eJo ;'Gb/ dlGb/ 5 . kfNkfsf /fhf d's'Gb;]gn] cfˆgL 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx tTsfnLg kj{tsf /fhf k|tfkgf/fo0f dNn;Fu ul/lbPkl5 bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf sflnsfsf] d"lt{ lbPsfdf ToxL d"lt{ g} dlGb/df :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] eGg] hg>'lt 5 . dlGb/df r}qfi6dLsf lbg k~raln r9fO{ d]nf eg]{rng 5 . xfn afUn'ª ahf/nfO{ sflnsf gu/kflnsf egL gofF gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . a/fx If]q a/fx If]q k|bz ] g+= ! cGtu{tsf] ;'g;/L lhNnfdf sf];L gbL / sf]sf gbLsf] kljq 362÷g]kfn
kl/ro
a/fxIf]q dlGb/, ;'g;/L ;ª\uddf a/fx If]q gfdsf] dgf]/d tLy{:yn 5 . ef/tsf] s'?If]q, g]kfnsf xl/x/ If]q -b]j3f6_, d'lQmIf]q -d'lQmgfy d':tfª_, ?? If]q -u'NdL, kfNkf / :ofª\hfsf] ;ª\ud:yn_ h:t} a/fx If]qsf] klg ljlzi6 wfld{s dxŒj /xs ] f] 5 . a/fx If]qsf af/d] f a/fx k'/f0fsf] !!) cf}F / !$) cf}F cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF u0f]z a/fx, u'? a/fx, ;"o{ a/fx, sf]sf a/fx, OGb| a/fx, ufoqL, ;/:jtL, gf/fo0fsf d"lt{x¿ / dlGb/x¿sf ;fy} u0f]z dlGb/, nIdL dlGb/ / wd{zfnfx¿ /xs ] f 5g\ . aGbLk'/ tgx'F lhNnfdf kg]{ aGbLk'/ wfld{s tyf k|fs[lts b[li6n] /d0fLo :yn dflGfG5 . oxfF l5Ds]Zj/L dlGb/, v8\ub]jL dlGb/, u'kmf 5g\ eg] aGbLk'/sf] ldl>t u|fdL0f ;+:s[lt, pQ/tkm{sf] d:of{ª\bL pkTosf lxdfnL kj{tz[ª\vnf, ;;fgf kj{t r'r'/fx¿, u0f]z lxdfn, df5fk'R5«|] cflb lxdz[ª\vnfsf] dgf]/d b[Zofnf]sg oxfFaf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . aGbLk'/af6 kbofqf ;'? u/L b]j3f6 x'Fb} lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h k'lug]x'Fbf klg o;sf]ko{6sLo dxŒj a9]sf] 5 . a"9f;'Aaf ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] w/fg ahf/af6 k"j{lt/ wld/fn] df6f]dfly p7fO{ d"lt{h:t} ag]sf] :yfgnfO{ a"9f;'Aafsf] :yfg elgG5 . dlGb/sf k'hf/L du/ hfltsf 5g\ . a'9f;'Aaf /fO{ jf du/ hfltsf l;4 k'?if lyP hf] u'n]nLn] lzsf/ u/L lxF8\by] . lzsf/ v]Ng] qmddf lxF8\b} hfFbf o; 7fpFdf cfO{ u'n]nLnfO{ e'OFdf uf8]/ d6\ofª\u|fnfO{ e'OFdf /fvL ;dflw:y eP eGg] ls+jbGtL 5 . ToxfFsf] afF;sf] emfª a'9f;'Aafn] uf8]sf] u'n]nLaf6 pd|]sf] / u'n]nLsf] 6'Kkf] gx'g] x'Fbf g]kfn kl/ro÷363
oxfFsf] afF;sf] klg 6'Kkf] gePsf] eGg] hgljZjf; 5 . s;}nfO{ k]6 b'v]df lzsf/L -a"9f;'Aaf_ nfu]sf] elgg] / d6\ofª\u|f 3f]6]/ v'jfPdf lgsf] x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5 . j}zfv k"l0f{dfsf lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUg] of] :yfgdf ;'Fu'/ / af]sfsf] aln lbOG5 . a"9fgLns07
a'9flgns07 sf7df8f}F sf7df8f}F ;x/b]lv * ls=ld= klZrd pQ/df lzjk'/L kxf8sf] sfvdf Pp6f ;fgf] kf]v/Lsf] lar z]ifzfoL eujfg gf/fo0fsf] k|:t/ d"lt{ 5 . o;sf] lgdf0f{ lnR5ljsfndf kfFrf}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/ ePsf]n] o;n] lnR5ljsfnLg d"lt{snfsf]k|ltlglwTj ub{5 . /fd dlGb/ hgsk'/wfddf hfgsL dlGb/kl5sf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ dlGb/ /fd dlGb/ xf] . ;/bf/ cd/l;+x yfkfn] lj=;= !*#( df Kofuf]8f z}nLdf hfgsL dlGb/ glhs} /fd, ;Ltf, nId0f;lxtsf] ljzfn /fd dlGb/ agfPsf lyP . dlGb/dfly lkQndf ;'gsf] hnk nufPsf] ljzfn uh'/ >L # rGb|;d;]/n] r9fPsf lyP . dlGb/ kl/;/df xg'dfg dlGb/, lzj dlGb/, eujfg lji0f' tyf bzfjtf/sf d"lt{x¿;d]t 5g\ . oxfF /fdgjdLsf lbg k"hf cr{gf ug's { f ;fy}7'nf]d]nf;d]t nfUb5 . aunfd'vL dlGb/ sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf ljleGGf wfld{s :ynx¿dWo] nlntk'/ s'De]Zj/l:yt aunfd'vL dlGb/klg dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . g]jf/ hfltsf skfnL ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ oxfFsf k'hf/L x'G5g\ . 364÷g]kfn
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a8Ldflnsf
a8Ldflnsf dlGb/, afh'/f afh'/f lhNnfdf ;d'b|;txb]lv s/La !%,))) lkm6sf] prfOdf cjl:yt a8Ldflnsfsf] dlGb/df efb| z'Sn kIfsf] lbgdf 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . oxfF c5fd, 8f]6L, aemfªnufot b]zsf ljleGg efuaf6 bz{gfyL{x¿ cfpg] ub{5g\ . AofpnL, wd{zfnf
AofpnL wd{zfnf, b}n]v s0ff{nL k|bz ] b}nv ] lhNnf e}/j L ufpFkflnsf j8f g+=& sf] pQ/tkm{ ;d'b| ;txaf6 sl/a #%)) ld6/sf] prfO{df /xs ] f] AofpnL wd{zfnf P]ltxfl;s / wfld{s g]kfn kl/ro÷365
b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk'0f{ dflgG5 . 9'Ë9} Ë' faf6 lgld{t of] wd{zfnf kf08jx¿sf] agaf;sf] ;dodf Ps/ftsf] af;sf] lgldTt agfPsf] eGg] ls+jbGtL /xs ] f] 5 . kf}/fl0fs P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk'0f{ dflgg] of] wd{zfnf rf}sg' ] cfsf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . :jR5, ;kmf, PsfGt, xl/ofnL Pa+ /d0fLo :yfgdf /xs ] f] wd{zfnfsf] cf;kf;df, hª\unL hgfj/x¿, hl8a'6L, / dgf]/d lxdfnL b[Zox¿ x]/L dgnfO cfgGbLt kfg{ ;lsG5 . e}/xjf e}/xjf ¿kGb]xL lhNnfsf] ;b/ds ' fd xf] . of] gu/ ;'gf}nL eGg] :yfgdf ef/t;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; If]qsf] dxŒjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s gfsf;d]t ePsf]n] o;sf] dxŒj lgs} a9]sf] 5 . klZrdLIf]qsf] lgsf;L k}7f/L oxL :yfgaf6 ef/ttkm{ x'g] ub{5 . e}/xjfnfO{ l;4fy{ /fhdfu{n] kf]v/fl;t hf]8]sf] 5 . of] ;x/ eujfg uf}tda'4sf] hGd:yfg n'lDagLaf6 glhs /x]sf] 5 . e}/xjfdf uf}tda'4 ljdfg:yn /x]sf] 5 . a'4sf] dfjnL ufpF /fdu|fd klg e}/xjfaf6 glhs} kb{5 . e}/xjfnfO{ l;4fy{gu/ gu/kflnsf gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] 5 . eb|sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/ sf7df8f}F ;x/sf] lar efudf l;+xb/af/sf] cufl8 k|Voft zlQmkL7 eb|sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/ /xs ] f] 5 . O;fsf] ;ftf}F ztfAbLlt/ tflGqs ah|frfo{ zfZjt ah|n] j}i0fjL kL7df sflnsf b]jLsf] ;fwgf u/L b]jLsf] :yfkgf u/k] l5 o; :yfgnfO{ eb|sfnL :yfg eGg yflnof] . g]jf/L efiffdf o;nfO{ n'dwL elgG5 . efiff j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ /fhf u'0fsfdb]jn] sf7df8fF{} ;x/sf] lgdf{0f u/k] l5 o;sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu ;x/sf] k"jL{ lbzfdf eb|sfnL kL7sf] :yfkgf u/s ] f lyP . eb|sfnL :yfgdf ljhof bzdL -a8fbz}_F sf] a]nf 7'nf] d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . d'lQmgfy d':tfª lhNnfsf] lxdfnL e"efudf d'lQmgfysf] dlGb/ 5 . d'lQmgfy @*) @$Ú cfIff+z / *#) #)Ú b]zfGt/df cjl:yt 5 . k|fo jif}{el/ lr;f] xfjfkfgL axg] d'lQmgfy If]qnfO{ hf8f] ofddf lxpFn] 9fSg] ub{5 . d'lQmgfy lxGb'x¿sf] kljq wfld{s :ynsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . a;]{lg c;ª\Vo eQmhgx¿ 6f9f 6f9faf6 d'lQmgfysf]bz{g ug{ cfpF5g\ . ef/tsf s'gfs'gfaf6 klg lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx¿ d'lQmgfysf] bz{g ug{ cfpg] x'gfn] d'lQmgfy g]kfnsf] dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ lxGb'x¿sf] tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 . k|fs[lts /d0fLotfsf] sf/0fn] klg a;]{lg 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf kbofqLx¿ o; If]qdf cfpF5g\ . o; If]qdf tk:of u/]sf] v08df d'lQm k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] 366÷g]kfn
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x'gfn] o; If]qnfO{ d'lQmIf]q elgPsf] xf] eGg] hgljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5 . cjnf]lst]Zj/sf] d"lt{ tyf j?0f b]jtfsf] ¿kdf k'lhg] x/avt cfuf] aln/xg] :yfg / u'Daf klg d'lQmgfy If]qsf] cfsif{0fsf] ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . dx]Gb| u'kmf sf:sL lhNnfsf] kf]v/f pkTosfdf /x]sf] of] u'kmf af3n] ufO{a:t' vfg yfn]kl5 To;nfO{ dfg{ k5\\ofpFb} hfg]] qmddf lj=;= @)!@ ;fndf kQf nfu]sf] xf] eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj=;= @)!^ ;fndf /fhf dx]Gb|af6 u'kmfsf] ;+/If0f ug{ cfb]z ePkl5 af3, :ofn cflb hª\unL hgfj/sf af;:yfgsf ¿kdf /x]sf] of] u'kmfnfO{ dx]Gb| u'kmf egL gfdfs/0f ul/of] . dgsfdgfb]jL dlGb/
d'lQmgfysf] d"lt{, d':tfª
dgsfdgf dlGb/, uf]/vf uf]/vf lhNnfdf cjl:yt of] dlGb/df b'uf{ ejfgLsf] d"lt{ 5 . /fhf /fdzfxsL /fgL b]jLsf] zlQm ePsf] gf/L lyOg\ . /fgLsf] d[To'kZrft\ pg}sf] zflGtsf] -k"hf g]kfn kl/ro÷367
ug{_ pkf;gfsf nflu l;4 nvg yfkfn] g} dgsfdgf b]jLsf] :yfkgf u/L k"hfsf] rng rnfPsf] lsDjbGtL kfOG5 eg] dgsfdgf dlGb/df du/ hfltsf k'hf/L g} lgo'Qm ul/G5 . k[YjL/fhdfu{sf] s'l/g6f/bl] v dgsfdgf dlGb/;Dd s]jnsf/ ;]jf ;~rflnt 5 . dgsfdgfsf] bz{gn] dgf]sf+Iff k"/f x'g] wfld{s ljZjf; /lx cfPsf] 5 . dfOkf]v/L Onfd ahf/b]lv !# ls=ld= pQ/df kg]{ kljq tLy{:yn dfOkf]v/Ldf lzj kfj{tLn] jgljxf/ / hnlqm8f ug]{ u/]s]f egL :sGb k'/f0fdf jl0f{t ynf] oxL xf] eGg] egfO 5 . oxfF :gfg u/]df k'0onfe x'G5 eGg] hgljZjf; 5 . oxfF lj=;+= !(%$ df :jfdL ;f]d]Zj/fgGbn] lgdf{0f u/fPsf] lzj dlGb/ klg 5 . oxfF xl/zogL PsfbzL / xl/af]lwgL PsfbzLsf lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . h}ljs ljljwtfo'Qm o; kf]v/LnfO{ /fd;f/ dxf;lGwcg';f/ /fd;f/ -l;d;f/_ If]qsf ¿kdf ;g\ @))* df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . dfOj]gL b'O{ gbLsf] ;Ëd j]0fL, j]gL, bf]efg / tLg gbLsf] ;ª\ud lqj]0fLx¿ g]kfndf cg]sf}F 5g\ h'g wfld{s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5g\ . Onfd ahf/b]lv $÷% ls=ld= k"j{df dfO{ gbL / hf]udfO{ gbLsf] ;ª\udnfO{ dfOj]gL elgG5 . of] gbLnfO{ sGsfO{ gbL elgG5 . dfO{:yfg Onfd ahf/sf] dWo efudf /x]s]f of] :yfgnfO{ vnËf vfN8f] / dlGb/ cufl8sf] 9'ËfnfO{ Onª\uf 9'ª\uf elgG5 . of] dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f sfhL x]dbn yfkf -lj=;=!*&^–!(@@_ n] u/fO{ b]jLsf] ¿kdf dfO{ gbLsf] lznf :yfkgf u/]sf lyP . xfn dfO:yfgdf Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] dlGb/ ag]sf] 5 . dlGb/ glhs} u0f]z, 8flsgL / l;+xjflxgLsf ;–;fgf dlGb/x¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ . dx]Gb|gu/ dx]Gb|gu/ g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrdL ;Ldfgfsf] glhsdf /x]sf] ahf/ xf] . of] s~rgk'/ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd;d]t xf] . of] If]q k|d'v Jofkfl/s If]qsf ;fy} cf}Bf]lus If]q;d]t xf] . g]kfnsf] ;'b"/klZrdL If]qaf6 ef/t;Fu x'g] lgsf;L k}7f/L a9L dfqfdf oxL If]qaf6 x'g] u/]sf]n] o;sf] dxŒj a9\g k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;Ldfgfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] dxfsfnL gbLdf lgld{t zf/bf tyf 6gsk'/ afFwx¿ dx]Gb|gu/ glhs} /x]sf 5g\ . o;af6 6gsk'/ afFwsf] k"jL{ PKnS; aG8sf] glhs} g]kfnL e"efudf /x]sf] a|x\db]j ahf/ / zf/bf afFwsf] glhs} /x]sf] jgjf;f klg dx]Gb|gu/sf] glhs /x]sf] s'/f :jtM :ki6 x'G5 . 368÷g]kfn
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/fdf/f];g c5fd lhNnfsf] pQ/df s}nfz vf]nfsf] d'xfgdf ;d'b|L ;txaf6 sl/a ())) lkm6sf] prfOdf /fdf/f];g gfdsf] wfld{s b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{ / ko{6sLo b[li6n] ;'/Do :yfg 5 . jghª\un, vf]nfgfnf, tfn tn}ofx¿åf/f ;'zf]let of] 7fpFdf …afx| j08 c7f/ v08Ú elgg] !@ cf]6f tfn / !* cf]6f y'Dsfy'DsLx¿ 5g\ . !@ cf]6f tfnx¿dWo] $)) ld6/ nDafO / #)) ld6/ rf}8fO ePsf] …lhlnu]+ tfnÚ ;a}eGbf 7'nf] dflgG5 . /fdf/f];gsf jghª\undf 8fFkm], d'gfn, sflnh cflb kG5Lx¿n] af; u/]sf 5g\ . /fdf/f];geGbf dfly a8Ldflnsf b]jLsf] k|frLg dlGb/5 . oxfF >fj0f dlxgfsf]k"0f{dfsf lbg 7'nf]d]nf nfUb5 . /fdu|fd
/fdu|fd, gjnk/f;L zfSod'lg a'4sf] ;dotfsf slknj:t'df zfSo / /fdu|fddf sf]nLox¿n] zf;g ub{y] . em/fxL vf]nfsf] lsgf/df cjl:yt & ld6/ cUnf] /fdu|fd :t'kf OF6fåf/f lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . of] kljq :yfg gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd k/f;L ahf/b]lv $ ls=ld= blIf0fk"j{df kb{5 . eujfg a'4sf] dxfkl/lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 a'4sf] cl:y wft'nfO{ cf7 efudf ljeflht ul/of] / Tolta]nfsf] k|d'v / fi6«x¿ -!_ duw, -@_ a} zfnL -#_ slknj: t', -$_ cNnsKkf, -%_ sf]lnogu/, -^_ awåLkf, -&_ kfe /-*_ s'zLgu/nfO{ Ps–Ps efu lhDdf lbOof], hxfF kljq :t'kx¿ agfOP . O{=k"= tLg ztfAbL klxn]sf] /fhf czf]sn] sf]lnogu/ afx]s c? ;a} b]zsf :t'kx¿ pTvgg u/]/ x]/] t/ sf]lnogu/ g]kfn kl/ro÷369
cyjf /fdu|fd :t'ksf] pTvgg\ u/]sf] 5}g . o;}n] af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| /fdu|fd :t'ksf] cem a9L wfld{s / k'/ftlTjs dxŒj 5 . /fgLdxn kfNkf lhNnfsf] tfg;]g gu/kflnsf–!# l:yt kfNkf / :ofª\hf lhNnfsf] ;Ldfgf /fgL3f6df sflnu08sL glb lsgf/df /fgLdxn /xs ] f] 5 . >L # jL/;d;]/sf kfnfdf ;jf]R{ r ;}lgs sdf08/ tyf >L # /fn ] qmddf /xs ] f v8\u;d;]/n] cfkm"lj?4 if8oGq ug{ nfu]sf] cf/fk] df sf7df8f}F lgsfnf u/k] l5 v8\u;d;]/ kfNkfdf uO{ kfNkfnfO{ sf7df8f}F h:t} ;'Gb/ / ljsl;t agfpg k|oTg u/s ] f lyP . o;} qmddf v8\u;d;]/sL /fgL t]hs'df/Ln] cfˆgf gfddf tfhdxn :yfkgf ug]{ OR5f u/s ] f] / ltgsf] c;dflos lgwgkl5 efjljx\jn ag]sf v8\u;d;]/n] :juL{o klTg t]hs'df/Lsf] :dl[ tdf pgs} ;dflw:yn /fgL3f6df Ps ljzfn tyf snfTds b/af/ /fgLdxnsf] lgdf{0f u/s ] f lyP . lj=;+= !($( df j]nfotL OlGhlgo/ / k|fljlwsx¿sf] ;+nUgtfdf lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] of] b/af/ lj=;+= !(%$ df ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] . o; b/af/nfO{ xfn /fgLdxn tyf g]kfnsf] tfhdxnsf gfdn] lrlgG5 . v8\u;d;]/n] cfˆgL /fgLsf] ;Demgf / ;dk{0f lgdf{0f u/s ] f] ePsfn] o; b/af/nfO{ k|d] sf] k|ltssf ¿kdf ;d]t dfGg] ul/G5 . k|d] ug]{ hf]8Lx¿ hLjgsfndf slDtdf Psk6s ePklg /fgLdxn k'ud] f cfˆgf] k|d] cd/ /xg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . xl/ofnL tyf :j:5 jftfj/0f Pjd\ zfGt sflnu08sL glbsf] ;dLkdf /xs ] f] o; /fgLdxn cjnf]sg tyf dgf]/Ghgsf nflu :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL u/L b}lgs #)) sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'Ug] u/s ] f] kfOG5 . ??If]q jf ??tLy{
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Nxf] dfGyfª, d':tfª emDkf u'Dafsf leQfx¿df lrq / cIf/x¿ :j0ff{If/åf/f cª\lst ul/Psf]n] clt cfsif{s / dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . n'lDagL n'lDagL eujfg uf}td a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] ¿kdf ljZje/ k|Voft 5 . n'lDagL g]kfndfq xf]Og ljZjs} nflu kljq tLy{ wfd xf] . uf}td a'4sf] hGd / d[To' slxn] eof] egL olsg;fy eGg g;lsP klg la;f}+ ztfAbLsf w]/}h;f] Oltxf;sf/x¿ pgsf] hLjgsfn %^# O;fk"j{ b]lv $*# O;fk"j{ /x]sf] eGg] s'/fdf Psdt b]lvG5g\ . Ozfk"j{ %^# df r'/]sf] kL7sf] ;dy/ e"efudf a'4sf] hGd ePsf] eGg] Oltxf;sf/x¿sf] egfO 5 . k|Voft lrgLof wfld{s ofqL x'ofg ;fª / kmfOXofgn] klg a'4 hGd]sf], k[YjLsf] :ju{sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsg] 7fpFdf cToGt ;'Gb/ dlGb/x¿ / kxf8x¿ 5g\ eg]/ o; If]qsf] j0f{g u/]sf lyP . ;g\ !*(^ df k'/ftflTjs cGj]if0fsf qmddf df}o{ ;d|f6 czf]s4f/f /flvPsf] czf]s :tDe /f0ff k|wfgdGqL jL/;d;]/sf efO v8\u ;d;]/n] u/fPsf] n'lDagLsf] pTvgg\af6 / To;df /x]sf] clen]v e]l6of] . /f0ff k|wfgdGqL jL/ ;d;]/sf efO v8\u ;d;]/n] u/fPsf] n'lDagLsf] pTvgg\af6 n'lDagL a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] eGg] tYo k|dfl0ft ePkl5 ljZje/ uf}td a'4sf] hGd:yn u08sL k|b]zsf] ¿kGb]xL lhNnfdf kg]{ :yflkt eof] . v8\u ;d;]/n] cfkmF} a;]/ pTvgg u/fO/x]sf] ;dodf ;f] 7fpFdf k'u]sf ef/tLo k'/ftŒj ;j]{If0f ljefucGtu{tsf Ps k'/ftŒjljb\ sd{rf/L hd{g gful/s 8f= km'x//n] pQm :yfgdf s'FlbPsf] clen]vsf] kmf]6f] lvr]/ To;sf] ptf/ lnPsf lyP / ef/tdf kms]{/ cfˆgf] k|ltj]bg k|sflzt u/fPsf lyP . o;/L v8\u ;d;]/n] 372÷g]kfn
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a'4sf] hGd:yn n'lDagLdf /x]sf] czf]s :tDesf] sf/0fn] a'4sf] hGd:yn olsg ug{ d2t k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /fhf czf]s cfˆgf] u2L cf/f]x0fsf] @) cfF} jflif{sf]T;j dgfpg n'lDagL cfPsf lyP / n'lDagLdf czf]s:tDe v8f u/]sf lyP . czf]s :tDedf a|XdlnkLsf clen]v s'lbPsf 5g\ . a'4sf] hGd:yfgsf rf/}lt/ To;a]nfsf k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf eUgfjz]if tyf d08nx¿ oqtq 5l/ Psf 5g\ . n'lDagLdf /x]sf] dfofb]jLsf] dlGb/df dfofb]jLn] ¿vsf] xfFuf ;dftL a'4nfO{ czf]s:tDe, n'lDagL hGdlbPsf] / hGdgf;fy ;ftkfOnf lxF8]sf] b[Zo cª\lst d"lt{ /x]sf] 5 . a'4 hGd]/ kfOnf 6]Sg'cufl8 g} sdnsf] km"n pTklQ ePsf] wf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if / hfkfgsf ljz]if1åf/f ;+o'Qm¿kn] dfofb]jL dlGb/ /x]sf] :yfgdf pTvgg sfo{ ul/of] . To;qmddf a'4sf] hGd ePsf] 7fpFsf] dfs{/ :6f]g lrgf]sf] ¿kdf ;d|f6 czf]sn] /flvPsf] lznf -dfs{/ :6f]g_ k|fKt ePsf] / dfofb]jLsf] zog d'b|fsf] kmf]6f]sf] ;fydf /fx'n / l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] lrq;d]t /x]sf] 6]/fsf]6fsf] d"lt{ kfOPsf] oyf{yn] n'lDagLnfO{ a'4sf] hGd:yn xf] eGg] s'/fsf] lgSof}{n ug{ kof{Kt k|df0f k|fKt ePsf] 5 . a'4 hGd:ynsf] lrgf]sf] ¿kdf k|fKt k|:t/ / To; kl/;/sf k'/ftflŒjs If]qx¿nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ oyfl:yltdf ;+/lIft u/L ;'Gb/ dfofb]jL dlGb/sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . eljiodf o; :yfgdf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ k'/ftflŒjs cWoog ug{ d2t k'Ug hfg]b]lvG5 . a'4sf] hGd:ynsf] glhs} /x]sf] cToGt /d0fLo kf]v/LnfO{ k'isl/0fL eg]/ lrlgG5 . a'4nfO{ hGdlbg' eGbf cufl8 dfofb]jLn] o; kf]v/Ldf kljq :gfg u/]sf] atfOG5 . n'lDagLsf] @& lsnf]ld6/ klZrd slknj:t'df ljleGg k'/ftflŒjs j:t'x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . sljnj:t' g} /fhf z'4f]wgsf] /fHosf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / ;f] /fHosf] /fhwfgL ltnf}/fsf]6df /fhf z'4f]wgsf] b/af/ /x]s]f g]kfn kl/ro÷373
s'/f P]ltxfl;s tYox¿n] k'li6 u/]sf 5g\ . lt/f}nfsf]6df c;+Vo k'/ftflŒjs eUgfjz]ifx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . rt/fb]j eGg] :yfgdf e'if0fsfnLg efF8fs'F8fx¿ k|fKt ePsf 5g\ . o;af6 To; :yfgdf kf}/fl0fs ;x/sf] cl:tTj /x]sf] :ki6 x'G5 . uf]tLZj/df czf]s :tDesf] k|ltd"lt{sf] ¿kdf :tDe lgdf{0f ePsf] kfOG5 . xfn pQm :tDe vl08t ¿kdf /x]sf]5 . o;afx]s k'/ftflŒjs If]qx¿df lglUnxjf klg kb{5 . oxfF do"/cfs[lt / b]jgfu/L lnkLdf æcf]d dl0f kb\d] x'd lbk' dnO rL/g bo't !@#$Æ eGg] pNn]v ePsf] czf]s :tDen] klg P]ltxfl;s dxŒjnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] 5 . ;+oQ ' m /fi6« ;ª\3sf k"jd { xf;lrj pyfGt g]kfn e|d0fsf] cj;/df n'lDagL uPsf lyP . pgn] ;f] cj;/df n'lDagLsf] cGt/fl{ i6«o af}4 ;+:sl[ tsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsf; x'gk' 5{ eGg] wf/0ff JoQm u/s ] f 5g\ . ;f]xLcg'¿k hfkfgsf k|Voft jf:ts ' nfljb\ s]Ghf] 6fFun ] ] n'lDagL ljsf;sf lglDt u'?of]hgfsf] kl/sNkgf u/ ] . ;f]xL u'?of]hgfcg';f/ n'lDagL xfn cGt/fl{ i6«o ko{6g s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'bF } 5 . o; u'?of]hgfdf n'lDagL u|fd, wfld{s :yn / kljq au}r F fsf] kl/sNkgf 5 . n'lDagLsf] ljsf;sf nflu n'lDagL ljsf; sf]ifsf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . n'lDagLdf ljleGg b]zx¿n] cf–cfˆg} z}nLdf af}4:tk' x¿ agfpg] cEof; klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if cGt/ut n'lDagL ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgfcg';f/ qmdzM ljsf; eO/xs ] f] 5 . n'lDagLsf] czf]s:tDe / dfofb]jL dlGb/ /xs ] f] :yfgnfO{ kljq au}r F f Pjd\ kljq wfld{s :ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . u'?of]hgfdf pNn]v ePsf] af}4do dlGb/sf] If]qdf ljZjsf af}4 wd{sf cg'ofoL b]zx¿af6 cf–cfˆg} b]zsf jf:ts ' nfn] le/k0" f{ ljxf/, dlGb/ tyf :tk' x¿sf] lgdf{0f ePsf 5g\ . rLgsf] ljxf/, tf/fkmfp08];gåf/f lgld{t xf]6; :tk" f, Dofgdf/sf] ljxf/, dgfª u'Daf, yfO{ ljxf/, leotgfd ljxf/, hfkfgåf/f lgld{t lgkf]n Dxf]xf]hf lk; Kofuf]8f, sf]l/og ljxf/, dxfaf]wL ;dfh ljxf/, cflb pNn]vgLo :ynx¿ oxfF /xs ] f 5g\ . o;af6 cGt/fl{ i6«o af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] d'Vo tLy{:ynsf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ 7'nf] 6]jf k'Ug uPsf] 5 . n'lDagL u'?of]hgf If]qdf n'lDagL cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg ;+:yf :Yffkgf ePsf]n] of] af}4 / af}4 bz{g;DaGwL cWoog, cg';Gwfg ug]{ /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o lj4fgx¿nfO{ cWoogsf] ynf] ePsf] 5 . o; cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfdf af}4 bz{g;DaGwL k':ts, u|Gy, l;=8L /dfOqmf]lkmNd cflb ax'd"No ;fdu|Lx¿ ;ª\u|x ul/Psf 5g\ . n'lDagLdf ;DkGg ePsf] bf];|f] ljZj af}4 ;Dd]ngn] af}4 ljZj ljBfno :yfkgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf zflGtåLk klg k|HHjlnt 5 . ko{6sLo lx;fan]klg ljsf; ug{ o; If]qdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x¿ hf/L g}5g\ . 374÷g]kfn
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jL/G] b|gu/ gu/kflnsf ;'vt{] lhNnfdf kb{5 . h'g s0ff{nL k|bz ] sf] /fhwfgL xf] . jL/G] b|gu/ If]qsf a'na'n] tfn, sfFqm]laxf/, b]ptLaHo}, lzj dlGb/ / 306f3/ oxfFsf d'Vo wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo :ynx¿ x'g \ . ;'Gb/ gu/L jL/G] b|gu/ uf]7LsfF8f 8fF8faf6 x]bf{ cfsif{s / dgdf]xs b[Zo b]lvg] ePsfn] o; If]qdf cfpg]ko{6sx¿ lbgfg'lbg a9\b} uPsf 5g\ . ljqmd afaf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hleq gf/fo0fu9af6 em08} @! lsnf]ld6/ blIf0ftkm{ gbLsf]lsgf/f s;/fdf ljqmd afafsf]yfg 5 . ljqmd afaf yf¿ hfltsf x'g\ . ;f] :yfgdf r}t] bz}Fsf] cj;/df b]jeQm yf¿sf] ;Demgfdf 7'nf] hfqf nfUb5 . hfqfdf ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, uf]/vf, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8fF}F, gjnk/f;Lnufot b]zsf ljleGg :yfgaf6 >4fn'x¿ cfpg] ub{5g\ . oxfF ljz]if u/L gjljjflxt hf]8Lx¿ cfpg] u5{g\ . lj/f6gu/ oxfF ljleGg lsl;dsf pBf]uwGbfx¿ km:6fPsfn] o;nfO{ cf}Bf]lus ;x/;d]t elgG5 . of] g]kfnsf] Jofkfl/s Pjd\ cf}Bf]lus s]Gb|;d]t xf] . 3gf cfjfbL / 7'nf] ;x/ ePsfn] o;nfO{ dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ¿kdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]z g+= ! sf] df]/ª lhNnfdf kg]{ o; ;x/df lj/f6gu/ h'6ldnnufotsf g]kfnsf k"/fgf / dxŒjk"0f{ sf/vfgf tyf pBf]ux¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] lj/f6gu/nfO{ g]kfnsf] cf}Bf]lus /fhwfgL klg eGg] ul/G5 . jL/u~h dw'jgsf] kf/;gfy dlGb/sf] gfdaf6 …kf/;Ú gfd /xg uPsf] k;f{ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd jL/u~h xf] . g]kfnsf] d'Vo k|j]zåf/sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt jL/u~h gu/ g]kfnsf] cfly{s /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf ;d]t :yflkt x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s ;x/ jL/u~hsf] df}lns kl/ro /x]sf] 5 . jL/u~h g]kfnsf] k|hftflGqs cfGbf]ngsf] sfo{:yn klg xf] . jL/u~hsf] k|l;4 dlGb/ uxjf dfO{yfg d'Vo ahf/;Fu} /x]sf] 5 . jL/u~h gu/sf] lgs6jtL{ l;d/f}gu9, u9LdfO{, ljGWofjfl;gL dlGb/, kf/;gfy d7 cflbn] jL/u~hsf] P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s dxŒj :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . jL/u~h gu/sf] Pp6f cfsif{0f o; gu/sf] s]Gb|df /x]sf] 306f3/ xf] . xfn o;n] dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ :yflkt u/fPsf] 5 . jL/u~hnfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] lqe'jg /fhkyn] sf7df8f}F;Fu hf]8]sf] lyof] . g]kfnaf6 lgof{t ul/g] j:t'x¿ / g]kfndf cfoft ul/g] j:t'x¿dWo] w]/} j:t'x¿sf] 9'jfgL jL/u~hsf] af6f]af6 x'g] ePsf]n] jL/u~hnfO{ ;'Svf aGb/ufx -Dry Port_ sf] 376÷g]kfn
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¿kdf ljsf; ug]{ cjwf/0ffn] an kfpg yfn]sf] kfOG5 . ;u/dfyf k[YjLsf] ;+/rgfdf ;a}eGbf cUnf] :j¿k lnP/ /x]sf] ;u/dfyf ;Dk"0f{ dfgj hfltsf] cfsif{0f / cToGt} ;fx;L ofqfsf] s]Gb| ePsf] 5 . dxfnª\u'/ lxdfno z[ª\vnfdf cjl:yt o; lxdlzv/sf] prfO ;d'b|;txb]lv *,*$*=^* ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . k|b]z g+= ! sf] ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnfdf /x]sf] of] lxdlzv/ cf/f]x0fsf nflu ;g\ !($( df v'nf ul/PkZrft\ ;j{k|yd d]@(, !(%# df g]kfnsf t]lGhË gf]u]{ tyf Go"lhNof08sf P8d08 lxnf/Ln] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/]kl5 ;u/dfyf ljZj rrf{sf] ljifo aGof] . ;g\ !(%^ df g]kfnsf Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{n] o; lzv/nfO{ g]kfnL gfd ;u/dfyf lbPsf x'g\ . a]nfotsf ;e]{o/ hh{ Pe/]i6n] g]kfnsf lxdlzv/x¿sf] ;j]{If0f u/]sf]n] ;g\ !(^% df pgs} gfddf ;u/dfyfnfO{ cª\u|]hL gfd dfp06 Pe/]:6 k|bfg ul/Psf] / cGt/f{li6«o hutdf o; lzv/nfO{ ;fdfGot oxL gfdaf6 lrGg] ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lrlgofF efiffdf emf]df]nf]Ë\df / ltAatL efiffdf ldl6u'6L rfk'nf]Ë\df elgg] o; lzv/sf] cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd dlxnf hfkfgsL >LdtL h'Gsf] tfj]O{ x'g\ . g]kfndf k|yd k6s kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{n] ;u/dfyfsf] ;kmn cf/f]x0f u/L g]kfn / g]kfnL dlxnfsf] uf}/j a9fPsL lyOg\ . ljZjsf] ;jf]R{ r lzv/ ;u/dfyf jf:tjdf k|sl[ tsf] cg'kd pkxf/ xf] ;Dk"0f{ dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu uf}/j / cfsif{0fsf] k|tLssf] ¿kdf /xs ] f] o; lzv/n] g]kfnnfO{ aflx/L ;+;f/df ;u/dfyfsf] b]zsf] ¿kdf ;d]t lrgfpg of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ;u/dfyfsf] åf/ pkgfdn] ;'kl/lrt lxdfnL If]qsf] k|l;4 ahf/ gfDr] eP/ k'Ug'kg]{ ;u/dfyfs} xf/fxf/Ldf Nxf]T;], Nxf]T;];f/, g'K;]h:tf lxdlzv/x¿;d]t /xs ] f 5g\ . ljZjs} ;jf]R{ r :yfgdf /xs ] f] af}4 u'Daf Tofªaf]r] / ljZjs} ;jf]R{ r :yfgdf /xs ] f] ljdfg:yn :ofªaf]r; ] d]t ;u/dfyfsf] sfvdf cjl:yt 5g\ . ;xn]z l;/xf lhNnfsf] nxfg ahf/b]lv # ls=ld= blIf0f klZrddf kg]{ Ps km"naf/Ldf gofF jif{sf] klxnf] lbgdfq} xf/dsf] ¿vdf dfnf cfsf/df km"n km'N5 . km"naf/Lsf] lardf dflngLsf] dlGb/ 5 . h'g ko{6ssf nflu cfsif{s dflgPsf] 5 . of] km"nnfO{ /fhf ;xn]z / bf}gf dflngLsf] rL/ k|]dsf] k|tLs dflgG5 . :ju{åf/L Ko'7fg lhNnfsf];b/d'sfd vnËfaf6 emG8}@^ ls=ld=klZrdtkm{ ^(^) lkm6 prfO ePsf] n]sdf cjl:yt k|l;4 wfld{s :yn g} :ju{4f/L xf] . k/fk"js { fndf Clifd'lgx¿n] hktk u/L :ju{ k'us ] f] eGg] hg>'ltcg';f/ g} o; :yfgsf] g]kfn kl/ro÷377
:ju{åf/L dlGb/, Ko'7fg gfd :ju{åf/L /xg uPsf] xf] eGg] ljåfgx¿sf] ljZjf; /xs ] f] kfOG5 . wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ o; :ju{åf/Ldf l;ª\udd{/dfly lzjln+u /fvL lgdf{0f ul/Psf] kSsL dlGb/ /xs ] f] 5 eg] o;sf] j/k/ ;of}s F f] ;ª\Vofdf ufOkfNg] ufO{uf]7, /d0fLo u'kmf, o1zfnf tyf kf]v/Lx¿ /xs ] f 5g\ . x/s ] jif{sf]j}zfv k"l0f{df /sflQs k"l0f{dfsf lbg oxfF ljzfn wfld{s d]nf nfUb5 . g]kfnsf ljleGg :yfg tyf ef/taf6 ;d]t xhf/fs F} f] ;ª\Vofdf tLy{ofqLx¿ d]nfdf ;xefuL x'g oxfF cfp5g\ . :ju{åf/Ldf ToxfFsf dxfk|en ' ] sl/a !@) jif{cl3 ;'? u/s ] f] cv08 xf]d clxn] klg hf/L /xs ] f] 5 . :ju{åf/Ldf ;+:st[ kf7zfnf / j]b ljBf>d ;~rfng ePsf] klg kfOG5 / j]b tyf wd{sd{sf] cWoog ug{sf]lglDt 6f9f 6f9faf6 cfpg]ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ vfg kLg /a;fOsf] lgMz'Ns Joj:yf;d]t /xs ] f] kfOG5 . bfª lhNnfdf To; cf>dsf] u'7Lsf] gfddf w]/} hldg /xs ] f] 5 . leªu|L eGg] ahf/sf] glhs}af6 s]xL 306fsf] psfnf] k}bn lxF8/] :ju{åf/L cf>ddf k'Ug ;lsG5 eg] leª\uL| ahf/bl] v of] cf>d;Dd sRrL ;8s klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf]5 . l;“hf pkTosf h'Dnf lhNnfdf kg]{ l;Fhf pkTosf dWosfndf gfu/fhn] :yfkgf u/s ] f] v; dNn /fHosf] /fhwfgLsf] ¿kdf /xs ] f] lyof] . To;}n] g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnLsf] pTklt :ynsf] ¿kdf ;d]t kl/lrt /xs ] f] l;Fhf pkTosfnfO{ k|frLg ;+:sl[ t / ;Dkbfsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ;d]t lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . s0ff{nL k|bz ] sf] v; dNn /fHon] cfˆgf] ;Ldf sf7df8f}s F f] ;LdfjtL{ If]q;Dd g} lj:tf/ u/s ] f] s'/f P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdx¿n] k'li6 ug]{ x'bF f l;Fhf pkTosfdf s]Gb| /xs ] f] v; dNn /fHo cToGt zlQmzfnL lyof] eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . o; pkTosfsf] glhs} d'u' lhNnfdf 378÷g]kfn
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l;Fhf pkTosf, h'Dnf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7'nf] tfn /f/f /xs ] f] of] pkTosfn] g]kfnsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ ko{6g s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g] k|z:t ;Defjgfx¿ af]ss ] f] b]lvG5 . >L:yfg Hjfnf If]q s0ff{nL k|bz ] b}nv ] lhNnfl:yt 5fd3f6 vf]n f / gfle:yfg vf]nfsf] lsgf/df P]ltxfl;s >L:yfg dlGb/ /xs ] f] 5 . of] P]ltxfl;s, wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . lhNnf ;b/ds ' fd b}nv ] / b'Nn' If]qsf] lardf /xs ] f] of] If]q >L:j:yfgL j|t syf cg';f/ ;Tob]jLsf] d[t z/L/nfO{ dxfb]jn] af]sL kl/qmdf ug]{ qmddf ;Tob]j Lsf] zL/ ktg eO{ Hjfnfsf] pTklt ePsf] kf}/f l0fs
>L:yfg dlGb/, b}n]v g]kfn kl/ro÷379
dfGotf /xs ] f] 5 . To;} ;dob]l v oxfF lg/Gt/ Hjfnf aln/xs ] f] 5 . >L:yfg tyf gfle:yfg Hjfnfsf] bz{g ug{ aif]g{ L 7'nf] ;ª\Vofdf ko{6sx¿ cfpg] ub{5g\ . kfgL dfly cfuf] afNg ;lsg] If]q sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt o; :yfgdf xfn g]k fn ;/sf/n] lrlgof laz]i f1sf] ;xof]udf k]6f« l] nod kbfy{sf] cGa]i f0f ul//x s ] f] 5 . ;lxb :df/s jf g]kfn :df/s
;lxb u]6, sf7df8f}F g]kfndf k|hftGq :yfkgfsf nflu ljlzi6 of]ubfg ug]{JolQmx¿ >L % lqe'jg, ;lxb z'qm/fh zf:qL, wd{eQm, uª\ufnfn, bz/y rGbsf] :d[ltdf / cGo 1ft c1ft ;lxbx¿sf] ;Ddfg / ;Demgfdf l;+xb/af/ / w/x/fsf] lardf snfTdsåf/sf] cfsf/df lgdf{0f ul/Psf] of] :df/ssf] jf:tljs gfd g]kfn :df/s xf] . hldgsf] ;txb]lv $) lkm6 cUnf] g]kfn :df/s -;lxb :df/såf/_ sf] l8hfOg O{=zª\s/gfy l/dfnaf6 ul/Psf] xf] eg] lgdf{0f ;'k/Lj]If0f O{=uf}/Lgfy l/dfnaf6 ePsf] xf] . of] :df/sdf /x]sf d"lt{ tyf lrqx¿sf] lgdf{0f d"lt{sf/ åo afa'sfhL t'nfw/ / afns[i0f t'nfw/åf/f ePsf] xf] . l;4sfnL dlGb/ ;ª\v'jf;efsf] r}gk'/ ahf/af6 Pssf]z k/ /x]sf] of] 7fpFdf dxfb]jsL cwf{lËgL ;tLb]jLsf] bflxg] cfFvf ktg ePsf]n] of] 7fpFnfO{ dxŒjk"0f{ zlQmkL7 dfg]/ dlGb/ lgdf{0f u/L b]jLsf] k|ltdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] glhs} eujfg\ dxfb]jsf]] dlGb/ klg lgdf{0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;"o{ljgfos eQmk'/ lhNnfl:yt ;"o{ljgfossf] dlGb/df u0f]zsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . oxL dlGb/sf] cfwf/df of] 7fpFsf] gfdfs/0f ul/Psf] xf] . ;"o{ ljgfosaf6 eQmk'/ ;x/ / rf/}lt/ ;'Gb/ lxdfnx¿sf] b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] / oxfF 380÷g]kfn
kl/ro
;'Gb/ jgs'~h;d]t ePsf]n] jgef]hsf nflu g]kfnLx¿ / b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ljb]zLx¿;d]t hfg] x'Fbf of] 7fpFsf] dxŒj a9\g uPsf]5 . ;/fª\sf]6 ko{6sLo b[li6n] sf7df8f}s F f nflu gu/sf]6 dxŒjk"0f{ ePh:t} kf]v/fsf nflu ;/fª\sf]6sf] 7'nf] dxŒj 5 . sf:sL lhNnfdf kg]{ ;/fª\sf]6 kf]v/fsf] klZrdf]Q/ efudf kb{5 . of] 7fpFaf6 cGgk"0f{, df5fk'R5«,] wf}nflul/, kf]v/f pkTosf / kf]v/fsf] km]jftfn nufotsf ljleGg tfnx¿sf] dgf]/d b[Zofjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . :joDe' dxfr}To
:joDe' dxfr}To, sf7df8f}F k|l;4 af}4 tLy{:yn :joDe" sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] klZrdL efudf kg]{ kBlu/L -ah|s'6÷uf]z[ª\u÷uf]k'R5lul/_ kj{tdf cjl:yt 5 . :joDe" cyf{t cfkm}F pTklQ ePsf] x'gfn] :joDe" elgPsf] xf] . :joDe"sf] pTklQ pkTosfsf] sfnLbxdf >L ljkZjL tyfutn] /f]Kg' ePsf] sdnsf] aLhaf6 ! xhf/ kQf ePsf] sdnsf] km"naf6 k~r/ZdLsf] ¿kdf ePsf] xf] . o; kljq /ZdLsf] b'¿kof]u gxf];\ eGgsf nflu uf}8 b]zaf6 cfPsf /fhf k|r08b]jn] ;f] /lZdnfO{ 5f]k]/ ljlwjt :joDe" dxfr}Tosf] k|lti7f ug'{eof] . r}To lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 o;sf] glhs} zflGtk'/ lgdf{0f u/L Wofgdf tNnLg x'g yfn] . kl5 logL zflGts/frfo{ gfdn] k|l;4 eP . :joDe" xfn;Dd klg g]kfn leqsf] af}4 Pjd\ lxGb' ;a} wdf{jnDaLsf nflu kljq b]j:yn /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg oxfF 7'nf] dxf]T;j cfof]hgf ul/G5 . :joDe"sf] cfgGbs'6L dxfljxf/df eujfg a'4sf] kljq cl:ywft' -xf8_ ;'/Iff;fy /flvPsf] 5 . klxn]sf] cl:y wft' rf]/L ePkl5 >Ln+sfaf6 lj=;+= @)%! df g]kfn kl/ro÷381
k|fKt cl:y wft' lj=;+= @)%% j}zfv z'Sn k"l0f{dfsf lbg klxnf]k6s gu/ kl/qmdf u/fOPsf] lyof] . :joDe'af6 sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] /d0fLo b[Zosf] cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsG5 . lxN;f lxN;f x'Dnf lhNnfsf] ;b/ds ' fd l;ldsf]6 hf]8g\ ] g]kfn / rLglarsf] pQ/klZrddf kg]{ gfsf xf] . of/L eGHofª x'bF } lxN;f k'luG5 . lxN;f x'bF } rLgsf] dfg;/fj] / cfjthfjt ug]{ gfsf xf] . oxfF ef]6] hfltsf] kftfnf] a:tL /xs ] f] 5 . pQm :yfgdf kfOg] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{, :yfgLo ;Dkbf If]qnufotsf] ;+/If0f u/L ko{6sLo :ynsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] k|r/' ;Defjgf /xs ] f] 5 . xn];Ldxfb]j dlGb/ jf u'kmf
xn];L dxfb]j, vf]6fª vf]6fª lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lbQm]nb]lv klZrd efudf s}nfz kj{t elgg] y'Dsf] @)) lkm6sf] prfO;Dd k|fs[lts ¿kdf lgld{t lzjlnË cfsf/sf] ;+/rgfnfO{ xn];L dxfb]j elgG5 . aflx/L rf/cf]6f 9f]sf /x]sf] of] u'kmfleq lgik§ cGwsf/ 5 . xn];L u'kmfdf k|fs[lts cfs[ltx¿ / wfld{s cf:yfsf] dgf]/d ;dGJfo ePsf] 5 . oxfF /fdgjdLsf cj;/df !^ lbg;Dd d]nf nfUb5 . ;f] cj;/df oxfF ;a}eGbf a9L dflg;x¿sf] hd36 x'G5 . dxflzj/flqsf lbg ef]6] hfltsf dflg;x¿ oxfF cfP/ ;'lDgdf kf/f]xfª\sfsf] ¿kdf lzj kfj{tLsf] k"hf ub{5g\ eg]afnfrt'b{zLsf lbg oxfF 6f9f6f9faf6 dflg;x¿ cfP/ztaLh 5b{5g\ . 382÷g]kfn
kl/ro
lqj]0fLwfd, jfNdLls cf>d / uh]Gb|df]Ifwfd lrtjg lhNnfsf]blIf0fL k"jL{ efudf tTsflng ubL{ uflj;cGtu{t :j0f{eb|f, td;f / gf/fo0fL gbLsf] lqj]0fLdf gf/fo0fL gbLkf/L jf k"j{t6df dxfd'gL tyf ;+:s[t ;flxTosf cflbslj /fdfo0fsf /rlotf dxli{fsf]cf>d 5 . oxL g} jfNdLlsn] /fdfo0f u|Gysf] /rgf u/]sf lyP . oxfF k'/ftflŒjs dxŒjsf k|frLg d"lt{, dxlif{ jfNdLlsåf/f :yflkt xl/x/ dlGb/, o1zfnf, njs'z kf7zfnf, ;Ltfs'6L, ;Ltfs'k / cf>dx¿ 5g\ . oxfF df3] cf}F;Lsf] lbg 7'nf] d]nf nfUb5 . kljq tLg gbLx¿sf] ;ª\ud lqj]0fLdf :gfg u/]df kfkdf]rg x'g] / oxfF b]xTofu u/]df df]If k|fKt x'g] wfld{s ljZjf; /x]sf]n] of] :yfg sNkjf;Lx¿sf] cf>d:yn ag]sf] 5 . lqk'/f;'Gb/L b]jL
lqk'/f;'Gb/L, a}t8L a}t8L lhNnfsf] of] k|d'v tLy{:yndf eujtL b]jLsf] d"lt{ :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5 . kf}/fl0fssfndf eujtLn] lqk'/f;'/ gfdsf] b}Tosf] jw u/L b]jtf tyf dfgj hfltsf] b'Mv lgjf/0f u/]sf]n] logsf] gfd lqk'/f;'Gb/L b]jL /x]sf] dflgG5 . oL b]jLnfO{ :yfgLo jfl;Gbf /f0ffzogL eujtL klg eGb5g\ . kljq wfld{s :yn a'9LgGbf afh'/f lhNnfdf cjl:yt wfld{s Pjd\ ko{6sLo P]ltxfl;s kfjg If]q a'9LgGbf dlGb/z}kfn lxdfnsf]blIf0fL lxdz[ª\vnf, pQ/df km'n}u'Daf /;}g kf6g, kfb'sf lqj]0fL wfd /sf]N6L ljdfg:ynaf6 pQ/lt/k5{ . k|fs[lts ;'Gb/tfn] e/k"/b}jL If]qdf ;fgf7'nf u/L ;ftcf]6f tfn 5g\ . ;a}tfn r6\6fgd} g]kfn kl/ro÷383
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;Gbe{ ;fdu|L cdfTo, 8f= ;fkmNo, g]kfndf k'/ftŒj . cof{n, s[i0f/fh, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt ;ª\lIfKt emns . vqL, 8f= k|]d, g]kfnL ;+:s[lt / ;dtf . vqL, 8f= k|]d, cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs Oltxf; . bfxfn, k]zn / vltj8f, ;f]dk|;fb, g]kfnLsf] snf / jf:T'fsnf . lg/f}nf, vu]Gb|, g]kfn kl/ro . g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf ljefu, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;ª\lIfKt kl/ro . g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf ljefu, d]rLb]lv dxfsfnL -efu !,@,# / $_ . g]kfn ;/sf/, ;"rgf ljefu, g]kfnsf ;Dkbfx¿ . Gof}kfg], k|f=8f= 6ª\sk|;fbÙ e08f/L, k|f=8f= kf/;dl0fÙ Gof}kfg], bLksÙ l3ld/], t'N;L/fd, ;fdfGo efiff lj1fg . kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfn kl/ro . kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfnsf] dfgj e"uf]n . kfF8], /fds'df/, g]kfnsf] ef}lts e"uf]n . kf]v/]n, a'l4k|;fb, g]kfnsf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts e"uf]n . ah|frfo{, wgah|, k"j{dWosfnsf clen]v . ld>, dgf]hafa', ljZj snfsf]Oltxf; . nfld5fg], 8f= ofbj k|sfz, g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo . lji6, 8f]/axfb'/, ;a} hftsf] km"naf/L . ;'j]bL, vu]Gb|k|;fb, d'b|f, a}ª\lsª, /fhZj / cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ tyf g]kfnsf] cy{zf:q . If]qL, 8f=u0f]zÙ /fodfemL, /fdrGb|, g]kfnsf] Oltxf; . If]qL, 8f= u0f]zÙ /fodfemL, /fdrGb|, g]kfnL snf, jf:t'snf / k|ltdf nIf0f . ah|frfo{, k|sfzÙ af}4 bk{0f, rf}yf] ;+:s/0f . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, rf}wf}“ of]hgf, -cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$–@)&%÷&^_ . /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, l;+xb/af/, rf}wf}“ of]hgf -@)&#÷&$– @)&%÷&^_, ;+If]kdf . kGw|f}“ of]hgf -@)&^÷&&–@)*)÷$!_ g]kfn kl/ro÷393
• vltj8f, ;f]dk|;fb, g]kfnsf] k'/ftTj, snf, jf:t'snf / ko{6gsf] kl/ro . • ah|frfo{, ofbL/Tg, g]kfnsf] lzNk ;Dkbf . • zfSo, x]d/fh, >L:joDe" dxfr}To . • >]i7, ;'/]z ;'/;, :joDe" dxfr}To . • n'lDagL ljsf; sf]if, n'lDagL g]kfn, ljZj ;Dkbf :yn . • Chaudhary, Mahesh, 2012; Hidden Treasures of the
Lowland Nepal . • Foreign Policy of Nepal :Challenges and Opportunities, Institute of Foreign Affairs. • National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report), Central Bureau of Statistics, Kathmandu, Nepal. • Nepal Tourism Board
;+ljwfg÷P]g÷lgod÷k|ltj]bg • g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg • e"pkof]u P]g, @)&^ • :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ • e"ld;DaGwL P]g, @)@! • sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfdnf dGqfno, ‘e"sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0f;DaGwL P]g, @)&@’ . • cy{ dGqfno, ljleGg cfly{s jif{sf ‘cfly{s ;j]{If0fx¿’ . • pBf]u dGqfno, ‘ljb]zL nufgL gLlt, @)&!’ . • sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfdnf dGqfno÷sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, ’g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg’nufot ljleGg ;dodf hf/L ul/Psf ;+ljwfgx¿ . • sfg'g lstfa Joj:yf ;ldlt, lghfdtL ;]jf P]g, @)$( /lghfdtL ;]jf lgodfjnL, @)%) . • e"ld;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)@! • k|zf;g ;'wf/ cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx¿ 394÷g]kfn
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• ‘/fli6«o k|ltj]bg @))!’, s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu . • /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ‘ljleGg cfjlws of]hgfx¿’ . • /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ‘ljkb\kl5sf]cfjZostf cf“sng (Post Disaster Needs Assessement (PDNA), @)&@’ . • ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, lhNnf, gu/kflnsf tyf ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx¿sf];ª\lIfKt ljjj/0f k'l:tsf, sflQs @)&@ • !%cf}F cfjlws of]hgf @)&%÷&^–@)*)÷*! • cfly{s ;j]I{ f0f @)&^÷&& j]a;fO6 • u[x dGqfnosf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf e"sDk;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ . • k//fi6« dGqfnosf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf bf}To ;DaGw;Fu ;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ . • /fli6«o e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|sf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf e"sDk;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ . • ljB"t\ ljsf; ljefusf] j]e:ffO6df /flvPsf ;~rfndf /x]sf hnljB"t\ cfof]hgfx¿;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ . • ;8s ljefusf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ;8s ;~hfn;DaGwL ;fdu|Lx¿ . • /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf ;"rgf tyf ;fdu|Lx¿ . • /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefusf] j]a;fO6df /flvPsf g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;fdu|L . • ko{6g af]8s { f] j]a;fO6 http://tourismdepartment.gov.np • /fli6«o v]ns'b kl/ifbsf] j]a;fO6 http://n sc.gov.np • dbg k'/:sf/ u'7Lsf] j]a;fO6 http://m adanpuraskar.org.np • ;femf k|sfzgsf] j]a;fO6 http://s ajha.org.np • g]kfn k|1f–k|lti7fgsf] j]a;fO6 http://nepalacademy.org.np • ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnosf]j] a;fO6 •
https://mofaga.gov.np gfkL ljefusf] j]a;fO6 http://dos.gov.np
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