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The History of Nursing History - DSR Flipbook PDF
Historiography •The study of history as an academic discipline –its methods and practices –its development as a discipli
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The History of Nursing History By Barbra Mann Wall, PhD University of Pennsylvania USA First Danish History of Nursing Conference Kolding, Denmark
“What is History?” • An attempt to understand and interpret the past • To explain the causes and origins of things in intelligible terms – E. H. Carr, What is History? 1961
Historiography • The study of history as an academic discipline – its methods and practices – its development as a discipline over time
• A construction of the past, for it brings meaning to it.
Three Phases • Late 19th to mid-20th century – The emergence of history as a professional discipline
• 1960 – 1990 – Multi-disciplinary support for nursing history
• 1990s – Present – New cadre of nurse researchers
Challenges • Postcolonialism • Cultural Studies • Global Studies
• Postmodernism
Emergence of History as a Professional Discipline • Late 19th century – History has a scientific base – Objective knowledge is possible – Use only primary sources
• • • •
“What really happened?” Westernized “Great Man” history Grand narrative
Early Histories of Nursing • Sarah Tooley – The History of Nursing in the British Empire, 1906
• Adelaide Nutting and Lavinia Dock – A History of Nursing, 4 volumes, 1907, 1912 – Not unbiased
• Purpose – Formation of a nursing identity
Other Nursing History Books Britain: • Lucy Seymer, A General History of Nursing, 1932 U.S.: • Minnie Goodnow, Outlines of Nursing History, 1916 to 1953 • Josephine Dolan, History of Nursing, 1960s 1980s Denmark: • Margarethe Koch, The History of the Danish Nurses Organization, 1944
Teachers College, Columbia University
Multidisciplinary Support for Nursing History, 1970-1990 • Celia Davies, sociologist – Rewriting Nursing History, 1980 • Janet Wilson James, historian – “Writing and Rewriting Nursing History,” 1984
• Women‟s historians
Multidisciplinary Support for Nursing History, 1970-1990
Other Nursing History Books • Brian Abel-Smith, A History of the Nursing Profession, 1960 • Bullough and Bullough, The Emergence of Modern Nursing,1969 • Kalisch and Kalisch, The Advance of American Nursing, 1978
Nursing History Associations / Centers •
• • • • • • •
American Association for the History of Nursing, 1978 http://www.aahn.org/ Center for Nursing History, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1980 http://www4.uwm.edu/nursing/community/nursing_history.cfm Midwest Nursing History Resource Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, 1982 http://www.uic.edu/nursing/ghlo/resourcecenter/index.shtml Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, 1985 http://www.nursing.upenn.edu/history/ Canadian Association for the History of Nursing, 1987 http://www.cahn-achn.ca/ Center for Nursing Historical Inquiry, University of Virginia, 1991 http://www.nursing.virginia.edu/research/cnhi/ United Kingdom Centre for the History of Nursing and Midwifery http://www.ukchnm.org/ Irish Society for Nursing and Midwifery History http://www.ucd.ie/nmhs/news/historysocietynewsletterjan.pdf
Support of Professors of History • “Perhaps the most important single element in reshaping the day-to-day texture of hospital life was the professionalization of nursing.” – Charles Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers, 1987, p. 8.
Nursing Historiography, 1970s and 1980s • Compensatory History – “Women Worthies” (Gerda Lerner) – “Who are the women of achievement and what did they do?”
• Contribution History – “What were women‟s contributions to nursing?”
Contribution History
• “But who are these women?”
Transformations, 1990-Present
Nursing History Journals • Nursing History Review • Nursing Inquiry • Sygepleje & Historie (Nursing and History)
Organizational Histories
Nursing and the State
Nursing and the State
Nursing and the State / Social Welfare • How universal and international were social changes? • Role of nurse? • Supportive of social welfare programs or protective of own identities?
Women and Religion
Women and Religion • Katrin Schultheiss: Body and Souls: Politics and the Professionalization of Nursing in France, 1880-1922 • Barbra Mann Wall: Unlikely Entrepreneurs: Catholic Sisters and the Hospital Marketplace, 1865-1925 • Carmen Mangion: “Catholic Health Care in Nineteenth-Century England and Wales: Developing Medicalized Places” • Nurse missionaries • India? Egypt? Ireland?
Non-Western Historiography • Reiko Ryder – Japanese nursing • Nira Bartal – Nursing in Mandatory Palestine • Elizabeth Murray – Nursing in Tsarist and Soviet Russia
Historiographical Shifts
Historiographical Shifts • Postcolonial critique – Questions the role of gender, race, and class in colonial and postcolonial discourse
Historiographical Shifts: Social to Cultural History • Move from explanation to understanding, meaning, and imagination • Annales • Question: In what stereotyped ways are unfamiliar cultures perceived, described, or represented?
Questions • To what extent did nurses construct identities for colonized groups based on fixed, racialized stereotypes? • How can local voices help historians to avoid the static concept of ethnicity as invented or imagined? • How might we create “involuntary ethnicity?”
Cultural History • Cultural history - Interested in identity, consciousness, and rhetoric • Patricia D‟Antonio, 1999 – “The value that nursing women placed on their work resonated more with their identity as women and less with that as labor-market participants. They thus recast work as a gender-affirming strategy to be honed within, but to be deployed outside, the nexus of wage-based relations.”
Comparative historiography • Margaret Shkimba and Karen Flynn – “ „In England, we did nursing‟: Caribbean and British Nurses in Great Britain and Canada: 1950-1970,” In Mortimer and McGann, ed., New Directions in the History of Nursing: International Perspectives, pp. 141-157.
Global History – Conceptual Problems • Clear definitions of what to compare and methods to use • Interdisciplinary collaboration/shared methodologies • Consider “entangled histories” – – – –
How notions of “Other” are constructed? Interrelations? Import and export of labor, money, and ideas? Rejection of ideas?
Global History – Methodological Problems • Limited number of groups studied • Command of languages • Proximity of sources
Other Challenges • The objectivity question – Post-modernism and relativism – Historical writing does not refer to an actual past
• The end of social history? • The irrelevancy of social history? – Grand narrative and a broader audience